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Pérez-Alvarez I, Islas-Flores H, Sánchez-Aceves LM, Gómez-Olivan LM, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) mitigates the toxicity induced by a mixture of metal and NSAID in Xenopus laevis. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108422. [PMID: 37330176 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is often detected in the environment due to its wide use in industry; also, NSAIDs are one of the most consumed pharmaceuticals, particularly diclofenac (DCF). Several studies have reported the presence of both contaminants in water bodies at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to μg L-1; in addition, they have shown that they can induce oxidative stress in aquatic species and disturb signal transduction, cell proliferation, and intercellular communication, which could lead to teratogenesis. Spirulina has been consumed as a dietary supplement; its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and nutritional properties are well documented. This work aimed to evaluate if Spirulina reduces the damage induced by Cd and DCF mixture in Xenopus laevis at early life stages. FETAX assay was carried out: 20 fertilized oocytes were exposed to seven different treatments on triplicate, control, Cd (24.5 μg L-1), DCF (149 μg L-1), Cd + DCF, Cd+DCF+Spirulina (2 mg L-1), Cd+DCF+Spirulina (4 mg L-1), Cd+DCF+Spirulina (10 mg L-1), malformations, mortality, and growth were evaluated after 96 h, also lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were determined after 192 h. Cd increased DCF mortality, Cd and DCF mixture increased the incidence of malformations as well as oxidative damage; on the other hand, the results obtained show that Spirulina can be used to reduce the damage caused by the mixture of Cd and DCF since it promotes growth, reduce mortality, malformations, and oxidative stress in X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzayana Pérez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Livier Mireya Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Olivan
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colon intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colon, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero, México DF CP 07738, Mexico
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Maddiboyina B, Vanamamalai HK, Roy H, Ramaiah, Gandhi S, Kavisri M, Moovendhan M. Food and drug industry applications of microalgae Spirulina platensis: A review. J Basic Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36720046 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a photosynthetic, blue-green, spiral- or bulb-shaped microalgae. Due to the presence of minerals, vitamins, pigments (carotenes, phycocyanin and chlorophyll) proteins (55%-70%), carbohydrates (15%-25%), and essential fatty acids (5%-8%), it has been used as a nutritional supplement for decades. NASA successfully employed it as a nutritional supplement for astronauts on space missions then its popularity was increased. The chemical composition of Spirulina, which is rich in vitamins, minerals, phenolics, vital fatty acids, amino acids, and pigments, can be beneficial to human health when incorporated into meals. The pharmacological effects include antibacterial, anticancer, metalloprotective, immune-stimulating, and antioxidant. It modulates immunological activities and possesses anti-inflammatory qualities by preventing mast cells from releasing histamine. Due to its high quantity of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vital amino and fatty acids, dietary minerals and vitamins, Spirulina exerts the abovementioned benefits. In this review, up-to-date and possible biological aspects, patents applied on Spirulina and heights of confirmation are addressed, and the extent of current and future exploration is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Maddiboyina
- Freyr Solutions, Phoenix SEZ, HITEC City 2, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Mangalagiri, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramaiah
- Freyr Solutions, Phoenix SEZ, HITEC City 2, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivaraman Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute Deemed University, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Kavisri
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Building and Environment, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Meivelu Moovendhan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Tamilnadu, Chennai, India
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Ngu EL, Tan CY, Lai NJY, Wong KH, Lim SH, Ming LC, Tan KO, Phang SM, Yow YY. Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia. Metabolites 2022; 12:1147. [PMID: 36422287 PMCID: PMC9698046 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease burden of neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise due to the aging population, and neuroinflammation is one of the underlying causes. Spirulina platensis is a well-known superfood with numerous reported bioactivities. However, the effect of S. platensis Universiti Malaya Algae Culture Collection 159 (UMACC 159) (a strain isolated from Israel) on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of S. platensis extracts and identify the potential bioactive compounds. S. platensis extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) were screened for phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. Ethanol extract was studied for its effect on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia. The potential bioactive compounds were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis. Ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Ethanol extract completely inhibited the production of NO via the downregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and significantly reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Emmotin A, palmitic amide, and 1-monopalmitin, which might play an important role in cell signaling, have been identified. In conclusion, S. platensis ethanol extract inhibited neuroinflammation through the downregulation of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. This preliminary study provided insight into compound(s) isolation, which could contribute to the development of precision nutrition for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee-Ling Ngu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Cheng-Yau Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nicole Jean-Yean Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kah-Hui Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Huah Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Kuan-Onn Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yoon-Yen Yow
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
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The Oxygen Paradigm—Quantitative Impact of High Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen on Kinetics and Large-Scale Production of Arthrospira platensis. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of Arthrospira platensis in tubular photobioreactors (tPBRs) presents a promising approach for the commercial production of nutraceuticals and food products as it can achieve high productivity and effective process control. In closed photobioreactors, however, high amounts of photosynthetically produced oxygen can accumulate. So far, there has been a wide range of discussion on how dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOCs) affect bioprocess kinetics, and the subject has mainly been assessed empirically. In this study, we used photorespirometry to quantify the impact of DOCs on the growth kinetics and phycocyanin content of the widely cultivated cyanobacterium A. platensis. The photorespirometric routine revealed that the illumination intensity and cell dry weight concentration are important interconnected process parameters behind the impact that DOCs have on the bioprocess kinetics. Unfavorable process conditions such as low biomass concentrations or high illumination intensities yielded significant growth inhibition and reduced the phycocyanin content of A. platensis by up to 35%. In order to predict the biomass productivity of the large-scale cultivation of A. platensis in tPBRs, a simple process model was extended to include photoautotrophic oxygen production and accumulation in the tPBR to evaluate the performance of two configurations of a 5000 L tPBR.
