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Khramova YV, Katrukha VA, Chebanenko VV, Kostyuk AI, Gorbunov NP, Panasenko OM, Sokolov AV, Bilan DS. Reactive Halogen Species: Role in Living Systems and Current Research Approaches. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S90-S111. [PMID: 38621746 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Reactive halogen species (RHS) are highly reactive compounds that are normally required for regulation of immune response, inflammatory reactions, enzyme function, etc. At the same time, hyperproduction of highly reactive compounds leads to the development of various socially significant diseases - asthma, pulmonary hypertension, oncological and neurodegenerative diseases, retinopathy, and many others. The main sources of (pseudo)hypohalous acids are enzymes from the family of heme peroxidases - myeloperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and thyroid peroxidase. Main targets of these compounds are proteins and peptides, primarily methionine and cysteine residues. Due to the short lifetime, detection of RHS can be difficult. The most common approach is detection of myeloperoxidase, which is thought to reflect the amount of RHS produced, but these methods are indirect, and the results are often contradictory. The most promising approaches seem to be those that provide direct registration of highly reactive compounds themselves or products of their interaction with components of living cells, such as fluorescent dyes. However, even such methods have a number of limitations and can often be applied mainly for in vitro studies with cell culture. Detection of reactive halogen species in living organisms in real time is a particularly acute issue. The present review is devoted to RHS, their characteristics, chemical properties, peculiarities of interaction with components of living cells, and methods of their detection in living systems. Special attention is paid to the genetically encoded tools, which have been introduced recently and allow avoiding a number of difficulties when working with living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Khramova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Veronika A Katrukha
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Victoria V Chebanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander I Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - Oleg M Panasenko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Alexey V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Ramos DR, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Peña-Gallego Á, Pérez-Juste I, Santaballa JA. Common Reactivity and Properties of Heme Peroxidases: A DFT Study of Their Origin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020303. [PMID: 36829861 PMCID: PMC9952403 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic structure calculations using the density-functional theory (DFT) have been performed to analyse the effect of water molecules and protonation on the heme group of peroxidases in different redox (ferric, ferrous, compounds I and II) and spin states. Shared geometries, spectroscopic properties at the Soret region, and the thermodynamics of peroxidases are discussed. B3LYP and M06-2X density functionals with different basis sets were employed on a common molecular model of the active site (Fe-centred porphine and proximal imidazole). Computed Gibbs free energies indicate that the corresponding aquo complexes are not thermodynamically stable, supporting the five-coordinate Fe(III) centre in native ferric peroxidases, with a water molecule located at a non-bonding distance. Protonation of the ferryl oxygen of compound II is discussed in terms of thermodynamics, Fe-O bond distances, and redox properties. It is demonstrated that this protonation is necessary to account for the experimental data, and computed Gibbs free energies reveal pKa values of compound II about 8.5-9.0. Computation indicates that the general oxidative properties of peroxidase intermediates, as well as their reactivity towards water and protons and Soret bands, are mainly controlled by the iron porphyrin and its proximal histidine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ramos
- Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (React!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.R.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ángeles Peña-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Juste
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - J. Arturo Santaballa
- Chemical Reactivity & Photoreactivity Group (React!), Department of Chemistry, CICA & Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.R.); (J.A.S.)
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Arnhold J, Malle E. Halogenation Activity of Mammalian Heme Peroxidases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050890. [PMID: 35624754 PMCID: PMC9138014 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian heme peroxidases are fascinating due to their unique peculiarity of oxidizing (pseudo)halides under physiologically relevant conditions. These proteins are able either to incorporate oxidized halides into substrates adjacent to the active site or to generate different oxidized (pseudo)halogenated species, which can take part in multiple (pseudo)halogenation and oxidation reactions with cell and tissue constituents. The present article reviews basic biochemical and redox mechanisms of (pseudo)halogenation activity as well as the physiological role of heme peroxidases. Thyroid peroxidase and peroxidasin are key enzymes for thyroid hormone synthesis and the formation of functional cross-links in collagen IV during basement membrane formation. Special attention is directed to the properties, enzymatic mechanisms, and resulting (pseudo)halogenated products of the immunologically relevant proteins such as myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase. The potential role of the (pseudo)halogenated products (hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, hypothiocyanite, and cyanate) of these three heme peroxidases is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.A.); or (E.M.)
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.A.); or (E.M.)
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Karuppasamy P, Thiruppathi D, Ganesan M, Rajendran T, Rajagopal S, Sivasubramanian VK, Rajapandian V. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of L-Cysteine, L-Methionine, and Methionine–Glycine Using [Oxoiron(IV)–Salen] Ion Immobilized Glassy Carbon Electrode. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Comparing Ligninolytic Capabilities of Bacterial and Fungal Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases and Class-II Peroxidase-Catalases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052629. [PMID: 33807844 PMCID: PMC7961821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to clarify the ligninolytic capabilities of dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) from bacteria and fungi, compared to fungal lignin peroxidase (LiP) and versatile peroxidase (VP). With this purpose, DyPs from Amycolatopsis sp., Thermomonospora curvata, and Auricularia auricula-judae, VP from Pleurotus eryngii, and LiP from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were produced, and their kinetic constants and reduction potentials determined. Sharp differences were found in the oxidation of nonphenolic simple (veratryl alcohol, VA) and dimeric (veratrylglycerol-β- guaiacyl ether, VGE) lignin model compounds, with LiP showing the highest catalytic efficiencies (around 15 and 200 s−1·mM−1 for VGE and VA, respectively), while the efficiency of the A. auricula-judae DyP was 1–3 orders of magnitude lower, and no activity was detected with the bacterial DyPs. VP and LiP also showed the highest reduction potential (1.28–1.33 V) in the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle (i.e., compound-II reduction to resting enzyme), estimated by stopped-flow measurements at the equilibrium, while the T. curvata DyP showed the lowest value (1.23 V). We conclude that, when using realistic enzyme doses, only fungal LiP and VP, and in much lower extent fungal DyP, oxidize nonphenolic aromatics and, therefore, have the capability to act on the main moiety of the native lignin macromolecule.
