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Gao Y, Xie R, Chen Y, Yang B, Wang M, Hua L, Wang X, Wang W, Wang N, Ge H, Ma J. Structural basis for substrate recognition by a S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase Lpg2021 from Legionella pneumophila. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132289. [PMID: 38735607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is a crucial enzyme that governs S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation reactions within cells and regulates the intracellular concentration of SAH. Legionella pneumophila, the causative pathogen of Legionnaires' disease, encodes Lpg2021, which is the first identified dimeric SAHH in bacteria and is a promising target for drug development. Here, we report the structure of Lpg2021 in its ligand-free state and in complexes with adenine (ADE), adenosine (ADO), and 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep). X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking were used to elucidate the binding mechanisms of Lpg2021 to its substrates and inhibitors. Virtual screening was performed to identify potential Lpg2021 inhibitors. This study contributes a novel perspective to the understanding of SAHH evolution and establishes a structural framework for designing specific inhibitors targeting pathogenic Legionella pneumophila SAHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshan Gao
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rao Xie
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Beibei Yang
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lan Hua
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Honghua Ge
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Jinming Ma
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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2
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Koeppl LH, Popadić D, Saleem-Batcha R, Germer P, Andexer JN. Structure, function and substrate preferences of archaeal S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolases. Commun Biol 2024; 7:380. [PMID: 38548921 PMCID: PMC10978960 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) reversibly cleaves S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, the product of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions. The conversion of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine into adenosine and L-homocysteine plays an important role in the regulation of the methyl cycle. An alternative metabolic route for S-adenosyl-L-methionine regeneration in the extremophiles Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and Thermotoga maritima has been identified, featuring the deamination of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine to S-inosyl-L-homocysteine. Herein, we report the structural characterisation of different archaeal SAHHs together with a biochemical analysis of various SAHHs from all three domains of life. Homologues deriving from the Euryarchaeota phylum show a higher conversion rate with S-inosyl-L-homocysteine compared to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Crystal structures of SAHH originating from Pyrococcus furiosus in complex with SLH and inosine as ligands, show architectural flexibility in the active site and offer deeper insights into the binding mode of hypoxanthine-containing substrates. Altogether, the findings of our study support the understanding of an alternative metabolic route for S-adenosyl-L-methionine and offer insights into the evolutionary progression and diversification of SAHHs involved in methyl and purine salvage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Hendrik Koeppl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Désirée Popadić
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Germer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer N Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Leela N, Prommana P, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Taechalertpaisarn T, Shaw PJ. Antimalarial target vulnerability of the putative Plasmodium falciparum methionine synthase. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16595. [PMID: 38239295 PMCID: PMC10795524 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum possesses a cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MS). MS is putatively encoded by the PF3D7_1233700 gene, which is orthologous and syntenic in Plasmodium. However, its vulnerability as an antimalarial target has not been assessed. Methods We edited the PF3D7_1233700 and PF3D7_0417200 (dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase, DHFR-TS) genes and obtained transgenic P. falciparum parasites expressing epitope-tagged target proteins under the control of the glmS ribozyme. Conditional loss-of-function mutants were obtained by treating transgenic parasites with glucosamine. Results DHFR-TS, but not MS mutants showed a significant proliferation defect over 96 h, suggesting that P. falciparum MS is not a vulnerable antimalarial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirut Leela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parichat Prommana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Tana Taechalertpaisarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Philip J. Shaw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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El-Sayed SAES, El-Alfy ES, Baghdadi HB, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Alqahtani SS, Alam N, Ahmad S, Ali MS, Igarashi I, Rizk MA. Antiparasitic activity of FLLL-32 against four Babesia species, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens and B. caballi, and one Theileria species, Theileria equi in vitro, and Babesia microti in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1278451. [PMID: 38027032 PMCID: PMC10651744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1278451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: FLLL-32, a synthetic analog of curcumin, is a potent inhibitor of STAT3's constitutive activation in a variety of cancer cells, and its anticancer properties have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. It is also suggested that it might have other pharmacological activities including activity against different parasites. Aim: This study therefore