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Su H, Weng S, Luo L, Sun Q, Lin T, Ma H, He Y, Wu J, Wang H, Zhang W, Xu Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis hijacks host macrophages-derived interleukin 16 to block phagolysosome maturation for enhancing intracellular growth. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2322663. [PMID: 38380651 PMCID: PMC10911244 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2322663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of promising cytokines and clarification of their immunological mechanisms in controlling the intracellular fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are necessary to identify effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. To escape immune clearance, Mtb can manipulate and inhibit the normal host process of phagosome maturation. Phagosome maturation arrest by Mtb involves multiple effectors and much remains unknown about this important aspect of Mtb pathogenesis. In this study, we found that interleukin 16 (IL-16) is elevated in the serum samples of Tuberculosis (TB) patients and can serve as a specific target for treatment TB. There was a significant difference in IL-16 levels among active TB, latent TB infection (LTBI), and non-TB patients. This study first revealed that macrophages are the major source of IL-16 production in response to Mtb infection, and elucidated that IL-16 can promote Mtb intracellular survival by inhibiting phagosome maturation and suppressing the expression of Rev-erbα which can inhibit IL-10 secretion. The experiments using zebrafish larvae infected with M. marinum and mice challenged with H37Rv demonstrated that reducing IL-16 levels resulted in less severe pathology and improved survival, respectively. In conclusion, this study provided direct evidence that Mtb hijacks the host macrophages-derived interleukin 16 to enhance intracellular growth. It is suggesting the immunosuppressive role of IL-16 during Mtb infection, supporting IL-16 as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liulin Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taiyue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huixia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumo He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao L, Fan K, Sun X, Li W, Qin F, Shi L, Gao F, Zheng C. Host-directed therapy against mycobacterium tuberculosis infections with diabetes mellitus. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305325. [PMID: 38259491 PMCID: PMC10800548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and is one of the principal reasons for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Currently, recommended anti-tuberculosis drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. TB treatment is lengthy and inflicted with severe side-effects, including reduced patient compliance with treatment and promotion of drug-resistant strains. TB is also prone to other concomitant diseases such as diabetes and HIV. These drug-resistant and complex co-morbid characteristics increase the complexity of treating MTB. Host-directed therapy (HDT), which effectively eliminates MTB and minimizes inflammatory tissue damage, primarily by targeting the immune system, is currently an attractive complementary approach. The drugs used for HDT are repositioned drugs in actual clinical practice with relative safety and efficacy assurance. HDT is a potentially effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of MTB and diabetic MTB, and can compensate for the shortcomings of current TB therapies, including the reduction of drug resistance and modulation of immune response. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art roles and mechanisms of HDT in immune modulation and treatment of MTB, with a special focus on the role of HDT in diabetic MTB, to emphasize the potential of HDT in controlling MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhi Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenfen Qin
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liwen Shi
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Yang J, Zhang L, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e353. [PMID: 37674971 PMCID: PMC10477518 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first-line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen-related processes, host-directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb's adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti-TB drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Laiying Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Lung Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Youfu Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Saini S, Gangwar A, Sharma R. Harnessing host-pathogen interactions for innovative drug discovery and host-directed therapeutics to tackle tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2023; 275:127466. [PMID: 37531813 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which has been ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. As an intracellular pathogen, Mtb has well adapted to the phagocytic host microenvironment, influencing diverse host processes such as gene expression, trafficking, metabolism, and signaling pathways of the host to its advantage. These responses are the result of dynamic interactions of the bacteria with the host cell signaling pathways, whereby the bacteria attenuate the host cellular processes for their survival. Specific host genes and the mechanisms involved in the entry and subsequent stabilization of M. tuberculosis intracellularly have been identified in various genetic and chemical screens recently. The present understanding of the co-evolution of Mtb and macrophage system presented us the new possibilities for exploring host-directed therapeutics (HDT). Here, we discuss the host-pathogen interaction for Mtb, including the pathways adapted by Mtb to escape immunity. The review sheds light on different host-directed therapies (HDTs) such as repurposed drugs and vitamins, along with their targets such as granuloma, autophagy, extracellular matrix, lipids, and cytokines, among others. The article also examines the available clinical data on these drug molecules. In conclusion, the review presents a perspective on the current knowledge in the field of HDTs and the need for additional research to overcome the challenges associated HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Saini
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anjali Gangwar