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Roos G, Harvey JN. Histidine versus Cysteine-Bearing Heme-Dependent Halogen Peroxidases: Parallels and Differences for Cl - Oxidation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:74-85. [PMID: 33350832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The homodimeric myeloperoxidase (MPO) features a histidine as a proximal ligand and a sulfonium linkage covalently attaching the heme porphyrin ring to the protein. MPO is able to catalyze Cl- oxidation with about the same efficiency as chloroperoxidase at pH 7.0. In this study, we seek to explore the parallels and differences between the histidine and cysteine heme-dependent halogen peroxidases. Transition states, reaction barriers, and relevant thermodynamic properties are calculated on protein models. Together with electronic structure calculations, it gives an overview of the reaction mechanisms and of the factors that determine the selectivity between one- and two-electron paths. Conclusions point to the innate oxidizing nature of MPO with the ester and sulfonium linkages hiking up the reactivity to enable chloride oxidation. The installation of a deprotonated imidazolate as a proximal ligand does not shift the equilibrium from one- to two-electron events without influencing the chemistry of the oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goedele Roos
- UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Myeloperoxidase participates in innate immune defense mechanism through formation of microbicidal reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species. A unique activity is its ability to use chloride as a cosubstrate with hydrogen peroxide to generate chlorinating oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, a potent antimicrobial agent. However, chronic MPO activation can lead to indiscriminate protein modification causing tissue damage, and has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and acute cardiovascular events. This has attracted considerable interest in the development of therapeutically useful MPO inhibitors. Today, based on the profound knowledge of structure and function of MPO and its biochemical and biophysical differences with the other homologous human peroxidases, various rational and high-throughput screening attempts were performed in developing specific irreversible and reversible inhibitors. The most prominent candidates as well as MPO inhibitors already studied in clinical trials are introduced and discussed.
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The leucine-rich repeat domain of human peroxidasin 1 promotes binding to laminin in basement membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108443. [PMID: 32485152 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human peroxidasin 1 (PXDN) is a homotrimeric multidomain heme peroxidase and essential for tissue development and architecture. It has a biosynthetic function and catalyses the hypobromous acid-mediated formation of specific covalent sulfilimine (SN) bonds, which cross-link type IV collagen chains in basement membranes. Currently, it is unknown whether and which domain(s) [i.e. leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR), immunoglobulin domains, peroxidase domain, von Willebrand factor type C domain] of PXDN interact with the polymeric networks of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and how these interactions integrate and regulate the enzyme's cross-linking activity, without imparting oxidative damage to the ECM. In this study, we probed the interactions of four PXDN constructs with different domain compositions with components of a basement membrane extract by immunoprecipitation. Strong binding of the LRR-containing construct was detected with the major ECM protein laminin. Analysis of these interactions by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy revealed similar kinetics and affinities of binding of the LRR-containing construct to human and murine laminin-111, with calculated dissociation constants of 1.0 and 1.5 μM, respectively. The findings are discussed with respect to the recently published in-solution structures of the PXDN constructs and the proposed biological role of this peroxidase.
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Sevcnikar B, Paumann-Page M, Hofbauer S, Pfanzagl V, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Reaction of human peroxidasin 1 compound I and compound II with one-electron donors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 681:108267. [PMID: 31953133 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human peroxidasin 1 (hsPxd01) is a homotrimeric multidomain heme peroxidase embedded in the extracellular matrix. It catalyses the two-electron oxidation of bromide by hydrogen peroxide to hypobromous acid which mediates the formation of essential sulfilimine cross-links between methionine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen IV. This confers critical structural reinforcement to the extracellular matrix. This study presents for the first time transient kinetic measurements of the reactivity of hsPxd01 compound I and compound II with the endogenous one-electron donors nitrite, ascorbate, urate, tyrosine and serotonin using the sequential stopped-flow technique. At pH 7.4 and 25 °C compound I of hsPxd01 is reduced to compound II with apparent second-order rate constants ranging from (1.9 ± 0.1) × 104 M-1 s-1 (urate) to (4.8 ± 0.1) × 105 M-1 s-1 (serotonin). Reduction of compound II to the ferric state occurs with apparent second-order rate constants ranging from (4.3 ± 0.2) × 102 M-1 s-1 (tyrosine) to (7.7 ± 0.1) × 103 M-1 s-1 (serotonin). The relatively fast rates of compound I reduction suggest that these reactions may take place in vivo and modulate bromide oxidation due to formation of compound II. Urate is shown to inhibit the bromination activity of hsPxd01, whereas nitrite stimulates the formation of hypobromous acid. The results are discussed with respect to known kinetic data of homologous mammalian peroxidases and to the physiological role of human peroxidasin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sevcnikar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Paumann-Page
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Pfanzagl
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Ayuso‐Fernández I, De Lacey AL, Cañada FJ, Ruiz‐Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. Increase of Redox Potential during the Evolution of Enzymes Degrading Recalcitrant Lignin. Chemistry 2019; 25:2708-2712. [PMID: 30566756 PMCID: PMC6582443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how ligninolytic peroxidases acquired the uniquely high redox potential they show today, their ancestors were resurrected and characterized. Unfortunately, the transient Compounds I (CI) and II (CII) from peroxide activation of the enzyme resting state (RS) are unstable. Therefore, the reduction potentials (E°') of the three redox couples (CI/RS, CI/CII and CII/RS) were estimated (for the first time in a ligninolytic peroxidase) from equilibrium concentrations analyzed by stopped-flow UV/Vis spectroscopy. Interestingly, the E°' of rate-limiting CII reduction to RS increased 70 mV from the common peroxidase ancestor to extant lignin peroxidase (LiP), and the same boost was observed for CI/RS and CI/CII, albeit with higher E°' values. A straightforward correlation was found between the E°' value and the progressive displacement of the proximal histidine Hϵ1 chemical shift in the NMR spectra, due to the higher paramagnetic effect of the heme Fe3+ . More interestingly, the E°' and NMR data also correlated with the evolutionary time, revealing that ancestral peroxidases increased their reduction potential in the evolution to LiP thanks to molecular rearrangements in their heme pocket during the last 400 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco J. Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasCSICRamiro de Maeztu 9E-28040MadridSpain
| | | | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasCSICRamiro de Maeztu 9E-28040MadridSpain
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Effect of the Nature and Relative Concentration of Substrate, Water Mineralization, and Storage Temperature on the Oxidants Produced by Lactoperoxidase and on Their Antifungal Activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase is an enzyme that generates oxidants with antimicrobial activity in presence of a (pseudo)halogen and hydrogen peroxide, but various factors can drastically reduce the antimicrobial activity of the lactoperoxidase system. Spectroscopic, ionic chromatography, and 13C-NMR methods showed that the oxidants generated by lactoperoxidase are OSCN− in the presence of SCN− and I2 in the presence of I−. Neither of them, however, inhibited Penicillium expansum, one of the causal agents of fruit mold. When a mixture of SCN− and I− was used, no OSCN−, OCN−, I2, or interhalogen I2SCN− was produced. However, its long-term stability, NH2-oxidizing capacity, and antifungal activity against P. expansum argue in favor of an I−-derived oxidant. Strongly mineralized water optimized enzyme-catalyzed reactions with higher oxidant production. Storage at 4 °C resulted in long-term stability and extended antifungal activity against P. expansum. The relative iodide/thiocyanate concentrations turned out to be important, as better in vitro inhibition of Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of apples’s grey mold, was obtained with a high KI + KSCN concentration, a KI/KSCN ratio of 4.5, and a (KI + KSCN)/H2O2 ratio of 1. The nature of the substrates, their relative concentrations, the medium, and the storage temperature modifed the antifungal activity of lactoperoxidase.
