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Hergesheimer R, Lanznaster D, Bourgeais J, Hérault O, Vourc’h P, Andres CR, Corcia P, Blasco H. Conditioned Medium from Cells Overexpressing TDP-43 Alters the Metabolome of Recipient Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102198. [PMID: 33003404 PMCID: PMC7601466 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the progressive death of both upper and lower motor neurons. The disease presents a poor prognosis, and patients usually die 2-5 years after the onset of symptoms. The hallmark of this disease is the presence of phosphorylated and ubiquitinated aggregates containing trans-active response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) in the cytoplasm of motor neurons. TDP-43 pathology has been associated with multiple pathways in ALS, such as metabolic dysfunction found in patients and in in vivo models. Recently, it has been described as a "prion-like" protein, as studies have shown its propagation in cell culture from ALS brain extract or overexpressed TDP-43 in co-culture and conditioned medium, resulting in cytotoxicity. However, the cellular alterations that are associated with this cytotoxicity require further investigation. Here, we investigated the effects of conditioned medium from HEK293T (Human Embryonic Kidney 293T) cells overexpressing TDP-43 on cellular morphology, proliferation, death, and metabolism. Although we did not find evidence of TDP-43 propagation, we observed a toxicity of TDP-43-conditioned medium and altered metabolism. These results, therefore, suggest (1) that cells overexpressing TDP-43 produce an extracellular environment that can perturb other cells and (2) that TDP-43 propagation alone may not be the only potentially cytotoxic cell-to-cell mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Hergesheimer
- INSERM, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (R.H.); (D.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Débora Lanznaster
- INSERM, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (R.H.); (D.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Jérôme Bourgeais
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Olivier Hérault
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Patrick Vourc’h
- INSERM, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (R.H.); (D.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.)
- CHU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christian R. Andres
- INSERM, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (R.H.); (D.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.)
- CHU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- INSERM, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (R.H.); (D.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.)
- CHU de Tours, Service de Neurologie, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- INSERM, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (R.H.); (D.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.)
- CHU de Tours, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence:
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Alemán-Vega M, Sánchez-Lozano I, Hernández-Guerrero CJ, Hellio C, Quintana ET. Exploring Antifouling Activity of Biosurfactants Producing Marine Bacteria Isolated from Gulf of California. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6068. [PMID: 32842499 PMCID: PMC7504147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofouling causes major problems and economic losses to marine and shipping industries. In the search for new antifouling agents, marine bacteria with biosurfactants production capability can be an excellent option, due to the amphipathic surface-active characteristic that confers antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifouling activity of biosurfactants producing marine bacteria from the Gulf of California. The cell free culture supernatant (CFCS) of Bacillus niabensis (S-69), Ralstonia sp. (S-74) (isolated from marine sediment) and of B. niabensis (My-30) (bacteria associated to the sponge Mycale ramulosa) were screened for production of biosurfactants (using hemolysis and drop collapse test, oil displacement and emulsifying activity). The toxicity and antifouling activity were evaluated against biofoulers (bacteria forming biofilm and macrofoulers) both in laboratory and field assays. The results indicate that all bacteria were biosurfactant producers, but the higher capability was shown by B. niabensis (My-30) with high emulsifying properties (E24) of 71%. The CFCS showed moderate toxicity but were considered non-toxic against Artemia franciscana at low concentrations. In the antifouling assay, the CFCS of both strains of B. niabensis showed the best results for the reduction of the biofilm formation (up 50%) against all Gram-positive bacteria and most Gram-negative bacteria with low concentrations. In the field assay, the CFCS of B. niabensis (My-30) led to the reduction of 30% of biofouling compared to the control. The results indicate that the biosurfactant produced by B. niabensis (My-30) has promising antifouling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Alemán-Vega
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; (M.A.-V.); (I.S.-L.)
| | - Ilse Sánchez-Lozano
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; (M.A.-V.); (I.S.-L.)
| | - Claudia J. Hernández-Guerrero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N. Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; (M.A.-V.); (I.S.-L.)
| | - Claire Hellio
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Erika T. Quintana
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
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Chen Z, Patwari M, Liu D. Cytotoxicity of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:648-654. [PMID: 31890301 PMCID: PMC6934351 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study is to test cytotoxicity of four brands of commercially available orthodontic temporary anchorage devices (TADs). Setting and sample population Twenty-four (six for each brand, i.e., Aarhus [AO]; Dual top [RMO]; Vector TAS [ORMCO]; and Unitek TAD [3M UNITEK]) TADs were tested. Materials and methods Twenty-four (six for each brand, i.e., Aarhus [AO]; Dual top [RMO]; Vector TAS [ORMCO]; and Unitek TAD [3M UNITEK]) TADs were individually incubated in complete cell culture medium and shaken at a rate of 1.5 rpm at 37°C for 30 days to extract possible toxic substances in conditioned media (CM). To test cytotoxicity, human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured and exposed to the CM for 24 hr, followed by the examinations of morphological changes, cell viability (MTT assay), and cell damage (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] assay). Results No morphological changes were observed in any of the four brands of TADs compared with the negative control. LDH assay showed that none of the four brands of TADs caused significant cell damage after CM treatment compared with the negative control (P > .05). No significant differences were found between any of the four brands of TADs (P > .05). MTT assay showed similar results as did the LDH assay, except for a statistically significant difference found in the TADs from 3M UNITEK compared with the negative control (P = .047). Conclusions According to the International Standard Organization standards, except for the TAD from 3M, none of the other three brands of commercially available TADs (from AO, RMO, and ORMCO) exhibited significant cytotoxicity, suggesting their safe clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Chen
- Department of PeriodontologyPeking University School of StomatologyBeijingP.R. China
| | - Manika Patwari
- Private Practice, Ridgeview Dental GroupMenomonee FallWaukesha CountyWisconsin
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Developmental Sciences/Orthodontics, School of DentistryMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWisconsin
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Yang Q, Chen L, Hu X, Zhao L, Yin P, Li Q. Toxic effect of a marine bacterium on aquatic organisms and its algicidal substances against Phaeocystis globosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114933. [PMID: 25646807 PMCID: PMC4315471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms have caused enormous damage to the marine ecosystem and the coastal economy in China. In this paper, a bacterial strain B1, which had strong algicidal activity against Phaeocystis globosa, was isolated from the coastal waters of Zhuhai in China. The strain B1 was identified as Bacillus sp. on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequence and morphological characteristics. To evaluate the ecological safety of the algicidal substances produced by strain B1, their toxic effects on marine organisms were tested. Results showed that there were no adverse effects observed in the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetoceros muelleri, and Isochrystis galbana after exposure to the algicidal substances at a concentration of 1.0% (v/v) for 96 h. The 48h LC50 values for Brachionus plicatilis, Moina mongolica Daday and Paralichthys olivaceus were 5.7, 9.0 and 12.1% (v/v), respectively. Subsequently, the algicidal substances from strain B1 culture were isolated and purified by silica gel column, Sephadex G-15 column and high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and PeakView Software, the purified substances were identified as prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine. Algicidal mechanism indicated that prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine inhibited the growth of P. globosa by disrupting the antioxidant systems. In the acute toxicity assessment using M. mongolica, 24h LC50 values of prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine were 7.0 and 13.8 g/L, respectively. The active substances produced by strain B1 can be considered as ecologically and environmentally biological agents for controlling harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Holownia A, Wielgat P, Kwolek A, Jackowski K, Braszko JJ. Crosstalk Between Co-cultured A549 Cells and THP1 Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 858:47-55. [PMID: 26022893 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is considered as a major etiological factor in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study we used A549 cells and THP-1 cells grown for 24 h in monoculture or in co-culture in CS-conditioned media and changes in their proliferation, viability, acetylated histone H3 levels and expression of extracellular antigens CD14, HLA-DR, CD11a, and CD11b were assessed. CS was highly toxic to A549 cells but not to THP1 cells. In A549 cells, oxidative stress reached the highest values after 1 h of CS exposure and then decreased. In THP1 cells oxidative stress was lower and increased progressively with time. CS decreased proliferation of A549 and THP1 cells by about 80% and 21%, respectively. CS did not alter acetylated histone H3 levels in A549 cells, while in THP1 cells the levels were reduced by about 35%. CS significantly increased expression of CD14, HLA-DR, CD11a, and CD11b in THP1 cells. In co-culture, naïve or CS-pretreated THP1 cells significantly protected A549 cells against CS toxicity but had higher death rates. These results show that epithelial cells are more fragile to CS than monocytes and that CS-activated monocytes may protect epithelial cells against CS-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Holownia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15a Waszyngtona St., Bialystok, Poland,
