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Lattos A, Feidantsis K, Giantsis IA, Theodorou JA, Michaelidis B. Seasonality in Synergism with Multi-Pathogen Presence Leads to Mass Mortalities of the Highly Endangered Pinna nobilis in Greek Coastlines: A Pathophysiological Approach. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1117. [PMID: 37317091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortalities of Pinna nobilis populations set at risk the survival of the species from many Mediterranean coastline habitats. In many cases, both Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium spp. are implicated in mass mortalities of P. nobilis populations, leading the species into extinction. In the context of the importance of these pathogens' role in P. nobilis mortalities, the present study investigated two Greek populations of the species hosting different microbial loads (one only H. pinnae and the second both pathogens) by the means of pathophysiological markers. More specifically, the populations from Kalloni Gulf (Lesvos Island) and from Maliakos Gulf (Fthiotis), seasonally sampled, were chosen based on the host pathogens in order to investigate physiological and immunological biomarkers to assess those pathogens' roles. In order to determine if the haplosporidian parasite possesses a major role in the mortalities or if both pathogens are involved in these phenomena, a variety of biomarkers, including apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and heat shock response were applied. The results indicated a decreased physiological performance of individuals hosting both pathogens in comparison with those hosting only H. pinnae. Our findings provide evidence for the synergistic role of those pathogens in the mortality events, which is also enhanced by the influence of seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, GR-53100 Florina, Greece
| | - John A Theodorou
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Patras, GR-23200 Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chu J, Jiang DL, Yan MW, Li YJ, Wang J, Wu FA, Sheng S. Identifications, Characteristics, and Expression Patterns of Small Heat Shock Protein Genes in a Major Mulberry Pest, Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5828987. [PMID: 32365175 PMCID: PMC7197948 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Six candidate sHSP genes were identified from the Glyphodes pyloalis transcriptome. All sHSP genes included full-length open reading frames and shared high similarity with the sequences of other lepidopteran species. These sHSP genes encoded 175-191 amino acid residues, and the predicted proteins had a molecular weight from 19.5 to 21.8 kDa. All GpsHSPs were expressed at lower levels at larval stages. All GpsHSPs were expressed at higher levels at diapaused, prepupal, or pupal stages, suggesting that sHSPs may be involved in metamorphosis in G. pyloalis. In addition to the developmental stage, extreme temperatures can induce variations in the expression of sHSPs genes. All GpsHSPs were significantly upregulated in larvae following exposure to heat shock, except GpHSP21.4 which downregulated at 4 h following exposure to the cold shock treatment. Furthermore, Starvation influenced the expression patterns of GpsHSPs as a function of the duration of food deprivation. Four GpsHSPs increased their expression with time of starvation until reaching to the peak level at 6 d of starvation. Finally, parasitism by the endoparasitoid Aulacocentrum confusum He et van Achterberg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)-induced fluctuations in the expression of all GpsHSPs, and the expression varied with time after parasitization. Our results from this study strongly suggest functional differentiation within the sHSPs subfamily in G. pyloalis. The present study would provide further insight into the roles of sHSPs in G. pyloalis and novel avenues for promoting integrated management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - De-lei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Meng-wen Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yi- jiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Fu-an Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, PR China
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Farahani S, Bandani AR, Alizadeh H, Goldansaz SH, Whyard S. Differential expression of heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes in response to temperature, starvation, and parasitism in the Carob moth larvae, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228104. [PMID: 31995629 PMCID: PMC6988935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects face diverse biotic and abiotic stresses that can affect their survival. Many of these stressors impact cellular metabolism, often resulting in increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, insects will respond to these stressors by increasing antioxidant activity and increased production of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In this study, the effect of heat, cold, starvation, and parasitism by Habroacon hebetor wasps was examined in the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, to determine which responses were common to different stresses. For all stressors, malondialdehyde levels increased, indicative of oxidative stress in the insects. The activity of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), increased with each stress, suggesting that these enzymes were serving a protective role for the insects. Heat (46°C for 100 min) and cold (-15°C for 30 min) treatments caused significant mortalities to all developmental stages, but pretreatments of moderate heat (37°C for 10 min) or cold (10°C for 10 min) induced thermotolerance and reduced the mortality rates when insects were subsequently exposed to lethal temperatures. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that heat and cold tolerance were associated with up-regulation of two HSPs, HSP70 and HSP90. Interestingly, HSP70 transcripts increased to a greater extent with cold treatment, while HSP90 transcripts increased more in response to high temperatures. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of either HSP70 or HSP90 transcripts was achieved by injecting larvae with dsRNA targeting each gene's transcripts, and resulted in a loss of acquired thermotolerance in insects subjected to the heat or cold pretreatments. These observations provide convincing evidence that both HSP70 and HSP90 are important mediators of the acquired thermotolerance. Starvation and parasitism by wasps caused differential expression of the HSP genes. In response to starvation, HSP90 transcripts increased to a greater extent than HSP70, while in contrast, HSP70 transcripts increased to a greater extent than those of HSP90 during the first 48 h of wasp parasitism. These results showed the differential induction of the two HSPs' transcripts with variable stresses. As well as, heat, cold, starvation, and parasitism induce oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes likely play an important role in reducing oxidative damage in E. ceratoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Farahani
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali R. Bandani
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Houshang Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Goldansaz
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Steven Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Seddigh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
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Trotta V, Forlano P, Falabella P, Battaglia D, Fanti P. The aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum exhibits a greater survival after a heat shock when parasitized by the wasp Aphidius ervi. J Therm Biol 2018; 72:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shafeeq T, UlAbdin Z, Lee KY. Induction of stress- and immune-associated genes in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella against envenomation by the ectoparasitoid Bracon hebetor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:e21405. [PMID: 28730731 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Envenomation is an important process in parasitism by parasitic wasps; it suppresses the immune and development of host insects. However, the molecular mechanisms of host responses to envenomation are not yet clear. This study aimed to determine the transcription-level responses of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella against envenomation of the ectoparasitoid Bracon hebetor. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR was used to determine the transcriptional changes of 13 selected genes, which are associated with development, metabolism, stress, or immunity, in the feeding and wandering fifth instar larvae over a 4-day period after envenomation. The effects of envenomation on the feeding-stage larvae were compared with those of starvation in the transcriptional levels of the 13 genes. Most selected genes were altered in their expression by either envenomation or starvation. In particular, a heat shock protein, hsp70, was highly upregulated in envenomated larvae in both the feeding and wandering stages as well as in starved larvae. Further, some genes were upregulated by envenomation in a stage-specific manner. For example, hsp25 was upregulated after envenomation in the feeding larvae, but hsp90 and an immune-associated gene, hemolin, were upregulated in the wandering larvae. However, both envenomation and starvation resulted in the downregulation of genes associated with development and metabolism. Taken together, P. interpunctella upregulated stress- and immune-responsive genes, but downregulated genes associated with development and metabolism after envenomation. This study provides important information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of host responses to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Shafeeq
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Zain UlAbdin
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Gunwi, Republic of Korea