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12
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Vlasova II. Peroxidase Activity of Human Hemoproteins: Keeping the Fire under Control. Molecules 2018; 23:E2561. [PMID: 30297621 PMCID: PMC6222727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme in the active center of peroxidases reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form highly reactive intermediates, which then oxidize simple substances called peroxidase substrates. Human peroxidases can be divided into two groups: (1) True peroxidases are enzymes whose main function is to generate free radicals in the peroxidase cycle and (pseudo)hypohalous acids in the halogenation cycle. The major true peroxidases are myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. (2) Pseudo-peroxidases perform various important functions in the body, but under the influence of external conditions they can display peroxidase-like activity. As oxidative intermediates, these peroxidases produce not only active heme compounds, but also protein-based tyrosyl radicals. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c/cardiolipin complexes and cytoglobin are considered as pseudo-peroxidases. Рeroxidases play an important role in innate immunity and in a number of physiologically important processes like apoptosis and cell signaling. Unfavorable excessive peroxidase activity is implicated in oxidative damage of cells and tissues, thereby initiating the variety of human diseases. Hence, regulation of peroxidase activity is of considerable importance. Since peroxidases differ in structure, properties and location, the mechanisms controlling peroxidase activity and the biological effects of peroxidase products are specific for each hemoprotein. This review summarizes the knowledge about the properties, activities, regulations and biological effects of true and pseudo-peroxidases in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying beneficial and adverse effects of this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, Moscow 119435, Russia.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Nicolussi A, Auer M, Sevcnikar B, Paumann-Page M, Pfanzagl V, Zámocký M, Hofbauer S, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Posttranslational modification of heme in peroxidases – Impact on structure and catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 643:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bafort F, Damblon C, Smargiasso N, De Pauw E, Perraudin JP, Jijakli MH. Reaction Product Variability and Biological Activity of the Lactoperoxidase System Depending on Medium Ionic Strength and pH, and on Substrate Relative Concentration. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1700497. [PMID: 29266741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The potential of ions produced in water by the lactoperoxidase system against plant pests has shown promising results. We tested the bioactivity of ions produced by the lactoperoxidase oxidation of I- and SCN- in several buffers or in tap water and characterized the ions produced. In vitro biological activity was tested against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of mold in fruits, and the major cause of patulin contamination of fruit juices and compotes. In buffers, the ionic concentration was increased 3-fold, and pathogen inhibition was obtained down to the 1:15 dilution. In tap water, the ionic concentration was weaker, and pathogen inhibition was obtained only down to the 1:3 dilution. Acidic buffer increased ion concentrations as compared to less acidic (pH 5.6 or 6.2) or neutral buffers, as do increased ionic strength. 13 C-labelled SCN- and MS showed that different ions were produced in water and in buffers. In specific conditions the ion solution turned yellow and a product was formed, probably diiodothiocyanate (I2 SCN- ), giving an intense signal at 49.7 ppm in 13 C-NMR. The formation of the signal was unambiguously favored in acidic media and disadvantaged or inhibited in neutral or basic conditions. It was enhanced at a specific SCN- : I- ratio of 1:4.5, but decreased when the ratio was 1:2, and was inhibited at ratio SCN- >I- . We demonstrated that the formation of the signal required the interaction between I2 and SCN- , and MS showed the presence of I2 SCN- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bafort
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christian Damblon
- Structural Biological Chemistry Laboratory (SBCL), Liège University, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Liège University, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Molecular Systems Research Unit, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Liège University, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Mohamed Haïssam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Schaffner I, Mlynek G, Flego N, Pühringer D, Libiseller-Egger J, Coates L, Hofbauer S, Bellei M, Furtmüller PG, Battistuzzi G, Smulevich G, Djinović-Carugo K, Obinger C. Molecular Mechanism of Enzymatic Chlorite Detoxification: Insights from Structural and Kinetic Studies. ACS Catal 2017; 7:7962-7976. [PMID: 29142780 PMCID: PMC5678291 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
heme enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld) catalyzes the degradation
of chlorite to chloride and dioxygen. Although structure and steady-state
kinetics of Clds have been elucidated, many questions remain (e.g.,
the mechanism of chlorite cleavage and the pH dependence of the reaction).
Here, we present high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of a dimeric
Cld at pH 6.5 and 8.5, its fluoride and isothiocyanate complexes and
the neutron structure at pH 9.0 together with the pH dependence of
the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple, and the UV–vis and resonance Raman
spectral features. We demonstrate that the distal Arg127 cannot act
as proton acceptor and is fully ionized even at pH 9.0 ruling out
its proposed role in dictating the pH dependence of chlorite degradation.
Stopped-flow studies show that (i) Compound I and hypochlorite do
not recombine and (ii) Compound II is the immediately formed redox
intermediate that dominates during turnover. Homolytic cleavage of
chlorite is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Schaffner
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Mlynek
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Flego
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Dominic Pühringer
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Libiseller-Egger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leighton Coates
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel
Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi
103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department
of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department
for Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Nicolussi A, Auer M, Weissensteiner J, Schütz G, Katz S, Maresch D, Hofbauer S, Bellei M, Battistuzzi G, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Posttranslational Modification of Heme b in a Bacterial Peroxidase: The Role of Heme to Protein Ester Bonds in Ligand Binding and Catalysis. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4525-4538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolussi
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Auer
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Weissensteiner
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Schütz
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi
103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department
of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Vlasova II, Kapralov AA, Michael ZP, Burkert SC, Shurin MR, Star A, Shvedova AA, Kagan VE. Enzymatic oxidative biodegradation of nanoparticles: Mechanisms, significance and applications. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 299:58-69. [PMID: 26768553 PMCID: PMC4811710 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biopersistence of carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide (GO) and several other types of carbonaceous nanomaterials is an essential determinant of their health effects. Successful biodegradation is one of the major factors defining the life span and biological responses to nanoparticles. Here, we review the role and contribution of different oxidative enzymes of inflammatory cells - myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, hemoglobin, and xanthine oxidase - to the reactions of nanoparticle biodegradation. We further focus on interactions of nanomaterials with hemoproteins dependent on the specific features of their physico-chemical and structural characteristics. Mechanistically, we highlight the significance of immobilized peroxidase reactive intermediates vs diffusible small molecule oxidants (hypochlorous and hypobromous acids) for the overall oxidative biodegradation process in neutrophils and eosinophils. We also accentuate the importance of peroxynitrite-driven pathways realized in macrophages via the engagement of NADPH oxidase- and NO synthase-triggered oxidative mechanisms. We consider possible involvement of oxidative machinery of other professional phagocytes such as microglial cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in the context of biodegradation relevant to targeted drug delivery. We evaluate the importance of genetic factors and their manipulations for the enzymatic biodegradation in vivo. Finally, we emphasize a novel type of biodegradation realized via the activation of the "dormant" peroxidase activity of hemoproteins by the nano-surface. This is exemplified by the binding of GO to cyt c causing the unfolding and 'unmasking' of the peroxidase activity of the latter. We conclude with the strategies leading to safe by design carbonaceous nanoparticles with optimized characteristics for mechanism-based targeted delivery and regulatable life-span of drugs in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow 119453, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Zachary P Michael
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Seth C Burkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States.
