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Wang Q, Wang H, Zhong Y, Zhang Q. Drug-Drug Interactions Of Amiodarone And Quinidine On The Pharmacokinetics Of Eliglustat In Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4207-4213. [PMID: 31849452 PMCID: PMC6913762 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s226948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Eliglustat, a new oral substrate-reduction therapy, was recently approved as a first-line therapy for Gaucher's disease type 1 (GD1) patients. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a simple UPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of plasma-eliglustat concentration and to investigate the effects of amiodarone and quinidine on eliglustat metabolism in rats. Methods Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6): control (0.5% CMC-Na, group A), amiodarone (60 mg/kg, group B), and quinidine (100 mg/kg, group C). Thirty minutes later, 10 mg/kg eliglustat was orally administered to each rat and concentrations of eliglustat in the rats determined by our UPLC-MS/MS method. Results Amiodarone and quinidine increased the main pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0→t, AUC0→∞, and Cmax) of eliglustat significantly and decreased clearance obviously. Conclusion Amiodarone and quinidine can elevate eliglustat exposure and have an inhibitory effect on eliglustat metabolism. Clearly, appropriate pharmacological studies of eliglustat in patients treated with amiodarone or quinidine should be done in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyan Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
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2
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Špičáková A, Bazgier V, Skálová L, Otyepka M, Anzenbacher P. beta-caryophyllene oxide and trans-nerolidol affect enzyme activity of CYP3A4 - in vitro and in silico studies. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S51-S58. [PMID: 31755290 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of possible interactions with enzymes of drug metabolism is an important part of studies on safety and, in general, on the properties of any drug or biologically active compound. Here, focus is given on interactions of three sesquiterpenes (beta-caryophyllene oxide (CAO), trans-nerolidol (tNER) and farnesol (FAR)) with CYP3A4. To determine the CYP3A4 activity, specific substrates testosterone (TES) and midazolam (MDZ) were used. In human liver microsomes, the CAO inhibited the MDZ 1´-hydroxylation by mixed type inhibition and K(i) 46.6 microM; TES 6beta-hydroxylation was inhibited more strongly by tNER by the same mechanism and with K(i) of 32.5 microM. Results indicated a possibility of different mode of interaction of both compounds within the active site of CYP3A4 and this was why the molecular docking study was done. The docking experiments showed that the studied sesquiterpenes (CAO and tNER) bound to the CYP3A4 active site cause a significant decrease of binding affinity of substrates tested which corresponded well to the inhibition studies. The inhibition observed, however, most probably does not pose a real harm to microsomal drug metabolism as the levels of sesquiterpenes in plasma (assuming the use of these compounds as spices or flavoring additives) does not usually exceed micromolar range. Hence, the interaction of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 with sesquiterpenes is less probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Špičáková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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3
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Microsecond MD simulations of human CYP2D6 wild-type and five allelic variants reveal mechanistic insights on the function. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202534. [PMID: 30133539 PMCID: PMC6104999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and the impact of the major identified allelic variants on the activity of one of the most dominating drug-metabolising enzymes is essential to increase drug safety and avoid adverse reactions. Microsecond molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to capture the dynamic signatures of this complex enzyme and five allelic variants with diverse enzymatic activity. In addition to the apo simulations, three substrates (bufuralol, veliparib and tamoxifen) and two inhibitors (prinomastat and quinidine) were included to explore their influence on the structure and dynamical features of the enzyme. Our results indicate that the altered enzyme activity can be attributed to changes in the hydrogen bonding network within the active site, and local structural differences in flexibility, position and shape of the binding pocket. In particular, the increased (CYP2D6*53) or the decreased (CYP2D6*17) activity seems to be related to a change in dynamics of mainly the BC loop due to a modified hydrogen bonding network around this region. In addition, the smallest active site volume was found for CYP2D6*4 (no activity). CYP2D6*2 (normal activity) showed no major differences in dynamic behaviour compared to the wild-type.