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Richards EH, Dani MP, Lu Y, Butt T, Weaver RJ. Effect of stress on heat shock protein levels, immune response and survival to fungal infection of Mamestra brassicae larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:53-63. [PMID: 27789295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the utilisation of fungal biological control agents to kill insect pests is desirable, it is known that the outcome of infection may be influenced by a number of criteria, including whether or not the target insect is stressed. In the current work, topical treatment of larvae of the lepidopteran pest, Mamestra brassicae, with conidia of Beauveria bassiana, followed by a heat stress (HS; 37°C for 1h) 48h later, resulted in a similar level of larval survival to that occurring for no heat stress (No-HS), fungus-treated larvae. By contrast, when the HS was applied 24h after fungal treatment, larval survival was significantly increased, indicating that the HS is protecting the larvae from B. bassiana. Similarly, exposure of larvae to a HS provided protection against Metarhizium brunneum (V275) at 48h (but not 24h) after fungal treatment. To elucidate the mechanism(s) that might contribute to HS-induced increases in larval survival against fungal infection, the effects of a HS on key cellular and humoral immune responses and on the level of selected heat shock proteins (HSP) were assessed. When larvae were kept under control (No HS) conditions, there was no significant difference in the haemocyte number per ml of haemolymph over a 24h period. However, exposure of larvae to a HS, significantly increased the haemocyte density immediately after (t=0h) and 4h after HS compared to the No HS controls, whilst it returned to control levels at t=24h. In addition, in vitro assays indicated that haemocytes harvested from larvae immediately after (0h) and 4h (but not 24h) after a HS exhibited higher rates of phagocytosis of FITC-labelled B. bassiana conidia compared to haemocytes harvested from non-HS larvae. Interestingly, the HS did not appear to increase anti-fungal activity in larval plasma. Western blot analysis using antibodies which cross react with Drosophila melanogaster HSP, resulted in a relatively strong signal for HSP 70 and HSP 90 from extracts of 50,000 and 100,000haemocytes, respectively, harvested from No-HS larvae. By contrast, for HSP 60, a lysate derived from 200,000haemocytes resulted in a relatively weak signal. When larvae were exposed to a HS, the level of all three HSP increased compared to the No HS control 4h and 16h after the HS. However, 24h after treatment, any heat stress-mediated increase in HSP levels was minimal and not consistently detected. Similar results were obtained when HSP 90, 70, and 60 levels were assessed in fat body harvested from heat stressed and non-heat stressed larvae. With regard to HSP 27, no signal was obtained even when a lysate from 200,000haemocytes or three times the amount of fat body were processed, suggesting that the anti-HSP 27 antibody utilised does not cross-react with the M. brassicae HSP. The results suggest that a HS-mediated increase in haemocyte density and phagocytic activity, together with an upregulation of HSP 90 and 70, may contribute to increasing the survival of M. brassicae larvae treated with B. bassiana and M. brunneum (V275).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Dani
- Fera, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Y Lu
- Fera, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - T Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Mishra M, Saurabh S, Maurya R, Mudawal A, Parmar D, Singh PK. Proteome analysis of Bemisia tabaci suggests specific targets for RNAi mediated control. J Proteomics 2016; 132:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang CF, Dai LS, Wang L, Qian C, Wei GQ, Li J, Zhu BJ, Liu CL. Eicosanoids mediate sHSP 20.8 gene response to biotic stress in larvae of the Chinese oak silkworm Antheraea pernyi. Gene 2014; 562:32-9. [PMID: 25527122 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) can regulate protein folding and protect cells from stress. To investigate the role of sHSPs in the silk-producing insect Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi; Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), cDNA encoding HSP20.8 in A. pernyi, termed Ap-sHSP20.8, was identified as a 564 bp ORF. The translated amino acid sequence encoded 187 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 20.8 kDa and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.98; the sequence showed homology to sHSP chaperone proteins from other insects. Ap-sHSP20.8 mRNA transcript expression was abundant in the midgut and fat body and found to be both constitutive and inducible by infectious stimuli. Therefore, Ap-sHSP20.8 may play important roles in A. pernyi immune responses under biotic stress. Furthermore, we found that eicosanoids could mediate the induction of Ap-sHSP20.8 in the fat body and midgut. Our findings show that sHSPs may be promising molecules to target in order to cripple immunity in insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Fen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Anhui, Wuhu 241002, PR China
| | - Li-Shang Dai
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Guo-Qing Wei
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Bao-Jian Zhu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China.
| | - Chao-Liang Liu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui, Hefei 230036, PR China.