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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18
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Frato KE, Walsh KA, Elliott SJ. Functionally Distinct Bacterial Cytochrome c Peroxidases Proceed through a Common (Electro)catalytic Intermediate. Biochemistry 2015; 55:125-32. [PMID: 26575087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diheme cytochrome c peroxidase from Shewanella oneidensis (So CcP) requires a single electron reduction to convert the oxidized, as-isolated enzyme to an active conformation. We employ protein film voltammetry to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen peroxide turnover by So CcP. When the enzyme is poised in the active state by incubation with sodium l-ascorbate, the graphite electrode specifically captures a highly active state that turns over peroxide in a high potential regime. This is the first example of an on-pathway catalytic intermediate observed for a bacterial diheme cytochrome c peroxidase that requires reductive activation, consistent with the observed voltammetric response from the diheme cytochrome c peroxidase from Nitrosomonas europaea (Ne), which is constitutively active and does not require the same one electron activation. Mutational analysis at the active site of So CcP confirms that the rate-limiting step involves a proton-coupled single electron reduction of a high valent iron species centered on the low-potential heme, consistent with the same mutation in Ne CcP. The pH dependence of catalysis for wild-type So CcP suggests that reduction shifts the pK(a)'s of at least two amino acids. Mutation of His81 in "loop 1", a surface exposed loop thought to shift conformation during the reductive activation process, eliminated one of the pH dependent features, confirming that the loop 1 shifts, changing the environment of His81 during the rate-limiting step. The observed catalytic intermediate has the same electron stoichiometry and similar pH dependence to that previously reported for Ne CcP, which is constitutively active and therefore hypothesized to follow a different catalytic mechanism. The prominent similarities between the rate-limiting steps of differing mechanistic classes of bCcPs suggest unexpected similarities in the intermediates formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Frato
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Kelly A Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Program, Boston University , 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean J Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University , 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Program, Boston University , 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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19
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Gau J, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Arnhold J, Flemmig J. Enhancing hypothiocyanite production by lactoperoxidase - mechanism and chemical properties of promotors. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:257-267. [PMID: 29124212 PMCID: PMC5669353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heme enzyme lactoperoxidase is found in body secretions where it significantly contributes to the humoral immune response against pathogens. After activation the peroxidase oxidizes thiocyanate to hypothiocyanite which is known for its microbicidal properties. Yet several pathologies are accompanied by a disturbed hypothiocyanite production which results in a reduced immune defense. METHODS The results were obtained by measuring enzyme-kinetic parameters using UV-vis spectroscopy and a standardized enzyme-kinetic test system as well as by the determination of second order rate constants using stopped-flow spectroscopy. RESULTS In this study we systematically tested thirty aromatic substrates for their efficiency to promote the lactoperoxidase-mediated hypothiocyanite production by restoring the native ferric enzyme state. Thereby hydrophobic compounds with a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl partial structure such as hydroxytyrosol and selected flavonoids emerged as highly efficient promotors of the (pseudo-)halogenating lactoperoxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS This study discusses important structure-function relationships of efficient aromatic LPO substrates and may contribute to the development of new agents to promote lactoperoxidase activity in secretory fluids of patients. SIGNIFICANCE This study may contribute to a better understanding of the (patho-)physiological importance of the (pseudo-)halogenating lactoperoxidase activity. The presented results may in future lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies which, by reactivating lactoperoxidase-derived hypothiocyanite production, promote the immunological activity of this enzyme.
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Key Words
- 3,4-dihydroxylated compounds
- ABTS, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
- Aromatic compounds
- DB, double bond
- DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- EPO, eosinophil peroxidase
- Hypothiocyanite
- Inflammation
- LPO, lactoperoxidase
- Lactoperoxidase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- Peroxidases
- SB, single bond
- TNB, 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid.
- ssp., subspecies
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gau
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul-Georg Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Flemmig J, Gau J, Schlorke D, Arnhold J. Lactoperoxidase as a potential drug target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:447-61. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 – 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Gau
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 – 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Schlorke
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 – 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 – 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Mendes S, Brissos V, Gabriel A, Catarino T, Turner DL, Todorovic S, Martins LO. An integrated view of redox and catalytic properties of B-type PpDyP from Pseudomonas putida MET94 and its distal variants. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 574:99-107. [PMID: 25797439 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PpDyP from Pseudomonas putida MET94 is an extremely versatile B-type dye-decolourising peroxidase (DyP) capable of efficient oxidation of a wide range of anthraquinonic and azo dyes, phenolic substrates, the non-phenolic veratryl alcohol and even manganese and ferrous ions. In reaction with H2O2 it forms a stable Compound I at a rate of (1.4±0.3)×10(6)M(-1)s(-1), comparable to those of classical peroxidases and other DyPs. We provide the first report of standard redox potential (E(0')) of the Compound I/Native redox couple in a DyP-type peroxidase. The value of E(0')Cpd I/N=1.10±0.04 (V) is similar to those found in peroxidases from the mammalian superfamily but higher than in peroxidases from the plant superfamily. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to investigate the role of conserved distal residues, i.e. to replace aspartate 132 by asparagine, and arginine 214 and asparagine 136 by leucine. The structural, redox and catalytic properties of variants are addressed by spectroscopic, electrochemical and kinetic measurements. Our data point to the importance of the distal arginine in the catalytic mechanism of PpDyP, as also observed in DyPB from Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 but not in DyPs from the A and D subfamilies. This work reinforces the idea of existence of mechanistic variations among members of the different sub-families of DyPs with direct implications for their enzymatic properties and potential for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Mendes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vânia Brissos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Antonieta Gabriel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Teresa Catarino
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - David L Turner
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia O Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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22
