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Rappaport HB, Oliverio AM. Lessons from Extremophiles: Functional Adaptations and Genomic Innovations across the Eukaryotic Tree of Life. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae160. [PMID: 39101574 PMCID: PMC11299111 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
From hydrothermal vents, to glaciers, to deserts, research in extreme environments has reshaped our understanding of how and where life can persist. Contained within the genomes of extremophilic organisms are the blueprints for a toolkit to tackle the multitude of challenges of survival in inhospitable environments. As new sequencing technologies have rapidly developed, so too has our understanding of the molecular and genomic mechanisms that have facilitated the success of extremophiles. Although eukaryotic extremophiles remain relatively understudied compared to bacteria and archaea, an increasing number of studies have begun to leverage 'omics tools to shed light on eukaryotic life in harsh conditions. In this perspective paper, we highlight a diverse breadth of research on extremophilic lineages across the eukaryotic tree of life, from microbes to macrobes, that are collectively reshaping our understanding of molecular innovations at life's extremes. These studies are not only advancing our understanding of evolution and biological processes but are also offering a valuable roadmap on how emerging technologies can be applied to identify cellular mechanisms of adaptation to cope with life in stressful conditions, including high and low temperatures, limited water availability, and heavy metal habitats. We shed light on patterns of molecular and organismal adaptation across the eukaryotic tree of life and discuss a few promising research directions, including investigations into the role of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic extremophiles and the importance of increasing phylogenetic diversity of model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Rappaport
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Klesser R, Blick T, Fritze MA, Marten A, Hemauer M, Kastner L, Höfer H, Jäger G, Husemann M. Ice cage: new records and cryptic, isolated lineages in wingless snow flies (Diptera, Limoniidae: Chionea spp.) in German lower mountain ranges. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2024; 111:15. [PMID: 38478046 PMCID: PMC10937758 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In Earth's history warm and cold periods have alternated. Especially, during the Pleistocene, the alternation between these different climatic conditions has led to frequent range expansions and retractions of many species: while thermophilic species dispersed during warm periods, cold adapted species retracted to cold refugia and vice versa. After the last Pleistocene cycle many cold adapted taxa found refuges in relict habitats in mountain ranges. One example for such a cold adapted relict is the flightless snow fly Chionea araneoides (Dalman, 1816). It can be found in lower mountain ranges of Central Europe exclusively in stone runs and stony accumulations which provide cold microclimates. Imagines develop only in winter. They have strongly restricted ranges and hence experienced strong isolation predicting that local populations may show local adaptation and hence also genetic differentiation. We investigated this for several middle mountain ranges of Germany using the COI barcoding gene. Our analyses revealed two distinct lineages, one in the Bavarian Forest and a second one in all other more northern locations up to Scandinavia. These lineages likely go back to post-Pleistocene isolation and should be studied in more detail in the future, also to confirm the taxonomic status of both lineages. Further, we confirmed former records of the species for Germany and report new records for the federal states of Saxony, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. Finally, we provide the first evidence of two types of males for the species, a small and a larger male type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klesser
- Leibniz Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels, ztm, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Naturkundemuseum Leipzig, Lortzingstraße 3, D-04105, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Theo Blick
- Private researcher, Heidloh 8, D-95503, Hummeltal, Germany
| | - Michael-Andreas Fritze
- Arbeitsgruppe für Tierökologie und Planung GmbH, Johann-Strauß-Str. 22, 70794, Filderstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Marten
- Harz National Park, Lindenallee 35, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Michael Hemauer
- Private researcher, Wallbergstraße 20, D-81539, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Kastner
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hubert Höfer
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gero Jäger
- Private researcher, Fuldatalstraße 55, D-34125, Kassel, Germany
| | - Martin Husemann
- Leibniz Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels, ztm, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Yokum EE, Goldstein DL, Krane CM. Novel observations of "freeze resistance" and dynamic blue and green dorsal coloration in frozen and thawing Dryophytes chrysoscelis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:1044-1051. [PMID: 37661700 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Freeze tolerant animals survive the winter by tolerating the freezing and thawing of up to 70% of body water and the respective cessation and resumption of essential functions including circulation and respiration during each freeze-thaw cycle. Cope's gray treefrog Dryophytes chrysoscelis is a freeze tolerant anuran that uses a system of cryoprotectants to prevent intracellular freezing and mitigate osmotic stress during freezing and thawing episodes. Morphological features were documented in D. chrysoscelis using a repeated freeze-thaw protocol. Dorsal skin in frozen frogs was distinctly blue and green before reverting to brown during thawing. The dorsal color change in frozen frogs does not function similarly to other known color change events in amphibians. The return to brown skin color in thawing animals coincides with recovery of vital functions in freeze tolerant frogs, suggesting that dorsal color change is an indicator of postfreeze recovery in D. chrysoscelis. We also provide evidence of "freeze resistance" in D. chrysoscelis. Two individuals did not freeze following three successive bouts of ice inoculation at -2.5°C and maintained brown dorsal color despite ice crystallization on the dorsum and contact with frozen substrate. Both frogs had similar plasma osmolality, circulating cryoprotectants, and incidence of cryoinjury compared to frogs that were frozen and thawed once or three times. Freeze resistance may be explained by physical changes in the skin including lipid accumulation and dehydration. This integrative study presents novel attributes of organismal freeze tolerance in D. chrysoscelis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Goldstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Carissa M Krane
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Xie Z, Xu L, Zhao J, Li N, Qin D, Xiao C, Lu Y, Guo Z. Rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation promote cold tolerance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) by physiological substances transformation and cryoprotectants accumulation. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:574-586. [PMID: 37501573 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect response to cold stress is often associated with adaptive strategies and chemical variation. However, low-temperature domestication to promote the cold tolerance potential of Bactrocera dorsalis and transformation of main internal substances are not clear. Here, we use a series of low-temperature exposure experiments, supercooling point (SCP) measurement, physiological substances and cryoprotectants detection to reveal that pre-cooling with milder low temperatures (5 and 10°C) for several hours (rapid cold hardening) and days (cold acclimation) can dramatically improve the survival rate of adults and pupae under an extremely low temperature (-6.5°C). Besides, the effect of rapid cold hardening for adults could be maintained even 4 h later with 25°C exposures, and SCP was significantly declined after cold acclimation. Furthermore, content of water, fat, protein, glycogen, sorbitol, glycerol and trehalose in bodies were measured. Results showed that water content was reduced and increased content of proteins, glycogen, glycerol and trehalose after two cold domestications. Our findings suggest that rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation could enhance cold tolerance of B. dorsalis by increasing proteins, glycerol, trehalose and decreasing water content. Conclusively, identifying a physiological variation will be useful for predicting the occurrence and migration trend of B. dorsalis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Luchen Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Deqiang Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zijun Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
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Inhibition mechanism of membrane-separated silver carp hydrolysates on ice crystal growth obtained through experiments and molecular dynamics simulation. Food Chem 2023; 414:135695. [PMID: 36809728 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-separated silver carp hydrolysates (>10 kD, 3-10 kD and < 3 kD) displayed abilities to mitigate oxidation and denaturation of myofibrillar protein and cryoprotective activities for frozen surimi. However, the mechanism of the membrane-separated fractions on ice crystal growth in the system is still unknown. Therefore, the cryoprotective activities (recrystallization inhibition, RI and thermal hysteresis activity, THA) of the fractions were investigated and the mechanism was explored by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to predict the probable binding sites and model the possible interactions between the peptides and water/ice. The fractions < 3 kD displayed remarkable RI activity, with significantly higher THA (0.60 ± 0.13 °C) and lower amount of ice nuclei (4.74 ± 0.53%) than that of fractions > 10 kD and 3-10 kD. The results of MD simulation certified that the main peptides in the fractions < 3 kD interacted firmly with water molecules and inhibited growth of ice crystals with mechanism compatible with Kelvin effect. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues in the membrane-separated fractions offered synergistic effects on the inhibition of ice crystals.