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Gupta PK, Jahagirdar P, Tripathi D, Devarajan PV, Kulkarni S. Macrophage targeted polymeric curcumin nanoparticles limit intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through induction of autophagy and augment anti-TB activity of isoniazid in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233630. [PMID: 37583694 PMCID: PMC10424441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis has left us with limited resources to treat and manage multi drug resistant (MDR) cases of tuberculosis, prompting the development of novel therapeutics. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) perturbs the host protective pathways for its survival, therefore host directed therapeutic (HDT) interventions offer an attractive alternative strategy. Curcumin (CMN), the principle curcuminoid from Curcuma longa is known to have anti-TB activity against MDR strains of MTB in macrophages. We discovered that treatment of CMN induced autophagy in uninfected and MTB infected macrophages which was evident by conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and degradation of p62. Inhibition of autophagy by a pharmacological inhibitor 3-MA resulted in significant inhibition of intracellular killing activity of CMN, suggesting the involvement of autophagy in intracellular clearance of MTB. Moreover, annexin v-FITC/PI staining data suggested induction of apoptosis in uninfected and MTB infected macrophages post CMN treatment. This finding was further corroborated by up-regulated expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP and diminished expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 as evaluated by immunoblotting. Using GFP-MTB H37Rv and Lysotracker Red staining we demonstrated co-localization of GFP-MTB H37Rv containing phagosome to lysosome after CMN treatment, indicating enhanced phagosome lysosome fusion. Due to poor bioavailability of CMN, its clinical use is limited, therefore to overcome this issue, CMN was encapsulated in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) shell, resulting in polymeric CMN nano particles (ISCurNP). Flow cytometric evaluation suggested >99% uptake of ISCurNP after 3h of treatment. In BALB/c mice, oral dose of ISCurNP resulted in 6.7-fold increase in the bioavailability compared to free CMN. Moreover, ISCurNP treatment resulted in significant decrease in the intracellular survival of MTB H37Rv through induction of autophagy. Adjunct action of ISCurNP and CMN in combination with isoniazid (INH) revealed >99% decrease in intracellular survival of MTB in macrophage as compared to ISCurNP, CMN or INH alone. In conclusion, our findings suggest the role of ISCurNP as novel host directed formulation to combat both sensitive and MDR strains of MTB by induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Gupta
- Tuberculosis Immunology and Immunoassay Development Section, Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Faculty of Life Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Jahagirdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Devavrat Tripathi
- Tuberculosis Immunology and Immunoassay Development Section, Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Padma V. Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Tuberculosis Immunology and Immunoassay Development Section, Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Faculty of Life Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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6
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Xiao S, Zhou T, Pan J, Ma X, Shi G, Jiang B, Xiang YG. Identifying autophagy-related genes as potential targets for immunotherapy in tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109956. [PMID: 36931175 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identifying of host-directed targets and molecular markers of immune response for tuberculosis (TB) immunotherapy is urgent and meaningful. Previous studies have demonstrated an important role of autophagy in the course and pathophysiology of TB and is associated with the efficacy of TB treatment. However, its role in TB immunotherapy is still incomplete. METHODS The effect of autophagy on intracellular bacteria load was examined in sulforaphane (SFN)-treated THP-1 cells. The immune infiltration was assessed based on public databases. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the pathways involved. LASSO Cox regression analysis was employed to identify hub genes. Moreover, machine learning analysis was used to obtain important targets of TB immunotherapy. Finally, the relationship between hub genes and immune infiltration was assessed, as well as the relevance of chemokines. RESULTS We found that SFN reduced intracellular bacteria load by enhancing autophagy in THP-1 cells. Thirty-two autophagy-related genes (ARGs) were identified, three types of immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and DC cells) were significantly enriched in TB patients, and 6 hub genes (RAB5A, SQSTM1, MYC, MAPK8, MAPK3, and FOXO1) were closely related to TB immune infiltration. The 32 ARGs were mainly involved in autophagy, apoptosis, and tuberculosis pathways. FOXO1, SQSTM1, and RAB5A were identified as important target genes according to the ranking of variable importance, with FOXO1 being a potential autophagy-related target of TB immunotherapy. CONCLUSION This study highlights the association between autophagy-related genes and immune infiltration in TB. Three key genes, especially FOXO1, regulated by SFN, will provide new insights into diagnostic and immunotherapy strategies for clinical tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifang Xiao
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Pan
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guomin Shi
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binyuan Jiang
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan-Gen Xiang
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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7
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Wang H, Bi J, Zhang Y, Pan M, Guo Q, Xiao G, Cui Y, Hu S, Chan CK, Yuan Y, Kaneko T, Zhang G, Chen S. Human Kinase IGF1R/IR Inhibitor Linsitinib Controls the In Vitro and Intracellular Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2019-2027. [PMID: 36048501 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP provides energy in the biosynthesis of cellular metabolites as well as regulates protein functions through phosphorylation. Many ATP-dependent enzymes are antibacterial and anticancer targets including human kinases acted on by most of the successful drugs. In search of new chemotherapeutics for tuberculosis (TB), we screened repurposing compounds against the essential glutamine synthase (GlnA1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and identified linsitinib, a clinical-stage drug originally targeting kinase IGF1R/IR as a potent GlnA1 inhibitor. Linsitinib has direct antimycobacterial activity. Biochemical, molecular modeling, and target engagement analyses revealed the inhibition is ATP-competitive and specific in Mtb. Linsitinib also improves autophagy flux in both Mtb-infected and uninfected THP1 macrophages, as demonstrated by the decreased p-mTOR and p62 and the increased lipid-bound LC3B-II and autophagosome forming puncta. Linsitinib-mediated autophagy reduces intracellular growth of wild-type and isoniazid-resistant Mtb alone or in combination with bedaquiline. We have demonstrated that an IGF-IR/IR inhibitor can potentially be used to treat TB. Our study reinforces the concept of targeting ATP-dependent enzymes for novel anti-TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jing Bi