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Cohen A, Sendersky E, Carmeli S, Schwarz R. Collapsing aged culture of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus produces compound(s) toxic to photosynthetic organisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100747. [PMID: 24959874 PMCID: PMC4069110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton mortality allows effective nutrient cycling, and thus plays a pivotal role in driving biogeochemical cycles. A growing body of literature demonstrates the involvement of regulated death programs in the abrupt collapse of phytoplankton populations, and particularly implicates processes that exhibit characteristics of metazoan programmed cell death. Here, we report that the cell-free, extracellular fluid (conditioned medium) of a collapsing aged culture of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus is toxic to exponentially growing cells of this cyanobacterium, as well as to a large variety of photosynthetic organisms, but not to eubacteria. The toxic effect, which is light-dependent, involves oxidative stress, as suggested by damage alleviation by antioxidants, and the very high sensitivity of a catalase-mutant to the conditioned medium. At relatively high cell densities, S. elongatus cells survived the deleterious effect of conditioned medium in a process that required de novo protein synthesis. Application of conditioned medium from a collapsing culture caused severe pigment bleaching not only in S. elongatus cells, but also resulted in bleaching of pigments in a cell free extract. The latter observation indicates that the elicited damage is a direct effect that does not require an intact cell, and therefore, is mechanistically different from the metazoan-like programmed cell death described for phytoplankton. We suggest that S. elongatus in aged cultures are triggered to produce a toxic compound, and thus, this process may be envisaged as a novel regulated death program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Cohen
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eleonora Sendersky
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Rakefet Schwarz
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Karlsen C, Vanberg C, Mikkelsen H, Sørum H. Co-infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), by Moritella viscosa and Aliivibrio wodanis, development of disease and host colonization. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:112-21. [PMID: 24745624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two species of bacteria are repeatedly isolated from farmed fish with winter-ulcer disease. Moritella viscosa is the aetiological agent of the disease; the significance of Aliivibrio wodanis is uncertain but has not been related to the primary pathogenesis. A cell culture infection model showed that A. wodanis adhered to, but did not invade the fish cells. Exposure to culture supernatant of A. wodanis caused the fish cells to vacoulate, retract, round up and detach from the surface, and rearrange the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton. These observations suggest that the bacterium secretes toxins into the extracellular environment. Any pathologic effect of A. wodanis and the effect of co-culturing with M. viscosa was studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) bath challenged with; only M. viscosa or only A. wodanis or both bacteria together. Both M. viscosa and A. wodanis were re-isolated from external surfaces and internal organs from live and deceased co-infected fish. It is further hypothesized that A. wodanis colonization might influence the progression of a M. viscosa infection. This is to our knowledge the first study that reproduces field observations where both bacteria infect Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Karlsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christin Vanberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Colacurcio DJ, Yeager A, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Akay C. Calpain-mediated degradation of MDMx/MDM4 contributes to HIV-induced neuronal damage. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:54-62. [PMID: 24128662 PMCID: PMC3868345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage in HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) has been linked to inflammation induced by soluble factors released by HIV-infected, and non-infected, activated macrophages/microglia (HIV M/M) in the brain. It has been suggested that aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation determines cell fate in response to these toxic factors. We have previously shown increased expression of cell cycle proteins such as E2F1 and phosphorylated pRb in HAND midfrontal cortex in vivo and in primary neurons exposed to HIV M/M supernatants in vitro. In addition, we have previously shown that MDMx (also referred to as MDM4), a negative regulator of E2F1, was decreased in the brain in a primate model of HIV-induced CNS neurodegeneration. Thus, we hypothesized that MDMx provides indirect neuroprotection from HIV-induced neurodegeneration in our in vitro model. In this report, we found significant reductions in MDMx protein levels in the mid-frontal cortex of patients with HAND. In addition, treatment of primary rat neuroglial cultures with HIV M/M led to NMDA receptor- and calpain-dependent degradation of MDMx and decreased neuronal survival, while overexpression of MDMx conferred partial protection from HIV M/M toxicity in vitro. Further, our results demonstrate that MDMx is a novel and direct calpain substrate. Finally, blocking MDMx activity led to neuronal death in vitro in the absence of toxic stimulus, which was reversed by calpain inhibition. Overall, our results indicate that MDMx plays a pro-survival role in neurons, and that strategies to stabilize and/or induce MDMx can provide neuroprotection in HAND and in other neurodegenerative diseases where calpain activation contributes to neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Colacurcio
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 312 Levy Building, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Alyssa Yeager
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 280C Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis L. Kolson
- Department of Neurology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 280C Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 312 Levy Building, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Cagla Akay
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 312 Levy Building, 240 South 40 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Liu J, Han G, Liu H, Qin C. Suppression of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a possible role of Wnt and Akt signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62844. [PMID: 23646150 PMCID: PMC3639969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be recruited to tumor sites, and affect the growth of human malignancies. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we observed the effects of hMSCs on the human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, HCCC-9810, using an animal transplantation model, and conditioned media from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). Animal studies showed that hUC-MSCs can inhibit the growth of cholangiocarcinoma xenograft tumors. In cell culture, conditioned media from hUC-MSCs inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The proliferation inhibition rate increased from 6.21% to 49.86%, whereas the apoptosis rate increased from 9.3% to 48.1% when HCCC-9810 cells were cultured with 50% hUC-MSC conditioned media for 24 h. Immunoblot analysis showed that the expression of phosphor-PDK1 (Ser241), phosphor-Akt (Ser 437 and Thr308), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (phospho-GSK-3β(Ser9)), β-catenin, cyclin-D1, and c-myc were down-regulated. We further demonstrated that CHIR99021, a GSK-3β inhibitor reversed the suppressive effects of hUC-MSCs on HCCC-9810 cells and increased the expression of β-catenin. The GSK-3β activator, sodium nitroprusside dehydrate (SNP), augmented the anti-tumor effects of hUC-MSCs and decreased the expression of β-catenin. IGF-1 acted as an Akt activator, and also reversed the suppressive effects of hUC-MSCs on HCCC-9810 cells. All these results suggest that hUC-MSCs could inhibit the malignant phenotype of HCCC-9810 human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. The cross-talk role of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, with GSK-3β as the key enzyme bridging these pathways, may contribute to the inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cells by hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoqing Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Fu M, Gao Y, Pan Y, Li W, Liao W, Wang G, Li C, Li C, Gao T, Liu Y. Recovered patients with Stevens-Johson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis maintain long-lived IFN-γ and sFasL memory response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45516. [PMID: 23029066 PMCID: PMC3445504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that drug-specific T cells are involved in inducing keratinocyte apoptosis in acute stage of Steven-Johson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, there are few studies that have attempted to examine T cell memory responses over time. We sought to determine the duration of IFN-γ and sFasL memory response to causal drugs in patients with SJS and TEN after remission. Eight patients with previous SJS and TEN were enrolled. Memory T cells were measured by 10-day cultured IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell (ELISpot) assay. Effector T-cell responses were measured by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot assay and sFasL ELISA. The sFasL-mediated toxicities of drug-stimulated PBMC supernatants against keratinocyte line were further investigated by MTT proliferation assay and Annexin-V staining. We observed significant cultured and ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot responses against causal drugs in all 8 patients. In addition, the sFasL levels were specifically increased in the supernatant of PBMCs cultured with causal drugs from 6 of 8 