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Zhu K, Zheng Z, Dai Z. Identification of antifreeze peptides in shrimp byproducts autolysate using peptidomics and bioinformatics. Food Chem 2022; 383:132568. [PMID: 35255363 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel method based on peptidomics and bioinformatic was applied to identification and characterization of antifreeze peptides (AFPs) from shrimp byproducts autolysate (SBPA). According to the results of in silico prediction and high peptide structural inflexibility, DEYEESGPGIVH and EQICINFCNEK were picked as potential AFP-1 and AFP-2, respectively. The outcomes of DSC determination indicated that TH of synthesized AFP-1 and AFP-2 (10 mg/mL) were 1.37 °C and 1.57 °C, respectively. Besides, 0.1 %-3 % AFPs showed significant cryoprotection in shrimp muscle after 3 and 6 freeze-thaw cycles, evidenced by higher SSP content, Ca2+-ATPase activity, sulfhydryl content and lower surface hydrophobicity than control; while the higher concentration resulted in better protection against freeze induced denaturation. Both AFP-1&2 showed favorable hydrogen bonding affinity which facilitated ice binding and ice crystal growth inhibition. This work could provide new ideals for identification and characterization of AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, 310012 Hangzhou, China; Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 310012 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxiao Zheng
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, 310012 Hangzhou, China; Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 310012 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Dai
- The Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, 310012 Hangzhou, China; Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 310012 Hangzhou, China.
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Delesky EA, Srubar WV. Ice-binding proteins and bioinspired synthetic mimics in non-physiological environments. iScience 2022; 25:104286. [PMID: 35573196 PMCID: PMC9097698 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Delesky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wil V. Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Corresponding author
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Box ICH, Matthews BJ, Marshall KE. Molecular evidence of intertidal habitats selecting for repeated ice-binding protein evolution in invertebrates. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274373. [PMID: 35258616 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) have evolved independently in multiple taxonomic groups to improve their survival at sub-zero temperatures. Intertidal invertebrates in temperate and polar regions frequently encounter sub-zero temperatures, yet there is little information on IBPs in these organisms. We hypothesized that there are far more IBPs than are currently known and that the occurrence of freezing in the intertidal zone selects for these proteins. We compiled a list of genome-sequenced invertebrates across multiple habitats and a list of known IBP sequences and used BLAST to identify a wide array of putative IBPs in those invertebrates. We found that the probability of an invertebrate species having an IBP was significantly greater in intertidal species than in those primarily found in open ocean or freshwater habitats. These intertidal IBPs had high sequence similarity to fish and tick antifreeze glycoproteins and fish type II antifreeze proteins. Previously established classifiers based on machine learning techniques further predicted ice-binding activity in the majority of our newly identified putative IBPs. We investigated the potential evolutionary origin of one putative IBP from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus and suggest that it arose through gene duplication and neofunctionalization. We show that IBPs likely readily evolve in response to freezing risk and that there is an array of uncharacterized IBPs, and highlight the need for broader laboratory-based surveys of the diversity of ice-binding activity across diverse taxonomic and ecological groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah C H Box
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Benjamin J Matthews
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
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Fu D, Sun Y, Gao H, Liu B, Kang X, Chen H. Identification and Functional Characterization of Antifreeze Protein and Its Mutants in Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Larvae Under Cold Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:167-181. [PMID: 34897398 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendroctonus armandi (Tsai and Li) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is considered to be the most destructive forest pest in the Qinling and Bashan Mountains of China. Low winter temperatures limit insect's populations, distribution, activity, and development. Insects have developed different strategies such as freeze-tolerance and freeze-avoidance to survive in low temperature conditions. In the present study, we used gene cloning, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RNA interference (RNAi), and heterologous expression to study the function of the D. armandi antifreeze protein gene (DaAFP). We cloned the 800 bp full-length cDNA encoding 228 amino acids of DaAFP and analyzed its structure using bioinformatics analysis. The DaAFP amino acid sequence exhibited 24-86% similarity with other insect species. The expression of DaAFP was high in January and in the larvae, head, and midgut of D. armandi. In addition, the expression of DaAFP increased with decreasing temperature and increasing exposure time. RNAi analysis also demonstrated that AFP plays an important role in the cold tolerance of overwintering larvae. The thermal hysteresis and antifreeze activity assay of DaAFP and its mutants indicated that the more regular the DaAFP threonine-cystine-threonine (TXT) motif, the stronger the antifreeze activity. These results suggest that DaAFP plays an essential role as a biological cryoprotectant in overwintering D. armandi larvae and provides a theoretical basis for new pest control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaya Sun
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiming Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaotong Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu C, Zhao M, Zhang H, Zhang F, Du Y, Lu M. Extending the Storage Time of Clanis bilineata tsingtauica (Lepidoptera; Sphingidae) Eggs through Variable-Temperature Cold Storage. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112820. [PMID: 34829100 PMCID: PMC8621013 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell, 1922 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), also known as “Doudan” in China, is an important pest in legume crops. As an edible insect, it is most commonly consumed in Jiangsu, Shandong, and Henan Provinces. Mass rearing requires access to large numbers of eggs. This stage, however, is of short duration and supplies are frequently not sufficient for insect production. Therefore, we identified the cold storage conditions for C. bilineata tsingtauica that can effectively prolong the storage time of the eggs, to make supplies more readily available. We found that when stored at 4 °C, only 7.5% of the eggs hatched after 7 days, while at 10 °C the hatch rate was 78.3%. At 15 °C, the egg hatch rate remained at this same level (77.8% even after 14–20 days). Considering various combinations, we found that optimal egg hatch occurred if eggs were stored at 15 °C for 11 days, and then held at 15–20 °C under dark conditions. Stored as described above, the egg hatch rate was not significantly different from the control group (at 28 °C). These conditions allow for easier mass rearing of C. bilineata tsingtauica by providing a stable supply of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fang Zhang
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yuzhou Du
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingxing Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Tanwar AK, Kirti JS, Kumar S, Dhillon MK. The amino acid and lipophilic profiles of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) larvae fluctuate with diapause. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:595-601. [PMID: 34185965 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Chilo partellus (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) larvae undergoes both hibernation and estivation in India. Although, much has been done on reproductive physiological aspects, little is known about biochemical changes happening during hibernation and estivation in C. partellus. Thus, we mapped changes in amino acid and lipophilic profiles of C. partellus larvae while undergoing hibernation and estivation using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. The studies revealed higher amounts of amino acids namely, serine, glycine, histidine, arginine, proline, tyrosine, and methionine in estivation, while lower in hibernation as compared with nondiapause larvae of C. partellus. Furthermore, the amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine in hibernation, and threonine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine in estivation were on par with nondiapause larvae. The lipophilic compounds namely, linoleic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, and n-pentadecanol were lower in hibernation than estivation and nondiapause larvae of C. partellus. Palmitoleic acid and methyl 3-methoxytetradecanoate contents were higher in hibernation than estivation and nondiapause, while myristic acid and lathosterol contents were higher in estivation than hibernation and nondiapause larvae of C. partellus. Cholesterol content was higher, while squalene and gamma-ergostenol were lower in hibernation and estivation as compared with nondiapause larvae of C. partellus. These findings suggest that certain amino acids may be constituents of heat-shock proteins and help C. partellus during estivation. However, the lipophilic compounds could be helpful in maintaining development during hibernation and estivation in C. partellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Tanwar