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Miaomiao Pan
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Genhui Xiao
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yumeng Cui
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Song Hu
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Chi Kin Chan
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Takushi Kaneko
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Shawn Chen
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Haidian, Beijing 100192, China
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8
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Carinci M, Palumbo L, Pellielo G, Agyapong ED, Morciano G, Patergnani S, Giorgi C, Pinton P, Rimessi A. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Infectious, Obstructive, and Malignant Airway Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081944. [PMID: 36009490 PMCID: PMC9405571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved dynamic process by which cells deliver their contents to lysosomes for degradation, thus ensuring cell homeostasis. In response to environmental stress, the induction of autophagy is crucial for cell survival. The dysregulation of this degradative process has been implicated in a wide range of pathologies, including lung diseases, representing a relevant potential target with significant clinical outcomes. During lung disease progression and infections, autophagy may exert both protective and harmful effects on cells. In this review, we will explore the implications of autophagy and its selective forms in several lung infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections, and different lung diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Malignant Mesothelioma (MM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Carinci
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Palumbo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellielo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Esther Densu Agyapong
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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Shah PT, Tufail M, Wu C, Xing L. THP-1 cell line model for tuberculosis: A platform for in vitro macrophage manipulation. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 136:102243. [PMID: 35963145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are large mononuclear phagocytic cells that play a vital role in the immune response. They are present in all body tissues with extremely heterogeneous and plastic phenotypes that adapt to the organs and tissues in which they live and respond in the first-line against invading microorganisms. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is among the top 10 global infectious agents and the leading cause of mortality, ranking above human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as a single infectious agent. Macrophages, upon Mtb infection, not only phagocytose the bacteria and present the antigens to T-cells, but also react rapidly by developing antimycobacterial immune response depending highly on the production of cytokines. However, Mtb is also capable of intracellular survival in instances of sub-optimal activation of macrophages. Hence, several systems have been established to evaluate the Mtb-macrophage interaction, where the THP-1 monocytes have been developed as an attractive model for in vitro polarized monocyte-derived macrophages. This model is extensively used for Mtb as well as other intracellular bacterial studies. Herein, we have summarized the updated implications of the THP-1 model for TB-related studies and discussed the pros and cons compared to other cell models of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China; The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China; The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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10
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Saleh SR, Manaa A, Sheta E, Ghareeb DA, Abd-Elmonem NM. The Synergetic Effect of Egyptian Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) and Cichorium intybus L. (Chicory) Extracts against Glucocorticoid-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats through Attenuation of Oxidative Reactions and Autophagy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071272. [PMID: 35883763 PMCID: PMC9311541 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term glucocorticoids can alter sperm motility, vitality, or morphology, disrupting male reproductive function. This study scrutinized the synergistic benefits of two Egyptian plants against dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced testicular and autophagy dysfunction in male rats. Phytochemical ingredients and the combination index were estimated for Purslane ethanolic extract (PEE) and Chicory water extract (CWE). Four control groups received saline and 100 mg/kg of each PEE, CWE, and PEE/CWE, daily for 8 weeks. Dexa (1 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks) induced infertility where PEE, CWE, and PEE/CWE were given. Seminal analysis, male hormones, glycemic and oxidative stress markers, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (Sigma 1R and GRP78), and autophagy regulators (Phospho-mTOR, LC3I/II, PI3KC3, and Beclin-1, P62, ATG5, and ATG7) were measured. The in vitro study illustrated the synergistic (CI < 1) antioxidant capacity of the PEE/CWE combination. Dexa exerts testicular damage by inducing oxidative reactions, a marked reduction in serum testosterone, TSH and LH levels, insulin resistance, ER stress, and autophagy. In contrast, the PEE and CWE extracts improve fertility hormones, sperm motility, and testicular histological alterations through attenuating oxidative stress and autophagy, with a synergistic effect upon combination. In conclusion, the administration of PEE/CWE has promised ameliorative impacts on male infertility and can delay disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar R. Saleh
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt; (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (N.M.A.-E.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-122-573-2849; Fax: +2-(03)-391-1794
| | - Ashraf Manaa
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt; (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (N.M.A.-E.)
