1
|
Messias A, Capece L, De Simone G, Coletta M, Ascenzi P, Estrin DA. Mechanism of Peroxynitrite Interaction with Ferric M. tuberculosis Nitrobindin: A Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9907-9918. [PMID: 38754069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs) are all-β-barrel heme proteins present along the evolutionary ladder. They display a highly solvent-exposed ferric heme group with the iron atom being coordinated by the proximal His residue and a water molecule at the distal position. Ferric nitrobindins (Nb(III)) play a role in the conversion of toxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-) to harmless nitrate, with the value of the second-order rate constant being similar to those of most heme proteins. The value of the second-order rate constant of Nbs increases as the pH decreases; this suggests that Nb(III) preferentially reacts with peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), although ONOO- is more nucleophilic. In this work, we shed light on the molecular basis of the ONOO- and ONOOH reactivity of ferric Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nb (Mt-Nb(III)) by dissecting the ligand migration toward the active site, the water molecule release, and the ligand binding process by computer simulations. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed by employing a steered molecular dynamics approach and the Jarzynski equality to obtain ligand migration free energy profiles for both ONOO- and ONOOH. Our results indicate that ONOO- and ONOOH migration is almost unhindered, consistent with the exposed metal center of Mt-Nb(III). To further analyze the ligand binding process, we computed potential energy profiles for the displacement of the Fe(III)-coordinated water molecule using a hybrid QM/MM scheme at the DFT level and a nudged elastic band approach. These results indicate that ONOO- exhibits a much larger barrier for ligand displacement than ONOOH, suggesting that water displacement is assisted by protonation of the leaving group by the incoming ONOOH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Messias
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi, 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi, 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Via della Lungara, 10, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Darío A Estrin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Simone G, di Masi A, Pasquadibisceglie A, Coletta A, Sebastiani F, Smulevich G, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Nitrobindin versus myoglobin: A comparative structural and functional study. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112387. [PMID: 37914583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Most hemoproteins display an all-α-helical fold, showing the classical three on three (3/3) globin structural arrangement characterized by seven or eight α-helical segments that form a sandwich around the heme. Over the last decade, a completely distinct class of heme-proteins called nitrobindins (Nbs), which display an all-β-barrel fold, has been identified and characterized from both structural and functional perspectives. Nbs are ten-stranded anti-parallel all-β-barrel heme-proteins found across the evolutionary ladder, from bacteria to Homo sapiens. Myoglobin (Mb), commonly regarded as the prototype of monomeric all-α-helical globins, is involved along with the oligomeric hemoglobin (Hb) in diatomic gas transport, storage, and sensing, as well as in the detoxification of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. On the other hand, the function(s) of Nbs is still obscure, even though it has been postulated that they might participate to O2/NO signaling and metabolism. This function might be of the utmost importance in poorly oxygenated tissues, such as the eye's retina, where a delicate balance between oxygenation and blood flow (regulated by NO) is crucial. Dysfunction in this balance is associated with several pathological conditions, such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Here a detailed comparison of the structural, spectroscopic, and functional properties of Mb and Nbs is reported to shed light on the similarities and differences between all-α-helical and all-β-barrel heme-proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Federico Sebastiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Università Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Messias A, Pasquadibisceglie A, Alonso de Armiño D, De Simone G, Polticelli F, Coletta M, Ascenzi P, Estrin DA. Nitric oxide binding to ferrous nitrobindins: A computer simulation investigation. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 248:112336. [PMID: 37572543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs) represent an evolutionary conserved all-β-barrel heme-proteins displaying a highly solvent-exposed heme-Fe(III) atom, coordinated by a proximal His residue. Interestingly, even if the distal side is exposed to the solvent, the value of the second order rate constants for ligand binding to the ferrous derivative is almost one order of magnitude lower than those reported for myoglobins (Mbs). Noteworthy, nitric oxide binding to the sixth coordination position of the heme-Fe(II)-atom causes the cleavage or the severe weakening of the proximal His-Fe(II) bond. Here, we provide a computer simulation investigation to shed light on the molecular basis of ligand binding kinetics, by dissecting the ligand binding process into the ligand migration and the bond formation steps. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed employing a steered molecular dynamics approach and the Jarzinski equality to obtain ligand migration free energy profiles. The formation of the heme-Fe(II)-NO bond took into consideration the iron atom displacement from the heme plane. The ligand migration is almost unhindered, and the low rate constant for NO binding is due to the large displacement of the Fe(II) atom with respect to the heme plane responsible for the barrier for the Fe(II)-NO bond formation. In addition, we investigated the weakening and breaking of the proximal His-Fe(II) bond, observed experimentally upon NO binding, by means of a combination of classical molecular dynamics simulations and quantum-classical (QM-MM) optimizations. In both human and M. tuberculosis Nbs, a stable alternative conformation of the proximal His residue interacting with a network of water molecules was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andresa Messias
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Alonso de Armiño
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Via della Lungara 10, 00165 Roma, Italy
| | - Darío A Estrin
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química-Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De Simone G, di Masi A, Tundo GR, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Nitrite Reductase Activity of Ferrous Nitrobindins: A Comparative Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076553. [PMID: 37047528 PMCID: PMC10094804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs) are all-β-barrel heme proteins spanning from bacteria to Homo sapiens. They inactivate reactive nitrogen species by sequestering NO, converting NO to HNO2, and promoting peroxynitrite isomerization to NO3−. Here, the nitrite reductase activity of Nb(II) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt-Nb(II)), Arabidopsis thaliana (At-Nb(II)), Danio rerio (Dr-Nb(II)), and Homo sapiens (Hs-Nb(II)) is reported. This activity is crucial for the in vivo production of NO, and thus for the regulation of blood pressure, being of the utmost importance for the blood supply to poorly oxygenated tissues, such as the eye retina. At pH 7.3 and 20.0 °C, the values of the second-order rate constants (i.e., kon) for the reduction of NO2− to NO and the concomitant formation of nitrosylated Mt-Nb(II), At-Nb(II), Dr-Nb(II), and Hs-Nb(II) (Nb(II)-NO) were 7.6 M−1 s−1, 9.3 M−1 s−1, 1.4 × 101 M−1 s−1, and 5.8 M−1 s−1, respectively. The values of kon increased linearly with decreasing pH, thus indicating that the NO2−-based conversion of Nb(II) to Nb(II)-NO requires the involvement of one proton. These results represent the first evidence for the NO2 reductase activity of Nbs(II), strongly supporting the view that Nbs are involved in NO metabolism. Interestingly, the nitrite reductase reactivity of all-β-barrel Nbs and of all-α-helical globins (e.g., myoglobin) was very similar despite the very different three-dimensional fold; however, differences between all-α-helical globins and all-β-barrel Nbs suggest that nitrite reductase activity appears to be controlled by distal steric barriers, even though a more complex regulatory mechanism can be also envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grazia R. Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Università Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nitrosylation of ferric zebrafish nitrobindin: A spectroscopic, kinetic, and thermodynamic study. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:111996. [PMID: 36150290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs) are all-β-barrel heme-proteins present in all the living kingdoms. Nbs inactivate reactive nitrogen species by sequestering NO, converting NO to HNO2, and isomerizing peroxynitrite to NO3- and NO2-. Here, the spectroscopic characterization of ferric Danio rerio Nb (Dr-Nb(III)) and NO scavenging through the reductive nitrosylation of the metal center are reported, both processes being relevant for the regulation of blood flow in fishes through poorly oxygenated tissues, such as retina. Both UV-Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies indicate that Dr-Nb(III) is a mixture of a six-coordinated aquo- and a five-coordinated species, whose relative abundancies depend on pH. At pH ≤ 7.0, Dr-Nb(III) binds reversibly NO, whereas at pH ≥ 7.8 NO induces the conversion of Dr-Nb(III) to Dr-Nb(II)-NO. The conversion of Dr-Nb(III) to Dr-Nb(II)-NO is a monophasic process, suggesting that the formation of the transient Dr-Nb(III)-NO species is lost in the mixing time of the rapid-mixing stopped-flow apparatus (∼ 1.5 ms). The pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reductive nitrosylation of Dr-Nb(III) is not linearly dependent on the NO concentration but tends to level off. Values of the rate-limiting constant (i.e., klim) increase linearly with the OH- concentration, indicating that the conversion of Dr-Nb(III) to Dr-Nb(II)-NO is limited by the OH--based catalysis. From the dependence of klim on [OH-], the value of the second-order rate constant kOH- was obtained (5.2 × 103 M-1 s-1). Reductive nitrosylation of Dr-Nb(III) leads to the inactivation of two NO molecules: one being converted to HNO2, and the other being tightly bound to the heme-Fe(II) atom.