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Bafort F, Parisi O, Perraudin JP, Jijakli MH. Mode of action of lactoperoxidase as related to its antimicrobial activity: a review. Enzyme Res 2014; 2014:517164. [PMID: 25309750 PMCID: PMC4182067 DOI: 10.1155/2014/517164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase is a member of the family of the mammalian heme peroxidases which have a broad spectrum of activity. Their best known effect is their antimicrobial activity that arouses much interest in in vivo and in vitro applications. In this context, the proper use of lactoperoxidase needs a good understanding of its mode of action, of the factors that favor or limit its activity, and of the features and properties of the active molecules. The first part of this review describes briefly the classification of mammalian peroxidases and their role in the human immune system and in host cell damage. The second part summarizes present knowledge on the mode of action of lactoperoxidase, with special focus on the characteristics to be taken into account for in vitro or in vivo antimicrobial use. The last part looks upon the characteristics of the active molecule produced by lactoperoxidase in the presence of thiocyanate and/or iodide with implication(s) on its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bafort
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Liége University, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - O. Parisi
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Liége University, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J.-P. Perraudin
- Taradon Laboratory, Avenue Léon Champagne 2, 1480 Tubize, Belgium
| | - M. H. Jijakli
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Liége University, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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23
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Seidel A, Parker H, Turner R, Dickerhof N, Khalilova IS, Wilbanks SM, Kettle AJ, Jameson GNL. Uric acid and thiocyanate as competing substrates of lactoperoxidase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21937-49. [PMID: 24928513 PMCID: PMC4139211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of urate is poorly understood. It may act as a danger signal, an antioxidant, or a substrate for heme peroxidases. Whether it reacts sufficiently rapidly with lactoperoxidase (LPO) to act as a physiological substrate remains unknown. LPO is a mammalian peroxidase that plays a key role in the innate immune defense by oxidizing thiocyanate to the bactericidal and fungicidal agent hypothiocyanite. We now demonstrate that urate is a good substrate for bovine LPO. Urate was oxidized by LPO to produce the electrophilic intermediates dehydrourate and 5-hydroxyisourate, which decayed to allantoin. In the presence of superoxide, high yields of hydroperoxides were formed by LPO and urate. Using stopped-flow spectroscopy, we determined rate constants for the reaction of urate with compound I (k1 = 1.1 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) and compound II (k2 = 8.5 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)). During urate oxidation, LPO was diverted from its peroxidase cycle because hydrogen peroxide reacted with compound II to give compound III. At physiologically relevant concentrations, urate competed effectively with thiocyanate, the main substrate of LPO for oxidation, and inhibited production of hypothiocyanite. Similarly, hypothiocyanite-dependent killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inhibited by urate. Allantoin was present in human saliva and associated with the concentration of LPO. When hydrogen peroxide was added to saliva, oxidation of urate was dependent on its concentration and peroxidase activity. Our findings establish urate as a likely physiological substrate for LPO that will influence host defense and give rise to reactive electrophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Seidel
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054
| | - Heather Parker
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Rufus Turner
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Irada S Khalilova
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Sigurd M Wilbanks
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Guy N L Jameson
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054,
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25
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Jakopitsch C, Pirker KF, Flemmig J, Hofbauer S, Schlorke D, Furtmüller PG, Arnhold J, Obinger C. Mechanism of reaction of chlorite with mammalian heme peroxidases. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 135:10-9. [PMID: 24632343 PMCID: PMC4003552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that heme peroxidases from different superfamilies react differently with chlorite. In contrast to plant peroxidases, like horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the mammalian counterparts myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are rapidly and irreversibly inactivated by chlorite in the micromolar concentration range. Chlorite acts as efficient one-electron donor for Compound I and Compound II of MPO and LPO and reacts with the corresponding ferric resting states in a biphasic manner. The first (rapid) phase is shown to correspond to the formation of a MPO-chlorite high-spin complex, whereas during the second (slower) phase degradation of the prosthetic group was observed. Cyanide, chloride and hydrogen peroxide can block or delay heme bleaching. In contrast to HRP, the MPO/chlorite system does not mediate chlorination of target molecules. Irreversible inactivation is shown to include heme degradation, iron release and decrease in thermal stability. Differences between mammalian peroxidases and HRP are discussed with respect to differences in active site architecture and heme modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Jakopitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina F Pirker
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Schlorke
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Auer M, Gruber C, Bellei M, Pirker KF, Zamocky M, Kroiss D, Teufer SA, Hofbauer S, Soudi M, Battistuzzi G, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. A stable bacterial peroxidase with novel halogenating activity and an autocatalytically linked heme prosthetic group. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27181-27199. [PMID: 23918925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of the main evolutionary lines of the mammalian peroxidases lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase revealed the presence of novel bacterial heme peroxidase subfamilies. Here, for the first time, an ancestral bacterial heme peroxidase is shown to possess a very high bromide oxidation activity (besides conventional peroxidase activity). The recombinant protein allowed monitoring of the autocatalytic peroxide-driven formation of covalent heme to protein bonds. Thereby, the high spin ferric rhombic heme spectrum became similar to lactoperoxidase, the standard reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple shifted to more positive values (-145 ± 10 mV at pH 7), and the conformational and thermal stability of the protein increased significantly. We discuss structure-function relationships of this new peroxidase in relation to its mammalian counterparts and ask for its putative physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Auer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Gruber
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katharina F Pirker
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel Zamocky
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Kroiss
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan A Teufer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Soudi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Geology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Hofbauer S, Bellei M, Sündermann A, Pirker KF, Hagmüller A, Mlynek G, Kostan J, Daims H, Furtmüller PG, Djinović-Carugo K, Oostenbrink C, Battistuzzi G, Obinger C. Redox thermodynamics of high-spin and low-spin forms of chlorite dismutases with diverse subunit and oligomeric structures. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9501-12. [PMID: 23126649 PMCID: PMC3557923 DOI: 10.1021/bi3013033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Chlorite dismutases (Clds) are heme b-containing
oxidoreductases that convert chlorite to chloride and dioxygen. In
this work, the thermodynamics of the one-electron reduction of the
ferric high-spin forms and of the six-coordinate low-spin cyanide
adducts of the enzymes from Nitrobacter winogradskyi (NwCld) and Candidatus “Nitrospira defluvii”
(NdCld) were determined through spectroelectrochemical experiments.