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt;
| | - Doaa A. Ghareeb
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt; (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (N.M.A.-E.)
| | - Nihad M. Abd-Elmonem
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt; (A.M.); (D.A.G.); (N.M.A.-E.)
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11
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Matteucci KC, Correa AAS, Costa DL. Recent Advances in Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis and Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:905278. [PMID: 35669122 PMCID: PMC9163498 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.905278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and malaria, caused by parasites from the Plasmodium genus, are two of the major causes of death due to infectious diseases in the world. Both diseases are treatable with drugs that have microbicidal properties against each of the etiologic agents. However, problems related to treatment compliance by patients and emergence of drug resistant microorganisms have been a major problem for combating TB and malaria. This factor is further complicated by the absence of highly effective vaccines that can prevent the infection with either M. tuberculosis or Plasmodium. However, certain host biological processes have been found to play a role in the promotion of infection or in the pathogenesis of each disease. These processes can be targeted by host-directed therapies (HDTs), which can be administered in conjunction with the standard drug treatments for each pathogen, aiming to accelerate their elimination or to minimize detrimental side effects resulting from exacerbated inflammation. In this review we discuss potential new targets for the development of HDTs revealed by recent advances in the knowledge of host-pathogen interaction biology, and present an overview of strategies that have been tested in vivo, either in experimental models or in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kely C. Matteucci
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - André A. S. Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Diego L. Costa,
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12
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Baindara P, Agrawal S, Franco OL. Host-directed therapies for malaria and tuberculosis: common infection strategies and repurposed drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:849-869. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2044794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sonali Agrawal
- Immunology Division, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - O. L. Franco
- Proteomics Analysis and Biochemical Center, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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13
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Mehta K, Spaink HP, Ottenhoff THM, van der Graaf PH, van Hasselt JGC. Host-directed therapies for tuberculosis: quantitative systems pharmacology approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:293-304. [PMID: 34916092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-directed therapies (HDTs) that modulate host-pathogen interactions offer an innovative strategy to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. When combined with tuberculosis (TB) antibiotics, HDTs could contribute to improving treatment outcomes, reducing treatment duration, and preventing resistance development. Translation of the interplay of host-pathogen interactions leveraged by HDTs towards therapeutic outcomes in patients is challenging. Quantitative understanding of the multifaceted nature of the host-pathogen interactions is vital to rationally design HDT strategies. Here, we (i) provide an overview of key Mtb host-pathogen interactions as basis for HDT strategies; and (ii) discuss the components and utility of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models to inform HDT strategies. QSP models can be used to identify and optimize treatment targets, to facilitate preclinical to human translation, and to design combination treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Wu M, Liu Z, Zhang S. Down-regulation of hsa_circ_0045474 induces macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis via miR-582-5p/TNKS2 axis. Innate Immun 2021; 28:11-18. [PMID: 34861798 PMCID: PMC8841633 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211064285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage autophagy plays a major role in the control and elimination of invading Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the function and mechanism of circRNA on macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role of circRNA underlying macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of hsa_circ_0045474, miR-582-5p and TNKS2. Autophagy was detected by LC3B immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the relationship of miR-582-5p and hsa_circ_0045474 or TNKS2. Western blot was used to detect the expression of LC3-І and LC3-ІІ. The results showed that hsa_circ_0045474 was down-regulated in monocytes from patients with tuberculosis and induced autophagy in macrophages. hsa_circ_0045474 sponged miR-582-5p and negatively regulated miR-582-5p expression. Overexpression of miR-582-5p affected by hsa_circ_0045474 induced autophagy in macrophages. TNKS2 served as a target of miR-582-5p and down-regulation of TNKS2 induced autophagy in macrophages regulated by miR-582-5p. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that hsa_circ_0045474 down-regulation induced macrophage autophagy in tuberculosis via miR-582-5p/ TNKS2 axis, implying a novel strategy to treat the occurrence of active pulmonary tuberculosis caused by immune escape of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, 89668Tongji University, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, 89668Tongji University, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, 89668Tongji University, China
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15
