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Matsumoto K, Kotaki T, Numata H, Shinada T, Goto SG. Juvenile hormone III skipped bisepoxide is widespread in true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202242. [PMID: 33972884 PMCID: PMC8074663 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) plays important roles in almost every aspect of insect development and reproduction. JHs are a group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids, and their farnesol backbone has been chemically modified to generate a homologous series of hormones in some insect lineages. JH III (methyl farnesoate, 10,11-epoxide) is the most common JH in insects, but Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and 'higher' Diptera (suborder: Brachycera; flies) have developed their own unique JHs. Although JH was first proposed in the hemipteran suborder Heteroptera (true bugs), the chemical identity of the heteropteran JH was only recently determined. Furthermore, recent studies revealed the presence of a novel JH, JH III skipped bisepoxide (JHSB3), in some heteropterans, but its taxonomic distribution remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated JHSB3 production in 31 heteropteran species, covering almost all heteropteran lineages, through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We found that all of the focal species produced JHSB3, indicating that JHSB3 is widespread in heteropteran bugs and the evolutionary occurrence of JHSB3 ascends to the common ancestor of Heteroptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Matsumoto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Toyomi Kotaki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideharu Numata
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin G. Goto
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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The genes expression difference between winged and wingless bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi based on transcriptomic data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4754. [PMID: 30894649 PMCID: PMC6426873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids produce wing and wingless morphs, depending on the environmental conditions during their complex life cycles. Wing and wingless variations play an important role in migration and host alternation, affecting the migration and host alternation processes. Several transcriptional studies have concentrated on aphids and sought to determine how an organism perceives environmental cues and responds in a plastic manner, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Therefore, to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the wing polyphenism of this fascinating phenomenon, we provide the first report concerning the wing development of aphids in bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi with comparative transcriptional analysis of all the developmental stages by RNA-Seq. We identified several candidate genes related to biogenic amines and hormones that may be specifically involved in wing development. Moreover, we found that the third instar stage might be a critical stage for visibility of alternative morphs as well as changes in the expression of thirty-three genes associated with wing development. Several genes, i.e., Wnt2, Fng, Uba1, Hh, Foxo, Dpp, Brk, Ap, Dll, Hth, Tsh, Nub, Scr, Antp, Ubx, Asc, Srf and Fl, had different expression levels in different developmental stages and may play important roles in regulating wing polyphenism.
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Abstract
Many insects are capable of developing into either long-winged or short-winged (or wingless) morphs, which enables them to rapidly match heterogeneous environments. Thus, the wing polymorphism is an adaptation at the root of their ecological success. Wing polymorphism is orchestrated at various levels, starting with the insect's perception of environmental cues, then signal transduction and signal execution, and ultimately the transmitting of signals into physiological adaption in accordance with the particular morph produced. Juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid pathways have long been proposed to regulate wing polymorphism in insects, but rigorous experimental evidence is lacking. The breakthrough findings of ecdysone receptor regulation on transgenerational wing dimorphism in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and of insulin signaling in the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens greatly broaden our understanding of wing polymorphism at the molecular level. Recently, the advent of high-throughput sequencing coupled with functional genomics provides powerful genetic tools for future insights into the molecular bases underlying wing polymorphism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ,
| | - Jennifer A Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA;
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ,
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Chemical Ecology and Sociality in Aphids: Opportunities and Directions. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:770-784. [PMID: 29637490 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aphids have long been recognized as good phytochemists. They are small sap-feeding plant herbivores with complex life cycles that can involve cyclical parthenogenesis and seasonal host plant alternation, and most are plant specialists. Aphids have distinctive traits for identifying and exploiting their host plants, including the expression of polyphenisms, a form of discrete phenotypic plasticity characteristic of insects, but taken to extreme in aphids. In a relatively small number of species, a social polyphenism occurs, involving sub-adult "soldiers" that are behaviorally or morphologically specialized to defend their nestmates from predators. Soldiers are sterile in many species, constituting a form of eusociality and reproductive division of labor that bears striking resemblances with other social insects. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the chemical ecology of non-social aphids and their phytophagous lifestyles, the molecular and chemoecological mechanisms involved in social polyphenisms in aphids are poorly understood. We provide a brief primer on aspects of aphid life cycles and chemical ecology for the non-specialists, and an overview of the social biology of aphids, with special attention to chemoecological perspectives. We discuss some of our own efforts to characterize how host plant chemistry may shape social traits in aphids. As good phytochemists, social aphids provide a bridge between the study of insect social evolution sociality, and the chemical ecology of plant-insect interactions. Aphids provide many promising opportunities for the study of sociality in insects, and to understand both the convergent and novel traits that characterize complex sociality on plants.