These proteins belong to two phylogenetically separated lineages that
differ in subunit (21.5 and 26 kDa, respectively) and oligomeric (dimeric
and pentameric, respectively) structure but exhibit similar chlorite
degradation activity. The E°′ values
for free and cyanide-bound proteins were determined to be −119
and −397 mV for NwCld and −113 and −404 mV for
NdCld, respectively (pH 7.0, 25 °C). Variable-temperature spectroelectrochemical
experiments revealed that the oxidized state of both proteins is enthalpically
stabilized. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that changes in
the protein structure are negligible, whereas solvent reorganization
is mainly responsible for the increase in entropy during the redox
reaction. Obtained data are discussed with respect to the known structures
of the two Clds and the proposed reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, VIBT-Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Souza CEA, Maitra D, Saed GM, Diamond MP, Moura AA, Pennathur S, Abu-Soud HM. Hypochlorous acid-induced heme degradation from lactoperoxidase as a novel mechanism of free iron release and tissue injury in inflammatory diseases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27641. [PMID: 22132121 PMCID: PMC3222650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is the major consumer of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the airways through its ability to oxidize thiocyanate (SCN−) to produce hypothiocyanous acid, an antimicrobial agent. In nasal inflammatory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, both LPO and myeloperoxidase (MPO), another mammalian peroxidase secreted by neutrophils, are known to co-localize. The aim of this study was to assess the interaction of LPO and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the final product of MPO. Our rapid kinetic measurements revealed that HOCl binds rapidly and reversibly to LPO-Fe(III) to form the LPO-Fe(III)-OCl complex, which in turn decayed irreversibly to LPO Compound II through the formation of Compound I. The decay rate constant of Compound II decreased with increasing HOCl concentration with an inflection point at 100 µM HOCl, after which the decay rate increased. This point of inflection is the critical concentration of HOCl beyond which HOCl switches its role, from mediating destabilization of LPO Compound II to LPO heme destruction. Lactoperoxidase heme destruction was associated with protein aggregation, free iron release, and formation of a number of fluorescent heme degradation products. Similar results were obtained when LPO-Fe(II)-O2, Compound III, was exposed to HOCl. Heme destruction can be partially or completely prevented in the presence of SCN−. On the basis of the present results we concluded that a complex bi-directional relationship exists between LPO activity and HOCl levels at sites of inflammation; LPO serve as a catalytic sink for HOCl, while HOCl serves to modulate LPO catalytic activity, bioavailability, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo A. Souza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ghassan M. Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
Hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) is produced in biological systems by the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction of thiocyanate (SCN(-)) with H(2)O(2). This oxidant plays an important role in the human immune system, owing to its potent bacteriostatic properties. Significant amounts of HOSCN are also formed by immune cells under inflammatory conditions, yet the reactivity of this oxidant with host tissue is poorly characterized. Traditionally, HOSCN has been viewed as a mild oxidant, which is innocuous to mammalian cells. Indeed, recent studies show that the presence of SCN(-) in airways has a protective function, by preventing the formation of other, more damaging, inflammatory oxidants. However, there is an increasing body of evidence that challenges this dogma, showing that the selectivity of HOSCN for specific thiol-containing cellular targets results in the initiation of significant cellular damage. This propensity to induce cellular dysfunction is gaining considerable interest, particularly in the cardiovascular field, as smokers have elevated plasma SCN(-), the precursor for HOSCN. This review will outline the beneficial and detrimental aspects of HOSCN formation in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Barrett
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute , 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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30
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Takahashi A, Kurahashi T, Fujii H. Redox Potentials of Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin π-Cation Radical Complexes: Participation of Electron Transfer Process in Oxygenation Reactions. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:6922-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102564e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidation: mechanisms of biological damage and its prevention. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:8-19. [PMID: 21297906 PMCID: PMC3022070 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-006fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, may play in a wide range of human pathologies. This has been sparked by rapid developments in our understanding of the basic biochemistry of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of biomarkers that can be used damage induced by these oxidants in vivo, and the recent identification of a number of compounds that show promise as inhibitors of these enzymes. Such compounds offer the possibility of modulating damage in a number of human pathologies. This reviews recent developments in our understanding of the biochemistry of myeloperoxidase, the oxidants that this enzyme generates, and the use of inhibitors to inhibit such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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32
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Human myeloperoxidase in innate and acquired immunity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Battistuzzi G, Bellei M, Bortolotti CA, Sola M. Redox properties of heme peroxidases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:21-36. [PMID: 20211593 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidases are heme enzymes found in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, which exploit the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to catalyze a number of oxidative reactions, involving a wide variety of organic and inorganic substrates. The catalytic cycle of heme peroxidases is based on three consecutive redox steps, involving two high-valent intermediates (Compound I and Compound II), which perform the oxidation of the substrates. Therefore, the thermodynamics and the kinetics of the catalytic cycle are influenced by the reduction potentials of three redox couples, namely Compound I/Fe3+, Compound I/Compound II and Compound II/Fe3+. In particular, the oxidative power of heme peroxidases is controlled by the (high) reduction potential of the latter two couples. Moreover, the rapid H2O2-mediated two-electron oxidation of peroxidases to Compound I requires a stable ferric state in physiological conditions, which depends on the reduction potential of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple. The understanding of the molecular determinants of the reduction potentials of the above redox couples is crucial for the comprehension of the molecular determinants of the catalytic properties of heme peroxidases. This review provides an overview of the data available on the redox properties of Fe3+/Fe2+, Compound I/Fe3+, Compound I/Compound II and Compound II/Fe3+ couples in native and mutated heme peroxidases. The influence of the electron donor properties of the axial histidine and of the polarity of the heme environment is analyzed and the correlation between the redox properties of the heme group with the catalytic activity of this important class of metallo-enzymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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34
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Abstract
Hypohalous acids (HOX), produced by peroxidase-catalysed reactions of halide and pseudohalide ions with H(2)O(2), play an important role in the human immune system. However, there is compelling evidence that these oxidants also mediate host tissue damage and contribute to the progression of a number of inflammatory diseases. Although it is well established that significant amounts of hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) are formed under physiological conditions, the reactions of this oxidant with host biological systems are relatively poorly characterized. It is generally accepted that HOSCN is a mild oxidant that reacts selectively with thiols. However, it is becoming increasingly recognized that this selectivity can result in the induction of significant cellular damage, which may contribute to disease. This review will outline the formation and reactivity of HOSCN and the role of this oxidant in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia.
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35
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Battistuzzi G, Bellei M, Vlasits J, Banerjee S, Furtmüller PG, Sola M, Obinger C. Redox thermodynamics of lactoperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 494:72-7. [PMID: 19944669 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are important constituents of the innate immune system of mammals. These heme enzymes belong to the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily and catalyze the oxidation of thiocyanate, bromide and nitrite to hypothiocyanate, hypobromous acid and nitrogen dioxide that are toxic for invading pathogens. In order to gain a better understanding of the observed differences in substrate specificity and oxidation capacity in relation to heme and protein structure, a comprehensive spectro-electrochemical investigation was performed. The reduction potential (E degrees ') of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple of EPO and LPO was determined to be -126mV and -176mV, respectively (25 degrees C, pH 7.0). Variable temperature experiments show that EPO and LPO feature different reduction thermodynamics. In particular, reduction of ferric EPO is enthalpically and entropically disfavored, whereas in LPO the entropic term, which selectively stabilizes the oxidized form, prevails on the enthalpic term that favors reduction of Fe(III). The data are discussed with respect to the architecture of the heme cavity and the substrate channel. Comparison with published data for myeloperoxidase demonstrates the effect of heme to protein linkages and heme distortion on the redox chemistry of mammalian peroxidases and in consequence on the enzymatic properties of these physiologically important oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, Modena, Italy.