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Zhu S, Jung J, Victor E, Arceo J, Gokhale S, Xie P. Clinical Trials of the BTK Inhibitors Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib in Human Diseases Beyond B Cell Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737943. [PMID: 34778053 PMCID: PMC8585514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The BTK inhibitors ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of B cell malignances. Both drugs have demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety profiles superior to chemoimmunotherapy regimens in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that both ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are versatile and have direct effects on many immune cell subsets as well as other cell types beyond B cells. The versatility and immunomodulatory effects of both drugs have been exploited to expand their therapeutic potential in a wide variety of human diseases. Over 470 clinical trials are currently registered at ClinicalTrials.gov to test the efficacy of ibrutinib or acalabrutinib not only in almost every type of B cell malignancies, but also in hematological malignancies of myeloid cells and T cells, solid tumors, chronic graft versus host disease (cGHVD), autoimmune diseases, allergy and COVID-19 (http:www.clinicaltrials.gov). In this review, we present brief discussions of the clinical trials and relevant key preclinical evidence of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib as monotherapies or as part of combination therapies for the treatment of human diseases beyond B cell malignancies. Adding to the proven efficacy of ibrutinib for cGVHD, preliminary results of clinical trials have shown promising efficacy of ibrutinib or acalabrutinib for certain T cell malignancies, allergies and severe COVID-19. However, both BTK inhibitors have no or limited efficacy for refractory or recurrent solid tumors. These clinical data together with additional pending results from ongoing trials will provide valuable information to guide the design and improvement of future trials, including optimization of combination regimens and dosing sequences as well as better patient stratification and more efficient delivery strategies. Such information will further advance the precise implementation of BTK inhibitors into the clinical toolbox for the treatment of different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Johann Arceo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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16
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Guler R, Ozturk M, Sabeel S, Motaung B, Parihar SP, Thienemann F, Brombacher F. Targeting Molecular Inflammatory Pathways in Granuloma as Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733853. [PMID: 34745105 PMCID: PMC8563828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, more than 10 million people developed active tuberculosis (TB), with 1.4 million deaths in 2020. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant strains in many regions of the world threatens national TB control programs. This requires an understanding of host-pathogen interactions and finding novel treatments including host-directed therapies (HDTs) is of utter importance to tackle the TB epidemic. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent for TB, mainly infects the lungs causing inflammatory processes leading to immune activation and the development and formation of granulomas. During TB disease progression, the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates which form the central structure of granulomas undergo cellular changes to form epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells and foamy macrophages. Granulomas further contain neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells and an outer layer composed of T and B lymphocytes and fibroblasts. This complex granulomatous host response can be modulated by Mtb to induce pathological changes damaging host lung tissues ultimately benefiting the persistence and survival of Mtb within host macrophages. The development of cavities is likely to enhance inter-host transmission and caseum could facilitate the dissemination of Mtb to other organs inducing disease progression. This review explores host targets and molecular pathways in the inflammatory granuloma host immune response that may be beneficial as target candidates for HDTs against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Solima Sabeel
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bongani Motaung
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- General Medicine & Global Health, Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Li H, Yang W, Zhang M, He T, Zhou F, G Herman J, Hu L, Guo M. Methylation of TMEM176A, a key ERK signaling regulator, is a novel synthetic lethality marker of ATM inhibitors in human lung cancer. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1403-1419. [PMID: 34558311 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The role of TMEM176A methylation in lung cancer and its therapeutic application remains unclear. Materials and methods: Nine lung cancer cell lines and 123 cases of cancer tissue samples were employed. Results: TMEM176A was methylated in 53.66% of primary lung cancer. Restoration of TMEM176A expression induced cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest, and inhibited colony formation, cell proliferation, migration and invasion. TMEM176A suppressed H1299 cell xenograft growth in mice. Methylation of TMEM176A activated ERK signaling and sensitized H1299 and H23 cells to AZD0156, an ATM inhibitor. Conclusion: The expression of TMEM176A is regulated by promoter region methylation. Methylation of TMEM176A is a potential lung cancer diagnostic marker and a novel synthetic lethal therapeutic marker for AZD0156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.,Faculty of Environmental & Life Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Oncology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Pathology, Characteristic Medical Center of The Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - James G Herman
- The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 2.18/Research, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Liming Hu
- Faculty of Environmental & Life Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Oncology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
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18
