1
|
Scheifler M, Wilhelm L, Visser B. Lipid Metabolism in Parasitoids and Parasitized Hosts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38977639 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids have an exceptional lifestyle where juvenile development is spent on or in a single host insect, but the adults are free-living. Unlike parasites, parasitoids kill the host. How parasitoids use such a limiting resource, particularly lipids, can affect chances to survive and reproduce. In part 1, we describe the parasitoid lifestyle, including typical developmental strategies. Lipid metabolism in parasitoids has been of interest to researchers since the 1960s and continues to fascinate ecologists, evolutionists, physiologists, and entomologists alike. One reason of this interest is that the majority of parasitoids do not accumulate triacylglycerols as adults. Early research revealed that some parasitoid larvae mimic the fatty acid composition of the host, which may result from a lack of de novo triacylglycerol synthesis. More recent work has focused on the evolution of lack of adult triacylglycerol accumulation and consequences for life history traits. In part 2 of this chapter, we discuss research efforts on lipid metabolism in parasitoids from the 1960s onwards. Parasitoids are also master manipulators of host physiology, including lipid metabolism, having evolved a range of mechanisms to affect the release, synthesis, transport, and take-up of lipids from the host. We lay out the effects of parasitism on host physiology in part 3 of this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Léonore Wilhelm
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du S, Ye F, Xu S, Liang Y, Wan F, Guo J, Liu W. Apomixis for no bacteria-induced thelytoky in Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Front Genet 2023; 13:1061100. [PMID: 36755874 PMCID: PMC9899834 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Hymenoptera species, the reproductive mode is usually arrhenotoky, where haploid males arise from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs. In addition, a few species reproduce by thelytoky, where diploid females arise from unfertilized eggs. Diploid females can be derived through various cytological mechanisms in thelytokous Hymenoptera species. Hitherto, these mechanisms were revealed mainly in endosymbiont-induced thelytokous Hymenoptera species. In contrast, thelytokous Hymenoptera species in which a reproductive manipulator has not been verified or several common endosymbionts have been excluded were paid less attention in their cytological mechanisms, for instance, Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Here, we investigated the cytological mechanism of D. wani using cytological methods and genetic markers. Our observations indicated that the diploid karyotypes of two strains of D. wani consist of four pairs of relatively large metacentric chromosomes and one pair of short submetacentric chromosomes (2n = 10). The arrhenotokous strains could complete normal meiosis, whereas the thelytokous strain lacked meiosis and did not expulse any polar bodies. This reproductive type of lacking meiosis is classified as apomictic thelytoky. Moreover, a total of 636 microsatellite sequences were obtained from thelytokous D. wani, dominated by dinucleotide repeats. Genetic markers results showed all three generations of offspring from thelytokous strain maintained the same genotype as their parents. Our results revealed that D. wani is the first eulophid parasitoid wasp in Hymenoptera whose thelytoky was not induced by bacteria to form an apomictic thelytoky. These findings provide a baseline for future inner molecular genetic studies of ameiotic thelytoky.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongxuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jianyang Guo, ; Wanxue Liu,
| | - Wanxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jianyang Guo, ; Wanxue Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yokoi K, Furukawa S, Zhou R, Jouraku A, Bono H. Reference Genome Sequences of the Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13121172. [PMID: 36555082 PMCID: PMC9853324 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are an important group of animals, including those used as biochemical and physiological model species in the insect and silk industries as well as others that are major agricultural pests. Therefore, the genome sequences of several lepidopteran insects have been reported. The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is an agricultural pest commonly used to study insect immune reactions and interactions with parasitoid wasps as hosts. To improve our understanding of these research topics, reference genome sequences were constructed in the present study. Using long-read and short-read sequence data, de novo assembly and polishing were performed and haplotigs were purged. Subsequently, gene predictions and functional annotations were performed. To search for orthologs of the Toll and Immune Deficiency (IMD) pathways and for C-type lectins, annotation data analysis, BLASTp, and Hummer scans were performed. The M. separata genome is 682 Mbp; its contig N50 was 2.7 Mbp, with 21,970 genes and 24,452 coding sites predicted. All orthologs of the core components of the Toll and IMD pathways and 105 C-type lectins were identified. These results suggest that the genome data were of sufficient quality for use as reference genome data and could contribute to promoting M. separata and lepidopteran research at the molecular and genome levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kakeru Yokoi
- Insect Design Technology Group, Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-6129
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Rui Zhou