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Vellichirammal NN, Gupta P, Hall TA, Brisson JA. Ecdysone signaling underlies the pea aphid transgenerational wing polyphenism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1419-1423. [PMID: 28115695 PMCID: PMC5307454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617640114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The wing polyphenism of pea aphids is a compelling laboratory model with which to study the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity. In this polyphenism, environmental stressors such as high aphid density cause asexual, viviparous adult female aphids to alter the developmental fate of their embryos from wingless to winged morphs. This polyphenism is transgenerational, in that the pea aphid mother experiences the environmental signals, but it is her offspring that are affected. Previous research suggested that the steroid hormone ecdysone may play a role in this polyphenism. Here, we analyzed ecdysone-related gene expression patterns and found that they were consistent with a down-regulation of the ecdysone pathway being involved in the production of winged offspring. We therefore predicted that reduced ecdysone signaling would result in more winged offspring. Experimental injections of ecdysone or its analog resulted in a decreased production of winged offspring. Conversely, interfering with ecdysone signaling using an ecdysone receptor antagonist or knocking down the ecdysone receptor gene with RNAi resulted in an increased production of winged offspring. Our results are therefore consistent with the idea that ecdysone plays a causative role in the regulation of the proportion of winged offspring produced in response to crowding in this polyphenism. Our results also show that an environmentally regulated maternal hormone can mediate phenotype production in the next generation, as well as provide significant insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the functioning of transgenerational phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purba Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627
| | - Tannice A Hall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Zinna R, Gotoh H, Brent CS, Dolezal A, Kraus A, Niimi T, Emlen D, Lavine LC. Endocrine Control of Exaggerated Trait Growth in Rhinoceros Beetles. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:247-59. [PMID: 27252223 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is a key insect growth regulator frequently involved in modulating phenotypically plastic traits such as caste determination in eusocial species, wing polymorphisms in aphids, and mandible size in stag beetles. The jaw morphology of stag beetles is sexually-dimorphic and condition-dependent; males have larger jaws than females and those developing under optimum conditions are larger in overall body size and have disproportionately larger jaws than males raised under poor conditions. We have previously shown that large males have higher JH titers than small males during development, and ectopic application of fenoxycarb (JH analog) to small males can induce mandibular growth similar to that of larger males. What remains unknown is whether JH regulates condition-dependent trait growth in other insects with extreme sexually selected structures. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that JH mediates the condition-dependent expression of the elaborate horns of the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus. The sexually dimorphic head horn of this beetle is sensitive to nutritional state during larval development. Like stag beetles, male rhinoceros beetles receiving copious food produce disproportionately large horns for their body size compared with males under restricted diets. We show that JH titers are correlated with body size during the late feeding and early prepupal periods, but this correlation disappears by the late prepupal period, the period of maximum horn growth. While ectopic application of fenoxycarb during the third larval instar significantly delayed pupation, it had no effect on adult horn size relative to body size. Fenoxycarb application to late prepupae also had at most a marginal effect on relative horn size. We discuss our results in context of other endocrine signals of condition-dependent trait exaggeration and suggest that different beetle lineages may have co-opted different physiological signaling mechanisms to achieve heightened nutrient-sensitive weapon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zinna
- *Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - H Gotoh
- **Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - C S Brent
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA
| | - A Dolezal
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - A Kraus
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258 USA