patients. Drug-stimulated PBMC supernatants were cytotoxic against keratinocyte line, which was inhibited by anti-FasL mAb in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings confirmed that drug-specific IFN-γ and sFasL memory response against causal drugs could be sustained over several years and further suggest that patients should avoid causal drug re-exposure after the recovery of TEN and SJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Health Science, School of Military Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefei Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Lou BS, Yuan ZH, Luo YW, Lin XF. [Effects of Staphylococcus aureus supernatant on expression of various cytokines by neutrophils and retinal pigment epithelium cells]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2011; 47:1117-1122. [PMID: 22336123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of Staphylococcus aureus supernatant on the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in co-cultures of neutrophils and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. METHODS The co-culture system was established by co-culturing of human RPE cell line D407 and human peripheral blood neutrophils. Bacterium-free supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 was added to the co-culture system for studying its effects. The volume of bacterium-free supernatant was divided into six groups: negative control, brain-heart infusion control, 50 µl, 100 µl, 250 µl and 500 µl group. The number of neutrophils was divided into four groups: negative control, 1 × 10(4), 5 × 10(4) and 5 × 10(5) group. The supernatants was collected at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h later and the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS When RPE cells were cultured with different doses of bacterium-free supernatant (0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µl), the levels of IL-1β was positively correlated with the volume of bacterium-free supernatant and the duration. The levels of IL-6 were significantly higher than that of the control group in the 500 µl group at 24 h [(23.17 ± 3.16) ng/L vs (7.61 ± 1.53) ng/L] and 48 h [(35.00 ± 4.37) ng/L vs (13.17 ± 3.27) ng/L] duration (P = 0.001 and P = 0.026, respectively). When RPE cells were co-cultured with the bacterium-free supernatant and the neutrophils (1 × 10(4), 5 × 10(4) and 5 × 10(5) cells) for 6 and 12 h, the levels of IL-1β in the 5 × 10(5) group at both 6 h [(236.62 ± 8.20) ng/L] and 12 h [(447.42 ± 35.13) ng/L] was statistically higher than that in other groups (6 h: P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.002; 12 h: P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, respectively). The levels of IL-6 in the 5 × 10(5) group [(46.96 ± 2.72) ng/L] was significantly higher than that in the other groups at 12 h (P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, respectively). TNF-α could not be detected in the conditioned media from all cultures. CONCLUSIONS Both IL-1β and IL-6 are expressed in the co-cultures of neutrophils and RPE cells with Staphylococcus aureus supernatant. IL-1β is upregulated at the early stage and the high level is maintained longer than that of IL-6. The virulence factor of bacteria and the neutrophil may play a role in the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in the RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-sheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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12
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Shrestha YK, Lee KY. Oral toxicity of Photorhabdus culture media on gene expression of the adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 109:91-6. [PMID: 22041203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oral toxicity of culture media of the symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus temperata, mutually associated with entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis and Photorhabdus luminescens ssp. laumondii (TT01) mutually associated with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, were investigated in the adults of Bemisia tabaci. The oral ingestion of sucrose diet solutions (20%) containing bacteria-free supernatant of the culture media from symbiotic bacteria gradually increased mortalities and was completely lethal at 60 h after the treatments, whereas the mortalities of the controls, sucrose solutions with or without media that uncultured with bacteria, were less than 17% up to 84 h of incubation. The effects of oral ingestion of symbiont culture media were demonstrated on the expression rates of several genes of B. tabaci using quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Genes associated with immunity (knottin) and nervous system (acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholine esterase and sodium channel) were up-regulated while genes involved in metabolism (cytochromep450 and carboxylesterase) were down-regulated, but genes involved in development (ecdysone receptor), reproduction (vitellogenin) and stress (hsp70, hsp90 and shsp) did not change transcription rates. Our results provide information for the understanding of the mechanism of symbiont pathogenic factors for the manipulation of host physiology at the transcription level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Kumar Shrestha
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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13
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Nagai M, Re DB, Nagata T, Chalazonitis A, Jessell TM, Wichterle H, Przedborski S. Astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutated SOD1 release factors selectively toxic to motor neurons. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:615-22. [PMID: 17435755 PMCID: PMC3799799 DOI: 10.1038/nn1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 913] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause a form of the fatal paralytic disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), presumably by a combination of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous processes. Here, we show that expression of mutated human SOD1 in primary mouse spinal motor neurons does not provoke motor neuron degeneration. Conversely, rodent astrocytes expressing mutated SOD1 kill spinal primary and embryonic mouse stem cell-derived motor neurons. This is triggered by soluble toxic factor(s) through a Bax-dependent mechanism. However, mutant astrocytes do not cause the death of spinal GABAergic or dorsal root ganglion neurons or of embryonic stem cell-derived interneurons. In contrast to astrocytes, fibroblasts, microglia, cortical neurons and myocytes expressing mutated SOD1 do not cause overt neurotoxicity. These findings indicate that astrocytes may play a role in the specific degeneration of spinal motor neurons in ALS. Identification of the astrocyte-derived soluble factor(s) may have far-reaching implications for ALS from both a pathogenic and therapeutic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 710 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
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14
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Kim YS, Martinez T, Deshpande DM, Drummond J, Provost-Javier K, Williams A, McGurk J, Maragakis N, Song H, Ming GL, Kerr DA. Correction of humoral derangements from mutant superoxide dismutase 1 spinal cord. Ann Neurol 2007; 60:716-28. [PMID: 17192933 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to define molecular and cellular participants that mediate motor neuron injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using a coculture system. METHODS We cocultured embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons with organotypic slice cultures from wild-type or SOD1G93A (MT) mice. We examined axon lengths and cell survival of embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons. We defined and quantified the humoral factors that differed between wild-type and MT organotypic cultures, and then corrected these differences in cell culture. RESULTS MT spinal cord organotypic slices were selectively toxic to motor neurons as defined by axonal lengths and cell survival. MT spinal cord organotypic slices secreted higher levels of nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-12p70 and lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. The toxicity of MT spinal cord organotypic cultures was reduced and axonal lengths were restored to near normal by coculturing in the presence of reactive oxygen species scavenger, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neutralizing antibodies to IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-12. INTERPRETATION MT spinal cord organotypic cultures overexpress certain factors and underexpress others, creating a nonpermissive environment for cocultured motor neurons. Correction of these abnormalities as a group, but not individually, restores axonal length to near normal. Such a "cocktail" approach to the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sook Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Pawluczyk IZA, Patel SR, Harris KPG. Pharmacological enhancement of the kallikrein-kinin system promotes anti-fibrotic responses in human mesangial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 18:327-36. [PMID: 17170519 DOI: 10.1159/000097610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether pharmacological enhancement of the renal kallikrein-kinin system using the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat plays a direct role in modulating the fibrotic responses of human mesangial cells to injury. Treatment with 40 micromol/L omapatrilat was able to reduce macrophage-conditioned medium (MPCM)-induced fibronectin levels without affecting mRNA expression. MPCM injury also suppressed kallikrein and low molecular weight kininogen mRNA. Omapatrilat was able to attenuate this suppression. Bradykinin levels in contrast were increased by MPCM and treatment with omapatrilat further augmented levels. Co-incubation with the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140 attenuated the omapatrilat-induced lowering of fibronectin. Moreover, inhibition of cGMP release had a similar effect. Paradoxically, RT-PCR and Southern blotting demonstrated that bradykinin B2 receptor mRNA levels were down regulated in response to omapatrilat. Western blotting supported this data. Supernatant levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a product of bradykinin stimulation, were decreased by omapatrilat while cell associated tPA levels were increased. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA expression was up regulated by omapatrilat treatment, although no difference in active zymogen levels was observed. In conclusion enhancement of kallikrein-kinin system appears to play a direct role in promoting anti-fibrotic responses in MPCM-injured human mesangial cells.
