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Tao X, Tao R, Wang K, Wu L. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Apolipoprotein A-I. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1417270. [PMID: 39040119 PMCID: PMC11260610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1417270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I(ApoA-I) is a member of blood apolipoproteins, it is the main component of High density lipoprotein(HDL). ApoA-I undergoes a series of complex processes from its generation to its composition as spherical HDL. It not only has a cholesterol reversal transport function, but also has a function in modulating the inflammatory response. ApoA-I exerts its anti-inflammatory effects mainly by regulating the functions of immune cells, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. It also modulates the function of vascular endothelial cells and adipocytes. Additionally, ApoA-I directly exerts anti-inflammatory effects against pathogenic microorganisms or their products. Intensive research on ApoA-I will hopefully lead to better diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaiyang Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Kumar S, Senapati S, Chang HC. Extracellular vesicle and lipoprotein diagnostics (ExoLP-Dx) with membrane sensor: A robust microfluidic platform to overcome heterogeneity. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:041301. [PMID: 39056024 PMCID: PMC11272220 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The physiological origins and functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoproteins (LPs) propel advancements in precision medicine by offering non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic prospects for cancers, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, EV/LP diagnostics (ExoLP-Dx) face considerable challenges. Their intrinsic heterogeneity, spanning biogenesis pathways, surface protein composition, and concentration metrics complicate traditional diagnostic approaches. Commonly used methods such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nuclear magnetic resonance do not provide any information about their proteomic subfractions, including active proteins/enzymes involved in essential pathways/functions. Size constraints limit the efficacy of flow cytometry for small EVs and LPs, while ultracentrifugation isolation is hampered by co-elution with non-target entities. In this perspective, we propose a charge-based electrokinetic membrane sensor, with silica nanoparticle reporters providing salient features, that can overcome the interference, long incubation time, sensitivity, and normalization issues of ExoLP-Dx from raw plasma without needing sample pretreatment/isolation. A universal EV/LP standard curve is obtained despite their heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Satyajyoti Senapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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3
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Strickland MR, Rau MJ, Summers B, Basore K, Wulf J, Jiang H, Chen Y, Ulrich JD, Randolph GJ, Zhang R, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Cashikar AG, Holtzman DM. Apolipoprotein E secreted by astrocytes forms antiparallel dimers in discoidal lipoproteins. Neuron 2024; 112:1100-1109.e5. [PMID: 38266643 PMCID: PMC10994765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is of great interest due to its role as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. ApoE is secreted by astrocytes in the central nervous system in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like lipoproteins. Structural models of lipidated ApoE of high resolution could aid in a mechanistic understanding of how ApoE functions in health and disease. Using monoclonal Fab and F(ab')2 fragments, we characterize the structure of lipidated ApoE on astrocyte-secreted lipoproteins. Our results provide support for the "double-belt" model of ApoE in nascent discoidal HDL-like lipoproteins, where two ApoE proteins wrap around the nanodisc in an antiparallel conformation. We further show that lipidated, recombinant ApoE accurately models astrocyte-secreted ApoE lipoproteins. Cryogenic electron microscopy of recombinant lipidated ApoE further supports ApoE adopting antiparallel dimers in nascent discoidal lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Rau
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brock Summers
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Basore
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Wulf
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anil G Cashikar
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Taylor Family institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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4
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Yao X, Kaler M, Qu X, Kalidhindi RSR, Sviridov D, Dasseux A, Barr E, Keeran K, Jeffries KR, Yu ZX, Gao M, Gordon S, Barochia AV, Mills J, Shahid S, Weir NA, Kalchiem-Dekel O, Theard P, Playford MP, Stylianou M, Fitzgerald W, Remaley AT, Levine SJ. Asthmatic patients with high serum amyloid A have proinflammatory HDL: Implications for augmented systemic and airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1010-1024.e14. [PMID: 38092139 PMCID: PMC10999351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serum amyloid A (SAA) is bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in blood. Although SAA is increased in the blood of patients with asthma, it is not known whether this modifies asthma severity. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the clinical characteristics of patients with asthma who have high SAA levels and assess whether HDL from SAA-high patients with asthma is proinflammatory. METHODS SAA levels in serum from subjects with and without asthma were quantified by ELISA. HDLs isolated from subjects with asthma and high SAA levels were used to stimulate human monocytes and were intravenously administered to BALB/c mice. RESULTS An SAA level greater than or equal to 108.8 μg/mL was defined as the threshold to identify 11% of an asthmatic cohort (n = 146) as being SAA-high. SAA-high patients with asthma were characterized by increased serum C-reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α; older age; and an increased prevalence of obesity and severe asthma. HDL isolated from SAA-high patients with asthma (SAA-high HDL) had an increased content of SAA as compared with HDL from SAA-low patients with asthma and induced the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α from human monocytes via a formyl peptide receptor 2/ATP/P2X purinoceptor 7 axis. Intravenous administration to mice of SAA-high HDL, but not normal HDL, induced systemic inflammation and amplified allergen-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS SAA-high patients with asthma are characterized by systemic inflammation, older age, and an increased prevalence of obesity and severe asthma. HDL from SAA-high patients with asthma is proinflammatory and, when intravenously administered to mice, induces systemic inflammation, and amplifies allergen-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation. This suggests that systemic inflammation induced by SAA-high HDL may augment disease severity in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Maryann Kaler
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Xuan Qu
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Denis Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amaury Dasseux
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Eric Barr
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Karen Keeran
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kenneth R Jeffries
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Meixia Gao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Scott Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amisha V Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Joni Mills
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Shahid Shahid
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Nargues A Weir
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Or Kalchiem-Dekel
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Patricia Theard
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section on Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Mario Stylianou
- Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md.