| | - T Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - D Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana-Missoula, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Cheong SPS, Huang J, Bendena WG, Tobe SS, Hui JHL. Evolution of Ecdysis and Metamorphosis in Arthropods: The Rise of Regulation of Juvenile Hormone. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:878-90. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ayyanath MM, Scott-Dupree CD, Cutler GC. Effect of low doses of precocene on reproduction and gene expression in green peach aphid. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:245-251. [PMID: 25723717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect reproduction can be stimulated by exposure to sublethal doses of insecticide that kill the same insects at high doses. This bi-phasic dose response to a stressor is known as hormesis and has been demonstrated with many different insect-insecticide models. The specific mechanisms of the increased reproduction in insects following sublethal pesticide exposure are unknown, but may be related to juvenile hormone (JH), which has a major role in regulation of metamorphosis and reproductive development in insects. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to sublethal concentrations of precocene, an antagonist of JH, would not result in stimulated reproductive outputs in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, as can be demonstrated with many neurotoxic insecticides. We also measured JH titers and the expression of various developmental (FPPS I), stress response (Hsp60), and dispersal (OSD, TOL and ANT) genes in aphids following exposure to the same precocene treatments. We found that when aphid nymphs were treated with certain sublethal concentrations of precocene, 1.5- to 2-fold increased reproductive stimulation occurred when they became adults, but this effect subsided in the following generation. Precocene treatments to nymphs resulted in no measurable effects on JH levels in subsequent reproducing adults. Although we detected major effects on gene expression following some precocene treatments (e.g. 100- to 300-fold increased expression of some genes), there were no clear relationships between gene expression and reproductive responses for a given treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali-Mohan Ayyanath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia D Scott-Dupree
- School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Christopher Cutler
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Ayyanath MM, Cutler GC, Scott-Dupree CD, Prithiviraj B, Kandasamy S, Prithiviraj K. Gene expression during imidacloprid-induced hormesis in green peach aphid. Dose Response 2014; 12:480-97. [PMID: 25249837 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-057.cutler] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid-induced hormesis in the form of stimulated reproduction has previously been reported in green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Changes in gene expression accompanying this hormetic response have not been previously investigated. In this study, expression of stress response (Hsp60), dispersal (OSD, TOL and ANT), and developmental (FPPS I) genes were examined for two generations during imidacloprid-induced reproductive stimulation in M. persicae. Global DNA methylation was also measured to test the hypothesis that changes in gene expression are heritable. At hormetic concentrations, down-regulation of Hsp60 was followed by up-regulation of this gene in the subsequent generation. Likewise, expression of dispersal-related genes and FPPS I varied with concentration, life stage, and generation. These results indicate that reproductive hormesis in M. persicae is accompanied by a complex transgenerational pattern of up- and down-regulation of genes that likely reflects trade-offs in gene expression and related physiological processes during the phenotypic dose-response. Moreover, DNA methylation in second generation M. persicae occurred at higher doses than in first-generation aphids, suggesting that heritable adaptability to low doses of the stressor might have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali-Mohan Ayyanath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, CANADA; ; School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - G Christopher Cutler
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, CANADA
| | - Cynthia D Scott-Dupree
- School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, CANADA
| | - Saveetha Kandasamy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, CANADA
| | - Kalyani Prithiviraj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, CANADA
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Yang X, Liu X, Xu X, Li Z, Li Y, Song D, Yu T, Zhu F, Zhang Q, Zhou X. Gene expression profiling in winged and wingless cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:257-67. [PMID: 24644424 PMCID: PMC3957081 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While trade-offs between flight capability and reproduction is a common phenomenon in wing dimorphic insects, the molecular basis is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic differences between winged and wingless morphs of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, using a tag-based digital gene expression (DGE) approach. Ultra high-throughput Illumina sequencing generated 5.30 and 5.39 million raw tags, respectively, from winged and wingless A. gossypii DGE libraries. We identified 1,663 differentially expressed transcripts, among which 58 were highly expressed in the winged A. gossypii, whereas 1,605 expressed significantly higher in the wingless morphs. Bioinformatics tools, including Gene Ontology, Cluster of Orthologous Groups, euKaryotic Orthologous Groups and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, were used to functionally annotate these transcripts. In addition, 20 differentially expressed transcripts detected by DGE were validated by the quantitative real-time PCR. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of sedentary (wingless) and migratory (winged) A. gossyii not only advances our understanding of the trade-offs in wing dimorphic insects, but also provides a candidate molecular target for the genetic control of this agricultural insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yang
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangli Xu
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yisong Li