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Jagbir S Kirti
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh K Dhillon
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Monsimet J, Colinet H, Devineau O, Lafage D, Pétillon J. Biogeographic position and body size jointly set lower thermal limits of wandering spiders. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3347-3356. [PMID: 33841788 PMCID: PMC8019051 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most species encounter large variations in abiotic conditions along their distribution range. The physiological responses of most terrestrial ectotherms (such as insects and spiders) to clinal gradients of climate, and in particular gradients of temperature, can be the product of both phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation. This study aimed to determine how the biogeographic position of populations and the body size of individuals set the limits of cold (freezing) resistance of Dolomedes fimbriatus. We compared D. fimbriatus to its sister species Dolomedes plantarius under harsher climatic conditions in their distribution range. Using an ad hoc design, we sampled individuals from four populations of Dolomedes fimbriatus originating from contrasting climatic areas (temperate and continental climate) and one population of the sister species D. plantarius from continental climate, and compared their supercooling ability as an indicator of cold resistance. Results for D. fimbriatus indicated that spiders from northern (continental) populations had higher cold resistance than spiders from southern (temperate) populations. Larger spiders had a lower supercooling ability in northern populations. The red-listed and rarest D. plantarius was slightly less cold tolerant than the more common D. fimbriatus, and this might be of importance in a context of climate change that could imply colder overwintering habitats in the north due to reduced snow cover protection. The lowest cold resistance might put D. plantarius at risk of extinction in the future, and this should be considered in conservation plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Monsimet
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Hervé Colinet
- CNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553University of RennesRennesFrance
| | - Olivier Devineau
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Denis Lafage
- CNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553University of RennesRennesFrance
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences/BiologyKarlstad UniversityKarlstadSweden
| | - Julien Pétillon
- CNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553University of RennesRennesFrance
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Effect of ice structuring protein on the microstructure and myofibrillar protein structure of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) induced by freeze-thaw processes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Li F, Du X, Ren Y, Kong B, Wang B, Xia X, Bao Y. Impact of ice structuring protein on myofibrillar protein aggregation behaviour and structural property of quick-frozen patty during frozen storage. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:136-142. [PMID: 33636271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to explore the cryoprotective effect of ice structuring protein (ISP) on the aggregation behaviour and structural changes of myofibrillar protein (MP) from quick-frozen pork patties during frozen storage. Frozen storage causes the formation of large protein aggregates and weakens MP structures. After adding ISP into patties, MP had a more stable aggregation system, which was manifested by a uniform particle size distribution and significantly higher absolute zeta potential (11.71 mV) than the control (9.56 mV) (P < 0.05). Atomic force microscopy results showed that the surface roughness of MP aggregation decreased by 9.78% with ISP after freezing for 180 d. Additionally, compared to patties without ISP, the MP carbonyl content from the ISP-treated patty decreased by 32%, and the free amino content increased by 14.99% during frozen storage. Results from circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that MP secondary and tertiary structure stability in patties improved with ISP. Overall, ISP has the potential to improve MP aggregation and structural stability during frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Xin Du
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yanming Ren
- Heilongjiang Province Agricultural Products and Veterinary Drug Feed Technical Identification Station, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Baohua Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Xiufang Xia
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Yihong Bao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
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15
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Zheng X, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang J. Bio-inspired Ice-controlling Materials for Cryopreservation of Cells and Tissues. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Dong S, Nie H, Ye J, Li D, Huo Z, Yan X. Physiological and gene expression analysis of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to cold acclimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140427. [PMID: 32721715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Overwinter mortality of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is a major impediment to the aquaculture industry in China. Cold tolerance ability has a tremendous impact on the survivability of R. philippinarum during the overwintering season. In this study, we evaluated the effects of acute and chronic cold stress on the expression of Cold Shock Domain-containing E1 (CSDE1) and Antifreeze protein type II (AFPII) genes and the activities of lysozyme (LZM), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in three cultivated strains (zebra, white, and white zebra) and two wild populations (northern and southern) of R. philippinarum. Under acute and chronic cold stress, the expression levels of CSDE1 and AFPII mRNA in the gills and hepatopancreas were significantly increased in all populations, but the increase varied among different strains and populations. Under acute cold stress, SOD activity significantly decreased in the two wild populations and the white zebra strain. LZM activity significantly decreased but CAT activity significantly increased in selected strains and populations after acute low temperature stress (P < 0.05). Under chronic cold stress, SOD activity significantly increased in the northern population and white zebra strain, while CAT activity significantly increased in the southern population and the white and zebra strains. These results provide useful information about the Manila clam response to cold stress that may be applied to improve the low temperature resistance of Manila clams in aquaculture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Dong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
| | - Jiahao Ye
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
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17
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Batista TM, Hilario HO, de Brito GAM, Moreira RG, Furtado C, de Menezes GCA, Rosa CA, Rosa LH, Franco GR. Whole-genome sequencing of the endemic Antarctic fungus Antarctomyces pellizariae reveals an ice-binding protein, a scarce set of secondary metabolites gene clusters and provides insights on Thelebolales phylogeny. Genomics 2020; 112:2915-2921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Kashyap P, Kumar S, Singh D. Performance of antifreeze protein HrCHI4 from Hippophae rhamnoides in improving the structure and freshness of green beans upon cryopreservation. Food Chem 2020; 320:126599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Xiang H, Yang X, Ke L, Hu Y. The properties, biotechnologies, and applications of antifreeze proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:661-675. [PMID: 32156540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
By natural selection, organisms evolve different solutions to cope with extremely cold weather. The emergence of an antifreeze protein gene is one of the most momentous solutions. Antifreeze proteins possess an importantly functional ability for organisms to survive in cold environments and are widely found in various cold-tolerant species. In this review, we summarize the origin of antifreeze proteins, describe the diversity of their species-specific properties and functions, and highlight the related biotechnology on the basis of both laboratory tests and bioinformatics analysis. The most recent advances in the applications of antifreeze proteins are also discussed. We expect that this systematic review will contribute to the comprehensive knowledge of antifreeze proteins to readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
| | - Lei Ke
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
| | - Yong Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology.