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5
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Heinecke JW, Vaisar T, Bornfeldt KE. Does small HDL's function improve when lipid-lowering alters its composition? J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100505. [PMID: 38246236 PMCID: PMC10884751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Atehortua L, Morris J, Street SE, Bedel N, Davidson WS, Chougnet CA. Apolipoprotein E-containing HDL decreases caspase-dependent apoptosis of memory regulatory T lymphocytes. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100425. [PMID: 37579971 PMCID: PMC10507648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol are inversely associated with CVD progression. It is becoming increasingly clear that HDL plays important roles in immunity that go beyond its traditionally understood roles in lipid transport. We previously reported that HDL interaction with regulatory T cells (Treg) protected them from apoptosis, which could be a mechanism underlying the broad anti-inflammatory effect of HDL. Herein, we extend our work to show that HDL interacts mainly with memory Treg, particularly with the highly suppressive effector memory Treg, by limiting caspase-dependent apoptosis in an Akt-dependent manner. Reconstitution experiments identified the protein component of HDL as the primary driver of the effect, though the most abundant HDL protein, apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), was inactive. In contrast, APOE-depleted HDL failed to rescue effector memory Treg, suggesting the critical role of APOE proteins. HDL particles reconstituted with APOE, and synthetic phospholipids blunted Treg apoptosis at physiological concentrations. The APOE3 and APOE4 isoforms were the most efficient. Similar results were obtained when lipid-free recombinant APOEs were tested. Binding experiments showed that lipid-free APOE3 bound to memory Treg but not to naive Treg. Overall, our results show that APOE interaction with Treg results in blunted caspase-dependent apoptosis and increased survival. As dysregulation of HDL-APOE levels has been reported in CVD and obesity, our data bring new insight on how this defect may contribute to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Atehortua
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jamie Morris
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott E Street
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Bedel
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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7
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Merrill NJ, Davidson WS, He Y, Díaz Ludovico I, Sarkar S, Berger MR, McDermott JE, Van Eldik LJ, Wilcock DM, Monroe ME, Kyle JE, Bruce KD, Heinecke JW, Vaisar T, Raber J, Quinn JF, Melchior JT. Human cerebrospinal fluid contains diverse lipoprotein subspecies enriched in proteins implicated in central nervous system health. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5571. [PMID: 37647397 PMCID: PMC10468133 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system (CNS) resemble plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), which are a compositionally and structurally diverse spectrum of nanoparticles with pleiotropic functionality. Whether CSF lipoproteins (CSF-Lps) exhibit similar heterogeneity is poorly understood because they are present at 100-fold lower concentrations than plasma HDL. To investigate the diversity of CSF-Lps, we developed a sensitive fluorescent technology to characterize lipoprotein subspecies in small volumes of human CSF. We identified 10 distinctly sized populations of CSF-Lps, most of which were larger than plasma HDL. Mass spectrometric analysis identified 303 proteins across the populations, over half of which have not been reported in plasma HDL. Computational analysis revealed that CSF-Lps are enriched in proteins important for wound healing, inflammation, immune response, and both neuron generation and development. Network analysis indicated that different subpopulations of CSF-Lps contain unique combinations of these proteins. Our study demonstrates that CSF-Lp subspecies likely exist that contain compositional signatures related to CNS health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Merrill
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ivo Díaz Ludovico
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Snigdha Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Madelyn R. Berger
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jason E. McDermott
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Matthew E. Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay W. Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland OR 97239, USA
| | - John T. Melchior
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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8
