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Lin WR, Chang YP, Wu HL, Hsu IC, Wang PH. A symbiosis between Euploea butterflies and yeasts. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Woon JS, Atkinson D, Adu-Bredu S, Eggleton P, Parr CL. Termites have wider thermal limits to cope with environmental conditions in savannas. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:766-779. [PMID: 35157309 PMCID: PMC9307009 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The most diverse and abundant family of termites, the Termitidae, evolved in African tropical forests. They have since colonised grassy biomes such as savannas. These open environments have more extreme conditions than tropical forests, notably wider extremes of temperature and lower precipitation levels and greater temporal fluctuations (of both annual and diurnal variation). These conditions are challenging for soft‐bodied ectotherms, such as termites, to survive in, let alone become as ecologically dominant as termites have. Here, we quantified termite thermal limits to test the hypothesis that these physiological limits are wider in savanna termite species to facilitate their existence in savanna environments. We sampled termites directly from mound structures, across an environmental gradient in Ghana, ranging from wet tropical forest through to savanna. At each location, we quantified both the Critical Thermal Maxima (CTmax) and the Critical Thermal Minima (CTmin) of all the most abundant mound‐building Termitidae species in the study areas. We modelled the thermal limits in two separate mixed‐effects models against canopy cover at the mound, temperature and rainfall, as fixed effects, with sampling location as a random intercept. For both CTmax and CTmin, savanna species had significantly more extreme thermal limits than forest species. Between and within environments, areas with higher amounts of canopy cover were significantly associated with lower CTmax values of the termite colonies. CTmin was significantly positively correlated with rainfall. Temperature was retained in both models; however, it did not have a significant relationship in either. Sampling location explained a large proportion of the residual variation, suggesting there are other environmental factors that could influence termite thermal limits. Our results suggest that savanna termite species have wider thermal limits than forest species. These physiological differences, in conjunction with other behavioural adaptations, are likely to have enabled termites to cope with the more extreme environmental conditions found in savanna environments and facilitated their expansion into open tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Woon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - David Atkinson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Natural Resources Management, CSIR College of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Catherine L Parr
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Wits, South Africa
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3
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Bioprospection of Enzymes and Microorganisms in Insects to Improve Second-Generation Ethanol Production. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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4
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Madden AA, Epps MJ, Fukami T, Irwin RE, Sheppard J, Sorger DM, Dunn RR. The ecology of insect-yeast relationships and its relevance to human industry. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2733. [PMID: 29563264 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species of yeast are integral to human society. They produce many of our foods, beverages and industrial chemicals, challenge us as pathogens, and provide models for the study of our own biology. However, few species are regularly studied and much of their ecology remains unclear, hindering the development of knowledge that is needed to improve the relationships between humans and yeasts. There is increasing evidence that insects are an essential component of ascomycetous yeast ecology. We propose a 'dispersal-encounter hypothesis' whereby yeasts are dispersed by insects between ephemeral, spatially disparate sugar resources, and insects, in turn, obtain the benefits of an honest signal from yeasts for the sugar resources. We review the relationship between yeasts and insects through three main examples: social wasps, social bees and beetles, with some additional examples from fruit flies. Ultimately, we suggest that over the next decades, consideration of these ecological and evolutionary relationships between insects and yeasts will allow prediction of where new yeast diversity is most likely to be discovered, particularly yeasts with traits of interest to human industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Madden
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mary Jane Epps
- Department of Biology, Mary Baldwin University, 101 East Frederick Street, Staunton, VA 24401, USA
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - John Sheppard
