1
|
Prati S, Enß J, Grabner DS, Huesken A, Feld CK, Doliwa A, Sures B. Possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) drift by microsporidian parasites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9474. [PMID: 37301923 PMCID: PMC10257654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In lotic freshwater ecosystems, the drift or downstream movement of animals (e.g., macroinvertebrates) constitutes a key dispersal pathway, thus shaping ecological and evolutionary patterns. There is evidence that macroinvertebrate drift may be modulated by parasites. However, most studies on parasite modulation of host drifting behavior have focused on acanthocephalans, whereas other parasites, such as microsporidians, have been largely neglected. This study provides new insight into possible seasonal and diurnal modulation of amphipod (Crustacea: Gammaridae) drift by microsporidian parasites. Three 72 h drift experiments were deployed in a German lowland stream in October 2021, April, and July 2022. The prevalence and composition of ten microsporidian parasites in Gammarus pulex clade E varied seasonally, diurnally, and between drifting and stationary specimens of G. pulex. Prevalence was generally higher in drifting amphipods than in stationary ones, mainly due to differences in host size. However, for two parasites, the prevalence in drift samples was highest during daytime suggesting changes in host phototaxis likely related to the parasite's mode of transmission and site of infection. Alterations in drifting behavior may have important implications for G. pulex population dynamics and microsporidians' dispersal. The underlying mechanisms are more complex than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Julian Enß
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel S Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annabell Huesken
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Annemie Doliwa
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bessette E, Williams B. Protists in the Insect Rearing Industry: Benign Passengers or Potential Risk? INSECTS 2022; 13:482. [PMID: 35621816 PMCID: PMC9144225 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As the insects for food and feed industry grows, a new understanding of the industrially reared insect microbiome is needed to better comprehend the role that it plays in both maintaining insect health and generating disease. While many microbiome projects focus on bacteria, fungi or viruses, protists (including microsporidia) can also make up an important part of these assemblages. Past experiences with intensive invertebrate rearing indicate that these parasites, whilst often benign, can rapidly sweep through populations, causing extensive damage. Here, we review the diversity of microsporidia and protist species that are found in reared insect hosts and describe the current understanding of their host spectra, life cycles and the nature of their interactions with hosts. Major entomopathogenic parasite groups with the potential to infect insects currently being reared for food and feed include the Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Ciliates, Chlorophyta, Euglenozoa, Ichtyosporea and Microsporidia. However, key gaps exist in the understanding of how many of these entomopathogens affect host biology. In addition, for many of them, there are very limited or even no molecular data, preventing the implementation of molecular detection methods. There is now a pressing need to develop and use novel molecular tools, coupled with standard molecular diagnostic methods, to help unlock their biology and predict the effects of these poorly studied protist parasites in intensive insect rearing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Bessette
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bryony Williams
- Living Systems Institute, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong Z, Zheng N, Hu C, Huang X, Chen P, Wu Q, Deng B, Lu C, Pan M. Genetic bioengineering of overexpressed guanylate binding protein family BmAtlastin-n enhances silkworm resistance to Nosema bombycis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:223-230. [PMID: 33453252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate single-celled eukaryote parasites. Microsporidian infection can cause large economic losses to beneficial insects such as silkworms and honey bees. Identification of resistance biomacromolecules and breeding of transgenic lines resistant to the microsporidian Nosema bombycis are important for disease management. We previously used transcriptome analysis to identify a guanylate binding protein family BmAtlastin-n gene that was significantly upregulated after Nosema bombycis infection, and we determined that the molecule was highly expressed in resistance-related tissues such as the midgut, fat body and the epidermis. The transgenic silkworm line overexpressing BmAtlastin-n biomolecules had economic characters similar to those of non-transgenic lines. The transgenic OE-BmAtlastin-n lines had significantly improved survival after microspore infection. We used RT-PCR and H&E staining to show that the number of spores in the transgenic lines was significantly lower than in the control lines. In this study, we identified a BmAtlastin-n macromolecule with resistance to N. bombycis and developed a transgenic line. The results improved understanding of the GBP protein family and provided biomacromolecule material for the treatment and prevention of microsporidia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Congwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- The General Extension Station of Sericulture Technology of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Boyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Minhui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weigand AM, Desquiotz N, Weigand H, Szucsich N. Application of propylene glycol in DNA-based studies of invertebrates. METABARCODING AND METAGENOMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.5.57278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies on invertebrates commonly use ethanol as the main sample fixative (upon collection) and preservative (for storage and curation). However, alternative agents exists, which should not be automatically neglected when studies are newly designed. This review provides an overview of the application of propylene glycol (PG) in DNA-based studies of invertebrates, thus to stimulate an evidence-based discussion.
The use of PG in DNA-based studies of invertebrates is still limited (n = 79), but a steady increase has been visible since 2011. Most studies used PG as a fixative for passive trapping (73%) and performed Sanger sequencing (66%; e.g. DNA barcoding). More recently, HTS setups joined the field (11%). Terrestrial Coleoptera (30%) and Diptera (20%) were the most studied groups. Very often, information on the grade of PG used (75%) or storage conditions (duration, temperature) were lacking. This rendered direct comparisons of study results difficult, and highlight the need for further systematic studies on these subjects.
When compared to absolute ethanol, PG can be more widely and cheaply acquired (e.g. as an antifreeze, 13% of studies). It also enables longer trapping intervals, being especially relevant at remote or hard-to-reach places. Shipping of PG-conserved samples is regarded as risk-free and is authorised, pinpointing its potential for larger trapping programs or citizen science projects. Its property to retain flexibility of morphological characters as well as to lead to a reduced shrinkage effect was especially appraised by integrative study designs. Finally, the so far limited application of PG in the context of HTS showed promising results for short read amplicon sequencing and reduced representation methods. Knowledge of the influence of PG fixation and storage for long(er) read HTS setups is currently unavailable.