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Mo S, Liu X, Zhang K, Wang W, Cai Y, Ouyang Q, Zhu C, Lin D, Wan H, Li D, Wen Z, Chen X. Flunarizine suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth via calmodulin-dependent phagosome maturation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:1021-1029. [PMID: 34533236 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0221-119rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major cause of death worldwide. Multidrug-resistant TB remains a public health crisis and thus novel effective treatments, such as host-directed therapies (HDTs), are urgently required to overcome the challenges of TB infection. In this study, we evaluated 4 calcium modulators for their effects on Mtb growth in macrophages. Only flunarizine enhanced the bactericidal ability of macrophages against Mtb, which was induced by an increase in phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (pCaMKII) levels. We further discovered that the expression of CaM was decreased in Mtb-infected macrophages and restored following flunarizine treatment; this was associated with phagolysosome maturation and acidification. Consistent with these findings, the anti-TB ability of macrophages was reduced following the silencing of CaM or inhibition of CAMKII activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that flunarizine enhanced the bactericidal ability of macrophages and clarified its CaM-pCAMKII-dependent mechanism. Therefore, our findings strongly support further studies of this currently approved drug as an HDT candidate for TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kehong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Yi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dachuan Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoqiang Wan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Yuebei Second People's Hospital, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihua Wen
- Yuebei Second People's Hospital, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Clionamines stimulate autophagy, inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages, and target Pik1. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:870-882.e11. [PMID: 34520745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades the innate immune system by interfering with autophagy and phagosomal maturation in macrophages, and, as a result, small molecule stimulation of autophagy represents a host-directed therapeutics (HDTs) approach for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Here we show the marine natural product clionamines activate autophagy and inhibit Mtb survival in macrophages. A yeast chemical-genetics approach identified Pik1 as target protein of the clionamines. Biotinylated clionamine B pulled down Pik1 from yeast cell lysates and a clionamine analog inhibited phosphatidyl 4-phosphate (PI4P) production in yeast Golgi membranes. Chemical-genetic profiles of clionamines and cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) are closely related, linking the clionamine mode of action to co-localization with PI4P in a vesicular compartment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of PI4KB, a human homolog of Pik1, inhibited the survival of Mtb in macrophages, identifying PI4KB as an unexploited molecular target for efforts to develop HDT drugs for treatment of TB.
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20
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Zhu S, Gokhale S, Jung J, Spirollari E, Tsai J, Arceo J, Wu BW, Victor E, Xie P. Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Effects of the BTK Inhibitors Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib on Different Immune Cell Subsets - Beyond B Lymphocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727531. [PMID: 34485307 PMCID: PMC8414982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of the two BTK inhibitors, ibrutinib and acalabrutinib, represents a major breakthrough in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and has also revolutionized the treatment options for other B cell malignancies. Increasing evidence indicates that in addition to their direct effects on B lymphocytes, both BTK inhibitors also directly impact the homeostasis, phenotype and function of many other cell subsets of the immune system, which contribute to their high efficacy as well as adverse effects observed in CLL patients. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview on the overlapping and differential effects of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib on specific receptor signaling pathways in different immune cell subsets other than B cells, including T cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, mast cells and platelets. The shared and distinct effects of ibrutinib versus acalabrutinib are mediated through BTK-dependent and BTK-independent mechanisms, respectively. Such immunomodulatory effects of the two drugs have fueled myriad explorations of their repurposing opportunities for the treatment of a wide variety of other human diseases involving immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jemmie Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Johann Arceo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ben Wang Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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21
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Park JM, Yang SW, Zhuang W, Bera AK, Liu Y, Gurbani D, von Hoyningen-Huene SJ, Sakurada SM, Gan H, Pruett-Miller SM, Westover KD, Potts MB. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRMS inhibits autophagy and promotes tumor growth by phosphorylating the scaffolding protein FKBP51. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001281. [PMID: 34077419 PMCID: PMC8202955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-responsive protein kinases control the balance between anabolic growth and catabolic processes such as autophagy. Aberrant regulation of these kinases is a major cause of human disease. We report here that the vertebrate nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal myristylation sites (SRMS) inhibits autophagy and promotes growth in a nutrient-responsive manner. Under nutrient-replete conditions, SRMS phosphorylates the PHLPP scaffold FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), disrupts the FKBP51-PHLPP complex, and promotes FKBP51 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This prevents PHLPP-mediated dephosphorylation of AKT, causing sustained AKT activation that promotes growth and inhibits autophagy. SRMS is amplified and overexpressed in human cancers where it drives unrestrained AKT signaling in a kinase-dependent manner. SRMS kinase inhibition activates autophagy, inhibits cancer growth, and can be accomplished using the FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. This illuminates SRMS as a targetable vulnerability in human cancers and as a new target for pharmacological induction of autophagy in vertebrates. This study describes the discovery and characterization of a nutrient-sensitive signaling pathway that drives growth and inhibits autophagy in mammalian cells. This pathway, which involves the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRMS and the PHLPP scaffold protein FKBP51, promotes tumor growth and is amenable to pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mi Park