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Dagnino D, de Abreu Meireles D, de Aquino Almeida JC. Growth of nutrient-replete Microcystis PCC 7806 cultures is inhibited by an extracellular signal produced by chlorotic cultures. Environ Microbiol 2006; 8:30-6. [PMID: 16343319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of cyanobacterial blooms has been increasing all over the world. These blooms are often toxic and have become a serious health problem. The aim of this work was to search for population density control mechanisms that could inhibit the proliferation of the toxic bloom-forming genus Microcystis. Microcystis PCC 7806 cultured for long periods in liquid ASM-1 medium loses its characteristic green colour. When a medium of chlorotic cultures is added to a nutrient-replete culture, cell density increase is drastically reduced when compared with controls. Inhibition of cell proliferation occurs in Microcystis cultures from any growth stage and was not strain-specific, but other genera tested showed no response. Investigations on the mechanism of growth inhibition showed that cultures treated with the conditioned medium acquired a pale colour, with pigment concentration similar to that found in chlorotic cultures. Ultrastructural examination showed that the conditioned medium induced thylakoid membrane disorganization, typical of chlorotic cells, in nutrient-replete cultures. An active extract was obtained and investigations showed that activity was retained after heating and after addition of an apolar solvent. This indicates that activity of the conditioned medium from chlorotic cells results from non-protein, apolar compound(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Dagnino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociencias e Biotechnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos does Goytacazes, RJ, BR-28013-600, Brazil.
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Wen W, Sanelli T, Ge W, Strong W, Strong MJ. Activated microglial supernatant induced motor neuron cytotoxicity is associated with upregulation of the TNFR1 receptor. Neurosci Res 2006; 55:87-95. [PMID: 16529832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that supernatant derived from LPS-activated BV-2 cells, an immortalized microglial cell line, induces death of NSC-34 cells (a motor neuron hybridoma) through a TNFalpha and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) dependant mechanism. In this study, we have observed that LPS-activated BV-2 supernatant induces NSC-34 cell death in association with an upregulation of the TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) expression on NSC-34 cells, both at the transcription level and at the cell surface protein level. The upregulation of TNFR1 receptor was independent of TNFalpha, and could be partly inhibited by the inhibition of iNOS activation in the BV-2 cells. The TNFR2 receptor was not involved. These observations have important implications in understanding the mechanism by which microglial activation contributes to the motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Wen
- Cell Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada
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18
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Mitrasinovic OM, Grattan A, Robinson CC, Lapustea NB, Poon C, Ryan H, Phong C, Murphy GM. Microglia overexpressing the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor are neuroprotective in a microglial-hippocampal organotypic coculture system. J Neurosci 2006; 25:4442-51. [PMID: 15858070 PMCID: PMC6725106 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0514-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia with increased expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR; c-fms) are found surrounding plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in mouse models for AD and after ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Increased expression of M-CSFR causes microglia to adopt an activated state that results in proliferation, release of cytokines, and enhanced phagocytosis. To determine whether M-CSFR-induced microglial activation affects neuronal survival, we assembled a coculture system consisting of BV-2 microglia transfected to overexpress the M-CSFR and hippocampal organotypic slices treated with NMDA. Twenty-four hours after assembly of the coculture, microglia overexpressing M-CSFR proliferated at a higher rate than nontransfected control cells and exhibited enhanced migration toward NMDA-injured hippocampal cultures. Surprisingly, coculture with c-fms-transfected microglia resulted in a dramatic reduction in NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. Similar results were observed when cocultures were treated with the teratogen cyclophosphamide. Biolistic overexpression of M-CSFR on microglia endogenous to the organotypic culture also rescued neurons from excitotoxicity. Furthermore, c-fms-transfected microglia increased neuronal expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), the M-CSFR, and neurotrophin receptors in the NMDA-treated slices, as determined with laser capture microdissection. In the coculture system, direct contact between the exogenous microglia and the slice was necessary for neuroprotection. Finally, blocking expression of the M-CSF ligand by exogenous c-fms-transfected microglia with a hammerhead ribozyme compromised their neuroprotective properties. These results demonstrate a protective role for microglia overexpressing M-CSFR in our coculture system and suggest under certain circumstances, activated microglia can help rather than harm neurons subjected to excitotoxic and teratogen-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera M Mitrasinovic
- Neuroscience Research Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Rao RP, Gowda SST, Leela S. Smoke treatment triggers the release of a novel DNA damaging factor by lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 284:73-9. [PMID: 16408246 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-9015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Organic fuel smoke is a hazardous agent, which pushes the cells towards"prooxidant state'', leading to 4,46,400 strand breaks/cell/day as against 47,000 strand breaks/cell/day produced by constitutive oxygen radicals. This prooxidants scenario switches on a plethora of intercellular events. Here we report a novel DNA damaging factor released by lymphocytes, upon treatment with smoke condensate. Human lymphocytes, when exposed to cow dung cake smoke condensate, were found to release a low molecular weight factor into the media at 20 min of exposure. The conditioned media, displayed a propensity of inducing DNA damage in fresh, normal lymphocytes, which were not exposed to any damaging agent. The above DNA damaging effect of the conditioned media was not due to any residual presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, which were present in the smoke. The release of this factor was in correlation with the DNA damaging event, taking place in the cells. This secondary DNA damaging factor had a molecular weight less than 5 kd. The factor had the cell death inducing propensity when allowed to act on lymphocytes.