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20
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Ice Binding Proteins: Diverse Biological Roles and Applications in Different Types of Industry. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020274. [PMID: 32053888 PMCID: PMC7072191 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of Earth’s surface is exposed periodically or continuously to temperatures below 5 °C. Organisms that can live in these areas are called psychrophilic or psychrotolerant. They have evolved many adaptations that allow them to survive low temperatures. One of the most interesting modifications is production of specific substances that prevent living organisms from freezing. Psychrophiles can synthesize special peptides and proteins that modulate the growth of ice crystals and are generally called ice binding proteins (IBPs). Among them, antifreeze proteins (AFPs) inhibit the formation of large ice grains inside the cells that may damage cellular organelles or cause cell death. AFPs, with their unique properties of thermal hysteresis (TH) and ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI), have become one of the promising tools in industrial applications like cryobiology, food storage, and others. Attention of the industry was also caught by another group of IBPs exhibiting a different activity—ice-nucleating proteins (INPs). This review summarizes the current state of art and possible utilizations of the large group of IBPs.
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21
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Kim EJ, Kim JE, Hwang JS, Kim IC, Lee SG, Kim S, Lee JH, Han SJ. Increased Productivity and Antifreeze Activity of Ice-binding Protein from Flavobacterium frigoris PS1 Produced using Escherichia coli as Bioreactor. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Naing AH, Kim CK. A brief review of applications of antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation and metabolic genetic engineering. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:329. [PMID: 31448185 PMCID: PMC6691018 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) confer the ability to survive at subzero temperatures and are found in many different organisms, including fish, plants, and insects. They prevent the formation of ice crystals by non-colligative adsorption to the ice surface and are essential for the survival of organisms in cold environments. These proteins are also widely used for cryopreservation, food technology, and metabolic genetic engineering over a range of sources and recipient cell types. This review summarizes successful applications of AFPs in the cryopreservation of animals, insects, and plants, and discusses challenges encountered in cryopreservation. Applications in metabolic genetic engineering are also described, specifically with the overexpression of AFP genes derived from different organisms to provide freeze protection to sensitive crops seasonally exposed to subzero temperatures. This review will provide information about potential applications of AFPs in the cryopreservation of animals and plants as well as in plant metabolic genetic engineering in hopes of furthering the development of cold-tolerant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
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23
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Psychrophilic lifestyles: mechanisms of adaptation and biotechnological tools. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2857-2871. [PMID: 30729286 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold-adapted microorganisms inhabiting permanently low-temperature environments were initially just a biological curiosity but have emerged as rich sources of numerous valuable tools for application in a broad spectrum of innovative technologies. To overcome the multiple challenges inherent to life in their cold habitats, these microorganisms have developed a diverse array of highly sophisticated synergistic adaptations at all levels within their cells: from cell envelope and enzyme adaptation, to cryoprotectant and chaperone production, and novel metabolic capabilities. Basic research has provided valuable insights into how these microorganisms can thrive in their challenging habitat conditions and into the mechanisms of action of the various adaptive features employed, and such insights have served as a foundation for the knowledge-based development of numerous novel biotechnological tools. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the adaptation strategies of cold-adapted microorganisms and the biotechnological perspectives and commercial tools emerging from this knowledge. Adaptive features and, where possible, applications, in relation to membrane fatty acids, membrane pigments, the cell wall peptidoglycan layer, the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer cell membrane, compatible solutes, antifreeze and ice-nucleating proteins, extracellular polymeric substances, biosurfactants, chaperones, storage materials such as polyhydroxyalkanoates and cyanophycins and metabolic adjustments are presented and discussed.
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24
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Properties of phase transition of ice binding protein from Arctic yeast (LeIBP) utilizing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy. Cryobiology 2018; 85:33-38. [PMID: 30296411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ice binding proteins (IBPs) have been attracting significant interest on account of their characteristic of inhibiting ice growth and recrystallization. Owing to their unique characteristics, IBPs have been studied for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and medicine, as well as from a general scientific point of view. In this study, we have used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy as tools to understand the ice binding activity of the Arctic-yeast-originating extracellular ice binding glycoprotein (LeIBP) isolated from Leucosporidium sp. AY30. From the DSC results, an increase in the specific heat capacity was confirmed for 1 mg/mL LeIBP, which suggested that additional heat flow was required for the change in temperature. In addition, the temperature corresponding to the phase change of the solution was measured, and Raman spectroscopy was carried out on the frozen and molten phases, respectively. From the results of Raman analysis, we confirmed that the helical vibrations related to the ice binding sites on LeIBP were dramatically suppressed when the LeIBP solution was frozen. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman spectra yielded the contrast factor between the freezing and melting states. Both DSC and Raman spectroscopy are widely used to study the ice binding activity and the structural changes associated with molecular vibrations in cryobiology.
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25
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Li G, Wang L, Wang Y, Li H, Liu Z, Wang H, Xu B, Guo X. Developmental characterization and environmental stress responses of Y-box binding protein 1 gene (AccYB-1) from Apis cerana cerana. Gene 2018; 674:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Cubillos C, Cáceres JC, Villablanca C, Villarreal P, Baeza M, Cabrera R, Graether SP, Veloso C. Cold tolerance mechanisms of two arthropods from the Andean Range of Central Chile: Agathemera crassa (Insecta: Agathemeridae) and Euathlus condorito (Arachnida: Theraphosidae). J Therm Biol 2018; 74:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Mohammadzadeh M, Borzoui E, Izadi H. Physiological and Biochemical Differences in Diapausing and Nondiapausing Larvae of Eurytoma plotnikovi (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1424-1431. [PMID: 29087475 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pistachio seed wasp, Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol'skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), is one of the main pests in various pistachio growing regions of Iran. This pest passes the winter as diapausing last instar larvae. In this study, the relationship between diapause and cold hardiness and also the physiological and biochemical characteristics the diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of E. plotnikovi were investigated. Digestive α-amylase enzyme showed a high activity (70.41 ± 2.36 µg maltose/min per mg protein) in nondiapausing larvae, but its activity vigorously decreased during the diapause period. Glycogen declined at the beginning of diapause until March. Decrease in glycogen content was proportional to increase in total simple body sugars, trehalose, myo-inositol, and sorbitol contents. Lipid accumulated from the onset of diapause in September until January reaching a high concentration of 28.74 mg/g fresh body weight, but then declined from March to end of diapause in April. The supercooling points were decreased from August (-17.68 ± 0.14°C) to January and reached to its lowest point in January (-23.14 ± 0.27°C), the coldest month of the year, then gradually increased through April (-21.38 ± 0.32°C). The survival rates at low temperature indicate that last instar larvae of E. plotnikovi are most cold tolerant in December-February when total body sugars, trehalose, myo-inositol, and sorbitol concentration is high, suggesting an alternative cryoprotective role for these compounds. The experimental data show that E. plotnikovi is freeze avoidance insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Borzoui
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
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28
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Balance between hydration enthalpy and entropy is important for ice binding surfaces in Antifreeze Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11901. [PMID: 28928396 PMCID: PMC5605524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs) inhibit the growth of an ice crystal by binding to it. The detailed binding mechanism is, however, still not fully understood. We investigated three AFPs using Molecular Dynamics simulations in combination with Grid Inhomogeneous Solvation Theory, exploring their hydration thermodynamics. The observed enthalpic and entropic differences between the ice-binding sites and the inactive surface reveal key properties essential for proteins in order to bind ice: While entropic contributions are similar for all sites, the enthalpic gain for all ice-binding sites is lower than for the rest of the protein surface. In contrast to most of the recently published studies, our analyses show that enthalpic interactions are as important as an ice-like pre-ordering. Based on these observations, we propose a new, thermodynamically more refined mechanism of the ice recognition process showing that the appropriate balance between entropy and enthalpy facilitates ice-binding of proteins. Especially, high enthalpic interactions between the protein surface and water can hinder the ice-binding activity.