Given our review results and taking difficulties of direct methodological comparisons into account, future DNA-based studies of invertebrates should on a case-by-case basis critically scrutinise if the application of PG in their anticipated study design can be of benefit.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wijayawardene NN, Pawłowska J, Letcher PM, Kirk PM, Humber RA, Schüßler A, Wrzosek M, Muszewska A, Okrasińska A, Istel Ł, Gęsiorska A, Mungai P, Lateef AA, Rajeshkumar KC, Singh RV, Radek R, Walther G, Wagner L, Walker C, Wijesundara DSA, Papizadeh M, Dolatabadi S, Shenoy BD, Tokarev YS, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Xiang L, Guo F, Yu Y, Parson LS, LaCoste L, Gibson A, Presley SM, Peterson M, Craig TM, Rollins D, Fedynich AM, Zhu G. Multiyear Survey of Coccidia, Cryptosporidia, Microsporidia, Histomona, and Hematozoa in Wild Quail in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion of Texas and Oklahoma, USA. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:4-17. [PMID: 27222431 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed nested PCR protocols and performed a multiyear survey on the prevalence of several protozoan parasites in wild northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) in the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas and Oklahoma (i.e. fecal pellets, bird intestines and blood smears collected between 2010 and 2013). Coccidia, cryptosporidia, and microsporidia were detected in 46.2%, 11.7%, and 44.0% of the samples (n = 687), whereas histomona and hematozoa were undetected. Coccidia consisted of one major and two minor Eimeria species. Cryptosporidia were represented by a major unknown Cryptosporidium species and Cryptosporidium baileyi. Detected microsporidia species were highly diverse, in which only 11% were native avian parasites including Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, whereas 33% were closely related to species from insects (e.g. Antonospora, Liebermannia, and Sporanauta). This survey suggests that coccidia infections are a significant risk factor in the health of wild quail while cryptosporidia and microsporidia may be much less significant than coccidiosis. In addition, the presence of E. hellem and E. cuniculi (known to cause opportunistic infections in humans) suggests that wild quail could serve as a reservoir for human microsporidian pathogens, and individuals with compromised or weakened immunity should probably take precautions while directly handling wild quail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Xiang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Fengguang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Yonglan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lacy S Parson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Lloyd LaCoste
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation, San Angelo, Texas, 76901, USA
| | - Anna Gibson
- Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79416, USA
| | - Steve M Presley
- Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79416, USA
| | - Markus Peterson
- Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Thomas M Craig
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| | - Dale Rollins
- Rolling Plains Quail Research Foundation, San Angelo, Texas, 76901, USA.,Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Alan M Fedynich
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas, 78363, USA
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4467, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sokolova YY, Sakaguchi K, Paulsen DB. Establishing a New Species Encephalitozoon pogonae for the Microsporidian Parasite of Inland Bearded Dragon Pogona vitticeps Ahl 1927 (Reptilia, Squamata, Agamidae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:524-35. [PMID: 26785360 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The microsporidium parasitizing Inland Bearded Dragons Pogona vitticeps, and developing primarily in macrophages within foci of granulomatous inflammation of different organs, is described as a new species Encephalitozoon pogonae. Establishing the new species was based on sequencing the ITS-SSUrDNA region of the ribosomal gene and consequent SSUrDNA-inferred phylogenetic analyses, as well as on comparison of pathogenesis, host specificity, and ultrastructure among Encephalitozoon species and isolates. The new species is closely related to E. lacertae and E. cuniculi. Analysis of the literature suggests that this microsporidium has been reported previously as an unidentified microsporidian species or isolate of E. cuniculi and may represent a common infection in bearded dragons. All stages of E. pogonae develop in parasitophorous vacuoles. Uninucleate spores on methanol-fixed smears measured 2.1 × 1.1 μm, range 1.7-2.6 × 0.9-1.7 μm; on ultrathin sections spores measured 0.8-1.1 × 1.8-2.2 μm. Ultrastructural study revealed 3-6 polar filament coils, a mushroom-shaped polar disk, and a polar sac embracing half of the volume occupied by the lamellar polaroplast. In activated spores, polar filament everted eccentrically. The overall morphology and intracellular development of E. pogonae were similar to other Encepahalitozoon spp. We also review the existing data on microsporidia infecting reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Microscopy Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Kanako Sakaguchi
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA
| | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Araújo J, Hughes D. Diversity of Entomopathogenic Fungi. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI 2016; 94:1-39. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Microsporidia are unicellular fungi that are obligate endoparasites. Although nematodes are one of the most abundant and diverse animal groups, the only confirmed report of microsporidian infection was that of the "nematode killer" (Nematocida parisii). N. parisii was isolated from a wild Caenorhabditis sp. and causes an acute and lethal intestinal infection in a lab strain of Caenorhabditis elegans. We set out to characterize a microsporidian infection in a wild nematode to determine whether the infection pattern of N. parisii in the lab is typical of microsporidian infections in nematodes. We describe a novel microsporidian species named Sporanauta perivermis (marine spore of roundworms) and characterize its infection in its natural host, the free-living marine nematode Odontophora rectangula. S. perivermis is not closely related to N. parisii and differs strikingly in all aspects of infection. Examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the infection was localized in the hypodermal and muscle tissues only and did not involve the intestines. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed infection in the muscle and hypodermis, and surprisingly, it also revealed that the parasite infects O. rectangula eggs, suggesting a vertical mode of transmission. Our observations highlight the importance of studying parasites in their natural hosts and indicate that not all nematode-infecting microsporidia are "nematode killers"; instead, microsporidiosis can be more versatile and chronic in the wild.
Collapse
|