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20
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Sayeed S, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME, Fisher DJ, Adams V, Poon R, Rood JI, Uzal FA, McClane BA. Epsilon-toxin is required for most Clostridium perfringens type D vegetative culture supernatants to cause lethality in the mouse intravenous injection model. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7413-21. [PMID: 16239541 PMCID: PMC1273886 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7413-7421.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemias have significant economic impact by causing rapid death of several domestic animal species. Consequently, domestic animals are commonly vaccinated, at varying efficacy, with inactivated type D vegetative supernatants. Improved type D vaccines might become possible if the lethal toxins produced by type D isolates were characterized and the contributions of those toxins to supernatant-induced lethality were established. Therefore, the current study evaluated the presence of lethal toxins in supernatants prepared from late-log-phase vegetative cultures of a large collection of genotype D isolates. Under this growth condition, most genotype D isolates produced variable levels of at least three different lethal toxins, including epsilon-toxin (ETX). To model the rapid lethality of type D enterotoxemias, studies were conducted involving intravenous (i.v.) injection of genotype D vegetative supernatants into mice, which were then observed for neurotoxic distress. Those experiments demonstrated a correlation between ETX (but not alpha-toxin or perfringolysin O) levels in late-log-phase genotype D supernatants and lethality. Consistent with the known proteolytic activation requirement for ETX toxicity, trypsin pretreatment was required for, or substantially increased, the lethality of nearly all of the tested genotype D vegetative supernatants. Finally, the lethality of these trypsin-pretreated genotype D supernatants could be completely neutralized by an ETX-specific monoclonal antibody but not by an alpha-toxin-specific monoclonal antibody. Collectively, these results indicate that, under the experimental conditions used in the present study, ETX is necessary for the lethal properties of most genotype D vegetative supernatants in the mouse i.v. injection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Sayeed
- E1240 BSTWR, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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21
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative effects of Schwann cells transplanted into the central nervous system have been observed previously. We report here that conditioned medium from Schwann cell cultures exhibit degenerative influences on hippocampal neurons. Aliquots of Schwann cell-conditioned medium compromised the morphologic integrity of the neurons, markedly elevated their intracellular calcium concentrations, and decreased their viability. The degenerative effects of Schwann cell medium on neuronal morphology and viability were blocked by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-APV) and 5,7-dicholorokynurenic acid (DCKA). Glutamate was detected in Schwann cell-conditioned medium at a concentration on the order of 10(-5) M. D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAOx) also attenuated the neurotoxicity exhibited by Schwann cells. These data suggest that Schwann cells release biologically relevant concentrations of excitotoxins that include glutamate and D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhou Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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22
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Shimada O, Ishikawa H, Tosaka-Shimada H, Atsumi S. Exocytotic secretion of toxins from macrophages infected with Escherichia coli O157. Cell Struct Funct 2004; 24:247-53. [PMID: 15216879 DOI: 10.1247/csf.24.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether macrophages are involved in the development of pathogenicity in Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coil (EHEC) O157:H7. Macrophages were infected with the bacteria, after which the macrophage culture medium showed a clear increase in toxicity in rats in vivo as well as in rat aortic endothelial cells in vitro. The increased toxicity resulted mainly from a rapid increase in the concentrations of SLT type I (SLT-I) and type II (SLT-II) and partly from an increase in concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), in the culture medium. Most of the EHEC O157 added to the macrophage culture were quickly incorporated to form phagosomes, which then fused with lysosomes to become phagolysosomes. During this intracellular digestion process, the EHEC O157 remained alive for about 15 min, and continued synthesizing and secreting the toxins SLT-1 and SLT-II. The bacteria were then killed and digested in the phagolysosomes with significant amounts of the toxins retained. Subsequently, the contents of the phagolysosomes were exocytotically secreted from the macrophage cell membrane into the surrounding culture medium. Such a sequence of events in macrophages may occur in vivo, suggesting the active involvement of macrophages in the rapid increase in pathogenicity, such as seen in the onset of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in patients infected with EHEC O157. The exocytotic secretion is considered to be one of the most basic cellular functions in macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/toxicity
- Cytochalasin D/pharmacology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dogs
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/microbiology
- Escherichia coli O157/chemistry
- Escherichia coli O157/growth & development
- Exocytosis/physiology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Kidney/cytology
- Kinetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/ultrastructure
- Male
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Phagosomes/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Shiga Toxin 1/immunology
- Shiga Toxin 1/metabolism
- Shiga Toxin 1/toxicity
- Shiga Toxin 2/immunology
- Shiga Toxin 2/metabolism
- Shiga Toxin 2/toxicity
- Shiga Toxins/immunology
- Shiga Toxins/metabolism
- Shiga Toxins/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, Yamanashi Medical University, School of Medicine, Tamaho, Yamanashi 409-3821, Japan.
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23
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Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Hilfiker A, Fuchs M, Kaminski K, Schaefer A, Schieffer B, Hillmer A, Schmiedl A, Ding Z, Podewski E, Podewski E, Poli V, Schneider MD, Schulz R, Park JK, Wollert KC, Drexler H. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is required for myocardial capillary growth, control of interstitial matrix deposition, and heart protection from ischemic injury. Circ Res 2004; 95:187-95. [PMID: 15192020 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000134921.50377.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) participates in a wide variety of physiological processes and directs seemingly contradictory responses such as proliferation and apoptosis. To elucidate its role in the heart, we generated mice harboring a cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout of STAT3 using Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. STAT3-deficient mice developed reduced myocardial capillary density and increased interstitial fibrosis within the first 4 postnatal months, followed by dilated cardiomyopathy with impaired cardiac function and premature death. Conditioned medium from STAT3-deficient cardiomyocytes inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and increased fibroblast proliferation, suggesting the presence of paracrine factors attenuating angiogenesis and promoting fibrosis in vitro. STAT3-deficient mice showed enhanced susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and infarction with increased cardiac apoptosis, increased infarct sizes, and reduced cardiac function and survival. Our study establishes a novel role for STAT3 in controlling paracrine circuits in the heart essential for postnatal capillary vasculature maintenance, interstitial matrix deposition balance, and protection from ischemic injury and heart failure.
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Falcón R, Carbonell GV, Figueredo PMS, Butião F, Saridakis HO, Pelayo JS, Yano T. Intracellular vacuolation induced by culture filtrates of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from environmental sources. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:273-8. [PMID: 12859758 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Potential virulence factors produced by culture filtrates of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from water were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Culture filtrates of P. shigelloides strains were assayed for cytotoxic activity in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary), Vero (African green monkey kidney), HeLa (human cervix), HT29 (human epithelial intestinal) and SK6 (swine epithelial kidney) cells. Microscopic analyses revealed intensive cytoplasmic vacuolation including cell rounding and swelling, with gradual destruction of the monolayer in filtrate-treated cells. Neutral red assays showed that CHO, HeLa and Vero cells were the most sensitive to the vacuolating activity, which was evident within 30 min of culture filtrate exposure. This activity was inactived by heating at 56 degrees C for 15 min and partially neutralized by antiserum to the cytotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila. All P. shigelloides strains had a cell-associated haemolysin in the agar plate assay. Three isolates were found to produce a cell-free haemolytic activity at 37 degrees C. In the suckling mouse test, two P. shigelloides culture supernatants were positive for enterotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS P. shigelloides culture filtrates isolated from aquatic environment cause intracellular vacuolation on mammalian cells, and produce haemolytic and enterotoxic activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work revealed the presence of putative virulence factors that could be associated with human infections involving Plesiomonas strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Falcón