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29
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Chowański S, Lubawy J, Paluch-Lubawa E, Spochacz M, Rosiński G, Słocińska M. The physiological role of fat body and muscle tissues in response to cold stress in the tropical cockroach Gromphadorhina coquereliana. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173100. [PMID: 28253309 PMCID: PMC5333868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective mechanisms against cold stress are well studied in terrestrial and polar insects; however, little is known about these mechanisms in tropical insects. In our study, we tested if a tropical cockroach Gromphadorhina coquereliana, possesses any protective mechanisms against cold stress. Based on the results of earlier studies, we examined how short-term (3 h) cold (4°C) influences biochemical parameters, mitochondrial respiration activity, and the level of HSPs and aquaporins expression in the fat body and leg muscles of G. coquereliana. Following cold exposure, we found that the level of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins did not change significantly. Nevertheless, we observed significant changes in mitochondrial respiration activity. The oxygen consumption of resting (state 4) and phosphorylating (state 3) mitochondria was altered following cold exposure. The increase in respiratory rate in state 4 respiration was observed in both tissues. In state 3, oxygen consumption by mitochondria in fat body was significantly lower compared to control insects, whereas there were no changes observed for mitochondria in muscle tissue. Moreover, there were cold-induced changes in UCP protein activity, but the changes in activity differed in fat body and in muscles. Additionally, we detected changes in the level of HSP70 and aquaporins expression. Insects treated with cold had significantly higher levels of HSP70 in fat body and muscles. On the other hand, there were lower levels of aquaporins in both tissues following exposure to cold. These results suggest that fat body play an important role in protecting tropical insects from cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail: (SC); (MS); (JL)
| | - Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail: (SC); (MS); (JL)
| | - Ewelina Paluch-Lubawa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail: (SC); (MS); (JL)
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30
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Nguyen H, Le L. Investigation of changes in structure and thermodynamic of spruce budworm antifreeze protein under subfreezing temperature. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40032. [PMID: 28106056 PMCID: PMC5247755 DOI: 10.1038/srep40032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this theoretical work is to investigate of the changes in structure and thermodynamics of spruce budworm antifreeze protein (sbAFP) at low temperatures by using molecular dynamics simulation. The aqueous solution will form ice crystal network under the vaguely hexagonal shape at low temperature and fully represented the characteristics of hydrophobic interaction. Like ice crystal network, the cyclohexane region (including cyclohexane molecules) have enough of the characteristics of hydrophobic interaction. Therefore, in this research the cyclohexane region will be used as a representation of ice crystal network to investigate the interactions of sbAFP and ice crystal network at low temperature. The activity of sbAFP in subfreezing environment, therefore, can be clearly observed via the changes of the hydrophobic (cyclohexane region) and hydrophilic (water region) interactions. The obtained results from total energies, hydrogen bond lifetime correlation C(t), radial distribution function, mean square deviation and snapshots of sbAFP complexes indicated that sbAFP has some special changes in structure and interaction with water and cyclohexane regions at 278 K, as being transition temperature point of water molecules in sbAFP complex at low temperatures, which is more structured and support the experimental observation that the sbAFP complex becomes more rigid as the temperature is lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Open Lab, Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ly Le
- Open Lab, Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University at Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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31
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Frigault JJ, Morin MD, Morin PJ. Differential expression and emerging functions of non-coding RNAs in cold adaptation. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:19-28. [PMID: 27866230 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Several species undergo substantial physiological and biochemical changes to confront the harsh conditions associated with winter. Small mammalian hibernators and cold-hardy insects are examples of natural models of cold adaptation that have been amply explored. While the molecular picture associated with cold adaptation has started to become clearer in recent years, notably through the use of high-throughput experimental approaches, the underlying cold-associated functions attributed to several non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), remain to be better characterized. Nevertheless, key pioneering work has provided clues on the likely relevance of these molecules in cold adaptation. With an emphasis on mammalian hibernation and insect cold hardiness, this work first reviews various molecular changes documented so far in these processes. The cascades leading to miRNA and lncRNA production as well as the mechanisms of action of these non-coding RNAs are subsequently described. Finally, we present examples of differentially expressed non-coding RNAs in models of cold adaptation and elaborate on the potential significance of this modulation with respect to low-temperature adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques J Frigault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Mathieu D Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pier Jr Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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32
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Zonato V, Fedele G, Kyriacou CP. An Intronic Polymorphism in couch potato Is Not Distributed Clinally in European Drosophila melanogaster Populations nor Does It Affect Diapause Inducibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162370. [PMID: 27598401 PMCID: PMC5012703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
couch potato (cpo) encodes an RNA binding protein that has been reported to be expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system of embryos, larvae and adults, including the major endocrine organ, the ring gland. A polymorphism in the D. melanogaster cpo gene coding region displays a latitudinal cline in frequency in North American populations, but as cpo lies within the inversion In(3R)Payne, which is at high frequencies and itself shows a strong cline on this continent, interpretation of the cpo cline is not straightforward. A second downstream SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium with the first has been claimed to be primarily responsible for the latitudinal cline in diapause incidence in USA populations.Here, we investigate the frequencies of these two cpo SNPs in populations of Drosophila throughout continental Europe. The advantage of studying cpo variation in Europe is the very low frequency of In(3R)Payne, which we reveal here, does not appear to be clinally distributed. We observe a very different geographical scenario for cpo variation from the one in North America, suggesting that the downstream SNP does not play a role in diapause. In an attempt to verify whether the SNPs influence diapause we subsequently generated lines with different combinations of the two cpo SNPs on known timeless (tim) genetic backgrounds, because polymorphism in the clock gene tim plays a significant role in diapause inducibility. Our results reveal that the downstream cpo SNP does not seem to play any role in diapause induction in European populations in contrast to the upstream coding cpo SNP. Consequently, all future diapause studies on strains of D. melanogaster should initially determine their tim and cpo status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zonato
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos P. Kyriacou
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar Dolev
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; ,
| | - Ido Braslavsky
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; ,
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada;
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Ali F, Wharton DA. Ice-Active Substances from the Infective Juveniles of the Freeze Tolerant Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema feltiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156502. [PMID: 27227961 PMCID: PMC4882034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Steinernema feltiae is a moderately freezing tolerant nematode, that can withstand intracellular ice formation. We investigated recrystallization inhibition, thermal hysteresis and ice nucleation activities in the infective juveniles of S. feltiae. Both the splat cooling assay and optical recrystallometry indicate the presence of ice active substances that inhibit recrystallization in the nematode extract. The substance is relatively heat stable and largely retains the recrystallization inhibition activity after heating. No thermal hysteresis activity was detected but the extract had a typical hexagonal crystal shape when grown from a single seed crystal and weak ice nucleation activity. An ice active substance is present in a low concentration, which may be involved in the freezing survival of this species by inhibiting ice recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farman Ali
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David A Wharton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cao H, Zhao Y, Zhu YB, Xu F, Yu JS, Yuan M. Antifreeze and cryoprotective activities of ice-binding collagen peptides from pig skin. Food Chem 2016; 194:1245-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kim SM, Yun CK, Park JH, Hwang JW, Kim ZH, Choi YS. Efficient cryopreservation of human mesenchymal stem cells using silkworm hemolymph-derived proteins. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Kim
- Department of Biotechnology; CHA University; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Yun