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Silva JPS, Veloso CRR, de Souza Barrozo MA, Vieira LGM. Indirect solar drying of Spirulina platensis and the effect of operating conditions on product quality. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Szandruk-Bender M, Merwid-Ląd A, Wiatrak B, Danielewski M, Dzimira S, Szkudlarek D, Szczukowski Ł, Świątek P, Szeląg A. Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4- d]Pyridazinone Exert Anti-Inflammatory Activity without Acute Gastrotoxicity in the Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Edema Test. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5739-5756. [PMID: 34754217 PMCID: PMC8572108 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s330614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Due to the risk of gastrointestinal damage and various tissue toxicity associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use, investigating new anti-inflammatory agents with efficacy comparable to that of NSAIDs but reduced toxicity is still a major challenge and a clinical need. Based on our previous study, new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone, especially 6-butyl-3,5,7-trimethyl-1-[[4-[[4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl]-5-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]methoxy]pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one and 6-butyl-1-[[4-[[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl]methyl]-2-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]methoxy]-3,5,7-trimethyl-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-4-one (hereafter referred to as the compounds 10b and 13b, respectively) seem to be promising anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of these two new derivatives on the course of experimental rat inflammation, liver and kidney function, and gastric mucosa. Methods The anti-inflammatory effect of compounds 10b and 13b was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats. The increase in paw volume (paw edema), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, histological alterations, and inflammatory cell infiltration in paw tissue were determined. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as changes in gastric mucosa, were measured as indicators of hepatic, renal, and gastric toxicity. Results Pretreatment with both novel derivatives at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses reduced paw edema, counteracted the increased PGE2 and TNF-α levels, reduced the influx of inflammatory cells, and decreased histopathological alterations in paw tissue. Compound 13b at a dose of 20 mg/kg was more effective than indomethacin in reversing the increased TNF-α levels and reducing the influx of inflammatory cells. Only compound 13b at all studied doses (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) counteracted the increased MPO level in paw tissue. Both compounds neither caused alterations in ALT, AST, urea, creatinine parameters nor gastric mucosal lesions. Conclusion New compounds exert an anti-inflammatory effect, presumably via inhibiting inflammatory mediators release and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, both possess a more favorable benefit–risk profile than indomethacin, especially compound 13b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Merwid-Ląd
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Stanisław Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danuta Szkudlarek
- Foundation of the Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szczukowski
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Li J, Zhang Y, Yang S, Lu Z, Li G, Liu J, Zhou B, Wu D, Wang L. Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21384-21394. [PMID: 34471742 PMCID: PMC8387993 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that SP was mainly composed of rhamnose and glucose, while PSP-1 and PSP-2 were composed only of glucose. The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shen Yang
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Guiling Li
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department
of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, P. R. China
| | - Daren Wu
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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Freitas MA, Vasconcelos A, Gonçalves ECD, Ferrarini EG, Vieira GB, Cicia D, Cola M, Capasso R, Dutra RC. Involvement of Opioid System and TRPM8/TRPA1 Channels in the Antinociceptive Effect of Spirulina platensis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040592. [PMID: 33920609 PMCID: PMC8074039 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a "super-food" and has attracted researchers' attention due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. Herein, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of Spirulina in different rodent behavior models of inflammatory pain. Male Swiss mice were treated with Spirulina (3-300 mg/kg, p.o.), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl 10 mL/kg). Behavioral tests were performed with administration of acetic acid (0.6%, i.p.), formalin 2.7% (formaldehyde 1%, i.pl.), menthol (1.2 µmol/paw, i.pl.), cinnamaldehyde (10 nmol/paw, i.pl.), capsaicin (1.6 µg/paw, i.pl.), glutamate (20 µmol/paw, i.pl.), or naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were also exposed to the rotarod and open field test to determine possible effects of Spirulina on locomotion and motor coordination. The quantitative phytochemical assays exhibited that Spirulina contains significant concentrations of total phenols and flavonoid contents, as well as it showed a powerful antioxidant effect with the highest scavenging activity. Oral administration of Spirulina completely inhibited the abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid (ED50 = 20.51 mg/kg). Spirulina treatment showed significant inhibition of formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during the inflammatory phase, and the opioid-selective antagonist markedly blocked this effect. Furthermore, our data indicate that the mechanisms underlying Spirulina analgesia appear to be related to its ability to modulate TRMP8 and TRPA1, but not by TRPV1 or glutamatergic system. Spirulina represents an orally active and safe natural analgesic that exhibits great therapeutic potential for managing inflammatory pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. Freitas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Amanda Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Elaine C. D. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G. Ferrarini