investigated the in vitro antiparasitic activity of FLLL-32 against four pathogenic Babesia species, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. caballi, and one Theileria species, Theileria equi. In vivo anti-Babesia microti activity of FLLL-32 was also evaluated in mice. Methods: The FLLL-32, in the growth inhibition assay with a concentration range (0.005-50 μM), was tested for it's activity against these pathogens. The reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay was used to evaluate the possible effects of FLLL-32 treatment on the mRNA transcription of the target B. bovis genes including S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and histone deacetylase. Results: The in vitro growth of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (in all cases, p < 0.05). FLLL-32 exhibits the highest inhibitory effects on B. bovis growth in vitro, and it's IC50 value against this species was 9.57 μM. The RT-PCR results showed that FLLL-32 inhibited the transcription of the B. bovis S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase gene. In vivo, the FLLL-32 showed significant inhibition (p < 0.05) of B. microti parasitemia in infected mice with results comparable to that of diminazene aceturate. Parasitemia level in B. microti-infected mice treated with FLLL-32 from day 12 post infection (pi) was reduced to reach zero level at day 16 pi when compared to the infected non-treated mice. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the antibabesial properties of FLLL-32 and suggested it's usage in the treatment of babesiosis especially when utilized in combination therapy with other antibabesial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed El-Alfy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanadi B. Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Z. Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Malecki PH, Imiolczyk B, Barciszewski J, Czyrko-Horczak J, Sliwiak J, Gawel M, Wozniak K, Jaskolski M, Brzezinski K. Biochemical and structural insights into an unusual, alkali-metal-independent S-adenosyl- L-homocysteine hydrolase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:865-882. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322005605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesophilic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 encodes an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) of archaeal origin in its genome. SAHases are essential enzymes involved in the regulation of cellular S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation reactions. They are usually active as homotetramers or, less commonly, as homodimers. A SAHase subunit is composed of two major domains: a cofactor (NAD+)-binding domain and a substrate (S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine)-binding domain. These are connected by a hinge element that is also a coordination site for an alkali-metal cation that influences domain movement during the catalytic cycle. Typically, the highest activity and strongest substrate binding of bacterial SAHases are observed in the presence of K+ ions. The SAHase from Synechocystis (SynSAHase) is an exception in this respect. Enzymatic and isothermal titration calorimetry studies demonstrated that in contrast to K+-dependent SAHases, the activity and ligand binding of SynSAHase are not affected by the presence of any particular alkali ion. Moreover, in contrast to other SAHases, the cyanobacterial enzyme is in an equilibrium of two distinct oligomeric states corresponding to its dimeric and tetrameric forms in solution. To explain these phenomena, crystal structures of SynSAHase were determined for the enzyme crystallized in the presence of adenosine (a reaction byproduct or substrate) and sodium or rubidium cations. The structural data confirm that while SynSAHase shares common structural features with other SAHases, no alkali metal is coordinated by the cyanobacterial enzyme as a result of a different organization of the macromolecular environment of the site that is normally supposed to coordinate the metal cation. This inspired the generation of SynSAHase mutants that bind alkali-metal cations analogously to K+-dependent SAHases, as confirmed by crystallographic studies. Structural comparisons of the crystal structure of SynSAHase with other experimental models of SAHases suggest a possible explanation for the occurrence of the cyanobacterial enzyme in the tetrameric state. On the other hand, the reason for the existence of SynSAHase in the dimeric state in solution remains elusive.
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Vizán P, Di Croce L, Aranda S. Functional and Pathological Roles of AHCY. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654344. [PMID: 33869213 PMCID: PMC8044520 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY) is a unique enzyme and one of the most conserved proteins in living organisms. AHCY catalyzes the reversible break of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), the by-product and a potent inhibitor of methyltransferases activity. In mammals, AHCY is the only enzyme capable of performing this reaction. Controlled subcellular localization of AHCY is believed to facilitate local transmethylation reactions, by removing excess of SAH. Accordingly, AHCY is recruited to chromatin during replication and active transcription, correlating with increasing demands for DNA, RNA, and histone methylation. AHCY deletion is embryonic lethal in many organisms (from plants to mammals). In humans, AHCY deficiency is associated with an incurable rare recessive disorder in methionine metabolism. In this review, we focus on the AHCY protein from an evolutionary, biochemical, and functional point of view, and we discuss the most recent, relevant, and controversial contributions to the study of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Vizán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Aranda