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4
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Šrejber M, Navrátilová V, Paloncýová M, Bazgier V, Berka K, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M. Membrane-attached mammalian cytochromes P450: An overview of the membrane's effects on structure, drug binding, and interactions with redox partners. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 183:117-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Rua F, Sadeghi SJ, Castrignanò S, Valetti F, Gilardi G. Electrochemistry of Canis familiaris cytochrome P450 2D15 with gold nanoparticles: An alternative to animal testing in drug discovery. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 105:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Abstract
Drug metabolism can produce metabolites with physicochemical and pharmacological properties that differ substantially from those of the parent drug, and consequently has important implications for both drug safety and efficacy. To reduce the risk of costly clinical-stage attrition due to the metabolic characteristics of drug candidates, there is a need for efficient and reliable ways to predict drug metabolism in vitro, in silico and in vivo. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the state of the art of experimental and computational approaches for investigating drug metabolism. We highlight the scope and limitations of these methods, and indicate strategies to harvest the synergies that result from combining measurement and prediction of drug metabolism.
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7
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Lee JH, Nam DH, Lee SH, Park JH, Park SJ, Lee SH, Park CB, Jeong KJ. New platform for cytochrome p450 reaction combining in situ immobilization on biopolymer. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2101-4. [PMID: 25322062 DOI: 10.1021/bc500404j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe an efficienct chemical conversion platform with in situ immobilization of P450-BM3 on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules. Through fusion with phasin, P450-BM3 is easily immobilized on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules in Escherichia coli. In our work, the immobilized P450 exhibited higher stability and catalytic activity compared to free P450 against changes of pH, temperature, and concentrations of urea and ions. Through quick recovery of immobilized enzyme, the P450-P(3HB) complex successfully catalyzed an O-dealkylation reaction several times with maintained activity. Using the robust P450-P(3HB) complex, we performed a P450-catalyzed reaction on a preparative reactor scale (100 mL) and high-level production (12.3 μM) of 7-hydroxycoumarine from 7-ethoxycoumarin could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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8
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Anzenbacher P, Marchal S, Palacký J, Anzenbacherová E, Domaschke T, Lange R, Shimizu T, Kitanishi K, Stranava M, Stiborová M, Martinkova M. Pressure effects reveal that changes in the redox states of the heme iron complexes in the sensor domains of two heme-based oxygen sensor proteins,EcDOS and YddV, have profound effects on their flexibility. FEBS J 2014; 281:5208-19. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Anzenbacher
- Institute of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Stéphane Marchal
- INSERM U710; Place Eugène Bataillon; Montpellier France
- INSERM U1046; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Arnaud de Villeneuve; Montpellier France
| | - Jan Palacký
- Institute of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | | | - Reinhard Lange
- INSERM U710; Place Eugène Bataillon; Montpellier France
- INRA; UMR 1208 IATE; Equipe Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires; Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
| | - Toru Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Kenichi Kitanishi
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stranava
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Martinkova
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague 2 Czech Republic
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9
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de Waal PW, Sunden KF, Furge LL. Molecular dynamics of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in the absence and presence of a mechanism-based inactivator reveals changes in local flexibility and dominant substrate access channels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108607. [PMID: 25286176 PMCID: PMC4186923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) represent an important enzyme superfamily involved in metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous small molecules. CYP2D6 is responsible for ∼ 15% of CYP-mediated drug metabolism and exhibits large phenotypic diversity within CYPs with over 100 different allelic variants. Many of these variants lead to functional changes in enzyme activity and substrate selectivity. Herein, a molecular dynamics comparative analysis of four different variants of CYP2D6 was performed. The comparative analysis included simulations with and without SCH 66712, a ligand that is also a mechanism-based inactivator, in order to investigate the possible structural basis of CYP2D6 inactivation. Analysis of protein stability highlighted significantly altered flexibility in both proximal and distal residues from the variant residues. In the absence of SCH 66712, *34, *17-2, and *17-3 displayed more flexibility than *1, and *53 displayed more rigidity. SCH 66712 binding reversed flexibility in *17-2 and *17-3, through *53 remained largely rigid. Throughout simulations with docked SCH 66712, ligand orientation within the heme-binding pocket was consistent with previously identified sites of metabolism and measured binding energies. Subsequent tunnel analysis of substrate access, egress, and solvent channels displayed varied bottle-neck radii. Taken together, our results indicate that SCH 66712 should inactivate these allelic variants, although varied flexibility and substrate binding-pocket accessibility may alter its interaction abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker W. de Waal
- Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kyle F. Sunden
- Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura Lowe Furge
- Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Adam AMA. Nano-structured complexes of reserpine and quinidine drugs with chloranilic acid based on intermolecular H-bond: spectral and surface morphology studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 127:107-114. [PMID: 24632163 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of the drug-acceptor interaction may be useful in understanding the drug-receptor interactions and the mechanism of drug action. Here, complexes of reserpine (Res) and quinidine (Qui) drugs with chloranilic acid (CLA) have been synthesized. Then, these complexes were characterized chemically and structurally using CHN elemental analysis, infrared (IR) and electronic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stoichiometry of the H-bonded complex was found to have a 1:1 ratio, so these complexes can be formulated as [(Drug)(CLA)]. IR measurements confirmed the presence of intermolecular H-bond. Application of Debye-Scherrer equation indicates that the formed complexes are in the range of nano-size. The Res complex exhibits a remarkable crystalline morphology. It was also found that the particle size of Res complex is 1.533 time higher than that of Qui complex. Interestingly, free Res molecular weight is higher than that of free Qui by the same ratio (precisely; 1.525).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O. Box 888, 21974 Taif, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Di Nardo G, Breitner M, Sadeghi SJ, Castrignanò S, Mei G, Di Venere A, Nicolai E, Allegra P, Gilardi G. Dynamics and flexibility of human aromatase probed by FTIR and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82118. [PMID: 24349198 PMCID: PMC3859599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aromatase (CYP19A1) is a steroidogenic cytochrome P450 converting androgens into estrogens. No ligand-free crystal structure of the enzyme is available to date. The crystal structure in complex with the substrate androstenedione and the steroidal inhibitor exemestane shows a very compact conformation of the enzyme, leaving unanswered questions on the conformational changes that must occur to allow access of the ligand to the active site. As H/D exchange kinetics followed by FTIR spectroscopy can provide information on the conformational changes in proteins where solvent accessibility is affected, here the amide I region was used to measure the exchange rates of the different elements of the secondary structure for aromatase in the ligand-free form and in the presence of the substrate androstenedione and the inhibitor anastrozole. Biphasic exponential functions were found to fit the H/D exchange data collected as a function of time. Two exchange rates were assigned to two populations of protons present in different flexible regions of the protein. The addition of the substrate androstenedione and the inhibitor anastrozole lowers the H/D exchange rates of the α-helices of the enzyme when compared to the ligand-free form. Furthermore, the presence of the inhibitor anastrozole lowers exchange rate constant (k1) for β-sheets from 0.22±0.06 min−1 for the inhibitor-bound enzyme to 0.12±0.02 min−1 for the free protein. Dynamics effects localised in helix F were studied by time resolved fluorescence. The data demonstrate that the fluorescence lifetime component associated to Trp224 emission undergoes a shift toward longer lifetimes (from ≈5.0 to ≈5.5 ns) when the substrate or the inhibitor are present, suggesting slower dynamics in the presence of ligands. Together the results are consistent with different degrees of flexibility of the access channel and therefore different conformations adopted by the enzyme in the free, substrate- and inhibitor-bound forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maximilian Breitner
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Castrignanò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giampiero Mei
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Venere
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy
| | - Paola Allegra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Odokonyero D, Ragumani S, Lopez MS, Bonanno JB, Ozerova NDS, Woodard DR, Machala BW, Swaminathan S, Burley SK, Almo SC, Glasner ME. Divergent evolution of ligand binding in the o-succinylbenzoate synthase family. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7512-21. [PMID: 24060347 DOI: 10.1021/bi401176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermobifida fusca o-succinylbenzoate synthase (OSBS), a member of the enolase superfamily that catalyzes a step in menaquinone biosynthesis, has an amino acid sequence that is 22 and 28% identical with those of two previously characterized OSBS enzymes from Escherichia coli and Amycolatopsis sp. T-1-60, respectively. These values are considerably lower than typical levels of sequence identity among homologous proteins that have the same function. To determine how such divergent enzymes catalyze the same reaction, we determined the structure of T. fusca OSBS and identified amino acids that are important for ligand binding. We discovered significant differences in structure and conformational flexibility between T. fusca OSBS and other members of the enolase superfamily. In particular, the 20s loop, a flexible loop in the active site that permits ligand binding and release in most enolase superfamily proteins, has a four-amino acid deletion and is well-ordered in T. fusca OSBS. Instead, the flexibility of a different region allows the substrate to enter from the other side of the active site. T. fusca OSBS was more tolerant of mutations at residues that were critical for activity in E. coli OSBS. Also, replacing active site amino acids found in one protein with the amino acids that occur at the same place in the other protein reduces the catalytic efficiency. Thus, the extraordinary divergence between these proteins does not appear to reflect a higher tolerance of mutations. Instead, large deletions outside the active site were accompanied by alteration of active site size and electrostatic interactions, resulting in small but significant differences in ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Odokonyero
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , 2128 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States
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Eldaroti HH, Gadir SA, Refat MS, Adam AMA. Charge-transfer interaction of drug quinidine with quinol, picric acid and DDQ: Spectroscopic characterization and biological activity studies towards understanding the drug-receptor mechanism. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:81-95. [PMID: 29403870 PMCID: PMC5761087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of charge-transfer (CT) complexes of drugs has been recognized as an important phenomenon in understanding of the drug–receptor binding mechanism. Structural, thermal, morphological and biological behavior of CT complexes formed between drug quinidine (Qui) as a donor and quinol (QL), picric acid (PA) or dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) as acceptors were reported. The newly synthesized CT complexes have been spectroscopically characterized via elemental analysis; infrared (IR), Raman, 1H NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopy; powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD); thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the obtained complexes are nanoscale, semi-crystalline particles, thermally stable and spontaneous. The molecular composition of the obtained complexes was determined using spectrophotometric titration method and was found to be 1:1 ratios (donor:acceptor). Finally, the biological activities of the obtained CT complexes were tested for their antibacterial activities. The results obtained herein are satisfactory for estimation of drug Qui in the pharmaceutical form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala H Eldaroti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Suad A Gadir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alzaeim Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O. Box 888, 21974 Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Egypt
| | - Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O. Box 888, 21974 Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Lim EL, Seah TC, Koe XF, Wahab HA, Adenan MI, Jamil MFA, Majid MIA, Tan ML. In vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450 induction and the inhibition potential of mitragynine, a stimulant alkaloid. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:812-24. [PMID: 23274770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CYP450 enzymes are key determinants in drug toxicities, reduced pharmacological effect and adverse drug reactions. Mitragynine, an euphoric compound was evaluated for its effects on the expression of mRNAs encoding CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and protein expression and resultant enzymatic activity. The mRNA and protein expression of CYP450 isoforms were carried out using an optimized multiplex qRT-PCR assay and Western blot analysis. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzyme activities were evaluated using P450-Glo™ assays. The effects of mitragynine on human CYP3A4 protein expression were determined using an optimized hCYP3A4-HepG2 cell-based assay. An in silico computational method to predict the binding conformation of mitragynine to the active site of the CYP3A4 enzyme was performed and further validated using in vitro CYP3A4 inhibition assays. Mitragynine was found to induce mRNA and protein expression of CYP1A2. For the highest concentration of 25 μM, induction of mRNA was approximately 70% that of the positive control and was consistent with the increased CYP1A2 enzymatic activity. Thus, mitragynine is a significant in vitro CYP1A2 inducer. However, it appeared to be a weak CYP3A4 inducer at the transcriptional level and a weak CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitor. It is therefore, unlikely to have any significant clinical effects on CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Lin Lim
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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