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - D Magdalena Sorger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.,Research & Collections, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Mustard JA, Oquita R, Garza P, Stoker A. Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Show a Preference for the Consumption of Ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 43:26-35. [PMID: 30347437 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are significant global issues. Honey bees are excellent models for learning and other complex behaviors; furthermore, they share many behavioral responses to ethanol (EtOH) with humans and animal models. We develop a 2-feeder choice assay to determine whether honey bees will self-administer and preferentially consume solutions containing EtOH. METHODS Gustatory responsiveness to EtOH is determined using the proboscis extension reflex and consumption assays. A 2-feeder choice assay is used to examine preference for the consumption of EtOH. Survival assays assess the metabolic and toxic effects of EtOH consumption. RESULTS Honey bees find the taste of EtOH to be aversive when in water, but addition of sucrose masks the aversive taste. Even though the taste of EtOH is not appetitive, honey bees preferentially consume sucrose solutions containing 1.25 to 2.5% EtOH in a dose-dependent manner. Based on survival assays, honey bees may not be able to derive caloric value from EtOH, and EtOH concentrations of 2.5% or higher lead to significant increases in mortality. CONCLUSIONS Honey bees will self-administer EtOH and show a preference for consuming solutions containing EtOH. Bees may not be able to efficiently utilize EtOH as an energy source, but EtOH-dependent increases in mortality complicate separating the effects of caloric value and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Mustard
- Biology Department, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Ramiro Oquita
- Biology Department, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Paulina Garza
- Biology Department, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Alexander Stoker
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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6
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Geiger R, Beaulieu M, Franke K, Fischer K. High male density favors maintenance over reproduction in a butterfly. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Geiger
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Loitzer Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Loitzer Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Loitzer Straße, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Loitzer Straße, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Beaulieu M, Franke K, Fischer K. Feeding on ripening and over-ripening fruit: interactions between sugar, ethanol and polyphenol contents in a tropical butterfly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28646036 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In ripe fruit, energy mostly derives from sugar, while in over-ripe fruit, it also comes from ethanol. Such ripeness differences may alter the fitness benefits associated with frugivory if animals are unable to degrade ethanol when consuming over-ripe fruit. In the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, we found that females consuming isocaloric solutions mimicking ripe (20% sucrose) and over-ripe fruit (10% sucrose, 7% ethanol) of the palm Astrocaryum standleyanum exhibited higher fecundity than females consuming a solution mimicking unripe fruit (10% sucrose). Moreover, relative to butterflies consuming a solution mimicking unripe fruit, survival was enhanced when butterflies consumed a solution mimicking either ripe fruit supplemented with polyphenols (fruit antioxidant compounds) or over-ripe fruit devoid of polyphenols. This suggests that (1) butterflies have evolved tolerance mechanisms to derive the same reproductive benefits from ethanol and sugar, and (2) polyphenols may regulate the allocation of sugar and ethanol to maintenance mechanisms. However, variation in fitness owing to the composition of feeding solutions was not paralleled by corresponding physiological changes (alcohol dehydrogenase activity, oxidative status) in butterflies. The fitness proxies and physiological parameters that we measured therefore appear to reflect distinct biological pathways. Overall, our results highlight that the energy content of fruit primarily affects the fecundity of B. anynana butterflies, while the effects of fruit consumption on survival are more complex and vary depending on ripening stage and polyphenol presence. The actual underlying physiological mechanisms linking fruit ripeness and fitness components remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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8
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ERRATUM. Evolution 2016; 70:955-6. [PMID: 27077681 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Ravenscraft A, Boggs CL. Nutrient acquisition across a dietary shift: fruit feeding butterflies crave amino acids, nectivores seek salt. Oecologia 2015; 181:1-12. [PMID: 26267402 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary dietary shifts have major ecological consequences. One likely consequence is a change in nutrient limitation-some nutrients become more abundant in the diet, others become more scarce. Individuals' behavior should change accordingly to match this new limitation regime: they should seek out nutrients that are deficient in the new diet. We investigated the relationship between diet and responses to nutrients using adult Costa Rican butterflies with contrasting feeding habits, testing the hypothesis that animals will respond more positively to nutrients that are scarcer in their diets. Via literature searches and our own data, we showed