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Short CA, Walters JL, Hahn DA. Bigger isn't always better: Challenging assumptions about the associations between diapause, body weight, and overwintering survival. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11511. [PMID: 38835525 PMCID: PMC11148123 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
During the winter, animals face limited food availability. Many animals enter dormancy to reduce their winter energy expenditure. Most insects spend the winter in diapause, a state of programmed dormancy. It is often assumed that diapausing insects need nutrient stores to fuel their many months of basal metabolism and must grow heavier than their non-diapause-programmed counterparts. However, the extent to which food limitation affects body weight during overwintering preparation as well as the likelihood and duration of diapause remains unclear. We limited the duration of the feeding period and thus the total quantity of food available to diapause-destined larvae of the pupal-diapausing flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, to test how food limitation affects body weight in the context of diapause programming. We also tested the extent to which food deprivation and body weight affect the likelihood and duration of diapause. We hypothesized that diapause-destined larvae grow more quickly and pupariate at a heavier body weight than non-diapause larvae. We also hypothesized that body weight is more dramatically reduced by food limitations when a larva is programmed for diapause. Finally, we hypothesized that larvae with lighter body weight (i.e., food limited) are less likely to enter pupal diapause and also stay in diapause for a shorter duration than heavier, well-fed, individuals. Contrary to our hypotheses that diapausing insects are heavier than their non-diapausing counterparts, we found diapausing pupae weighed less than non-diapausing pupae, especially when larvae received limited food. We found light pupae did not abort their diapause program. In both diapausing and non-diapausing pupae, body weight was positively correlated with simulated winter survival. However, above a weight threshold, body weight no longer affected simulated winter survival in diapausing pupae. Contrary to our predictions and the general consensus in much of the diapause literature, we also found that lighter pupae stayed in diapause longer than heavier pupae. Overall, our results challenge the precept that body weight and diapause are positively associated. The relationship between body weight and diapause is complex and may be affected by the availability of food before and after winter, the availability of high-quality overwintering sites, and the life history of a particular insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy A Short
- Department of Entomology and Nematology The University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jared L Walters
- Department of Entomology and Nematology The University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology The University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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Hasan MM, Hasan MM, Rahman ASMS, Athanassiou CG, Tussey DA, Hahn DA. Induced dormancy in Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and its impact on the quality improvement for mass rearing in parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:766-776. [PMID: 36193680 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485322000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A steady supply of hosts at the susceptible stage for parasitism is a major component of mass rearing parasitoids for biological control programs. Here we describe the effects of storing 5th instar Plodia interpunctella larvae in dormancy on subsequent host development in the context of host colony maintenance and effects of the duration of host dormancy on the development of Habrobracon hebetor parasitoids reared from dormant hosts. We induced dormancy with a combination of short daylength (12L:12D) and lower temperature (15°C), conditions known to induce diapause in this species, and held 5th instar larvae of P. interpunctella for a series of dormancy durations ranging from 15 to 105 days. Extended storage of dormant 5th instar larvae had no significant impacts on survival, development, or reproductive potential of P. interpunctella, reinforcing that dormant hosts have a substantial shelf life. This ability to store hosts in dormancy for more than 3 months at a time without strong negative consequences reinforces the promise of using dormancy to maintain host colonies. The proportion of hosts parasitized by H. hebetor did not vary significantly between non-dormant host larvae and dormant host larvae stored for periods as long as 105 days. Concordant with a prior study, H. hebetor adult progeny production from dormant host larvae was higher than the number of progeny produced on non-dormant host larvae. There were no differences in size, sex ratio, or reproductive output of parasitoids reared on dormant hosts compared to non-dormant hosts stored for up to 105 days. Larval development times of H. hebetor were however longer when reared on dormant hosts compared to non-dormant hosts. Our results agree with other studies showing using dormant hosts can improve parasitoid mass rearing, and we show benefits for parasitoid rearing even after 3 months of host dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str. 38446, N. Ionia Magnesia, Greece
| | - Dylan A Tussey