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Seung Wook Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Gurbani
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sergei J. von Hoyningen-Huene
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Haiyun Gan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Malia B. Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Bittencourt TL, da Silva Prata RB, de Andrade Silva BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Dalcolmo MP, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674241. [PMID: 34113346 PMCID: PMC8185338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria species may subvert the innate immune mechanisms and can modulate the activation of cells that cause disease in the skin. Cutaneous mycobacterial infection may present different clinical presentations and it is associated with stigma, deformity, and disability. The understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms related to mycobacterial infection in human skin is of pivotal importance to identify targets for new therapeutic strategies. The occurrence of reactional episodes and relapse in leprosy patients, the emergence of resistant mycobacteria strains, and the absence of effective drugs to treat mycobacterial cutaneous infection increased the interest in the development of therapies based on repurposed drugs against mycobacteria. The mechanism of action of many of these therapies evaluated is linked to the activation of autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that has been associated with the control of the mycobacterial bacillary load. Here, we review the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cutaneous mycobacterial infection and discuss the perspectives of autophagy as a target for drug development and repurposing against cutaneous mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margareth Pretti Dalcolmo
- Helio Fraga Reference Center, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Adikesavalu H, Gopalaswamy R, Kumar A, Ranganathan UD, Shanmugam S. Autophagy Induction as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:522. [PMID: 34070995 PMCID: PMC8224563 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterialinfectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causes significant mortality in humans worldwide. Current treatment regimen involve the administration of multiple antibiotics over the course of several months that contributes to patient non-compliance leading to relapse and the development of drug-resistant M.tb (MDR and XDR) strains. Together, these facts highlight the need for the development of shorter TB treatment regimens. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new and emerging concept that aims to augment host immune response using drugs/compounds with or without adjunct antibiotics against M.tb infection. Autophagy is a natural catabolic mechanism of the cell that involves delivering the cytosolic constituents to the lysosomes for degradation and recycling the components; thereby maintaining the cellular and energy homoeostasis of a cell. However, over the past decade, an improved understanding of the role of autophagy in immunity has led to autophagy activation by using drugs or agents. This autophagy manipulation may represent a promising host-directed therapeutic strategy for human TB. However, current clinical knowledge on implementing autophagy activation by drugs or agents, as a stand-alone HDT or as an adjunct with antibiotics to treat human TB is insufficient. In recent years, many reports on high-throughput drug screening and measurement of autophagic flux by fluorescence, high-content microscopy, flow cytometry, microplate reader and immunoblotting have been published for the discovery of drugs that modulate autophagy. In this review, we discuss the commonly used chemical screening approaches in mammalian cells for the discovery of autophagy activating drugs against M.tbinfection. We also summarize the various autophagy-activating agents, both pre-clinical candidates and compounds approved for advanced clinical investigation during mycobacterial infection. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using autophagy activation as HDT strategy to improve TB outcome and shorten treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harresh Adikesavalu
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Radha Gopalaswamy
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India;
| | - Sivakumar Shanmugam
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
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24