that nitrogen and sodium are both at lower concentration in nectar than in fruit. We therefore assessed butterflies' acceptance of sodium and four nitrogenous compounds that ranged in complexity from inorganic nitrogen (ammonium chloride) to protein (albumin). We captured wild butterflies, offered them aqueous solutions of each substance, and recorded whether they accepted (drank) or rejected each substance. Support for our hypothesis was mixed. Across the sexes, frugivores were four times more likely to accept amino acids (hydrolyzed casein) than nectivores, in opposition to expectation. In males, nectivores accepted sodium almost three times more frequently than frugivores, supporting expectations. Together, these results suggest that in butterflies, becoming frugivorous is associated with an increased receptivity to amino acids and decreased receptivity to sodium. Nectivory and frugivory are widespread feeding strategies in organisms as diverse as insects, birds, and bats; our results suggest that these feeding strategies may put different pressures on how animals fulfill their nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol L Boggs
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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10
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Beaulieu M, Geiger RE, Reim E, Zielke L, Fischer K. Reproduction alters oxidative status when it is traded-off against longevity. Evolution 2015; 69:1786-96. [PMID: 26095834 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed to mediate one of the most important aspects of life-history evolution: the trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance. However, empirical studies have cast doubt on the generality of this intriguing notion. Here, we hypothesize that reproduction alters oxidative status only when a trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance occurs. Accordingly, in female Bicyclus anynana butterflies, we found that reproduction affected oxidative markers only under challenging thermal conditions that made the trade-off between reproduction and longevity emerge. Interestingly, under such conditions, butterflies favored longevity over reproduction, suggesting that self-maintenance mechanisms were activated. Accordingly, butterflies reproducing under challenging thermal conditions exhibited enhanced antioxidant defenses and stable oxidative damage. Altogether, our results indicate that a trade-off between reproduction and self-maintenance is indeed a necessary condition for reproduction to alter oxidative status, and that the effects of such a trade-off on oxidative status depend on whether priority is given to self-maintenance or reproduction. Assessing the existence of the trade-off between self-maintenance and reproduction, and whether self-maintenance is prioritized relative to reproduction is therefore crucial for understanding variation in oxidative status in reproducing animals, which may clarify the general implication of oxidative stress in the resolution of life-history trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Rina E Geiger
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Reim
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luisa Zielke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Ruxton GD, Wilkinson DM, Schaefer HM, Sherratt TN. Why fruit rots: theoretical support for Janzen's theory of microbe-macrobe competition. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133320. [PMID: 24619444 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a formal model of Janzen's influential theory that competition for resources between microbes and vertebrates causes microbes to be selected to make these resources unpalatable to vertebrates. That is, fruit rots, seeds mould and meat spoils, in part, because microbes gain a selective advantage if they can alter the properties of these resources to avoid losing the resources to vertebrate consumers. A previous model had failed to find circumstances in which such a costly spoilage trait could flourish; here, we present a simple analytic model of a general situation where costly microbial spoilage is selected and persists. We argue that the key difference between the two models lies in their treatments of microbial dispersal. If microbial dispersal is sufficiently spatially constrained that different resource items can have differing microbial communities, then spoilage will be selected; however, if microbial dispersal has a strong homogenizing effect on the microbial community then spoilage will not be selected. We suspect that both regimes will exist in the natural world, and suggest how future empirical studies could explore the influence of microbial dispersal on spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, , St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK, Biology and Earth sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, , Liverpool L3 3AF, UK, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, , Hauptstrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany, Department of Biology, Carleton University, , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , K1S 5B6
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13