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Civiale C, Paladino G, Marino C, Trombetta F, Pulvirenti T, Enea V. Multilayer primary epithelial cell culture from bovine conjunctiva as a model for in vitro toxicity tests. Ophthalmic Res 2003; 35:126-36. [PMID: 12711839 DOI: 10.1159/000070047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2002] [Accepted: 01/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to obtain a primary cell culture of bovine origin similar to the conjunctiva in terms of morphology and cell types, which could be of use for in vitro toxicity studies. METHODS After separation from the stroma by enzymatic treatment, conjunctival epithelial cells were dissociated and plated onto collagen-coated Transwell filters (1.13 cm(2) area). One group of plates was maintained in immersion and another was cultured under air-lifted conditions. Anti-epithelial keratin antibodies (AE1/AE3, K4) and antidesmoplakin 1 and 2 were used to characterize the cells by indirect immunofluorescence. The cell layer was examined after histological processing of the Transwell filter. Ultrastructural analysis was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bioelectric parameters transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), potential difference (PD), short circuit current and paracellular permeability profile of carboxyfluorescein were monitored as indices of the functional characteristics of these cultures. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on morphological and functional (TEER) grounds after treating the cultures with several test substances. RESULTS Morphological studies showed pure and homogeneous cell cultures. In the SEM analysis, we observed contiguous polygonal cells with numerous short microvilli, a characteristic proportion of light, medium and dark cells and a sparse population of rounded PAS-positive cells, i.e. resembling goblet cells. Air-lifted cultures also showed a tissue-like cellular organization (8-9 layers). Immersion cultures reached a maximum TEER value of around 2.95 kOmega x cm(2) 7 days after plating while in air-lifted cultures TEER peaked up to 5.59 komega x cm(2) 11 days after plating. With regard to the use of bovine conjunctival epithelial cells (BCECs) for cytotoxicity screening, the system responded finely to the insults and yielded morphological and functional results in accordance with data obtained in vivo. CONCLUSIONS BCECs reproduce cell morphology and differentiation of the original tissue and should prove a useful tool for initial studies of drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Civiale
- Research and Development Department, SIFI SpA, Lavinaio (Catania), Italy
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26
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Ying Wang J, Peruzzi F, Lassak A, Del Valle L, Radhakrishnan S, Rappaport J, Khalili K, Amini S, Reiss K. Neuroprotective effects of IGF-I against TNFalpha-induced neuronal damage in HIV-associated dementia. Virology 2003; 305:66-76. [PMID: 12504542 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection often results in disorders of the central nervous system, including HIV-associated dementia (HAD). It is suspected that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) released by activated and/or infected macrophages/microglia plays a role in the process of neuronal damage seen in AIDS patients. In light of earlier studies showing that the activation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) exerts a strong neuroprotective effect, we investigated the ability of IGF-I to protect neuronal cells from HIV-infected macrophages. Our results demonstrate that the conditioned medium from HIV-1-infected macrophages, HIV/CM, causes loss of neuronal processes in differentiated PC12 and P19 neurons and that these neurodegenerative effects are associated with the presence of TNFalpha. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IGF-I rescues differentiated neurons from both HIV/CM and TNFalpha-induced damage and that IGF-I-mediated neuroprotection is strongly enhanced by overexpression of the wt IGF-IR cDNA and attenuated by the antisense IGF-IR cDNA. Finally, IGF-I-mediated antiapoptotic pathways are continuously functional in differentiated neurons exposed to HIV/CM and are likely supported by TNFalpha-mediated phosphorylation of I(kappa)B. All together these results suggest that the balance between TNFalpha and IGF-IR signaling pathways may control the extent of neuronal injury in this HIV-related experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ying Wang
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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27
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Murtoniemi T, Nevalainen A, Suutari M, Hirvonen MR. Effect of liner and core materials of plasterboard on microbial growth, spore-induced inflammatory responses, and cytotoxicity in macrophages. Inhal Toxicol 2002; 14:1087-101. [PMID: 12454792 DOI: 10.1080/08958370290084782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms, when grown on wetted plasterboards, can produce bioactive compounds capable of inducing inflammatory and toxic reactions in mammalian cells. The paper liner of plasterboard is commonly regarded as the major substrate for microbial growth. In this study, we cultured Stachybotrys chartarum, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, and Streptomyces californicus on liners and cores of plasterboards in order to examine the role of these main plasterboard components on microbial growth and the resulting bioactivity, which was assessed as the ability of microbial spores to induce inflammatory responses and to evoke cytotoxicity in mouse macrophages. The microbes, isolated from mold problem buildings, were grown under saturated humidity conditions on wetted liners and cores of six different plasterboards. The spores were collected, applied to RAW264.7 macrophages at different doses, and evaluated 24 h after exposure for their ability to evoke cytotoxicity and to stimulate production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In general, microbial growth was better on the cores than on the liners. All of the studied microbes collected from cores induced a dose-dependent production of TNFalpha in macrophages. The TNFalpha production stimulated by spores of Stachybotrys, Aspergillus, and Streptomyces paralleled their cytotoxicity. Spores of Streptomyces and Aspergillus collected from liners were among the most potent inducers of NO and IL-6. Good growth of Stachybotrys on cores was associated with high cytotoxicity. Penicillium grew only on cores, but it did not induce major inflammatory mediator productions, nor was it significantly cytotoxic. These results indicate that previously reported microbial growth on plasterboards and spore-induced production of important inflammatory mediators and cell death in macrophages is not only due to the paper liner of plasterboard, but the core material also has a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Murtoniemi
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
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28
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Abstract
The cytotoxic potential of selected strains of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus subtilis, used in the production of industrial enzyme products, has been assessed. Cytotoxicity was determined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells by measuring total cellular metabolic activity using the tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Initially the MTT assay was validated against toxigenic strains of Bacillus cereus, to define the exact criteria for a toxigenic versus a nontoxigenic response. The assay proved sensitive to culture broths of both a diarrheagenic strain and an emetic strain of B. cereus. The enzyme-producing strains tested were nontoxic to CHO-K1 cells. Additionally it was demonstrated that our industrial strains did not react with antibodies against B. cereus enterotoxins by use of commercial antibody-based kits from Oxoid and Tecra. A short survey of the literature concerning the toxigenic potential of species within the subtilis group is included, as is a database search of known B. cereus enterotoxins against B. subtilis and B. licheniformis DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Pedersen
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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29
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Muscoli C, Salvemini D, Paolino D, Iannone M, Palma E, Cufari A, Rotiroti D, Perno CF, Aquaro S, Mollace V. Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst prevents apoptotic cell death in a human astrocytoma cell line incubated with supernatants of HIV-infected macrophages. BMC Neurosci 2002; 3:13. [PMID: 12234380 PMCID: PMC129984 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 09/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has shown to contribute in the mechanisms underlying apoptotic cell death occurring in AIDS-dementia complex. Here we investigated the role of peroxynitrite in apoptosis occurring in astroglial cells incubated with supernatants of HIV-infected human primary macrophages (M/M). RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis (FACS) of human cultured astrocytes shortly incubated with HIV-1-infected M/M supernatants showed apoptotic cell death, an effect accompanied by pronounced staining for nitrotyrosine (footprint of peroxynitrite) and by abnormal formation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Pretreatment of astrocytes with the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FeTMPS antagonized HIV-related astrocytic apoptosis, MDA formation and nitrotyrosine staining. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of peroxynitrite leads to protection against peroxidative stress accompanying HIV-related apoptosis of astrocytes. Overall results support the role of peroxynitrite in HIV-related programmed death of astrocytes and suggest the use of peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst to counteract HIV-1-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muscoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- MetaPhore Pharmaceuticals. Inc., 1910 Innerbelt Business Center Drive, St Louis, MO 63114, USA
| | | | | | - Ernesto Palma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cufari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenicantonio Rotiroti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
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30