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongyan Song
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Tian Yu
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Fang Zhu
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- 1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- 2. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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Ogawa K, Miura T. Aphid polyphenisms: trans-generational developmental regulation through viviparity. Front Physiol 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24478714 PMCID: PMC3900772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenism, in which multiple discrete phenotypes develop from a single genotype, is considered to have contributed to the evolutionary success of aphids. Of the various polyphenisms observed in the complex life cycle of aphids, the reproductive and wing polyphenisms seen in most aphid species are conspicuous. In reproductive polyphenism, the reproductive modes can change between viviparous parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction in response to the photoperiod. Under short-day conditions in autumn, sexual morphs (males and oviparous females) are produced parthenogenetically. Winged polyphenism is observed in viviparous generations during summer, when winged or wingless (flightless) aphids are produced depending on a variety of environmental conditions (e.g., density, predators). Here, we review the physiological mechanisms underlying reproductive and wing polyphenism in aphids. In reproductive polyphenism, morph determination (male, oviparous or viviparous female) within mother aphids is regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) titers in the mothers. In wing polyphenism, although JH is considered to play an important role in phenotype determination (winged or wingless), the role is still controversial. In both cases, the acquisition of viviparity in Aphididae is considered to be the basis for maternal regulation of these polyphenisms, and through which environmental cues can be transferred to developing embryos through the physiological state of the mother. Although the mechanisms by which mothers alter the developmental programs of their progeny have not yet been clarified, continued developments in molecular biology will likely unravel these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ogawa
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
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Ishikawa A, Gotoh H, Abe T, Miura T. Juvenile hormone titer and wing-morph differentiation in the vetch aphid Megoura crassicauda. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:444-449. [PMID: 23434762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most aphids exhibit wing polyphenism, in which winged and wingless females are produced depending on aphid densities. Although juvenile hormone (JH) has been implicated in the regulation of aphid wing polyphenism, relatively few studies examining the direct relationship between JH titer and resultant wing morphs have been undertaken. We therefore investigated the relationship between JH III titer and the development of wing morphs in the vetch aphid Megoura crassicauda during postembryonic development. JH III measurements by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed that, at the third instar, presumptive wingless nymphs had significantly higher JH III titers than winged nymphs. In winged nymphs at the third instar, JH III application inhibited wing development resulting in the appearance of winged/wingless intermediates as well as juvenilized individuals with supernumerary molting. These results suggest that JH III plays an important role in wing-morph differentiation during postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asano Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Ishikawa A, Ogawa K, Gotoh H, Walsh TK, Tagu D, Brisson JA, Rispe C, Jaubert-Possamai S, Kanbe T, Tsubota T, Shiotsuki T, Miura T. Juvenile hormone titre and related gene expression during the change of reproductive modes in the pea aphid. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:49-60. [PMID: 21988597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most aphids show reproductive polyphenism, i.e. they alternate their reproductive modes from parthenogenesis to sexual reproduction in response to short photoperiods. Although juvenile hormone (JH) has been considered a likely candidate for regulating the transition from asexual to sexual reproduction after photoperiod sensing, there are few studies investigating the direct relationship between JH titres and the reproductive-mode change. In addition, the sequencing of the pea aphid genome has allowed identification of the genes involved in the JH pathway, which in turn allows us to examine their expression levels in relation to the reproductive-mode change. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the pea aphid, JHIII titre was shown to be lower in aphids producing sexual morphs under short-day conditions than in aphids producing parthenogenetic morphs under long-day conditions. The expression levels of genes upstream and downstream of JH action were quantified by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription-PCR across the reproductive-mode change. The expression level of JH esterase, which is responsible for JH degradation, was significantly higher in aphids reared under short-day conditions. This suggests that the upregulation of the JH degradation pathway may be responsible for the lower JHIII titre in aphids exposed to short-days, leading to the production of sexual morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Castañeda LE, Figueroa CC, Bacigalupe LD, Nespolo RF. Effects of wing polyphenism, aphid genotype and host plant chemistry on energy metabolism of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1920-1924. [PMID: 20801126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wing dimorphism has been proposed as a strategy to face trade-offs between flight capability and fecundity. In aphids, individuals with functional wings have slower development and lower fecundity compared with wingless individuals. However, differential maintenance costs between winged and wingless aphids have not been deeply investigated. In the current study, we studied the combined effect of wing dimorphism with the effects of aphid genotypes and of wheat hosts having different levels of chemical defences (hydroxamic acids, Hx) on adult body mass and standard metabolic rates (SMR) of winged and wingless morphs of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. We found that wingless aphids had higher body mass than winged aphids and that body mass also increased towards host with high Hx levels. Furthermore, winged aphids showed a plastic SMR in terms of Hx levels, whereas wingless aphids displayed a rigid reaction norm (significant interaction between morph condition and wheat host). These findings suggest that winged aphids have reduced adult size compared to wingless aphids, likely due to costs associated to the development of flight structure in early-life stages. These costs contrast with the absence of detectable metabolic costs related to fuelling and maintenance of the flight apparatus in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Castañeda
- Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile.
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Alarm pheromone habituation in Myzus persicae has fitness consequences and causes extensive gene expression changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14673-8. [PMID: 20679203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001539107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In most aphid species, facultative parthenogenetic reproduction allows rapid growth and formation of large single-genotype colonies. Upon predator attack, individual aphids emit an alarm pheromone to warn the colony of this danger. (E)-beta-farnesene (EBF) is the predominant constituent of the alarm pheromone in Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and many other aphid species. Continuous exposure to alarm pheromone in aphid colonies raised on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that produce EBF leads to habituation within three generations. Whereas naive aphids are repelled by EBF, habituated aphids show no avoidance response. Similarly, individual aphids from the habituated colony can revert back to being EBF-sensitive in three generations, indicating that this behavioral change is not caused by a genetic mutation. Instead, DNA microarray experiments comparing gene expression in naive and habituated aphids treated with EBF demonstrate an almost complete desensitization in the transcriptional response to EBF. Furthermore, EBF-habituated aphids show increased progeny production relative to EBF-responsive aphids, with or without EBF treatment. Although both naive and habituated aphids emit EBF upon damage, EBF-responsive aphids have a higher survival rate in the presence of a coccinellid predator (Hippodamia convergens), and thus outperform habituated aphids that do not show an avoidance response. These results provide evidence that aphid perception of conspecific alarm pheromone aids in predator avoidance and thereby bestows fitness benefits in survivorship and fecundity. Therefore, although habituated M. persicae produce more progeny, EBF-emitting transgenic plants may have practical applications in agriculture as a result of increased predation of habituated aphids.
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Brisson JA. Aphid wing dimorphisms: linking environmental and genetic control of trait variation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:605-16. [PMID: 20083636 PMCID: PMC2817143 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors underlie phenotypic variation. While research at the interface of evolutionary and developmental biology has made excellent advances in understanding the contribution of genes to morphology, less well understood is the manner in which environmental cues are incorporated during development to influence the phenotype. Also virtually unexplored is how evolutionary transitions between environmental and genetic control of trait variation are achieved. Here, I review investigations into molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity in the aphid wing dimorphism system. Among aphids, some species alternate between environmentally sensitive (polyphenic) and genetic (polymorphic) control of wing morph determination in their life cycle. Therefore, a traditional molecular genetic approach into understanding the genetically controlled polymorphism may provide a unique avenue into not only understanding the molecular basis of polyphenic variation in this group, but also the opportunity to compare and contrast the mechanistic basis of environmental and genetic control of similar dimorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Brisson
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Miyazaki M, Mao L, Henderson G, Laine RA. Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric quantitation of juvenile hormone III in whole body extracts of the Formosan subterranean termite. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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