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Liu WW, Yang P, Chen XM, Xu DL, Hu YH. Cloning and expression analysis of four heat shock protein genes in Ericerus pela (Homoptera: Coccidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu032. [PMID: 25826465 PMCID: PMC5443611 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore the function of small heat shock protein genes (shsps) and hsp70 in Ericerus pela, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequences of hsp21.5, hsp21.7, hsp70, and hsc70 and the genomic sequence of hsc70. Open reading frames of the four hsps were 570, 564, 1,908, and 1,962 base pairs (bp), respectively, which encode proteins with calculated molecular mass of 21.5, 21.7, 69.8, and 71.6 kDa. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed the presence of the conserved Hsp motifs in all four proteins. The genomic DNA of hsc70 had four introns. ep-hsp21.5 was orthologous and ep-hsp21.7 was species specific. Expression of all four transcripts during heat or cold stress and development was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. All four hsps were upregulated during heat or cold stress in female adults, indicating a correlation between the four hsps and heat or cold-stress tolerance in female adults. ep-hsp21.7 and ep-hsp70 were upregulated during heat stress in male larvae, implying a correlation between the two hsps and heat-stress tolerance in male larvae. The four ep-hsps were also upregulated during the developmental process in males, and ep-hsp21.5, ep-hsp70, and ep-hsc70 were upregulated in females, which indicates their possible role in the developmental regulation of E. pela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Liu
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pu Yang
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dong-Li Xu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yan-Hong Hu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China*These authors contributed equally to this work
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Zhu JY, Wu GX, Ye GY, Hu C. Heat shock protein genes (hsp20, hsp75 and hsp90) from Pieris rapae: molecular cloning and transcription in response to parasitization by Pteromalus puparum. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:183-193. [PMID: 23955859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2011.01494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Most molecular work on the roles of heat shock proteins (hsps) in host-parasite interaction has focused on vertebrates, rather than invertebrates. Here the full length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of three hsp genes (hsp20, hsp75 and hsp90) were amplified from Pieris rapae, and their transcriptional responsiveness to parasitization by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum were investigated. The cDNA sequence analysis of hsp20, hsp75 and hsp90 revealed open reading frames of 531, 2 328 and 2 157 bp in length, which encode proteins with calculated molecular weights of 19.5, 75.48 and 82.7 kDa, respectively. The comparison of amino acid sequences showed that P. rapae hsp20 shared highly divergent homology to that of other insects, while hsp75 and hsp90 showed high homology to their counterparts of other species. The expression analysis indicated that these three genes were influenced in response to parasitization by P. puparum. The hsp20 transcripts in parasitized pupae were higher compared to non-parasitized pupae. The expression of hsp75 and hsp90 were down-regulated following parasitization. The results indicate that hsps are involved in host-parasitoid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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Shi M, Wang YN, Zhu N, Chen XX. Four heat shock protein genes of the endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia vestalis, and their transcriptional profiles in relation to developmental stages and temperature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59721. [PMID: 23527260 PMCID: PMC3601058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) play important roles in the environmental adaptation of various organisms. To explore the functions of Hsps in relation to heat stress and development in Cotesia vestalis, a solitary larval endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella, four heat shock protein genes, CvHsp40, CvHsc70, CvHsp70 and CvHsp90, were cloned and sequenced from C. vestalis by real-time quantitative PCR and RACE. The cDNA sequence of CvHsp40, CvHsc70, CvHsp70 and CvHsp90 were 1473 bp, 2316 bp, 2279 bp and 2663 bp long, which encode proteins with calculated molecular weights (MW) of 39.1 kDa, 71.2 kDa, 70.1 kDa and 83.3 kDa, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of genomic DNA confirmed that no introns existed in CvHsp40, CvHsp70 and CvHsp90 while two introns were present in CvHsc70. The amino acid sequence analysis of CvHsps indicated that CvHsp40 is a Type II Hsp40 homolog, CvHsp70 and CvHsc70 are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic Hsp70s, and CvHsp90 is the β-isoform of Hsp90. The divergent transcriptional patterns of CvHsp40, CvHsp70 and CvHsp90 in the different developmental stages suggested that CvHsp transcripts were under different mechanisms of regulation during the development of parasitoid larvae. The dramatic increase of transcripts of CvHsp70 at the third-instar larva coincided with its developmental change in this stage, that is, from inside host to outside host. CvHsp40, CvHsc70 and CvHsp70 showed a trend of sex-specific differences of transcript abundance in the adult stage. All CvHsp transcripts in different developmental stages were significantly induced by heat stress, and the lowest transcript abundances appeared around the temperature 27°C, which probably suggest that this is the most favorable temperature for the development of C. vestalis. Our results suggest that the expression of heat shock proteins reflects to some extent the developmental changes and environmental requirements of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ni Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang H, Li K, Zhu JY, Fang Q, Ye GY, Wang H, Li K, Zhu JY. Cloning and expression pattern of heat shock protein genes from the endoparasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum in response to environmental stresses. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 79:247-263. [PMID: 22517445 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Six heat shock protein (HSP) genes from five HSP families in the parasitoid, Pteromalus puparum, were evaluated for their response to temperature (-15 ~ 3°C , and 30 ~ 42°C for 1 h), heavy metals (0.5 ~ 5 mM Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) for 24 h and 60 h), and starvation (24 h). Compared with other insect HSPs, all conserved motifs are found in P. puparum HSPs, and they are very similar to those of the recently sequenced ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. The temporal gene expression patterns indicated that these six HSP genes were all heat-inducible, of which hsp40 was the most inducible. The temperatures for maximal HSP induction at high and low temperature zone were 36 or 39°C and -3°C, respectively. In the hot zone, all HSP genes have the same initial temperature (33°C) for up-regulation. Low concentrations of Cd(2+) for a short-term promoted the expression of all HSP genes, but not high concentrations or long-term treatments. Cu(2+) stress for 24 h increased expression of nearly all HSP. Four HSP genes changed after starvation. We infer that all six HSP genes are sensitive to heat. This may help understand the absence of P. puparum during the summer and winter. The expression profiles of six HSP genes in P. puparum under heavy metal stress indicates that HSP is a short-term response to cellular distress or injury induced by Cd(2+) and Cu(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Shrestha YK, Lee KY. Oral toxicity of Photorhabdus culture media on gene expression of the adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 109:91-6. [PMID: 22041203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oral toxicity of culture media of the symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus temperata, mutually associated with entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis and Photorhabdus luminescens ssp. laumondii (TT01) mutually associated with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, were investigated in the adults of Bemisia tabaci. The oral ingestion of sucrose diet solutions (20%) containing bacteria-free supernatant of the culture media from symbiotic bacteria gradually increased mortalities and was completely lethal at 60 h after the treatments, whereas the mortalities of the controls, sucrose solutions with or without media that uncultured with bacteria, were less than 17% up to 84 h of incubation. The effects of oral ingestion of symbiont culture media were demonstrated on the expression rates of several genes of B. tabaci using quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Genes associated with immunity (knottin) and nervous system (acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholine esterase and sodium channel) were up-regulated while genes involved in metabolism (cytochromep450 and carboxylesterase) were down-regulated, but genes involved in development (ecdysone receptor), reproduction (vitellogenin) and stress (hsp70, hsp90 and shsp) did not change transcription rates. Our results provide information for the understanding of the mechanism of symbiont pathogenic factors for the manipulation of host physiology at the transcription level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Kumar Shrestha
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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15
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Rivers DB, Uçkan F, Ergin E, Keefer DA. Pathological and ultrastructural changes in cultured cells induced by venom from the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1935-1948. [PMID: 20804763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis produces a proteinaceous venom that induces death in fly hosts by non-paralytic mechanisms. Previous in vitro assays have suggested that the primary cause of cell and tissue death is oncosis, a non-programmed cell death (PCD) pathway characterized by cellular swelling and lysis. However, ultrastructural analyses of BTI-TN-5B1 cells exposed to LC(99) doses of wasp venom revealed cellular changes more consistent with apoptosis and/or non-apoptotic PCD than oncosis or necrosis: By 3h after incubation with venom, susceptible cells displayed indentations in the nuclear membranes, large nucleoli, and extensive vacuolization throughout the cytoplasm. In the vast majority of venom treated cells, annexin V bound to the plasma membrane surface within 15 min after treatment, a characteristic consistent with translocation of phosphatidylserine to the cell surface during the early stages of apoptosis. Likewise, mitochondrial transmembrane potential was depressed in cells within 15 min in venom-treated cells, an event that occurred in the absence of mitochondrial swelling or rupturing of cristae. Active caspase 3 was detected by fluorescent labeling in nearly all venom treated cells 3h after exposure to venom, and in turn, the potent caspase 3 inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK attenuated the morphological changes elicited by wasp venom and afforded protection to BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rivers
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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