1
|
Dong X, Li C, Wang Y, Hu T, Zhang F, Meng F, Gao M, Han X, Wang G, Qin J, Nauwynck H, Holmes EC, Sorgeloos P, Sui L, Huang J, Shi W. Diversity and connectedness of brine shrimp viruses in global hypersaline ecosystems. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:188-203. [PMID: 37922067 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Brine shrimp (Artemia) has existed on Earth for 400 million years and has major ecological importance in hypersaline ecosystems. As a crucial live food in aquaculture, brine shrimp cysts have become one of the most important aquatic products traded worldwide. However, our understanding of the biodiversity, prevalence and global connectedness of viruses in brine shrimp is still very limited. A total of 143 batches of brine shrimp (belonging to seven species) cysts were collected from six continents including 21 countries and more than 100 geographic locations worldwide during 1977-2019. In total, 55 novel RNA viruses were identified, which could be assigned to 18 different viral families and related clades. Eleven viruses were dsRNA viruses, 16 were +ssRNA viruses, and 28 were-ssRNA viruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) showed that brine shrimp viruses were often grouped with viruses isolated from other invertebrates and fungi. Remarkably, most brine shrimp viruses were related to those from different hosts that might feed on brine shrimp or share the same ecological niche. A notable case was the novel brine shrimp noda-like virus 3, which shared 79.25% (RdRp) and 63.88% (capsid proteins) amino acid identity with covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) that may cause losses in aquaculture. In addition, both virome composition and phylogenetic analyses revealed global connectedness in certain brine shrimp viruses, particularly among Asia and Northern America. This highlights the incredible species diversity of viruses in these ancient species and provides essential data for the prevalence of RNA viruses in the global aquaculture industry. More broadly, these findings provide novel insights into the previously unrecognized RNA virosphere in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide and demonstrate that human activity might have driven the global connectedness of brine shrimp viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Cixiu Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fanzeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meirong Gao
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xuekai Han
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Guohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiahao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Liying Sui
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar SS, Jamalpure S, Ahmed AN, Taju G, Vimal S, Majeed SA, Suryakodi S, Rahamathulla S, Paknikar KM, Rajwade JM, Hameed ASS. An Indigenous, Field-Deployable, Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assay Rapidly Detects Infectious Myonecrosis in Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1110-1124. [PMID: 36242690 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp farming is an important socioeconomic activity worldwide. Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) is an important shrimp virus responsible for significant mortality (up to 70%) in Litopenaeus vannamei. We produced recombinant capsid protein (r-IMNV31) and obtained a highly specific antibody, anti-r-IMNV31, which was used in WOAH-approved ELISA and Western blot to detect IMNV. Further, anti-r-IMNV31 was employed in an indigenously developed lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) with gold nanoparticles as a visual label. Using LFA, IMNV could be detected rapidly (20 min) from tissue homogenate with high specificity, reproducibility, and sensitivity (LOD = 103 viral particles). LFA was validated with "gold standard" qRT-PCR using 60 samples with high sensitivity (100%), specificity (86%). A Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.86 suggested "good agreement" between LFA and qRT-PCR. With a shelf-life of ~ 1 year at ambient temperature, the use of LFA in the on-site detection of IMNV by shrimp farmers will be a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Santhosh Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - Snehal Jamalpure
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, India
| | - A Nafeez Ahmed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - G Taju
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - S Vimal
- Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Abdul Majeed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | - S Suryakodi
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India
| | | | - Kishore M Paknikar
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Jyutika M Rajwade
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India.