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Fischman BJ, Pitts-Singer TL, Robinson GE. Nutritional Regulation of Phenotypic Plasticity in a Solitary Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1070-1079. [PMID: 28981639 PMCID: PMC5850749 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity involves adaptive responses to predictable environmental fluctuations and may promote evolutionary change. We studied the regulation of phenotypic plasticity in an important agricultural pollinator, the solitary alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata F.). Specifically, we investigated how larval nutrition affects M. rotundata diapause plasticity and how diapause plasticity affects adult female reproductive behavior. Field surveys and laboratory manipulations of aspects of larval diet demonstrated nutritional regulation of M. rotundata diapause plasticity. Manipulation of larval diet quality through the addition of royal jelly, the caste-determining substance of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., increased the probability of diapause in M. rotundata. We also found that larval nutrition and diapause status affected M. rotundata adult female reproductive behavior. Nutritional effects on larval diapause that also impact adult fitness have intriguing implications for the evolution of developmental plasticity in bees. In particular, as the solitary lifestyle of M. rotundata is considered to be the ancestral condition in bees, nutritionally regulated plasticity may have been an ancestral condition in all bees that facilitated the evolution of other forms of phenotypic plasticity, such as the castes of social bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle J Fischman
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 ()
- Current address: Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456
| | | | - Gene E Robinson
- Department of Entomology, Neuroscience Program, and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 ()
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Nagamine K, Kayukawa T, Hoshizaki S, Matsuo T, Shinoda T, Ishikawa Y. Cloning, phylogeny, and expression analysis of the Broad-Complex gene in the longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:539. [PMID: 25279330 PMCID: PMC4175664 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven isoforms of Broad-Complex (PhBR-C), in which the sequence of the zinc finger domain differed (referred to as Z1, Z2, Z3, Z2/Z3, Z4, Z5/Z6, and Z6, respectively), were cloned from the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle Psacothea hilaris. The Z1–Z4 sequences were highly conserved among insect species. The Z5/Z6 isoform was aberrant in that it contained a premature stop codon. Z6 had previously only been detected in a hemimetabola, the German cockroach Blattella germanica. The presence of Z6 in P. hilaris, and not in other holometabolous model insects such as Drosophila melanogaster or Tribolium castaneum, suggests that Z6 was lost multiple times in holometabolous insects during the course of evolution. PhBR-C expression levels in the brain, salivary gland, and epidermis of larvae grown under different feeding regimens were subsequently investigated. PhBR-C expression levels increased in every tissue examined after the gut purge, and high expression levels were observed in prepupae. A low level of PhBR-C expression was continuously observed in the brain. An increase was noted in PhBR-C expression levels in the epidermis when 4th instar larvae were starved after 4 days of feeding, which induced precocious pupation. No significant changes were observed in expression levels in any tissues of larvae starved immediately after ecdysis into 4th instar, which did not grow and eventually died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagamine
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan ; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Takumi Kayukawa
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Sugihiko Hoshizaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinoda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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Wadsworth CB, Woods WA, Hahn DA, Dopman EB. One phase of the dormancy developmental pathway is critical for the evolution of insect seasonality. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2359-68. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W. A. Woods
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; Medford MA USA
| | - D. A. Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - E. B. Dopman
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; Medford MA USA
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Piiroinen S, Ketola T, Lyytinen A, Lindström L. Energy use, diapause behaviour and northern range expansion potential in the invasive Colorado potato beetle. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hahn DA, Denlinger DL. Meeting the energetic demands of insect diapause: nutrient storage and utilization. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:760-73. [PMID: 17532002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects in diapause characteristically feed very little or not at all, thus they are largely or totally dependent on energy reserves sequestered prior to the entry into diapause. Fats are the dominant reserve used during this period, but non-fat reserves are also important for some species, especially during certain phases of diapause. Metabolic depression, coupled with the low temperatures of winter, facilitates the economic utilization of reserves during the many months typical of most diapauses. Though many insects store additional lipid prior to the entry into diapause, our review of the literature indicates that this is not always the case. We provide evidence that interactions between nutrient storage and metabolism can influence the decision to enter diapause and determine how long to remain in diapause. In addition, the energy reserves expended during diapause have a profound effect on post-diapause fitness. Though the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that regulate nutrient homeostasis prior to and during diapause remain poorly known, we propose several mechanisms that have the potential to contribute to diapause-associated nutrient homeostasis. Potential players include insulin signaling, neuropeptide F, cGMP-kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase, and adipokinetic hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