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B. Vieira
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Donatella Cicia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maíra Cola
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Rafael C. Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.C.D.)
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Alam MA, Quamri MA, Ahmad Bhat MD, Aafreen S, Sofi G. Oxy+ (arthrospira) and its medicinal importance: an appraisal. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 36:251-257. [PMID: 34821125 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxy+ is a natural source of arthrospira found in nature, used as a dietary supplement and manufactured in Aruba for lifefactors. Arthrospira contains good quality of proteins, sulfated polysaccharides, γ-linoleic acid, along with an array of carotene and phytopigments, vitamins, and minerals which are reported to be antioxidant, immunomodulator, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancerous, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective and renoprotective activities. Several studies have shown arthrospira, and active ingredients of it revealed various pharmacological activities. It can be used for the management of various ailments such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, osteoarthritis, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review attempts to explore the hidden benefits of Oxy+ (arthrospira).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anzar Alam
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Muzafar Din Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Siddiqui Aafreen
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Ghulamuddin Sofi
- Department of Pharmacology (Ilmul Advia), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
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Alam MA, Quamri MA, Ahmad Bhat MD, Aafreen S, Sofi G. Oxy+ (arthrospira) and its medicinal importance: an appraisal. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2020; 0:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmdi-2020-0152/dmdi-2020-0152.xml. [PMID: 33119541 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxy+ is a natural source of arthrospira found in nature, used as a dietary supplement and manufactured in Aruba for lifefactors. Arthrospira contains good quality of proteins, sulfated polysaccharides, γ-linoleic acid, along with an array of carotene and phytopigments, vitamins, and minerals which are reported to be antioxidant, immunomodulator, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancerous, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective and renoprotective activities. Several studies have shown arthrospira, and active ingredients of it revealed various pharmacological activities. It can be used for the management of various ailments such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, osteoarthritis, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review attempts to explore the hidden benefits of Oxy+ (arthrospira).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anzar Alam
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Muzafar Din Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Siddiqui Aafreen
- Department of Medicine (Moalajat), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Ghulamuddin Sofi
- Department of Pharmacology (Ilmul Advia), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India
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Essid N, Gharbi R, Harrath AH, Mansour L, Mahmoudi E, Beyrem H, Ansari KGMT, Boufahja F. Toxicity of a chromium-enriched superfood, Spirulina platensis, assessed by taxonomic and morpho-functional diversity of marine meiofauna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114350. [PMID: 32197121 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the ecotoxicity of a chromium-enriched superfood, Spirulina platensis, on the meiofauna collected from the Ghar El Melh lagoon, Tunisia. After 1 month of exposure, the abundances of meiobenthic taxa and the taxonomic and morpho-functional diversity of nematodes showed significant differences between the Spirulina and Spirulina + chromium groups. The nematodes were more tolerant of all types of stressors compared to harpacticoids, polychaetes, and oligochaetes, and the lowest taxonomic and morpho-functional diversity of nematodes was observed in the highest sedimentary concentration of S. platensis (50% DW). The mixed treatments may have been richer in micro-habitats and subject to low selective pressure, thereby hosting nematodes with a wide range of adaptations. The responses of the nematode species differed depending on their functional traits. Spirulina enriched with chromium induced two responses for the same feeding group: high toxicity for Daptonema fallax and low toxicity for two Theristus species (T. flevensis and T. modicus). The ecotoxicity of the Spirulina/chromium mixtures were lower than that of Spirulina alone, suggesting mutual neutralization between these two elements. The association between functional traits and taxonomic diversity showed that the effects of the mixtures were not additive and that one of the stressors camouflaged the effect of the other. Our findings should encourage the commercialization of chromium-enriched S. platensis owing to its lower ecotoxicity than Spirulina alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naceur Essid