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Taylor DL, Diemel LT, Cuzner ML, Pocock JM. Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors underlies microglial reactivity and neurotoxicity following stimulation with chromogranin A, a peptide up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2002; 82:1179-91. [PMID: 12358765 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of microglial reactivity and neurotoxicity is critical for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report that microglia possess functional group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, expressing mRNA and receptor protein for mGlu2 and mGlu3, negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase. Two different agonists of these receptors were able to induce a neurotoxic microglial phenotype which was attenuated by a specific antagonist. Chromogranin A, a secretory peptide expressed in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, activates microglia to a reactive neurotoxic phenotype. Chromogranin A-induced microglial activation and subsequent neurotoxicity may also involve an underlying stimulation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors since their inhibition reduced chromogranin A-induced microglial reactivity and neurotoxicity. These results show that selective inhibition of microglial group II metabotropic glutamate receptors has a positive impact on neuronal survival, and may prove a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Taylor
- Cell Signalling Laboratory and Laboratory of Experimental Neuroinflammation, Department of Neuroinflammation, Division of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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31
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Abstract
We examined the cytotoxicity in culture medium of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans against the human monocyte-macrophage-like cell line U937 using the trypan blue exclusion test and WST-1 test. We found that A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 showed the highest cytotoxic activity among the three different serotype strains and the cytotoxic effects of both bacterial cells and culture supernatants in A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 were stronger on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced U937 cells than uninduced U937 cells. Morphological changes in PMA-induced U937 cells treated with culture supernatants differed from those treated with leukotoxin, and a difference in the susceptibility to 56 degrees C heat treatment was found between culture supernatants and leukotoxin. The cytotoxic activity by WST-1 was determined more rapidly and strongly than that by trypan blue assay. These findings suggested that the cytotoxic effect of A. actinomycetemcomitans was influenced by the differentiation of U937 cells and may be more potent on the respiratory chain than the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fukunaga
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hiroshima University, School of Dentistry, Japan
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32
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Schubert D, Piasecki D. Oxidative glutamate toxicity can be a component of the excitotoxicity cascade. J Neurosci 2001; 21:7455-62. [PMID: 11567035 PMCID: PMC6762876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, the cystine/glutamate antiporter x(c)(-) may play a critical role in CNS pathology. High levels of extracellular glutamate inhibit the import of cystine, resulting in the depletion of glutathione and a form of cell injury called oxidative glutamate toxicity. Here we show that a portion of the cell death associated with NMDA receptor-initiated excitotoxicity can be caused by oxidative glutamate toxicity. In primary mouse cortical neurons the cell death resulting from the short-term application of 10 microm glutamate can be divided into NMDA and NMDA receptor-independent phases. The NMDA receptor-independent component is associated with high extracellular glutamate and is inhibited by a variety of reagents that block oxidative glutamate toxicity. These results suggest that oxidative glutamate toxicity toward neurons lacking functional NMDA receptors can be a component of the excitotoxicity-initiated cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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33
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Abstract
In a substantial number of cases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes neuronal cell loss and leads to the development of AIDS associated dementia. Several studies have suggested that both host and viral factors contribute to neuronal loss. Here we studied the effect of HIV-1 Tat in primary rat neuronal cells as a model to understand mechanism of neuronal cell death. At nano molar concentration, recombinant Tat induced cell death in primary rat mixed cortical neurons. Tat could also induce uptake of calcium in primary rat cultures. When cells were incubated with NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and D-CPP, cell death and 45Ca uptake were inhibited. Under similar conditions non-NMDA antagonists, NBQX, DNQX and CNQX, and sodium channel antagonist, TTX, did not inhibit Tat induced neuronal cell death. In a similar way HIV associated products from in vitro HIV-1 infected cells induced neuronal cell death which was inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonist. Results presented in this paper suggest that activation of NMDA receptors by HIV-1 Tat is responsible for neuronal cell death in primary rat cortical neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Cerebral Cortex/embryology
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned/toxicity
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Products, tat/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gene Products, tat/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, tat/toxicity
- HIV-1/metabolism
- HeLa Cells/metabolism
- HeLa Cells/virology
- Humans
- Immunosorbent Techniques
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pérez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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34
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Mancini A, Borrelli A, Masucci MT, Schiattarella A, Filice S, Rashan J, Maggino T. A conditioned medium from a human liposarcoma-derived cell line induces p53-dependent apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. Oncol Rep 2000; 7:629-37. [PMID: 10767381 DOI: 10.3892/or.7.3.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cell line, named LSA, has been obtained, stabilized, and characterized from a human liposarcoma. These cells have morphological and biochemical features strongly resembling the adipocytes and were able to grow in the Ham's F12 medium, in presence or absence of FCS. A conditioned medium (LSA-CM) was obtained by growing the LSA cells in the F12 medium in the absence of FCS. LSA-CM had cytostatic and cytotoxic effects (apoptosis and necrosis) associated with down-regulation of c-myc and upregulation of p53 in several human cell lines (breast, lung, glioblastoma, etc. ). The MCF-7 and glioblastoma cells were killed by LSA-CM in 5-6 days, whereas the same cells were killed by LSA-CM co-incubated with low doses of cisplatin in 30 h. LSA-CM peri-tumoral injections for 15 days in Balb-c-fc3H mice affected by mammary tumors, resulted in the rapid disruption of tumors and absence of metastases. In contrast, in the untreated animals the tumor masses were 4 times larger than initial lesions, and numerous metastases were found in the lungs. The toxicity analysis of LSA-CM, performed on three different animal species, showed that LSA-CM is absolutely free of acute, subacute, and subchronic toxicity. The possible use of LSA-CM/cisplatin for cancer treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mancini
- National Cancer Institute, Fondazione Pascale, 80110 Naples, Italy
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35
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Sashchenko LP, Dukhanina EA, Luk'ianova TI, Romanova EA, Iudinkova ES, Iarovaia OV, Iashin DV, Razin SV. [Physical contact between human erythroid cells and murine fibroblasts induces expression both secreted and membrane associated cytotoxic proteins]. Dokl Akad Nauk 1999; 368:122-4. [PMID: 10546056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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36
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the cytotoxicity of some bacterial species associated with periodontal diseases. The specificity of cytotoxicity was estimated against cells of various origin and from different individuals. The reference bacteria were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. These bacteria were cultured for 24 h in liquid media and the supernatants were used in cytotoxicity assays. The target cells used were human gingival fibroblasts (GF), dermal fibroblasts (K4), gingival epithelial cells (E) and HeLa-cells (HeLa). These cells were exposed at 4 h or 24 h, respectively, to various concentrations of culture supernatants from the selected bacteria. The influence on the viability and metabolism of the cells were estimated quantitatively as increase in neutral red uptake and lactic acid production. Growth medium supernatants of P. gingivalis 33277 were strongly cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts after 24 h incubation, compared to supernatants of P. gingivalis 381 or W 50, A. actinomycetemcomitans or F. nucleatum cultures. The toxic effect of P. gingivalis 33277 decreased drastically after heat inactivation, which indicates effects of proteins. By adding anti-sera the cytotoxicity of P. gingivalis 33277 could be dose dependently neutralized, which was not the case when supernatants of A. actino-mycetemcomitans was tested. Target cells of epithelial origin did not show increased cytotoxicity to P. gingivalis 33277. The results of the present study strengthen the hypothesis that P. gingivalis remains as a suspect causative key component in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johansson
- Department of Periodontology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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37