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Munyiri FN, Ishikawa Y. Feeding glucose or sucrose, but not trehalose, suppresses the starvation-induced premature pupation in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:1005-12. [PMID: 15963528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under 25 degrees C and a long-day photoperiod, starvation induces premature pupation in 4th instar Psacothea hilaris larvae exceeding a threshold weight of 180 mg, resulting in the formation of small but morphologically normal adults. To investigate possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we first measured the hemolymph trehalose and glucose levels of starved larvae. When larvae were starved after 4 days of feeding (attaining the threshold weight), glucose levels decreased 4-fold within the next 24 h, while trehalose levels, after a temporary slight decrease, increased remarkably to reach a peak just before the prepupa stage. The effects of ingesting various nutrients on the developmental fate and the hemolymph sugar titers of starving larvae were then examined. Feeding on agar blocks containing sucrose or glucose totally suppressed the occurrence of premature pupation, while trehalose, fructose, casein and starch were ineffective. Feeding on glucose or trehalose resulted in a 6-fold decrease in hemolymph glucose levels and remarkably elevated trehalose levels. Since feeding on glucose and trehalose induced similar changes in hemolymph sugar titers but trehalose was not effective in suppressing premature pupation, glucose may have exhibited its effects via gustatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence N Munyiri
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Abstract
To learn the evolutionary trajectories of caste differentiation in eusocial species is a major goal of sociobiology. We present an explanatory framework for caste evolution in the eusocial wasp genus Polistes (Vespidae), which is a model system for insect eusocial evolution. We hypothesize that Polistes worker and gyne castes stem from two developmental pathways that characterized the bivoltine life cycle of a solitary ancestor. Through individual-based simulations, we show that our mechanistic framework can reproduce colony-level characteristics of Polistes and, thereby, that social castes can emerge from solitary regulatory pathways. Our explanatory framework illustrates, by specific example, a changed perspective for understanding insect social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Hunt
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Gro V. Amdam
- Department of Entomology, University of California–Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, and Department of Animal and Aqua-cultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway
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Munyiri FN, Ishikawa Y. Endocrine changes associated with metamorphosis and diapause induction in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 50:1075-1081. [PMID: 15607510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 09/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
At 25 degrees C and under a long-day photoperiod, all 5th instar Psacothea hilaris larvae pupate at the next molt. Under a short-day photoperiod, in contrast, they undergo one or two additional larval molts and enter diapause; the 7th instar larvae enter diapause without further molt. The changes in hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH III) titers, JH esterase activity, and ecdysteroid titers in pupation-destined, pre-diapause, and diapause-destined larvae were examined. JH titers of the 5th instar pupation-destined larvae decreased continuously from 1.3 ng/ml and became virtually undetectable on day 13, when JH esterase activity peaked. Ecdysteroids exhibited a small peak on day 8, 1 day before gut purge, and a large peak on day 11, 2 days before the larvae became pre-pupae. The two ecdysteroid peaks are suggested to be associated with pupal commitment and pupation, respectively. JH titers of the 5th instar pre-diapause larvae were maintained at approximately 1.5 ng/ml for 5 days and then increased to form a peak (3.3 ng/ml) on day 11. JH esterase activity remained at a low level throughout. Ecdysteroid levels exhibited a large peak of 40 ng/ml on day 18, coincident with the larval molt to the 6th instar. JH titers of the 7th instar diapause-destined larvae peaked at 1.9 ng/ml on day 3, and a level of approximately 1.1 ng/ml was maintained even 30-60 days into the instar, when they were in diapause. Ecdysteroid titers remained approximately 0.02 ng/ml. Diapause induction in this species was suggested to be a consequence of high JH and low ecdysteroid titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence N Munyiri
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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