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36
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Singh A, Singh N, Sharma S, Shin K, Takase M, Kaur P, Srinivasan A, Singh T. Inhibition of lactoperoxidase by its own catalytic product: crystal structure of the hypothiocyanate-inhibited bovine lactoperoxidase at 2.3-A resolution. Biophys J 2009; 96:646-54. [PMID: 19167310 PMCID: PMC2716474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the structure of product-inhibited mammalian peroxidase. Lactoperoxidase is a heme containing an enzyme that catalyzes the inactivation of a wide range of microorganisms. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, it preferentially converts thiocyanate ion into a toxic hypothiocyanate ion. Samples of bovine lactoperoxidase containing thiocyanate (SCN(-)) and hypothiocyanate (OSCN(-)) ions were purified and crystallized. The structure was determined at 2.3-A resolution and refined to R(cryst) and R(free) factors of 0.184 and 0.221, respectively. The determination of structure revealed the presence of an OSCN(-) ion at the distal heme cavity. The presence of OSCN(-) ions in crystal samples was also confirmed by chemical and spectroscopic analysis. The OSCN(-) ion interacts with the heme iron, Gln-105 N(epsilon1), His-109 N(epsilon2), and a water molecule W96. The sulfur atom of the OSCN(-) ion forms a hypervalent bond with a nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring D of the heme moiety at an S-N distance of 2.8 A. The heme group is covalently bound to the protein through two ester linkages involving carboxylic groups of Glu-258 and Asp-108 and the modified methyl groups of pyrrole rings A and C, respectively. The heme moiety is significantly distorted from planarity, whereas pyrrole rings A, B, C, and D are essentially planar. The iron atom is displaced by approximately 0.2 A from the plane of the heme group toward the proximal site. The substrate channel resembles a long tunnel whose inner walls contain predominantly aromatic residues such as Phe-113, Phe-239, Phe-254, Phe-380, Phe-381, Phe-422, and Pro-424. A phosphorylated Ser-198 was evident at the surface, in the proximity of the calcium-binding channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kouichirou Shin
- Nutritional Science Laboratory, Morinaga Milk Industry, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Takase
- Nutritional Science Laboratory, Morinaga Milk Industry, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - T.P. Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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37
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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38
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Efimov I, Papadopoulou ND, McLean KJ, Badyal SK, Macdonald IK, Munro AW, Moody PCE, Raven EL. The redox properties of ascorbate peroxidase. Biochemistry 2007; 46:8017-23. [PMID: 17580972 DOI: 10.1021/bi7006492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduction potentials for the catalytic compound I/compound II and compound II/Fe3+ redox couples, and for the two-electron compound I/Fe3+ redox couple, have been determined for ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and for a number of site-directed variants. For the wild type enzyme, the values are E degrees '(compound I/compound II) = 1156 mV, E degrees '(compound II/Fe3+) = 752 mV, and E degrees '(compound I/Fe3+) = 954 mV. For the variants, the analysis also includes determination of Fe3+/Fe2+ potentials which were used to calculate (experimentally inaccessible) E degrees '(compound II/Fe3+) potentials. The data provide a number of new insights into APX catalysis. The measured values for E degrees '(compound I/compound II) and E degrees '(compound II/Fe3+) for the wild type protein account for the much higher oxidative reactivity of compound I compared to compound II, and this correlation holds for a number of other active site and substrate binding variants of APX. The high reduction potential for compound I also accounts for the known thermodynamic instability of this intermediate, and it is proposed that this instability can account for the deviations from standard Michaelis kinetics observed for most APX enzymes during steady-state oxidation of ascorbate. This study provides the first systematic evaluation of the redox properties of any ascorbate peroxidase using a number of methods, and the data provide an experimental and theoretical framework for accurate determination of the redox properties of Fe3+, compound I, and compound II species in related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Efimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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39
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Ayala M, Roman R, Vazquez-Duhalt R. A catalytic approach to estimate the redox potential of heme-peroxidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:804-8. [PMID: 17442271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The redox potential of heme-peroxidases varies according to a combination of structural components within the active site and its vicinities. For each peroxidase, this redox potential imposes a thermodynamic threshold to the range of oxidizable substrates. However, the instability of enzymatic intermediates during the catalytic cycle precludes the use of direct voltammetry to measure the redox potential of most peroxidases. Here we describe a novel approach to estimate the redox potential of peroxidases, which directly depends on the catalytic performance of the activated enzyme. Selected p-substituted phenols are used as substrates for the estimations. The results obtained with this catalytic approach correlate well with the oxidative capacity predicted by the redox potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ayala
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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40
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Zederbauer M, Furtmüller PG, Ganster B, Moguilevsky N, Obinger C. The vinyl-sulfonium bond in human myeloperoxidase: Impact on compound I formation and reduction by halides and thiocyanate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:450-6. [PMID: 17359937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In human myeloperoxidase (MPO) the heme is covalently attached to the protein via two ester linkages and a unique sulfonium ion linkage between the sulfur atom of Met243 and the beta-carbon of the vinyl ring on pyrrole ring A. Here, we have investigated the variant Met243Val produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells in order to elucidate the role of the electron withdrawing sulfonium bond in compound I formation and reduction. Disruption of this MPO-typical bond causes a blue-shifted UV-vis spectrum and an increase in the heme flexibility. This had no impact on compound I formation mediated by hydrogen peroxide (2.2x10(7) M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C). Compared with wild-type recombinant MPO the cyanide association rate with ferric Met243Val was significantly enhanced as were also the calculated apparent bimolecular compound I reduction rates by iodide (>10(8) M(-1)s(-1)) and thiocyanate (>10(8) M(-1)s(-1)). By contrast, the overall chlorination and bromination activities were decreased by 98.1% and 87.4%, respectively, compared with the wild-type protein. Compound I reduction by chloride was slower than compound I decay to a compound II-like species (0.4 s(-1)), whereas compound I reduction by bromide was about 10-times slower (1.3x10(4) M(-1)s(-1)) than the wild-type rate. These findings are discussed with respect to the known crystal structure of MPO and its bromide complex as well as the known redox chemistry of its intermediates and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zederbauer
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Zederbauer M, Furtmüller PG, Bellei M, Stampler J, Jakopitsch C, Battistuzzi G, Moguilevsky N, Obinger C. Disruption of the aspartate to heme ester linkage in human myeloperoxidase: impact on ligand binding, redox chemistry, and interconversion of redox intermediates. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:17041-52. [PMID: 17438335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610685200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In human heme peroxidases the prosthetic group is covalently attached to the protein via two ester linkages between conserved glutamate and aspartate residues and modified methyl groups on pyrrole rings A and C. Here, monomeric recombinant myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the variants D94V and D94N were produced in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Disruption of the Asp(94) to heme ester bond decreased the one-electron reduction potential E'(0) [Fe(III)/Fe(II)] from 1 to -55 mV at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C, whereas the kinetics of binding of low spin ligands and of compound I formation was unaffected. By contrast, in both variants rates of compound I reduction by chloride and bromide (but not iodide and thiocyanate) were substantially decreased compared with the wild-type protein. Bimolecular rates of compound II (but not compound I) reduction by ascorbate and tyrosine were slightly diminished in D94V and D94N. The presented biochemical and biophysical data suggest that the Asp(94) to heme linkage is no precondition for the autocatalytic formation of the other two covalent links found in MPO. The findings are discussed with respect to the known active site structure of MPO and its complexes with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zederbauer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Zederbauer M, Furtmüller PG, Brogioni S, Jakopitsch C, Smulevich G, Obinger C. Heme to protein linkages in mammalian peroxidases: impact on spectroscopic, redox and catalytic properties. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:571-84. [PMID: 17534531 DOI: 10.1039/b604178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zederbauer
- BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Arnhold J, Monzani E, Furtmüller PG, Zederbauer M, Casella L, Obinger C. Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Halide and Nitrite Oxidation by Mammalian Heme Peroxidases. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division in Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Fax: +43‐1‐36006‐6059
| | - Martina Zederbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Division in Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Fax: +43‐1‐36006‐6059
| | - Luigi Casella
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division in Biochemistry, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, Fax: +43‐1‐36006‐6059
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Battistuzzi G, Bellei M, De Rienzo F, Sola M. Redox properties of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple in Arthromyces ramosus class II peroxidase and its cyanide adduct. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 11:586-92. [PMID: 16791642 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamics of the one-electron reduction of the ferric heme in free and cyanide-bound Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP), a class II plant peroxidase, were determined through spectro-electrochemical experiments. The data were compared with those for class III horseradish peroxidase C (HRP) and its cyanide adduct, and were interpreted in terms of ligand binding features, electrostatic effects and solvent accessible surface area of the heme group and of catalytically relevant residues in the heme distal site. The E(o)' values for free and cyanide-bound ARP (-0.183 and -0.390 V, respectively, at 25 degrees C and pH 7) are higher than those for HRP and HRP-CN. ARP features an enthalpic stabilization of the ferrous state and a remarkably negative reduction entropy, which are both unprecedented for heme peroxidases. Once the compensatory contributions of solvent reorganization are partitioned from the measured reduction enthalpy, the resulting protein-based deltaH(o)'(rc(int)) value for ARP turns out to be less positive than that for HRP by +10 kJ mol(-1). The smaller stabilization of the oxidized heme in ARP most probably results from the less pronounced anionic character of the proximal histidine, and the decreased polarity in the heme distal site as compared with HRP, as indicated by the X-ray structures. The surprisingly negative deltaS(o)'(rc) value for ARP is the result of peculiar reduction-induced solvent reorganization effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Centro SCS, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100, Modena, Italy
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Huang L, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Heme-protein covalent bonds in peroxidases and resistance to heme modification during halide oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 446:77-83. [PMID: 16375846 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant peroxidases, as typified by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), primarily catalyze the one-electron oxidation of phenols and other low oxidation potential substrates. In contrast, the mammalian homologues such as lactoperoxidase (LPO) and myeloperoxidase primarily oxidize halides and pseudohalides to the corresponding hypohalides (e.g., Br(-) to HOBr, Cl(-) to HOCl). A further feature that distinguishes the mammalian from the plant and fungal enzymes is the presence of two or more covalent bonds between the heme and the protein only in the mammalian enzymes. The functional roles of these covalent links in mammalian peroxidases remain uncertain. We have previously reported that HRP can oxidize chloride and bromide ions, but during oxidation of these ions undergoes autocatalytic modification of its heme vinyl groups that virtually inactivates the enzyme. We report here that autocatalytic heme modification during halide oxidation is not unique to HRP but is a general feature of the oxidation of halide ions by fungal and plant peroxidases, as illustrated by studies with Arthromyces ramosus and soybean peroxidases. In contrast, LPO, a prototypical mammalian peroxidase, is protected from heme modification and its heme remains intact during the oxidation of halide ions. These results support the hypothesis that the covalent heme-protein links in the mammalian peroxidases protect the heme from modification during the oxidation of halide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
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Furtmüller PG, Zederbauer M, Jantschko W, Helm J, Bogner M, Jakopitsch C, Obinger C. Active site structure and catalytic mechanisms of human peroxidases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 445:199-213. [PMID: 16288970 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, and thyroid peroxidase are heme-containing oxidoreductases (EC 1.7.1.11), which bind ligands and/or undergo a series of redox reactions. Though sharing functional and structural homology, reflecting their phylogenetic origin, differences are observed regarding their spectral features, substrate specificities, redox properties, and kinetics of interconversion of the relevant redox intermediates ferric and ferrous peroxidase, compound I, compound II, and compound III. Depending on substrate availability, these heme enzymes path through the halogenation cycle and/or the peroxidase cycle and/or act as poor (pseudo-)catalases. Based on the published crystal structures of free MPO and its complexes with cyanide, bromide and thiocyanate as well as on sequence analysis and modeling, we critically discuss structure-function relationships. This analysis highlights similarities and distinguishing features within the mammalian peroxidases and intents to provide the molecular and enzymatic basis to understand the prominent role of these heme enzymes in host defense against infection, hormone biosynthesis, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Metalloprotein Research Group, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Jantschko W, Furtmüller PG, Zederbauer M, Neugschwandtner K, Lehner I, Jakopitsch C, Arnhold J, Obinger C. Exploitation of the unusual thermodynamic properties of human myeloperoxidase in inhibitor design. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1149-57. [PMID: 15794935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase plays a fundamental role in oxidant production by neutrophils. It uses hydrogen peroxide and chloride to catalyze the production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which contributes to both bacterial killing and oxidative injury of host tissue. Thus, MPO is an interesting target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Here, based on the extraordinary and MPO-specific redox properties of its intermediates compound I and compound II, we present a rational approach in selection and design of reversible inhibitors of HOCl production mediated by MPO. In detail, indole and tryptamine derivatives were investigated for their ability to reduce compounds I and II and to affect the chlorinating activity of MPO. It is shown that these aromatic one-electron donors bound to the hydrophobic pocket at the distal heme cavity and were oxidized efficiently by compound I (k3), which has a one-electron reduction potential of 1.35 V. By contrast, compound II (E degrees ' of the compound II/ferric couple is 0.97 V) reduction (k4) was extremely slow. As a consequence compound II, which does not participate in the halogenation cycle, accumulated. The extent of chlorinating activity inhibition (IC50) was related to the k3/k4 ratio. The most efficient inhibitors were 5-fluorotryptamine and 5-chlorotryptamine with IC50 of 0.79 microM and 0.73 microM and k3/k4 ratios of 386,000 and 224,000, respectively. The reversible mechanism of inhibition is discussed with respect to the enzymology of MPO and the development of drugs against HOCl-dependent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Jantschko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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