- Department of Biotechnology; CHA University; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- Department of Biotechnology; CHA University; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wook Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology; CHA University; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Z-Hun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology; CHA University; Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Biotechnology; CHA University; Seongnam Republic of Korea
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Nguyen H, Dac Van T, Tran N, Le L. Exploring the Effects of Subfreezing Temperature and Salt Concentration on Ice Growth Inhibition of Antarctic Gram-Negative Bacterium Marinomonas Primoryensis Using Coarse-Grained Simulation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1534-45. [PMID: 26758589 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the freezing process of water molecules surrounding Antarctic Gram-negative bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis antifreeze protein (MpAFP) and the MpAFP interactions to the surface of ice crystals under various marine environments (at different NaCl concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.8 mol/l). Our result indicates that activating temperature region of MpAFPs reduced as NaCl concentration increased. Specifically, MpAFP was activated and functioned at 0.6 mol/l with temperatures equal or larger 278 K, and at 0.8 mol/l with temperatures equal or larger 270 K. Additionally, MpAFP was inhibited by ice crystal network from 268 to 274 K and solid-liquid hybrid from 276 to 282 K at 0.3 mol/l concentration. Our results shed lights on structural dynamics of MpAFP among different marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Life Science Laboratory of Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thanh Dac Van
- Life Science Laboratory of Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- School of Biotechnology of Ho Chi Minh International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhut Tran
- Life Science Laboratory of Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ly Le
- Life Science Laboratory of Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- School of Biotechnology of Ho Chi Minh International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Mitchell D, Gibson MI. Latent Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity in Nonantifreeze Proteins: Ca2+-Activated Plant Lectins and Cation-Activated Antimicrobial Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3411-6. [PMID: 26407233 PMCID: PMC4646349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organisms living in polar regions have evolved a series of antifreeze (glyco) proteins (AFGPs) to enable them to survive by modulating the structure of ice. These proteins have huge potential for use in cellular cryopreservation, ice-resistant surfaces, frozen food, and cryosurgery, but they are limited by their relatively low availability and questions regarding their mode of action. This has triggered the search for biomimetic materials capable of reproducing this function. The identification of new structures and sequences capable of inhibiting ice growth is crucial to aid our understanding of these proteins. Here, we show that plant c-type lectins, which have similar biological function to human c-type lectins (glycan recognition) but no sequence homology to AFPs, display calcium-dependent ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. This IRI activity can be switched on/off by changing the Ca2+ concentration. To show that more (nonantifreeze) proteins may exist with the potential to display IRI, a second motif was considered, amphipathicity. All known AFPs have defined hydrophobic/hydrophilic domains, rationalizing this choice. The cheap, and widely used, antimicrobial Nisin was found to have cation-dependent IRI activity, controlled by either acid or addition of histidine-binding ions such as zinc or nickel, which promote its amphipathic structure. These results demonstrate a new approach in the identification of antifreeze protein mimetic macromolecules and may help in the development of synthetic mimics of AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
E. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, MOAC DTC, University of
Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, MOAC DTC, University of
Warwick, Gibbet Hill
Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Coarse grained simulation reveals antifreeze properties of hyperactive antifreeze protein from Antarctic bacterium Colwellia sp. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sun T, Gauthier SY, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Revealing Surface Waters on an Antifreeze Protein by Fusion Protein Crystallography Combined with Molecular Dynamic Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12808-15. [PMID: 26371748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) adsorb to ice through an extensive, flat, relatively hydrophobic surface. It has been suggested that this ice-binding site (IBS) organizes surface waters into an ice-like clathrate arrangement that matches and fuses to the quasi-liquid layer on the ice surface. On cooling, these waters join the ice lattice and freeze the AFP to its ligand. Evidence for the generality of this binding mechanism is limited because AFPs tend to crystallize with their IBS as a preferred protein-protein contact surface, which displaces some bound waters. Type III AFP is a 7 kDa globular protein with an IBS made up two adjacent surfaces. In the crystal structure of the most active isoform (QAE1), the part of the IBS that docks to the primary prism plane of ice is partially exposed to solvent and has clathrate waters present that match this plane of ice. The adjacent IBS, which matches the pyramidal plane of ice, is involved in protein-protein crystal contacts with few surface waters. Here we have changed the protein-protein contacts in the ice-binding region by crystallizing a fusion of QAE1 to maltose-binding protein. In this 1.9 Å structure, the IBS that fits the pyramidal plane of ice is exposed to solvent. By combining crystallography data with MD simulations, the surface waters on both sides of the IBS were revealed and match well with the target ice planes. The waters on the pyramidal plane IBS were loosely constrained, which might explain why other isoforms of type III AFP that lack the prism plane IBS are less active than QAE1. The AFP fusion crystallization method can potentially be used to force the exposure to solvent of the IBS on other AFPs to reveal the locations of key surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sherry Y Gauthier
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Daraboina N, Malmos Perfeldt C, von Solms N. Testing antifreeze protein from the longhorn beetle Rhagium mordax as a kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor using a high-pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low dosage kinetic hydrate inhibitors are employed as alternatives to expensive thermodynamic inhibitors to manage the risk of hydrate formation inside oil and gas pipelines. These chemicals need to be tested at appropriate conditions in the laboratory before deployment in the field. A high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter HP-μDSC VII (Setaram Inc.) containing two 50 cc high pressure cells (maximum operating pressure 40 MPa; temperature range –40 to 120 °C) was employed to observe methane hydrate formation and decomposition in the presence of hyperactive antifreeze protein from Rhagium mordax (RmAFP) and biodegradable synthetic kinetic inhibitor Luvicap Bio. A systematic capillary dispersion method was used, and this method enhanced the ability to detect the effect of various inhibitors on hydrate formation with small quantities. The presence of RmAFP and Luvicap Bio influence (inhibit) the hydrate formation phenomena significantly. Luvicap Bio (relative strength compared to buffer: 13.3 °C) is stronger than RmAFP (9.8 °C) as a nucleation inhibitor. However, the presence RmAFP not only delays hydrate nucleation but also reduces the amount of hydrate formed (20%–30%) after nucleation significantly. Unlike RmAFP, Luvicap Bio promoted the amount of hydrate formed after nucleation. The superior hydrate growth inhibition capability and predictable hydrate melting behavior compared to complex, heterogeneous hydrate melting with Luvicap Bio shows that RmAFP can be a potential natural green kinetic inhibitor for hydrate formation in pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagu Daraboina
- TU Paraffin Deposition Projects, The University of Tulsa, 2450 East Marshall, Tulsa, OK 74110, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltoft Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christine Malmos Perfeldt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltoft Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicolas von Solms
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltoft Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Duman JG. Animal ice-binding (antifreeze) proteins and glycolipids: an overview with emphasis on physiological function. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1846-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) assist in subzero tolerance of multiple cold-tolerant organisms: animals, plants, fungi, bacteria etc. IBPs include: (1) antifreeze proteins (AFPs) with high thermal hysteresis antifreeze activity; (2) low thermal hysteresis IBPs; and (3) ice-nucleating proteins (INPs). Several structurally different IBPs have evolved, even within related taxa. Proteins that produce thermal hysteresis inhibit freezing by a non-colligative mechanism, whereby they adsorb onto ice crystals or ice-nucleating surfaces and prevent further growth. This lowers the so-called hysteretic freezing point below the normal equilibrium freezing/melting point, producing a difference between the two, termed thermal hysteresis. True AFPs with high thermal hysteresis are found in freeze-avoiding animals (those that must prevent freezing, as they die if frozen) especially marine fish, insects and other terrestrial arthropods where they function to prevent freezing at temperatures below those commonly experienced by the organism. Low thermal hysteresis IBPs are found in freeze-tolerant organisms (those able to survive extracellular freezing), and function to inhibit recrystallization – a potentially damaging process whereby larger ice crystals grow at the expense of smaller ones – and in some cases, prevent lethal propagation of extracellular ice into the cytoplasm. Ice-nucleator proteins inhibit supercooling and induce freezing in the extracellular fluid at high subzero temperatures in many freeze-tolerant species, thereby allowing them to control the location and temperature of ice nucleation, and the rate of ice growth. Numerous nuances to these functions have evolved. Antifreeze glycolipids with significant thermal hysteresis activity were recently identified in insects, frogs and plants.