- Degree Program in Agro-Bioresources Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Insect Design Technology Group, Division of Insect Advanced Technology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan;
| | - Hidemasa Bono
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-0046, Japan;
- Laboratory of BioDX, Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City 739-0046, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quicke DLJ, Butcher BA. Review of Venoms of Non-Polydnavirus Carrying Ichneumonoid Wasps. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:50. [PMID: 33445639 PMCID: PMC7828074 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoids are predominantly insects that develop as larvae on or inside their host, also usually another insect, ultimately killing it after various periods of parasitism when both parasitoid larva and host are alive. The very large wasp superfamily Ichneumonoidea is composed of parasitoids of other insects and comprises a minimum of 100,000 species. The superfamily is dominated by two similarly sized families, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, which are collectively divided into approximately 80 subfamilies. Of these, six have been shown to release DNA-containing virus-like particles, encoded within the wasp genome, classified in the virus family Polydnaviridae. Polydnaviruses infect and have profound effects on host physiology in conjunction with various venom and ovarial secretions, and have attracted an immense amount of research interest. Physiological interactions between the remaining ichneumonoids and their hosts result from adult venom gland secretions and in some cases, ovarian or larval secretions. Here we review the literature on the relatively few studies on the effects and chemistry of these ichneumonoid venoms and make suggestions for interesting future research areas. In particular, we highlight relatively or potentially easily culturable systems with features largely lacking in currently studied systems and whose study may lead to new insights into the roles of venom chemistry in host-parasitoid relationships as well as their evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. J. Quicke
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand
| | - Buntika A. Butcher
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Diversity of Insects and Mites, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caterpillar hairs as an anti-parasitoid defence. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Zhuo ZH, Yang W, Xu DP, Yang CP, Yang H. Effects of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) venom and parasitism on nutritional content regulation in host Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1017. [PMID: 27441136 PMCID: PMC4938838 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms by which the wasp Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao regulates the physiology and biochemistry of its host, effects of S. sichuanensis venom and parasitism on host the Tenebrio molitor L. pupae were examined. Significant differences in nutritional content were noted between parasitized and non-parasitized pupae and between venom- and phosphate buffered saline-injected pupae. When pupae were injected with venom, the fat body could not be disintegrated into granules; however, when pupae were parasitized, fat-body disintegration occurred. Electrophoresis showed no differences in hemolymph protein content between parasitized pupae and those injected with venom, indicating that the wasp did not have narrow-spectrum peptides. These findings confirmed that S. sichuanensis was a typical idiobiont ectoparasitoid wasp, and that nutrient regulation was similar between idiobiont and koinobiont wasps. The strong similarities between the two treatments suggest that venom injection is a major factor responsible for changes in host nutrient content. The wasp fed mainly on reducing sugars, free amino acids, and fat-body tissues; larval fat bodies were derived from hemolymph and from host tissue. Our findings suggest that lipid catabolism might be accelerated, and that lipid biosynthesis might be inhibited, when host pupae are parasitized or injected with venom. In addition to venom, physiological and biochemical changes that occur during the parasitic process might be caused by venom, ovarian proteins, saliva, or secretions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hang Zhuo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wen'jiang City, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Wei Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wen'jiang City, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Dan-Ping Xu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an City, 625014 Sichuan Province China
| | - Chun-Ping Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wen'jiang City, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Hua Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wen'jiang City, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Magdaraog PM, Tanaka T, Harvey JA. WASP-ASSOCIATED FACTORS ACT IN INTERSPECIES COMPETITION DURING MULTIPARASITISM. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:87-107. [PMID: 26890630 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coexistence or displacement of parasitoids in hosts during intrinsic competitive interactions between different parasitoid species (multiparasitism) may depend on their life history traits and behavior. Intense competition for possession of hosts may lead to the elimination of the inferior competitor through physical attack and/or physiological suppression. However, the mechanisms of physiological suppression during multiparasitism remain unclear. Previous work has shown that first instar larvae of the solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis possess well-developed mandibles that are used to kill competitors. Two gregarious endoparasitoids, Cotesia kariyai and C. rufricus, share host resources especially when the time gap of oviposition is short. Here, we investigated the physiological influence of wasp-regulatory factors of the three endoparasitoids, M. pulchricornis, C. kariyai, and C. ruficrus, in their common host Mythimna separata. We found that MpVLP alone (or with venom) deleteriously affected the development of the two gregarious species. Similarly, CkPDV plus venom had toxic effect on M. pulchricornis eggs and immature larvae, although they were not harmful to immature stages of C. ruficrus. Cotesia kariyai and C. ruficrus were able to coexist mainly through the expression of regulatory factors and both could successfully emerge from a multiparasitized host. The injection of CkPDV plus venom after oviposition in L5 host larvae facilitated C. ruficrus development and increased the rate of successful parasitism from 9% to 62%. This suggests that the two gregarious parasitoid wasps exhibit strong phylogenetic affinity, favoring their coexistence and success in multiparasitized hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Magdaraog
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands and Amsterdam Free University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mancini D, Garonna AP, Pedata PA. To divide or not to divide: An alternative behavior for teratocytes in Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:57-63. [PMID: 26529581 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an endoparasitoid with an unusual embryonic development compared to most of congeneric species and all other members of the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The developmental background of this wasp is based on an alecithal hydropic egg, with the embryo developing inside an extra-embryonic membrane which dissociates at hatching into special larva-assisting cells, the teratocytes. In E. pergandiella many teratocytes at hatching were multinucleated syncytial cells with no evidence of a cellular membrane separating the nuclei. These teratocytes during larval development produced smaller uninucleated teratocytes, through successive divisions obtained by progressive ingrowth of the plasmatic membrane, accompanied by appearance of degeneration symptoms, such as protrusions and blebs. As a consequence of this divisional process teratocytes showed a size reduction and an increase in number of about four times during the second day of larval development. Only on the third day of larval life teratocytes started to decrease in number, until total disappearance at larval maturation. This behaviour is in striking contrast with all other studied systems in which teratocytes do not divide and progressively decrease in number as the parasitoid larva develops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Mancini
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Biologia e Protezione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Antonio P Garonna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Biologia e Protezione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Paolo A Pedata
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante CNR, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nucleopolyhedrovirus infection and/or parasitism by Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti affect hemocyte apoptosis of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 132:165-170. [PMID: 26470677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effects of parasitism by the endoparasitoid Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti and/or nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infection on hemocyte apoptosis of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae. Compared to healthy (control) larvae, larvae that were parasitized, virus-infected, or both all showed a significant increase in hemocyte apoptosis during 48-h observation period. The peaks of hemocyte apoptosis in parasitized, virus-infected and parasitized+infected larvae were at 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment, and were 86.7±1.9, 87.4±3.6 and 76.5±1.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, compared to parasitized larvae, hemocyte apoptosis in jointly parasitized and infected larvae increased by 12.9%, 18.7% and 2.8% at 8, 36 and 48 h respectively, and decreased by 39.0% and 9.1% at 12 and 24h. Compared to virus-infected larvae, hemocyte apoptosis in jointly parasitized and infected larvae increased by 13.4%, 2.4% and 15.3% at 8, 36 and 48 h, respectively, and decreased by 4.0% and 29.9% at 12 and 24h. Our study found that joint and separate parasitism and SeNPV infection induced hemocyte apoptosis of S. exigua larvae. It also revealed that NPV infection promoted host hemocyte apoptosis induced by parasitism at early egg and larval stages of M. pallidipes in host larvae, but inhibited the same effect at late egg stage of M. pallidipes in host larvae, and that parasitism promoted host hemocyte apoptosis induced by NPV infection at early egg and larval stages of M. pallidipes in host larvae, but inhibited the same effect at late egg stage of M. pallidipes in host larvae.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen WT, Hwang SY. Interspecific competition between Snellenius manilae and Meteorus pulchricornis, larval parasitoids of Spodoptera litura. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:583-588. [PMID: 26152459 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Snellenius manilae (Ashmead) and Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are larval endoparasitoids of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both species preferentially parasitize early-instar S. litura and occupy similar ecological niches. Therefore, competition between the two species may occur. In this study, intrinsic competition and cage experiments were conducted to discuss the interactions between S. manilae and M. pulchricornis. The results indicated that in intrinsic competition, M. pulchricornis was always the dominant species. In cage experiments, when the total number of parasitoids was four, the parasitism rates following the release of one species were significantly higher than the release of two species simultaneously. In addition, parasitism rate of eight M. pulchricornis was also significantly higher than the parasitism rate of the treatment released four S. manilae and four M. pulchricornis simultaneously. Therefore, competition occurs between S. manilae and M. pulchricornis, and M. pulchricornis is typically the superior of the two species. The use of M. pulchricornis as a biological agent for S. litura should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W-T Chen