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Brzezinski K. S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase: A Structural Perspective on the Enzyme with Two Rossmann-Fold Domains. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121682. [PMID: 33339190 PMCID: PMC7765604 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) is a major regulator of cellular methylation reactions that occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. SAHase activity is also a significant source of l-homocysteine and adenosine, two compounds involved in numerous vital, as well as pathological processes. Therefore, apart from cellular methylation, the enzyme may also influence other processes important for the physiology of particular organisms. Herein, presented is the structural characterization and comparison of SAHases of eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin, with an emphasis on the two principal domains of SAHase subunit based on the Rossmann motif. The first domain is involved in the binding of a substrate, e.g., S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine or adenosine and the second domain binds the NAD+ cofactor. Despite their structural similarity, the molecular interactions between an adenosine-based ligand molecule and macromolecular environment are different in each domain. As a consequence, significant differences in the conformation of d-ribofuranose rings of nucleoside and nucleotide ligands, especially those attached to adenosine moiety, are observed. On the other hand, the chemical nature of adenine ring recognition, as well as an orientation of the adenine ring around the N-glycosidic bond are of high similarity for the ligands bound in the substrate- and cofactor-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Brzezinski
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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Demmler R, Fricke J, Dörner S, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in "Magic" Mushrooms. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1364-1371. [PMID: 31802575 PMCID: PMC7317531 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and two methyltransfer reactions, which consume one equivalent of 5'-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and two equivalents of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM). This short but co-substrate-intensive pathway requires nucleoside cofactor salvage to maintain high psilocybin production rates. We characterized the adenosine kinase (AdoK) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SahH) of Psilocybe cubensis. Both enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in regenerating SAM. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed an induced expression of the genes in the fungal primordia and carpophores. A one-pot in vitro reaction with the N-methyltransferase PsiM of the psilocybin pathway demonstrates a concerted action with SahH to facilitate biosynthesis by removal of accumulating SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Demmler
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Janis Fricke
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Sebastian Dörner
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyHans-Knöll-InstituteFriedrich-Schiller-UniversitätBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
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Metal-cation regulation of enzyme dynamics is a key factor influencing the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11334. [PMID: 30054521 PMCID: PMC6063907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaSAHase) coordinates one K+ ion and one Zn2+ ion in the substrate binding area. The cations affect the enzymatic activity and substrate binding but the molecular mechanisms of their action are unknown. Enzymatic and isothermal titration calorimetry studies demonstrated that the K+ ions stimulate the highest activity and strongest ligand binding in comparison to other alkali cations, while the Zn2+ ions inhibit the enzyme activity. PaSAHase was crystallized in the presence of adenine nucleosides and K+ or Rb+ ions. The crystal structures show that the alkali ion is coordinated in close proximity of the purine ring and a 23Na NMR study showed that the monovalent cation coordination site is formed upon ligand binding. The cation, bound in the area of a molecular hinge, orders and accurately positions the amide group of Q65 residue to allow its interaction with the ligand. Moreover, binding of potassium is required to enable unique dynamic properties of the enzyme that ensure its maximum catalytic activity. The Zn2+ ion is bound in the area of a molecular gate that regulates access to the active site. Zn2+ coordination switches the gate to a shut state and arrests the enzyme in its closed, inactive conformation.
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Brzezinski K, Czyrko J, Sliwiak J, Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk E, Jaskolski M, Nocek B, Dauter Z. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase from a hyperthermophile (Thermotoga maritima) is expressed in Escherichia coli in inactive form - Biochemical and structural studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:584-596. [PMID: 28629859 PMCID: PMC7888557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic bacterium but its genome encodes a number of archaeal proteins including S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase), which regulates cellular methylation reactions. The question of proper folding and activity of proteins of extremophilic origin is an intriguing problem. When expressed in E.coli and purified (as a homotetramer) at room temperature, the hyperthermophilic SAHase from T.maritima was inactive. ITC study indicated that the protein undergoes heat-induced conformational changes, and enzymatic activity assays demonstrated that these changes are required to attain enzymatic activity. To explain the mechanism of thermal activation, two crystal structures of the inactive form of T. maritima SAHase (iTmSAHase) were determined for an incomplete binary complex with the reduced cofactor (NADH), and in a mixture of binary complexes with NADH and with adenosine. In contrast to active SAHases, in iTmSAHase only two of the four subunits contain a bound cofactor, predominantly in its non-reactive, reduced state. Moreover, the closed-like conformation of the cofactor-containing subunits precludes substrate delivery to the active site. The two other subunits cannot be involved in the enzymatic reaction either; although they have an open-like conformation, they do not contain the cofactor, whose binding site may be occupied by an adenosine molecule. The results suggest that this enzyme, when expressed in mesophilic cells, is arrested in the activity-incompatible conformation revealed by its crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Brzezinski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Czyrko