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Tang Y, Zhou C, Chen X, Zheng H. Foraging behavior of the dead leaf butterfly, Kallima inachus. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:58. [PMID: 23909654 PMCID: PMC3740915 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral responses of foraging adults of Kallima inachus (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to four colors and to six different fermented fruit juices were observed in order to determine the cues used by foraging adults. According to the results, adults did not show a behavioral response to red, yellow, purple, or white artificial flowers without food odors, but flowers with the fermented pear juice strongly attracted them, and they showed a behavioral response to fermented juices of the six fruits (pear, apple, banana, watermelon, orange, and persimmon) with no statistically significant preference. The fruit volatiles were collected using dynamic headspace adsorption, and the volatile components were analyzed by auto thermal-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to assess which volatiles existed in the fruits. Only alcohols, esters, and ketones were common in the volatiles of all six fermenting fruits. The five volatile components found in the six fruits, as well as two others found to be in other fermented foods by previous studies, were selected to test the behavioral and electroantennogram (EAG) responses of naive adults to estimate behavioral preference and antennal perception. In field behavioral tests, alcohols were the most attractive, followed by esters, while α-pinene, butanone, and acetic acid were much less attractive. Relative to other volatile combinations and ethanol alone, the mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol attracted the most feeding adults. The number of adults attracted was significantly positively correlated with the concentration of both ethanol and ethyl acetate. The EAG responses of naive adults showed that the EAG responses to 3-methyl-1-butanol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl acetate, α-pinene, butanone, and acetic acid were all higher than those to ethanol (100%) at doses of either 5 µl/mL or 50 µl/mL. Sexual differences only existed in 3-methyl-1-butanol and acetic acid at particular concentrations. Sexual differences in response to chemical mixtures were not significant at 50 µl/mL. In addition, the EAG responses in the within-sex trials were not correlated to the dosage (0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and µl/mL) of either ethanol or ethyl acetate. The results showed that olfactory cues played a crucial role in the foraging of adult K. inachus, and that foraging adults can use a variety of chemical signals derived from food; however, the feeding preference to volatiles was not necessary correlated with the EAG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Utilization of Resource Insects of State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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14
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Schneider A, Ruppert M, Hendrich O, Giang T, Ogueta M, Hampel S, Vollbach M, Büschges A, Scholz H. Neuronal basis of innate olfactory attraction to ethanol in Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52007. [PMID: 23284851 PMCID: PMC3527413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision to move towards a mating partner or a food source is essential for life. The mechanisms underlying these behaviors are not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of octopamine - the invertebrate analogue of noradrenaline - in innate olfactory attraction to ethanol. We confirmed that preference is caused via an olfactory stimulus by dissecting the function of the olfactory co-receptor Orco (formally known as OR83b). Orco function is not required for ethanol recognition per se, however it plays a role in context dependent recognition of ethanol. Odor-evoked ethanol preference requires the function of Tbh (Tyramine β hydroxalyse), the rate-limiting enzyme of octopamine synthesis. In addition, neuronal activity in a subset of octopaminergic neurons is necessary for olfactory ethanol preference. Notably, a specific neuronal activation pattern of tyraminergic/octopaminergic neurons elicit preference and is therefore sufficient to induce preference. In contrast, dopamine dependent increase in locomotor activity is not sufficient for olfactory ethanol preference. Consistent with the role of noradrenaline in mammalian drug induced rewards, we provide evidence that in adult Drosophila the octopaminergic neurotransmitter functions as a reinforcer and that the molecular dissection of the innate attraction to ethanol uncovers the basic properties of a response selection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schneider
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuela Ruppert
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Hendrich
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Giang
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maite Ogueta
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Departmento Biología Celular y Patología, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Stefanie Hampel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marvin Vollbach
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ansgar Büschges