- Department of Entomology,National Chung Hsing University,Taichung,Taiwan
| | - S-Y Hwang
- Department of Entomology,National Chung Hsing University,Taichung,Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali MR, Lim J, Kim Y. Transcriptome of a specialized extra-embryonic cell, teratocyte, and its host immunosuppressive role revealed by ex vivo RNA interference. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:13-28. [PMID: 25255866 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The specialized wasp cells teratocytes (TCs) are derived from the embryonic serosal membrane of some parasitic hymenopteran insects. As a parasitic factor, TCs are multifunctional in host regulation, such as host nutritional deprivation, immunosuppression and developmental arrest; however, little is understood about their genetic constituents. The present study provides a comprehensive view of the genes expressed by TCs through a transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing technology. The assembled 34 686 contigs (>200 base pairs) were annotated into different functional categories, indicating a distinct distribution in gene transcripts compared with those of haemocytes and fat body. The TC transcriptome contained components of insulin signalling and biosyntheses of juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. TCs also expressed various groups of digestive enzymes, indicating that they have nutritional role for the growing parasitoid larvae in parasitism. Furthermore, through this transcriptome analysis two kinds of immunosuppressive serine protease inhibitors (serpins) and Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs) were annotated. To determine the biological functions of these factors, we devised ex vivo RNA interference (RNAi) by conducting knockdown of gene expression in in vitro-cultured TCs followed by injection of the treated TCs to test insects. Ex vivo RNAi revealed that some serpins and RhoGAPs expressed in TCs inhibited host cellular immunity. This study reports a transcriptome of the unique TC animal cell and its immunosuppressive genetic factors using ex vivo RNAi technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ali
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Strand MR. Teratocytes and their functions in parasitoids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:68-73. [PMID: 32846683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some endoparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) produce teratocytes, which are a type of cell that is released into host insects when wasp eggs hatch. In this short review I first summarize the different taxa of wasps that produce teratocytes, the embryonic origin of these cells, and key features of teratocyte growth. Then I discuss the known or hypothesized functions of teratocytes, and the range of teratocyte gene products that have been identified including recent transcriptome and proteome data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kato Y, Yoshida T, Miura K, Tanaka T, Nakamatsu Y, Ochiai M. A novel type of hemocytes localizing melanization with high-spreading behavior in Mythimna separata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 86:220-239. [PMID: 24986040 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae show a cellular response to invading foreign substances that are larger than hemocytes, for example, parasitoid eggs or larvae. This response is called hemocyte encapsulation and is often accompanied by phenoloxidase (PO)-catalyzed melanization. In the present study, we artificially transplanted endoparasitoid larvae and small glass fragments into the hemocoel of the common armyworm, Mythimna separata. We observed that the host larva showed a cellular response and that, 2-4 h after transplantation, melanin formation was spatially confined to the surface of the encapsulated substances. We further noted that specific morphological hemocytes surrounded by melanin formation became attached to the surface of the foreign substances. We designated these hemocytes hyperspread cells (HSCs) on the basis of their specific characteristics and circumferential spread. We confirmed the occurrence of prophenoloxidase (PPO)/phenoloxidase (PO) on the periphery of the HSCs and in the substance secreted around the HSCs by using anti-PPO antibody. We were unable to detect PPO-mRNA in HSCs by using in situ hybridization, although we showed that oenocytoids contained PPO-mRNA and PPO protein. We used light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to discriminate five main types of circulating M. separata hemocytes. We observed that HSCs differed from plasmatocytes, but spread out well. Further, during the encapsulation process, HSCs appeared to provide a localized melanization spot on the surface of foreign invaders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kato