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Sliwiak
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Nocek
- Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, MCL, National Cancer Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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Manszewski T, Szpotkowski K, Jaskolski M. Crystallographic and SAXS studies of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase from Bradyrhizobium elkanii. IUCRJ 2017; 4:271-282. [PMID: 28512574 PMCID: PMC5414401 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) from the symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium elkanii (BeSAHase) was crystallized in four ligand complexes with (i) mixed adenosine (Ado) and cordycepin (Cord; 3'-deoxyadenosine), (ii) adenine (Ade), (iii) Ado and (iv) mixed 2'-deoxyadenosine (2'-dAdo) and Ade. The crystal structures were solved at resolutions of 1.84, 1.95, 1.95 and 1.54 Å, respectively. Only the Ade complex crystallized with a dimer in the asymmetric unit, while all of the other complexes formed a crystallographically independent tetrameric assembly. In the Ado/Cord complex, adenosine is found in three subunits while the fourth subunit has cordycepin bound in the active site. In the Ade and Ado complexes only these ligand molecules are present in the active sites. The 2'-dAdo/Ade complex has Ade bound in two subunits and 2'-dAdo bound in the other two subunits. The BeSAHase fold adopted a closed conformation in the complexes with Ado, Ade and 2'-dAdo, and a semi-open conformation when cordycepin occupied the active site. An SAHase-specific molecular gate, consisting of residues His342 and Phe343, behaves differently in the different complexes, but there is no simple correlation with the ligand type. Additional small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments confirm the tetrameric state of the protein in solution. The main conclusions from this work are (i) that the SAHase subunit does not simply oscillate between two discrete conformational open/closed states in correlation with the absence/presence of a ligand in the active site, but can also assume an intermediate form for some ligands; (ii) that the shut/open state of the molecular gate in the access channel to the active site is not correlated in a simple way with the open/closed subunit conformation or empty/occupied status of the active site, but that a variety of states are possible even for the same ligand; (iii) that a cation (typically sodium) coordinated in an intersubunit loop rigidifies a molecular hinge and thus stabilizes the closed conformation; (iv) that BeSAHase in solution is a tetramer, consistent with the model derived from crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Manszewski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamil Szpotkowski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Mallo N, DeFelipe AP, Folgueira I, Sueiro RA, Lamas J, Leiro JM. Combined antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects of the natural polyphenol curcumin on turbot scuticociliatosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:205-217. [PMID: 27334368 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The histiophagous scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi is the aetiological agent of scuticociliatosis, a parasitic disease of farmed turbot. Curcumin, a polyphenol from Curcuma longa (turmeric), is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the in vitro effects of curcumin on the growth of P. dicentrarchi and on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in turbot leucocytes activated by parasite cysteine proteases. At 100 μm, curcumin had a cytotoxic effect and completely inhibited the growth of the parasite. At 50 μm, curcumin inhibited the protease activity of the parasite and expression of genes encoding two virulence-associated proteases: leishmanolysin-like peptidase and cathepsin L-like. At concentrations between 25 and 50 μm, curcumin inhibited the expression of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acids methionine and cysteine. At 100 μm, curcumin inhibited the expression of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) produced in turbot leucocytes activated by parasite proteases. Results show that curcumin has a dual effect on scuticociliatosis: an antiparasitic effect on the catabolism and anabolism of ciliate proteins, and an anti-inflammatory effect that inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the host. The present findings suggest the potential usefulness of this polyphenol in treating scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mallo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A P DeFelipe
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Folgueira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R A Sueiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J M Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. The Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Plants as Drugs or Leads against Protozoan Neglected Diseases-Part III: In-Silico Molecular Docking Investigations. Molecules 2016; 21:E1389. [PMID: 27775577 PMCID: PMC6274513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis continue to cause considerable suffering and death in developing countries. Current treatment options for these parasitic protozoal diseases generally have severe side effects, may be ineffective or unavailable, and resistance is emerging. There is a constant need to discover new chemotherapeutic agents for these parasitic infections, and natural products continue to serve as a potential source. This review presents molecular docking studies of potential phytochemicals that target key protein targets in Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Plasmodium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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14