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Pan X, Yue L, Ban J, Ren L, Chen S. Effects of Semaglutide on Cardiac Protein Expression and Cardiac Function of Obese Mice. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6409-6425. [PMID: 36452054 PMCID: PMC9704011 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s391859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Using proteomics to study the effect of semaglutide on cardiac protein expression in obese mice. Assessment of the effect of semaglutide on cardiac function in obese mice. Materials and Methods The mice were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (WC), the high-fat group (WF), and the high-fat diet with semaglutide intervention group (WS). Serum samples were collected, and lipids, blood glucose, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and cardiac ultrasound, were examined. The cardiac weight of each group of mice was measured, and pathological alterations were examined. Inflammation and oxidative stress levels in heart tissue were evaluated. The labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platform was used to find differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and screen for related pathways and key proteins in a proteomics study. Results Semaglutide greatly alleviated obesity-induced lipid metabolism abnormalities, improved cardiac ventricular wall thickening, and significantly reduced myocardial collagen content in obese mice. Semaglutide significantly reduces obesity-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. There were 64 DEPs in the WF/WC group, with 39 upregulated proteins and 25 downregulated proteins. The WS/WC group, on the other hand, had 83 DEPs, including 57 upregulated and 26 downregulated proteins. Following functional analysis, DEPs were shown to be largely associated with lipid metabolism and peroxisomes. Apolipoprotein A-II, catalase, diazepam-binding inhibitor, paraoxonase-1, and hydroxysteroid 17-dehydrogenase-4 were all upregulated in the WF group but significantly downregulated in the WS group. A high-fat diet increases the expression of lipid synthesis and transport proteins while increasing inflammation and oxidative stress damage. Conclusion Semaglutide decreases lipid synthesis alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress and prevents lipid peroxidation and cardiac impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangli Ban
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuchun Chen, Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 31185988406, Fax +86 31185988406, Email
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9
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Bhale AS, Venkataraman K. Leveraging knowledge of HDLs major protein ApoA1: Structure, function, mutations, and potential therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113634. [PMID: 36063649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a member of the Apolipoprotein family of proteins. It's a vital protein that helps in the production of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, which are crucial for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. These functions interact to give HDL particles their cardioprotective characteristics. ApoA1 has recently been investigated for its potential role in atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurological diseases, cancer, and certain infectious diseases. Since ApoA1's discovery, numerous mutations have been reported that affect its structural integrity and alter its function. Hence these insights have led to the development of clinically relevant peptides and synthetic reconstituted HDL (rHDL) that mimics the function of ApoA1. As a result, this review has aimed to provide an organized explanation of our understanding of the ApoA1 protein structure and its role in various essential pathways. Furthermore, we have comprehensively reviewed the important ApoA1 mutations (24 mutations) that are reported to be involved in various diseases. Finally, we've focused on the therapeutic potentials of some of the beneficial mutations, small peptides, and synthetic rHDL that are currently being researched or developed, since these will aid in the development of novel therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sudam Bhale
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Burns JA, Gruber DF, Gaffney JP, Sparks JS, Brugler MR. Transcriptomics of a Greenlandic Snailfish Reveals Exceptionally High Expression of Antifreeze Protein Transcripts. Evol Bioinform Online 2022; 18:11769343221118347. [PMID: 35991949 PMCID: PMC9386813 DOI: 10.1177/11769343221118347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar fishes have evolved antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that allow them to survive in subzero temperatures. We performed deep transcriptomic sequencing on a postlarval/juvenile variegated snailfish, Liparis gibbus (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Cottoidei: Liparidae), living in an iceberg habitat (-2°C) in Eastern Greenland and report detection of highly expressed transcripts that code for putative AFPs from 2 gene families, Type I and LS-12-like proteins (putative Type IV AFPs). The transcripts encoding both proteins have expression levels among the top <1% of expressed genes in the fish. The Type I AFP sequence is different from a reported Type I AFP from the same species, possibly expressed from a different genetic locus. While prior findings from related adult sculpins suggest that LS-12-like/Type IV AFPs may not have a role in antifreeze protection, our finding of very high relative gene expression of the LS-12-like gene suggests that highly active transcription of the gene is important to the fish in the iceberg habitat and raises the possibility that weak or combinatorial antifreeze activity could be beneficial. These findings highlight the physiological importance of antifreeze proteins to the survival of fishes living in polar habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Burns
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - David F Gruber
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean P Gaffney
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John S Sparks
- Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mercer R Brugler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Beaufort, SC, USA
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