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caccia S, Grimaldi A, Casartelli M, Falabella P, de Eguileor M, Pennacchio F, Giordana B. Functional analysis of a fatty acid binding protein produced by Aphidius ervi teratocytes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:621-627. [PMID: 22226822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid of various aphid species, including Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera, Aphididae), the model host used in the present study. Parasitized hosts show a marked increase of their nutritional suitability for the developing parasitoid larvae. This alteration of the biochemical and metabolic profile is due to a castration process mediated by the combined action of the venom, injected at the oviposition, and of the teratocytes, cells deriving from the dissociation of the embryonic membrane. Teratocytes produce and release in the host haemocoel two parasitism-specific proteins, which are of crucial importance for the development of their sister larvae. One of the proteins is a fatty acid binding protein (Ae-FABP), which shows a high affinity for C14-C18 saturated fatty acids (FAs) and for oleic and arachidonic acids. To better define the possible nutritional role of this protein, we have studied its immunolocalization profile in vivo and the impact on FA uptake by the epidermal and midgut epithelia of A. ervi larvae. During the exponential growth of A. ervi larvae, Ae-FABP is distributed around discrete lipid particles, which are abundantly present in the haemocoel of parasitized host aphids and in the midgut lumen of parasitoid larvae. Moreover, a strong immunodetection signal is evident on the surface of the two larval epithelia involved in nutrient absorption: the parasitoid midgut epithelium and the external epidermal layer. These two epithelia can effectively absorb radiolabelled myristic acid, but the FA transport rates are not affected by the presence in the medium of Ae-FABP. The protein appears to act essentially as a vector in the host haemolymph, transferring FAs from the digestion sites of host lipids to the growing parasitoid larvae. These data indicate that the proteins produced by A. ervi teratocytes may play complementary roles in the nutritional exploitation of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caccia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harvey JA, Tanaka T, Kruidhof M, Vet LE, Gols R. The ‘usurpation hypothesis’ revisited: dying caterpillar repels attack from a hyperparasitoid wasp. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Sabri A, Hance T, Leroy PD, Frère I, Haubruge E, Destain J, Compère P, Thonart P. Placenta-like structure of the aphid endoparasitic wasp Aphidius ervi: a strategy of optimal resources acquisition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18847. [PMID: 21526196 PMCID: PMC3079733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an entomophagous parasitoid known to be an effective parasitoid of several aphid species of economic importance. A reduction of its production cost during mass rearing for inundative release is needed to improve its use in biological control of pests. In these contexts, a careful analysis of its entire development phases within its host is needed. This paper shows that this parasitoid has some characteristics in its embryological development rather complex and different from most other reported insects, which can be phylogenetically very close. First, its yolkless egg allows a high fecundity of the female but force them to hatch from the egg shell rapidly to the host hemocoel. An early cellularisation allowing a rapid differentiation of a serosa membrane seems to confirm this hypothesis. The serosa wraps the developing embryo until the first instar larva stage and invades the host tissues by microvilli projections and form a placenta like structure able to divert host resources and allowing nutrition and respiration of embryo. Such interspecific invasion, at the cellular level, recalls mammal's trophoblasts that anchors maternal uterine wall and underlines the high adaptation of A. ervi to develop in the host body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sabri
- Centre Wallon de Biologie Industrielle, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Andrade GS, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC, Zanuncio TV, Leite GLD, Polanczyk RA. Immunity of an alternative host can be overcome by higher densities of its parasitoids Palmistichus elaeisis and Trichospilus diatraeae. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13231. [PMID: 20975929 PMCID: PMC2958748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of the parasitoids Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle and Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with its alternative host Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) affect the success or failure of the mass production of these parasitoids for use in integrated pest management programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the cellular defense and encapsulation ability of A. gemmatalis pupae against P. elaeisis or T. diatraeae in adult parasitoid densities of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13 parasitoids/pupae. We evaluated the total quantity of circulating hemocytes and the encapsulation rate versus density. Increasing parasitoid density reduced the total number of hemocytes in the hemolymph and the encapsulation rate by parasitized pupae. Furthermore, densities of P. elaeisis above 5 parasitoids/pupae caused higher reduction in total hemocyte numbers. The encapsulation rate fell with increasing parasitoid density. However, parasitic invasion by both species induced generally similar responses. The reduction in defensive capacity of A. gemmatalis is related to the adjustment of the density of these parasitoids to their development in this host. Thus, the role of the density of P. elaeisis or T. diatraeae by pupa is induced suppression of cellular defense and encapsulation of the host, even without them possesses a co-evolutionary history. Furthermore, these findings can predict the success of P. elaeisis and T. diatraeae in the control of insect pests through the use of immunology as a tool for evaluation of natural enemies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