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Booster NA, Su FY, Adolph SC, Ahn AN. Effect of temperature on leg kinematics in sprinting tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi): high speed may limit hydraulic joint actuation. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:977-82. [PMID: 25833132 PMCID: PMC4392594 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tarantulas extend the femur-patella (proximal) and tibia-metatarsal (distal) joints of their legs hydraulically. Because these two hydraulically actuated joints are positioned in series, hemolymph flow within each leg is expected to mechanically couple the movement of the joints. In the current study, we tested two hypotheses: (1) at lower temperatures, movement of the two in-series hydraulic joints within a leg will be less coupled because of increased hemolymph viscosity slowing hemolymph flow; and (2) at higher temperatures, movement of the two in-series hydraulic joints will be less coupled because the higher stride frequencies limit the time available for hemolymph flow. We elicited maximal running speeds at four ecologically relevant temperatures (15, 24, 31 and 40°C) in Texas Brown tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi). The spiders increased sprint speed 2.5-fold over the temperature range by changing their stride frequency but not stride length. The coefficient of determination for linear regression (R(2)) of the proximal and distal joint angles was used as the measure of the degree of coupling between the two joints. This coupling coefficient between the proximal and distal joint angles, for both forelegs and hind-legs, was significantly lowest at the highest temperature at which the animals ran the fastest with the highest stride frequencies. The coordination of multiple, in-series hydraulically actuated joints may be limited by operating speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Booster
- Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - F Y Su
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - S C Adolph
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - A N Ahn
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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McGill LM, Shannon AJ, Pisani D, Félix MA, Ramløv H, Dix I, Wharton DA, Burnell AM. Anhydrobiosis and freezing-tolerance: adaptations that facilitate the establishment of Panagrolaimus nematodes in polar habitats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116084. [PMID: 25747673 PMCID: PMC4352009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhydrobiotic animals can survive the loss of both free and bound water from their cells. While in this state they are also resistant to freezing. This physiology adapts anhydrobiotes to harsh environments and it aids their dispersal. Panagrolaimus davidi, a bacterial feeding anhydrobiotic nematode isolated from Ross Island Antarctica, can survive intracellular ice formation when fully hydrated. A capacity to survive freezing while fully hydrated has also been observed in some other Antarctic nematodes. We experimentally determined the anhydrobiotic and freezing-tolerance phenotypes of 24 Panagrolaimus strains from tropical, temperate, continental and polar habitats and we analysed their phylogenetic relationships. We found that several other Panagrolaimus isolates can also survive freezing when fully hydrated and that tissue extracts from these freezing-tolerant nematodes can inhibit the growth of ice crystals. We show that P. davidi belongs to a clade of anhydrobiotic and freezing-tolerant panagrolaimids containing strains from temperate and continental regions and that P. superbus, an early colonizer at Surtsey island, Iceland after its volcanic formation, is closely related to a species from Pennsylvania, USA. Ancestral state reconstructions show that anhydrobiosis evolved deep in the phylogeny of Panagrolaimus. The early-diverging Panagrolaimus lineages are strongly anhydrobiotic but weakly freezing-tolerant, suggesting that freezing tolerance is most likely a derived trait. The common ancestors of the davidi and the superbus clades were anhydrobiotic and also possessed robust freezing tolerance, along with a capacity to inhibit the growth and recrystallization of ice crystals. Unlike other endemic Antarctic nematodes, the life history traits of P. davidi do not show evidence of an evolved response to polar conditions. Thus we suggest that the colonization of Antarctica by P. davidi and of Surtsey by P. superbus may be examples of recent “ecological fitting” of freezing-tolerant anhydrobiotic propagules to the respective abiotic conditions in Ross Island and Surtsey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M. McGill
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Adam J. Shannon
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- Technology Sciences Group Europe LLP, Concordia House, St James Business Park, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, HG5 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, BS8 1UG, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Hans Ramløv
- Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, P.O.Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ilona Dix
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - David A. Wharton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ann M. Burnell
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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PROVESI JG, AMANTE ER. Revisão: Proteínas anticongelantes – uma tecnologia emergente para o congelamento de alimentos. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Um dos métodos mais tradicionais na conservação de alimentos, o congelamento também pode alterar de forma significativa as características do produto. Grandes cristais de gelo provocam alteração na textura e/ou danos a membranas e componentes celulares. As técnicas de congelamento rápido formam cristais de gelo menores do que o processo lento, porém as flutuações de temperatura durante a distribuição e transporte podem promover o crescimento dos cristais. Esse processo é conhecido como recristalização e é uma barreira na utilização do congelamento como método de conservação em muitos casos. O uso de crioprotetores tradicionais, como a sacarose, é uma alternativa limitada, uma vez que concentrações elevadas são requeridas. Na década de 1970, foi descrita em peixes de águas frias uma classe de proteínas que, em baixa concentração, pode interagir e influenciar o crescimento do cristal de gelo. Elas foram chamadas de proteínas anticongelantes (PACs), sendo encontradas também em plantas, animais e micro-organismos ambientados a baixas temperaturas. Essas proteínas podem intervir no processo de formação do núcleo inicial do gelo, reduzir o ponto de congelamento da água, ou, ainda, inibir a recristalização, principalmente para PACs de vegetais. Há diversos trabalhos publicados e algumas patentes registradas para o uso de PACs em diversos alimentos, como lácteos, carnes, massas, frutas e hortaliças, conservando de melhor forma as características originais do alimento. Atualmente, o custo ainda é uma barreira para utilização comercial das PACs. Contudo, a descoberta de novas fontes pode reduzir seu custo e tornar essas proteínas uma ferramenta efetiva na manutenção da textura de alimentos congelados. Baseada em trabalhos que avaliaram aspectos químicos das PACs e exemplos de sua aplicação, esta revisão tem como objetivo principal apresentar as características gerais das PACs e discutir sobre sua utilização.