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Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms of altered cell membrane function after hyperoxic exposure. We determined the effects of hyperoxic exposure and exogenous oxidant stress with xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) on Na+/H+ antiport activity. Pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers were incubated in 95% O2/5% CO2 (24 to 72 hours) simultaneously with controls placed in 21 % O2/5% CO2. Monolayers were then incubated for 2 hours in MEM with or without X/XO (100 micromol/L X; 0.01 U/ml XO). Antiport activity was determined as the rate of recovery from intracellular acidosis by measurement of intracellular pH (pH,) with 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Hyperoxic exposure (72 hours) decreased Na+/H+ antiport activity as compared with that in control monolayers. Exogenous oxidant stress also decreased antiport activity in both control and hyperoxic cells, but this effect was more pronounced in hyperoxic cells at all time points. These changes occurred in the absence of overt cytotoxicity. Incubation with antioxidants (polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), PEG-catalase, vitamin E), N-acetylcysteine, or phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors did not prevent the decrease in antiport activity after hyperoxic exposure. Conditioned medium experiments demonstrated that the diminished antiport activity was not related to release of a soluble mediator after hyperoxic exposure. These findings suggest that the diminished Na+/H+ antiport activity represents a sublethal form of membrane dysfunction that may be a component of the increased endothelial cell susceptibility to injury after hyperoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cutaia
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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38
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Basso D, Brigato L, Veronesi A, Panozzo MP, Amadori A, Plebani M. The pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa2 produces one or more factors able to induce hyperglycemia in SCID mice. Anticancer Res 1995; 15:2585-8. [PMID: 8669828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A reduced glucose tolerance or frank diabetes mellitus is a frequent finding in patients with pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to verify whether the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa2 was able to produce any factor which could induce hyperglycemia in SCID (severe complete immunodeficient) mice. MIA PaCa2 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) for 7 days. Twenty-five female SCID mice were used. They were daily i.p. injected with 300 ul of cell culture supernatants (Group T, n = 13) or with 300 ul of DMEM (Group C, n = 12) and followed up for 82 days. Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in Group T than in Group C on days 10 and 25. Intravenous glucose tolerance test, success-fully performed in 9 animals (4 controls and 5 treated), demonstrated a significantly reduced glucose tolerance in Group T compared to Group C mice. At sacrifice, plasma and pancreatic insulin and glucagon levels did not vary between groups. The ratio between pancreatic and plasma insulin was significantly lower in Group T than in Group C. We conclude that: 1. The pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa2 produces one or more soluble factors able to cause hyperglycemia in vivo; 2. this effect is not immunologically mediated, and 3. this/these factor/s could both interfere with the pancreatic beta cells and/or with insulin peripheral action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Basso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
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39
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Kärnström U, Norén O, Sjöström H. The effect of medium derived from activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells on two intestinal cell lines. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 371A:197-9. [PMID: 8525905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Kärnström
- Department of Biochemistry C, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Matsuo K, Ishibashi Y, Kobayashi I, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Tange T, Hirata J, Kiyoshima T, Sakai H. New human oral squamous carcinoma cell line and its tumorigenic subline producing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994; 85:1257-62. [PMID: 7531680 PMCID: PMC5919384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new human carcinoma cell line, MISK81-5, was established from a metastatic lymph node of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural observations revealed an obvious epithelial origin of the cell line. Chromosome analysis revealed a hypertriploid karyotype with numerical and structural anomalies. MISK81-5 cells could form a tumor mass in the subcutaneous tissue of recipient BALB/c athymic mice only when coinjected with Matrigel. A stem cell assay revealed that conditioned medium (CM) of MISK81-5 contained granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or interleukin-6 activity. Quantitation by ELISA disclosed a higher concentration of G-CSF in the CM of MISK81-5 than in the CM of other squamous and gastric carcinoma cell lines. The sMISK, that was derived from MISK81-5 as a subpopulation of the cell line having higher tumorigenicity, also showed a similar hematopoietic stimulating activity to that of MISK81-5. These characteristics of the MISK81-5 cell line and its subpopulation, sMISK will be useful for studying the biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinomas and its relation to hematopoietic stimulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
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41
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Abstract
Cytotoxicity in culture media of various growing bacterial strains was estimated by Cr-51 release of labelled target-cells. Interaction studies were made by adding each of the different UV-killed bacteria to the medium with viable bacteria. The reference oral bacterial strains were: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus mitis, which were compared with the reference bacteria Staphylococcus aureus 209 and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The target cells were: gingival fibroblasts (GF), periodontal membrane fibroblasts (PMF), pulpal fibroblasts (PF), HeLa-cells (HeLa), and lymphoid neoplasm cells (LN). Synergistic, as well as antagonistic, effects on target cells were observed. The cytotoxicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans in presence of P. gingivalis is neutralized while in presence of S. aureus it was increased. Bacterial interactions with F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis cytotoxicity were observed. The cytotoxicity of F. nucleatum was increased when cultured together with A. actinomycetemcomitans. Each cell type reacted differently to the toxicity of the supernatant of growth medium in which the same bacterial strain had been cultivated, which indicates cell specificity of the toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johansson
- Department of Periodontology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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42
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Nordmann P, Zinzendorf N, Keller M, Lair I, Ronco E, Guenounou M. Interaction of virulent and non-virulent Rhodococcus equi human isolates with phagocytes, fibroblast- and epithelial-derived cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1994; 9:199-205. [PMID: 7812268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a facultative, intracellular, Gram-positive coccobacillus, increasingly reported in pneumonia of AIDS-infected patients. We investigated killing resistance properties of human R. equi virulent and avirulent human strains. Avirulent beta-lactam-susceptible strains had lower intracellular colony forming units after 45 min incubation in murine macrophages J774 and human monocyte-macrophage TPH-1 than those of virulent strains. Only virulent beta-lactam-resistant strains persisted within macrophages for at least 18 min only. A beta-lactam-resistant mutant was obtained from a beta-lactam-susceptible strain after selection in a penicillin G-containing culture medium. This mutant strain, like the natural virulent strains, persisted within macrophages, harboured cell-associated appendages, produced phage-like particles and induced, after its intravenous inoculation, a chronic infection in BALB/c nude mice. Supernatant culture of virulent strains transferred partial macrophage-killing resistance properties to avirulent strains. The same supernatant was toxic for L-929, HeLa and Vero cell cultures. These supernatant effects were heat-inactivated, trypsin-inactivated and did not seem to be linked to phage-like particle presence. These data argue that virulence, beta-lactam-resistance, and macrophage-killing resistance are associated in human R. equi isolates. Moreover, only virulent strains produced uncharacterized toxic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nordmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ouest, Université Paris 5, Garches, France
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Shimizu N, Yamaguchi M, Goseki T, Ozawa Y, Saito K, Takiguchi H, Iwasawa T, Abiko Y. Cyclic-tension force stimulates interleukin-1 beta production by human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 1994; 29:328-33. [PMID: 7799213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1994.tb01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
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Abstract
Previously, we reported the antigranulocytic activity of Campylobacter rectus media supernatants containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a 104 kDa protein. Here, we monitored the release of protein and LPS through the growth cycle of C. rectus ATCC 33238 and identified the 104 kDa protein as the cytotoxin. LPS in media supernatants was quantitated by a KDO assay; the 104 kDa protein was detected on immunoblots with specific antibody (A104) and quantitated by amino acid analysis of membrane immobilized protein bands. C. rectus cell product release was independent of cell lysis. Over 24 h, the 104 kDa protein was released linearly while LPS was released in two plateaus; both increased in C. rectus culture supernatants 3 h after inoculation achieving maximum concentrations at 21 h of 3.1 micrograms/ml and 14.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. In 2 h, trypan blue viability assays, 37-47 micrograms of 12, 18 and 24 h supernatant protein killed 33-43% of HL-60 cells. Supernatant toxicity was heat sensitive and inhibited by A104. Sequencing the 16 N-terminal amino acids of the cytotoxin distinguished it from described C. rectus proteins. Similarities between epitopes and amino acid compositions of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin and C. rectus cytotoxin were observed. These data indicate that C. rectus secretes a 104 kDa cytotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gillespie
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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