- Departamento de Proteção de Plantas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harvey JA, Sano T, Tanaka T. Differential host growth regulation by the solitary endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis in two hosts of greatly differing mass. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1178-1183. [PMID: 20346952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids generally reduce the growth of their hosts by a significant amount compared with healthy larvae. Here, we compared the development and host usage strategies of the solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid, Meteorus pulchricornis, when developing in larvae of a large host species (Mythimna separata) and a much smaller host species (Plutella xylostella). Caterpillars of M. separata were parasitized as L2 and P. xylostella as L3, when they weighed approximately 2mg. The growth of parasitized M. separata larvae was reduced by almost 95% compared with controls, whereas parasitized P. xylostella larvae grew some 30% larger than controls. Still, adult wasps emerging from M. separata larvae were almost twice as large as wasps emerging from P. xylostella larvae, had larger egg loads after 5 days and produced more progeny. Survival to eclosion was also higher on M. separata than on P. xylostella, although parasitoids developed significantly faster when developing on P. xylostella. Our results provide evidence that koinobionts are able to differentially regulate the growth of different host species. However, there are clearly also limitations in the ability of parasitoids to regulate phenotypic host traits when size differences between different host species are as extreme as demonstrated here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Heteren, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Visser B, Le Lann C, den Blanken FJ, Harvey JA, van Alphen JJM, Ellers J. Loss of lipid synthesis as an evolutionary consequence of a parasitic lifestyle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8677-82. [PMID: 20421492 PMCID: PMC2889307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001744107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary loss of traits can result from negative selection on a specific phenotype, or if the trait is selectively neutral, because the phenotype associated with the trait has become redundant. Even essential traits may be lost, however, if the resulting phenotypic deficiencies can be compensated for by the environment or a symbiotic partner. Here we demonstrate that loss of an essential me-tabolic trait in parasitic wasps has evolved through environmental compensation. We tested 24 species for the ability to synthesize lipids de novo and collected additional data from the literature. We found the majority of adult parasitoid species to be incapable of synthesizing lipids, and phylogenetic analyses showed that the evolution of lack of lipogenesis is concurrent with that of parasitism in insects. Exploitive host manipulation, in which the host is forced to synthesize lipids to the benefit of the parasitoid, presumably facilitates loss of lipogenesis through environmental compensation. Lipogenesis re-evolved in a small number of parasitoid species, particularly host generalists. The wide range of host species in which generalists are able to develop may impede effective host manipulation and could have resulted in regaining of lipogenic ability in generalist parasitoids. As trait loss through environmental compensation is unnoticed at the phenotypic level, it may be more common than currently anticipated, especially in species involved in intricate symbiotic relationships with other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mabiala-Moundoungou ADN, Doury G, Eslin P, Cherqui A, Prévost G. Deadly venom of Asobara japonica parasitoid needs ovarian antidote to regulate host physiology. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:35-41. [PMID: 19769980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Asobara japonica (Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid developing in Drosophila larvae. The present study shows that A. japonica was never encapsulated in Drosophila melanogaster, and that it caused an overall inhibition of the host encapsulation reaction since injected foreign bodies were never encapsulated in parasitized hosts. Both the number of circulating hemocytes and the phenoloxidase activity decreased in parasitized larvae, and the hematopoietic organ appeared highly disrupted. We also found that A. japonica venom secretions had atypical effects on hosts compared to other braconid wasps. A. japonica venom secretions induced permanent paralysis followed by death of D. melanogaster larvae, whether injected by the female wasp during an interrupted oviposition, or manually injected into unparasitized larvae. More remarkably, these effects could be reversed by injection of ovarian extracts from female wasps. This is the first report that the venom of an endophagous braconid parasitoid can have a deadly effect on hosts, and moreover, that ovarian extracts can act as an antidote to reverse the effects of the wasp's venom. These results also demonstrate that A. japonica secretions from both venom gland and ovary are required to regulate synergistically the host physiology for the success of the parasitoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D N Mabiala-Moundoungou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Entomophages, EA 3900 BioPI, Université de Picardie-Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Falabella P, Riviello L, De Stradis ML, Stigliano C, Varricchio P, Grimaldi A, de Eguileor M, Graziani F, Gigliotti S, Pennacchio F. Aphidius ervi teratocytes release an extracellular enolase. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:801-813. [PMID: 19786101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning of a gene and the characterization of the encoded protein, which is released by the teratocytes of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi in the haemocoel of the host aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The studied protein was identified by LC-MS/MS, and the gathered information used for isolating the full length cDNA. The corresponding gene was made of 3 exons and 2 introns, and was highly expressed in the adult wasps and in parasitized hosts. The translation product, which was named Ae-ENO, showed a very high level of sequence identity with insect enolases. In vivo immunodetection experiments evidenced Ae-ENO localization in round spots, present in the teratocytes and released in the host haemocoel. Moreover, strong immunoreactivity was detected on the surface of A. ervi larvae and of host embryos. Ae-ENO expressed in insect cells was not secreted in the medium, indicating the occurrence in the teratocytes of an unknown pathway for Ae-ENO release. The recombinant protein produced in bacteria under native conditions was a dimer, with evident enolase activity (K(m) = 0.086 +/- 0.017 mM). Enolase is a well known enzyme in cell metabolism, which, however, is associated with a multifunctional role in disease, when present in the extracellular environment, on the surface of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In these cases, the enolase mediates the activation of enzymes involved in the invasion of tissues by pathogens and tumour cells, and in the evasion of host immune response. The possible role played by Ae-ENO in the host regulation process is discussed in the light of this information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Falabella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Visser B, Ellers J. Lack of lipogenesis in parasitoids: a review of physiological mechanisms and evolutionary implications. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:1315-1322. [PMID: 18706420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability of organisms to adapt to fluctuating food conditions is essential for their survival and reproduction. Accumulating energy reserves, such as lipids, in anticipation of harsh conditions, will reduce negative effects of a low food supply. For Hymenoptera and Diptera, several parasitoid species lack adult lipogenesis, and are unable to store excess energy in the form of lipid reserves. The aim of this review is to provide a synthesis of current knowledge regarding the inability to accumulate lipids in parasitoids, leading to new insights and prospects for further research. We will emphasize physiological mechanisms underlying lack of lipogenesis, the evolution of this adaptation in parasitoids and its biological implications with regard to life history traits. We suggest the occurrence of lack of lipogenesis in parasitoids to be dependent on the extent of host exploitation through metabolic manipulation. Currently available data shows lack of lipogenesis to have evolved independently at least twice, in parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera. The underlying genetic mechanism, however, remains to be solved. Furthermore, due to the inability to replenish adult fat reserves, parasitoids are severely constrained in resource allocation strategies, in particular the trade-off between survival and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Institute of Ecological Science, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suzuki M, Miura K, Tanaka T. The virus-like particles of a braconid endoparasitoid wasp, Meteorus pulchricornis, inhibit hemocyte spreading in its noctuid host, Pseudaletia separata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:1015-22. [PMID: 18501922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the virus-like particles of Meteorus pulchricornis (MpVLPs) are capable of inducing apoptosis by around 6h in the hemocytes of the host, Pseudaletia separata [Suzuki, M., Tanaka, T., 2006. Virus-like particles in venom of Meteorus pulchricornis induce host hemocyte apoptosis. Journal of Insect Physiology 52, 602-611], thereby protecting the oviposited egg. In the present study, we focused on analyses of the earlier events caused by the MpVLPs upon the host immune response, namely their effects on hemocyte spreading. After recognition and attachment on foreign substance, the granulocytes and plasmatocytes assemble focal complexes and focal adhesions and spread by protruding filopodia/lamellipodia. The well-spread, cultured hemocytes were subjected to MpVLPs exposure, and the morphological changes were observed. The granulocytes lost the focal complexes/adhesions visualized as phosphotyrosine clusters and retracted the filopodia/lamellipodia within 30min after exposure, while the plasmatocytes exhibited similar but distinct responses. The two hemocyte species prepared from either parasitized or MpVLP-injected hosts lost the ability to form both filopodia/lamellipodia and phosphotyrosine clusters. A caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, did not affect these MpVLP-induced morphological changes, indicating that these earlier changes found in the hemocytes precede apoptosis. The present study together with our previous data has established that the attenuation of host immune defense by the MpVLPs comprises at least two temporally distinguishable phases: immediate and early inhibition of hemocyte spreading and the eventual induction of hemocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|