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Heydari M, Izadi H. Effects of seasonal acclimation on cold tolerance and biochemical status of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, last instar larvae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:592-600. [PMID: 24819226 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, a pest of Punica granatum, overwinters as a larva. In this study, physiological changes, water content, cold hardiness and supercooling points (SCPs) in relation to ambient temperature in the overwintering period (October to March) and changes of these factors between diapausing (February) and non-diapausing (September) larvae were studied. Pupae that were derived from diapausing larvae (April) and from non-diapausing larvae (August) were also compared. Total body sugar, lipid and protein contents increased with decrease in the temperature and reached the highest levels (12.82, 1.99 and 6.11 mg g-1 body weight, respectively) in February, but glycogen content decreased and reached the lowest level (1.12 mg g-1 body weight) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, and pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae. Trehalose and myo-inositol contents increased during diapause and reached the highest levels (0.50 and 0.07 mg g-1 body weight, respectively) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, but the differences between pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae were not significant. The SCP of diapausing larvae (-17.3 °C) was significantly lower than in the non-diapausing larvae (-12.0 °C). SCP decreased gradually in autumn and reached the lowest level in the middle of winter. Changes of cold hardiness were inversely proportional to SCP changes. The lowest levels of water (65%) and weight (43.13 mg) were recorded in January and March, respectively. Most probably, lipids play a role as energy reserve, and low-molecular weight carbohydrates and polyols provide cryoprotection for overwintering larvae of the carob moth. Since the overwintering larvae die at temperatures above the SCP, the carob moth larvae were found to be a chill-intolerant insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heydari
- Department of Plant Protection,Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,Rafsanjan,Iran
| | - H Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection,Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,Rafsanjan,Iran
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Guz N, Toprak U, Dageri A, Oktay Gurkan M, Denlinger DL. Identification of a putative antifreeze protein gene that is highly expressed during preparation for winter in the sunn pest, Eurygaster maura. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 68:30-35. [PMID: 25010548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library generated from the fat body of field-collected, diapausing adults of the sunn pest, Eurygaster maura revealed the presence of a transcript that encodes a protein that shares the distinct physiochemical and structural features of an insect antifreeze protein. The transcript, which is most abundant in the midgut, accumulates in adults as they leave the fields in late summer and migrate to surrounding mountainous areas to overwinter. Transcript abundance again declines when adults return to the fields the following spring. This winter pattern of abundance suggests that this protein may be critical for winter survival in the cold regions where the bug enters its obligatory diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurper Guz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Dageri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Oktay Gurkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, USA
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Convey P, Abbandonato H, Bergan F, Beumer LT, Biersma EM, Bråthen VS, D'Imperio L, Jensen CK, Nilsen S, Paquin K, Stenkewitz U, Svoen ME, Winkler J, Müller E, Coulson SJ. Survival of rapidly fluctuating natural low winter temperatures by High Arctic soil invertebrates. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:111-7. [PMID: 26615733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The extreme polar environment creates challenges for its resident invertebrate communities and the stress tolerance of some of these animals has been examined over many years. However, although it is well appreciated that standard air temperature records often fail to describe accurately conditions experienced at microhabitat level, few studies have explicitly set out to link field conditions experienced by natural multispecies communities with the more detailed laboratory ecophysiological studies of a small number of 'representative' species. This is particularly the case during winter, when snow cover may insulate terrestrial habitats from extreme air temperature fluctuations. Further, climate projections suggest large changes in precipitation will occur in the polar regions, with the greatest changes expected during the winter period and, hence, implications for the insulation of overwintering microhabitats. To assess survival of natural High Arctic soil invertebrate communities contained in soil and vegetation cores to natural winter temperature variations, the overwintering temperatures they experienced were manipulated by deploying cores in locations with varying snow accumulation: No Snow, Shallow Snow (30 cm) and Deep Snow (120 cm). Air temperatures during the winter period fluctuated frequently between +3 and -24 °C, and the No Snow soil temperatures reflected this variation closely, with the extreme minimum being slightly lower. Under 30 cm of snow, soil temperatures varied less and did not decrease below -12 °C. Those under deep snow were even more stable and did not decline below -2 °C. Despite these striking differences in winter thermal regimes, there were no clear differences in survival of the invertebrate fauna between treatments, including oribatid, prostigmatid and mesostigmatid mites, Araneae, Collembola, Nematocera larvae or Coleoptera. This indicates widespread tolerance, previously undocumented for the Araneae, Nematocera or Coleoptera, of both direct exposure to at least -24 °C and the rapid and large temperature fluctuations. These results suggest that the studied polar soil invertebrate community may be robust to at least one important predicted consequence of projected climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway.
| | - Holly Abbandonato
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Frode Bergan
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, Hallvard Eikas Plass, Bø 3800, Norway
| | - Larissa Teresa Beumer
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway; Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Forest and Environment, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, Eberswalde 16225, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Machteld Biersma
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK; Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Vegard Sandøy Bråthen
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Natural Sciences Building, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Ludovica D'Imperio
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C 1958, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen K DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Christina Kjellerup Jensen
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway; Department of Environmental, Social and Spartial Change, Roskilde University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Solveig Nilsen
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Natural Sciences Building, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Karolina Paquin
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Ute Stenkewitz
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway; Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Urriðaholtsstræti 6-8, Garðabær 212, Iceland; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík 101, Iceland
| | - Mildrid Elvik Svoen
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Pb. 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Judith Winkler
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen K DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Eike Müller
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway
| | - Stephen James Coulson
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Pb. 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9171, Norway
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Nguyen H, Le L, Ho TB. Computational study on ice growth inhibition of Antarctic bacterium antifreeze protein using coarse grained simulation. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:225101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4881895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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50
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Everatt MJ, Convey P, Bale JS, Worland MR, Hayward SAL. Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:118-32. [PMID: 26615734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As small bodied poikilothermic ectotherms, invertebrates, more so than any other animal group, are susceptible to extremes of temperature and low water availability. In few places is this more apparent than in the Arctic and Antarctic, where low temperatures predominate and water is unusable during winter and unavailable for parts of summer. Polar terrestrial invertebrates express a suite of physiological, biochemical and genomic features in response to these stressors. However, the situation is not as simple as responding to each stressor in isolation, as they are often faced in combination. We consider how polar terrestrial invertebrates manage this scenario in light of their physiology and ecology. Climate change is also leading to warmer summers in parts of the polar regions, concomitantly increasing the potential for drought. The interaction between high temperature and low water availability, and the invertebrates' response to them, are therefore also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Everatt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pete Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; National Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey S Bale
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M Roger Worland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Scott A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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