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - A S Sahul Hameed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD), C. Abdul Hakeem College, ( Thiruvalluvar University), Tamilnadu, 632509, Melvisharam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vázquez-Salgado L, Pascoli F, Marsella A, Biasini L, Buratin A, Pretto T, Abbadi M, Melchiotti E, Bandín I, Toffan A. Role of Rotifers in Betanodavirus Transmission to European Sea Bass Larvae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932327. [PMID: 35990261 PMCID: PMC9383259 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates such as rotifers or Artemia, frequently used for fish larvae feeding, can be a potential source of pathogens. It has been demonstrated that Artemia can act as a nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-vector to Senegalese sole larvae. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify the role of rotifers in NNV transmission to sea bass larvae following an oral challenge. Our results showed that sea bass larvae fed on a single dose of rotifers retaining NNV displayed clinical signs, mortality, and viral replication similar to the immersion challenge, although the course of the infection was slightly different between the two infection routes. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that rotifers can internalize NNV particles due to their filtering nature and maintain virus viability since viral particles were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and cell culture within the rotifer body. However, viral quantification data suggested that rotifers are not permissive to NNV replication. In conclusion, this research demonstrated NNV horizontal transmission through rotifers to sea bass larvae, highlighting the importance of establishing strict routine controls on live food to prevent the introduction of potential pathogens to hatcheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vázquez-Salgado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Marsella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorena Biasini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buratin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Melchiotti
- Department of Histopathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Encephalo-Retinopathy, National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Toffan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vázquez-Salgado L, Olveira JG, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. Role of rotifer ( Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia ( Artemia salina) nauplii in the horizontal transmission of a natural nervous necrosis virus (NNV) reassortant strain to Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) larvae. Vet Q 2021; 40:205-214. [PMID: 32813983 PMCID: PMC7734120 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1810357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine invertebrates are provided as a first feed for marine fish larvae because of their strict nutritional requirements, despite also being a potential source of infectious agents. AIM To assess horizontal transmission of a nervous necrosis virus reassortant strain (NNV) to sole larvae via Artemia and rotifers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia (Artemia salina) nauplii cultures were bath infected with a reassortant (RGNNV/SJNNV) NNV strain isolated from gilthead sea bream and viral internalisation was confirmed by IFA. Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae were fed on infected Artemia and disease signs and mortality were recorded. In addition, NNV viability was checked in cultures of either unfed invertebrates or invertebrates fed on phytoplankton and in the supernatant of microalgae cultures. All samples were tested by RT-qPCR and inoculation in cell culture. RESULTS Both rotifers and Artemia internalised NNV. Experimental transmission to sole larvae was achieved using infected Artemia and subsequently 60% mortality was recorded. At 24 h post-infection, orally infected individuals contained 9.34 × 104 copies of viral RNA, whereas the bath infection yielded 2.05 × 106 RNA copies larvae-1. Viral presence in both invertebrates was detected up to 8 days post infection but viral load decreased over time. Feeding with microalgae decreased viral detection even more and microalgae supernatants were demonstrated to significantly affect NNV viability. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that both invertebrates can bioaccumulate NNV and that Senegalese sole larvae fed on infected Artemia might develop viral encephalopathy and retinopathy and high mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vázquez-Salgado
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J G Olveira
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C P Dopazo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Bandín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Artemia spp., a Susceptible Host and Vector for Lymphocystis Disease Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060506. [PMID: 31159450 PMCID: PMC6630821 DOI: 10.3390/v11060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Different developmental stages of Artemia spp. (metanauplii, juveniles and adults) were bath-challenged with two isolates of the Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), namely, LCDV SA25 (belonging to the species Lymphocystis disease virus 3) and ATCC VR-342 (an unclassified member of the genus Lymphocystivirus). Viral quantification and gene expression were analyzed by qPCR at different times post-inoculation (pi). In addition, infectious titres were determined at 8 dpi by integrated cell culture (ICC)-RT-PCR, an assay that detects viral mRNA in inoculated cell cultures. In LCDV-challenged Artemia, the viral load increased by 2–3 orders of magnitude (depending on developmental stage and viral isolate) during the first 8–12 dpi, with viral titres up to 2.3 × 102 Most Probable Number of Infectious Units (MPNIU)/mg. Viral transcripts were detected in the infected Artemia, relative expression values showed a similar temporal evolution in the different experimental groups. Moreover, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fingerlings were challenged by feeding on LCDV-infected metanauplii. Although no Lymphocystis symptoms were observed in the fish, the number of viral DNA copies was significantly higher at the end of the experimental trial and major capsid protein (mcp) gene expression was consistently detected. The results obtained support that LCDV infects Artemia spp., establishing an asymptomatic productive infection at least under the experimental conditions tested, and that the infected metanauplii are a vector for LCDV transmission to gilthead seabream.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferveur JF, Cortot J, Rihani K, Cobb M, Everaerts C. Desiccation resistance: effect of cuticular hydrocarbons and water content in Drosophila melanogaster adults. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4318. [PMID: 29456884 PMCID: PMC5813593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insect cuticle covers the whole body and all appendages and has bi-directionnal selective permeability: it protects against environmental stress and pathogen infection and also helps to reduce water loss. The adult cuticle is often associated with a superficial layer of fatty acid-derived molecules such as waxes and long chain hydrocarbons that prevent rapid dehydration. The waterproofing properties of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) depend on their chain length and desaturation number. Drosophila CH biosynthesis involves an enzymatic pathway including several elongase and desaturase enzymes. Methods The link between desiccation resistance and CH profile remains unclear, so we tested (1) experimentally selected desiccation-resistant lines, (2) transgenic flies with altered desaturase expression and (3) natural and laboratory-induced CH variants. We also explored the possible relationship between desiccation resistance, relative water content and fecundity in females. Results We found that increased desiccation resistance is linked with the increased proportion of desaturated CHs, but not with their total amount. Experimentally-induced desiccation resistance and CH variation both remained stable after many generations without selection. Conversely, flies with a higher water content and a lower proportion of desaturated CHs showed reduced desiccation resistance. This was also the case in flies with defective desaturase expression in the fat body. Discussion We conclude that rapidly acquired desiccation resistance, depending on both CH profile and water content, can remain stable without selection in a humid environment. These three phenotypes, which might be expected to show a simple relationship, turn out to have complex physiological and genetic links.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Cortot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Karen Rihani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Matthew Cobb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Claude Everaerts
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup-UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|