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Kilinç G, Saris A, Ottenhoff THM, Haks MC. Host-directed therapy to combat mycobacterial infections. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:62-83. [PMID: 33565103 PMCID: PMC8248113 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection, mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), are recognized by host innate immune cells, triggering a series of intracellular processes that promote mycobacterial killing. Mycobacteria, however, have developed multiple counter‐strategies to persist and survive inside host cells. By manipulating host effector mechanisms, including phagosome maturation, vacuolar escape, autophagy, antigen presentation, and metabolic pathways, pathogenic mycobacteria are able to establish long‐lasting infection. Counteracting these mycobacteria‐induced host modifying mechanisms can be accomplished by host‐directed therapeutic (HDT) strategies. HDTs offer several major advantages compared to conventional antibiotics: (a) HDTs can be effective against both drug‐resistant and drug‐susceptible bacteria, as well as potentially dormant mycobacteria; (b) HDTs are less likely to induce bacterial drug resistance; and (c) HDTs could synergize with, or shorten antibiotic treatment by targeting different pathways. In this review, we will explore host‐pathogen interactions that have been identified for Mtb for which potential HDTs impacting both innate and adaptive immunity are available, and outline those worthy of future research. We will also discuss possibilities to target NTM infection by HDT, although current knowledge regarding host‐pathogen interactions for NTM is limited compared to Mtb. Finally, we speculate that combinatorial HDT strategies can potentially synergize to achieve optimal mycobacterial host immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Kilinç
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anno Saris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Paik S, Jo EK. An Interplay Between Autophagy and Immunometabolism for Host Defense Against Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603951. [PMID: 33262773 PMCID: PMC7688515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic pathway featuring lysosomal degradation, is a central component of the host immune defense against various infections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Mtb can evade the autophagic defense and drive immunometabolic remodeling of host phagocytes. Co-regulation of the autophagic and metabolic pathways may play a pivotal role in shaping the innate immune defense and inflammation during Mtb infection. Two principal metabolic sensors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, function together to control the autophagy and immunometabolism that coordinate the anti-mycobacterial immune defense. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and immunometabolism in terms of combating intracellular Mtb, and how AMPK-mTOR signaling regulates antibacterial autophagy in terms of Mtb infection. We describe several autophagy-targeting agents that promote host antimicrobial defenses by regulating the AMPK-mTOR axis. A better understanding of the crosstalk between immunometabolism and autophagy, both of which are involved in host defense, is crucial for the development of innovative targeted therapies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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26
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Shapira T, Rankine-Wilson L, Chao JD, Pichler V, Rens C, Pfeifer T, Av-Gay Y. High-Content Screening of Eukaryotic Kinase Inhibitors Identify CHK2 Inhibitor Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:553962. [PMID: 33042061 PMCID: PMC7530171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A screen of a eukaryotic kinase inhibitor library in an established intracellular infection model identified a set of drug candidates enabling intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Screen validity was confirmed internally by a Z′ = 0.5 and externally by detecting previously reported host-targeting anti-M.tb compounds. Inhibitors of the CHK kinase family, specifically checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), showed the highest inhibition and lowest toxicity of all kinase families. The screen identified and validated DDUG, a CHK2 inhibitor, as a novel bactericidal anti-M.tb compound. CHK2 inhibition by RNAi phenocopied the intracellular inhibitory effect of DDUG. DDUG was active intracellularly against M.tb, but not other mycobacteria. DDUG also had extracellular activity against 4 of 12 bacteria tested, including M.tb. Combined, these observations suggest DDUG acts in tandem against both host and pathogen. Importantly, DDUG’s validation highlights the screening and analysis methodology developed for this screen, which identified novel host-directed anti-M.tb compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leah Rankine-Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph D Chao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Virginia Pichler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Celine Rens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom Pfeifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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27
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Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Novel Treatments against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Drug Repurposing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E550. [PMID: 32872158 PMCID: PMC7557778 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death, worldwide, due to a bacterial pathogen. This respiratory disease is caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and produces 1.5 million deaths every year. The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased during the last decade, but the emergence of MultiDrug-Resistant (MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR-TB) strains of M. tuberculosis is generating a new health alarm. Therefore, the development of novel therapies based on repurposed drugs against MDR-TB and XDR-TB have recently gathered significant interest. Recent evidence, focused on the role of host molecular factors on M. tuberculosis intracellular survival, allowed the identification of new host-directed therapies. Interestingly, the mechanism of action of many of these therapies is linked to the activation of autophagy (e.g., nitazoxanide or imatinib) and other well-known molecular pathways such as apoptosis (e.g., cisplatin and calycopterin). Here, we review the latest developments on the identification of novel antimicrobials against tuberculosis (including avermectins, eltrombopag, or fluvastatin), new host-targeting therapies (e.g., corticoids, fosfamatinib or carfilzomib) and the host molecular factors required for a mycobacterial infection that could be promising targets for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Mourenza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
| | - José A. Gil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Luis M. Mateos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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