Collapse
|
6
|
De Simone G, di Masi A, Ascenzi P. Strategies of Pathogens to Escape from NO-Based Host Defense. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2176. [PMID: 36358549 PMCID: PMC9686644 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule present in most living organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. NO participates in a wide range of biological processes including vasomotor tone, neurotransmission, and immune response. However, NO is highly reactive and can give rise to reactive nitrogen and oxygen species that, in turn, can modify a broad range of biomolecules. Much evidence supports the critical role of NO in the virulence and replication of viruses, bacteria, protozoan, metazoan, and fungi, thus representing a general mechanism of host defense. However, pathogens have developed different mechanisms to elude the host NO and to protect themselves against oxidative and nitrosative stress. Here, the strategies evolved by viruses, bacteria, protozoan, metazoan, and fungi to escape from the NO-based host defense are overviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hydroxylamine-induced oxidation of ferrous nitrobindins. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:443-453. [PMID: 35543759 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin and myoglobin are generally taken as molecular models of all-α-helical heme-proteins. On the other hand, nitrophorins and nitrobindins (Nb), which are arranged in 8 and 10 β-strands, respectively, represent the molecular models of all-β-barrel heme-proteins. Here, kinetics of the hydroxylamine- (HA-) mediated oxidation of ferrous Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Homo sapiens nitrobindins (Mt-Nb(II), At-Nb(II), and Hs-Nb(II), respectively), at pH 7.0 and 20.0 °C, are reported. Of note, HA displays antibacterial properties and is a good candidate for the treatment and/or prevention of reactive nitrogen species- (RNS-) linked aging-related pathologies, such as macular degeneration. Under anaerobic conditions, mixing the Mt-Nb(II), At-Nb(II), and Hs-Nb(II) solutions with the HA solutions brings about absorbance spectral changes reflecting the formation of the ferric derivative (i.e., Mt-Nb(III), At-Nb(III), and Hs-Nb(III), respectively). Values of the second order rate constant for the HA-mediated oxidation of Mt-Nb(II), At-Nb(II), and Hs-Nb(II) are 1.1 × 104 M-1 s-1, 6.5 × 104 M-1 s-1, and 2.2 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively. Moreover, the HA:Nb(II) stoichiometry is 1:2 as reported for ferrous deoxygenated and carbonylated all-α-helical heme-proteins. A comparative look of the HA reduction kinetics by several ferrous heme-proteins suggests that an important role might be played by residues (such as His or Tyr) in the proximity of the heme-Fe atom either coordinating it or not. In this respect, Nbs seem to exploit somewhat different structural aspects, indicating that redox mechanisms for the heme-Fe(II)-to-heme-Fe(III) conversion might differ between all-α-helical and all-β-barrel heme-proteins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Foley EL, Hvitved AN, Eich RF, Olson JS. Mechanisms of nitric oxide reactions with Globins using mammalian myoglobin as a model system. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 233:111839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Gardner PR. Ordered Motions in the Nitric-Oxide Dioxygenase Mechanism of Flavohemoglobin and Assorted Globins with Tightly Coupled Reductases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1414:45-96. [PMID: 36520413 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric-oxide dioxygenases (NODs) activate and combine O2 with NO to form nitrate. A variety of oxygen-binding hemoglobins with associated partner reductases or electron donors function as enzymatic NODs. Kinetic and structural investigations of the archetypal two-domain microbial flavohemoglobin-NOD have illuminated an allosteric mechanism that employs selective tunnels for O2 and NO, gates for NO and nitrate, transient O2 association with ferric heme, and an O2 and NO-triggered, ferric heme spin crossover-driven, motion-controlled, and dipole-regulated electron-transfer switch. The proposed mechanism facilitates radical-radical coupling of ferric-superoxide with NO to form nitrate while preventing suicidal ferrous-NO formation. Diverse globins display the structural and functional motifs necessary for a similar allosteric NOD mechanism. In silico docking simulations reveal monomeric erythrocyte hemoglobin alpha-chain and beta-chain intrinsically matched and tightly coupled with NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, respectively, forming membrane-bound flavohemoglobin-like mammalian NODs. The neuroprotective neuroglobin manifests a potential NOD role in a close-fitting ternary complex with membrane-bound NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. Cytoglobin interfaces weakly with cytochrome b5 for O2 and NO-regulated electron-transfer and coupled NOD activity. The mechanistic model also provides insight into the evolution of O2 binding cooperativity in hemoglobin and a basis for the discovery of allosteric NOD inhibitors.
Collapse
|
10
|
De Simone G, Sbardella D, Oddone F, Pesce A, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Structural and (Pseudo-)Enzymatic Properties of Neuroglobin: Its Possible Role in Neuroprotection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123366. [PMID: 34943874 PMCID: PMC8699588 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb), the third member of the globin family, was discovered in human and murine brains in 2000. This monomeric globin is structurally similar to myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb) α and β subunits, but it hosts a bis-histidyl six-coordinated heme-Fe atom. Therefore, the heme-based reactivity of Ngb is modulated by the dissociation of the distal HisE7-heme-Fe bond, which reflects in turn the redox state of the cell. The high Ngb levels (~100–200 μM) present in the retinal ganglion cell layer and in the optic nerve facilitate the O2 buffer and delivery. In contrast, the very low levels of Ngb (~1 μM) in most tissues and organs support (pseudo-)enzymatic properties including NO/O2 metabolism, peroxynitrite and free radical scavenging, nitrite, hydroxylamine, hydrogen sulfide reduction, and the nitration of aromatic compounds. Here, structural and (pseudo-)enzymatic properties of Ngb, which are at the root of tissue and organ protection, are reviewed, envisaging a possible role in the protection from neuronal degeneration of the retina and the optic nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Simone
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy;
| | | | | | - Alessandra Pesce
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16100 Genova, Italy;
| | - Massimo Coletta
- IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Roma, Italy; (D.S.); (F.O.)
- Dipartmento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (P.A.); Tel.: +39-06-72596365 (M.C.); +39-06-57336321 (P.A.)
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy;
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Via della Lungara 10, 00165 Roma, Italy
- Unità di Neuroendocrinologia, Metabolismo e Neurofarmacologia, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (P.A.); Tel.: +39-06-72596365 (M.C.); +39-06-57336321 (P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|