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zoological Institute, Department of Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Kehl T, Fischer K. Larval starvation reduces responsiveness to feeding stimuli and does not affect feeding preferences in a butterfly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1028-1035. [PMID: 22634044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that holometabolic insects such as Lepidoptera rely primarily on larval storage reserves for reproduction. Recent studies though have documented a prominent role of adult-derived carbohydrates for butterfly reproduction. Moreover, a few studies have shown that adult butterflies may also benefit from adult-derived amino acids, at least when larval storage reserves are reduced. Given that in holometabolous insects larval deficiencies are carried over into the adult stage, reduced storage reserves have the potential to modulate adult feeding preferences and responses in order to allow for a successful compensation. We tested this hypothesis here in the fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana using larval food stress to manipulate storage reserves. Alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol, propanol), sugars (maltose, glucose, fructose, sucrose), and acetic acid acted as feeding stimuli, while butterflies did not respond to other substances such as amino acids, yeast, salts, or vitamins. Contrary to expectations, stressed butterflies showed a weaker response than controls to several feeding stimuli. In preference tests, butterflies preferred sugar solutions containing proline, arginine, glutamic acid, acetic acid, or ethanol over plain sugar solutions, but discriminated against salts. However, there were no general differences among starved and control butterflies. We conclude that larval food-stress does not elicit compensatory feeding behavior such as a stronger preference for amino acids or other essential nutrients in B. anynana. Instead, the stress imposed by a period of starvation yielded negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kehl
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 11/12, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Omura H, Honda K, Asaoka K, Inoue TA. Divergent behavioral and electrophysiological taste responses in the mid-legs of adult butterflies, Vanessa indica and Argyreus hyperbius. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:118-126. [PMID: 20933518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Adult nymphalid butterflies possess sensilla trichodea (ST) that perceive taste in their walking legs. We examined whether the gustatory responses to mid-leg tarsal stimulation were different between Vanessa indica (rotting-food feeder) and Argyreus hyperbius (flower-nectar feeder). Sucrose, fructose, and glucose elicited behavioral responses (proboscis extension reflex: PER) and electrophysiological responses (spikes) from ST. Sugar responsiveness was similar in both species, where sucrose was the most stimulatory. Two fermentation products, ethanol and acetic acid, never induced PERs but elicited large-amplitude spikes at a concentration of >1% (w/v). The two species significantly differed in responsiveness to the binary mixtures of sucrose and the fermentation products. Ethanol enhanced the sugar responses of V. indica but slightly inhibited those of A. hyperbius. Although acetic acid suppressed the sugar responses of both species, V. indica was less susceptible than A. hyperbius. When concentration of the fermentation products increased, binary mixtures evoked large spikes together with small ones regarded as the sucrose responses. Unlike the proboscal sensilla in our previous study, the tarsal ST of both species unambiguously responded to fermentation products. These results demonstrate that the tarsal gustatory sense of V. indica is adaptive to the use of rotting foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Omura
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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Ogueta M, Cibik O, Eltrop R, Schneider A, Scholz H. The influence of Adh function on ethanol preference and tolerance in adult Drosophila melanogaster. Chem Senses 2010; 35:813-22. [PMID: 20739429 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preference determines behavioral choices such as choosing among food sources and mates. One preference-affecting chemical is ethanol, which guides insects to fermenting fruits or leaves. Here, we show that adult Drosophila melanogaster prefer food containing up to 5% ethanol over food without ethanol and avoid food with high levels (23%) of ethanol. Although female and male flies behaved differently at ethanol-containing food sources, there was no sexual dimorphism in the preference for food containing modest ethanol levels. We also investigated whether Drosophila preference, sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol was related to the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), the primary ethanol-metabolizing enzyme in D. melanogaster. Impaired Adh function reduced ethanol preference in both D. melanogaster and a related species, D. sechellia. Adh-impaired flies also displayed reduced aversion to high ethanol concentrations, increased sensitivity to the effects of ethanol on postural control, and negative tolerance/sensitization (i.e., a reduction of the increased resistance to ethanol's effects that normally occurs upon repeated exposure). These data strongly indicate a linkage between ethanol-induced behavior and ethanol metabolism in adult fruit flies: Adh deficiency resulted in reduced preference to low ethanol concentrations and reduced aversion to high ones, despite recovery from ethanol being strongly impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Ogueta
- Institute of Genetics and Neurobiology, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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