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Rifka Gharbi
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | | | - Fehmi Boufahja
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
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Yu J, Ma D, Qu S, Liu Y, Xia H, Bian F, Zhang Y, Huang C, Wu R, Wu J, You S, Bi Y. Effects of different probiotic combinations on the components and bioactivity of Spirulina. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:543-557. [PMID: 32187728 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina acts as a good dietary nutritional supplement. However, few research studies have been conducted on its fermentation. Three groups of probiotic combinations, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus strains, and their mixture, were used to investigate Spirulina fermentation. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria significantly increased the content of amino acids and the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids in the fermented Spirulina, compared with the unfermented Spirulina, and this trend was enhanced by the strains' mixture. However, compared to unfermented Spirulina, the amino acid levels were significantly decreased after fermentation with Bacillus strains and so was the total free amino acid and essential amino acid content. Fermentation significantly reduced the contents of the offensive components of Spirulina, with significant differences among the three mixed bacterial treatments. Moreover, Bacillus strain fermentation increased the contents of flavonoids and polyphenols compared to the unfermented Spirulina, and significantly enhanced 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine free-radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant ability. On the contrary, treatments with lactic acid bacteria and the mixture of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus strains endowed the fermented supernatants with good antibacterial ability. The results showed that probiotic fermentation has a good effect on Spirulina and can serve as a new procedure for developing new Spirulina-containing food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Yu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Deyuan Ma
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shujie Qu
- Test Base Service Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Han Xia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Bian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengbo You
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Research and Development Department, Jinan Kangduobao Biotechnology Co. LTD., Jinan, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Omri B, Amraoui M, Tarek A, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Cicero N, Santini A, Kamoun M. Arthrospira Platensis (Spirulina) Supplementation on Laying Hens' Performance: Eggs Physical, Chemical, and Sensorial Qualities. Foods 2019; 8:E386. [PMID: 31480786 PMCID: PMC6770585 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of spirulina on laying hens' performances: Eggs' physical, chemical, and sensorial qualities. A total of 45 Lohman White hens, 44 weeks of age, were randomized into 3 groups of 15 birds. Hens were given 120 g/d of a basal diet containing 0% (control), 1.5%, and 2.5% of spirulina for 6 weeks. Albumen height and consequently Haugh unit were significantly affected by dietary supplementation of spirulina (p < 0.05) and by weeks on diet (p < 0.05). This supplement did not affect (p > 0.05) egg yolk weight or height. However, spirulina increased egg yolk redness (a*) from 1.33 (C) to 12.67 (D1) and 16.19 (D2) and reduced (p < 0.05) the yellowness (b*) parameter from 62.1(C) to 58.17 (D1) and 55.87 (D2). Egg yolks from hens fed spirulina were darker, more red, and less yellow in color than egg yolks from hens fed the control-diet (p < 0.0001). However, spirulina did not affect (p > 0.05) egg yolks' total cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, a significant enhancement of egg yolk color was found in response to spirulina supplementation. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the impact of spirulina on egg yolks' fatty acids profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Omri
- Laboratory of improvement and integrated development of animal productivity and food resources, Department of animal production, Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, Carthage Avenue de la République, P.O. Box 77, Amilcar, Tunis 1054, Tunisia.
| | - Marwen Amraoui
- Laboratory of improvement and integrated development of animal productivity and food resources, Department of animal production, Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, Carthage Avenue de la République, P.O. Box 77, Amilcar, Tunis 1054, Tunisia
| | - Arbi Tarek
- Laboratory of improvement and integrated development of animal productivity and food resources, Department of animal production, Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, Carthage Avenue de la République, P.O. Box 77, Amilcar, Tunis 1054, Tunisia
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mounir Kamoun
- Laboratory of improvement and integrated development of animal productivity and food resources, Department of animal production, Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, Carthage Avenue de la République, P.O. Box 77, Amilcar, Tunis 1054, Tunisia
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