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Manszewski T, Singh K, Imiolczyk B, Jaskolski M. An enzyme captured in two conformational states: crystal structure of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase from Bradyrhizobium elkanii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:2422-32. [PMID: 26627650 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715018659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) is involved in the enzymatic regulation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation reactions. After methyl-group transfer from SAM, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is formed as a byproduct, which in turn is hydrolyzed to adenosine (Ado) and homocysteine (Hcy) by SAHase. The crystal structure of BeSAHase, an SAHase from Bradyrhizobium elkanii, which is a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of legume plants, was determined at 1.7 Å resolution, showing the domain organization (substrate-binding domain, NAD(+) cofactor-binding domain and dimerization domain) of the subunits. The protein crystallized in its biologically relevant tetrameric form, with three subunits in a closed conformation enforced by complex formation with the Ado product of the enzymatic reaction. The fourth subunit is ligand-free and has an open conformation. The BeSAHase structure therefore provides a unique snapshot of the domain movement of the enzyme induced by the binding of its natural ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Manszewski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kriti Singh
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Imiolczyk
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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15
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Structural insights into the reaction mechanism of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16641. [PMID: 26573329 PMCID: PMC4647836 DOI: 10.1038/srep16641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAH hydrolase or SAHH) is a highly conserved enzyme that catalyses the reversible hydrolysis of SAH to L-homocysteine (HCY) and adenosine (ADO). High-resolution crystal structures have been reported for bacterial and plant SAHHs, but not mammalian SAHHs. Here, we report the first high-resolution crystal structure of mammalian SAHH (mouse SAHH) in complex with a reaction product (ADO) and with two reaction intermediate analogues—3’-keto-aristeromycin (3KA) and noraristeromycin (NRN)—at resolutions of 1.55, 1.55, and 1.65 Å. Each of the three structures constitutes a structural snapshot of one of the last three steps of the five-step process of SAH hydrolysis by SAHH. In the NRN complex, a water molecule, which is an essential substrate for ADO formation, is structurally identified for the first time as the candidate donor in a Michael addition by SAHH to the 3’-keto-4’,5’-didehydroadenosine reaction intermediate. The presence of the water molecule is consistent with the reaction mechanism proposed by Palmer & Abeles in 1979. These results provide insights into the reaction mechanism of the SAHH enzyme.
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16
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Zheng Y, Chen CC, Ko TP, Xiao X, Yang Y, Huang CH, Qian G, Shao W, Guo RT. Crystal structures of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:135-42. [PMID: 25791616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of SAH into adenosine and homocysteine by using NAD(+) as a cofactor. The enzyme from Thermotoga maritima (tmSAHH) has great potentials in industrial applications because of its hyperthermophilic properties. Here, two crystal structures of tmSAHH in complex with NAD(+) show both open and closed conformations despite the absence of bound substrate. Each subunit of the tetrameric enzyme is composed of three domains, namely the catalytic domain, the NAD(+)-binding domain and the C-terminal domain. The NAD(+) binding mode is clearly observed and a substrate analogue can also be modeled into the active site, where two cysteine residues in mesophilic enzymes are replaced by serine and threonine in tmSAHH. Notably, the C-terminal domain of tmSAHH lacks the second loop region of mesophilic SAHH, which is important in NAD(+) binding, and thus exposes the bound cofactor to the solvent. The difference explains the higher NAD(+) requirement of tmSAHH because of the reduced affinity. Furthermore, the feature of missing loop is consistently observed in thermophilic bacterial and archaeal SAHHs, and may be related to their thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chun-Hsiang Huang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Guojun Qian
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weilan Shao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
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17
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Kurasawa Y, Sasaki K. Synthesis, Biological Activities, and Tautomerism of 4-Quinolones and Related Compounds. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-14-806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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He M, Zheng Y, Huang CH, Qian G, Xiao X, Ko TP, Shao W, Guo RT. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) from Thermotoga maritima. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1563-5. [PMID: 25372832 PMCID: PMC4231867 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14013478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) catalyzes the reversible conversion of S-adenosylhomocysteine into adenosine and homocysteine. The SAHH from Thermotoga maritima (TmSAHH) was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified and crystallized. TmSAHH crystals belonging to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=106.3, b=112.0, c=164.9 Å, β=103.5°, were obtained by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method and diffracted to 2.85 Å resolution. Initial phase determination by molecular replacement clearly indicated that the crystal contains one homotetramer per asymmetric unit. Further refinement of the crystal structure is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hsiang Huang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojun Qian
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Weilan Shao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Kurasawa Y, Yoshida K, Yamazaki N, Sasaki K, Zamami Y, Min Z, Togi A, Ito H, Kaji E, Fukaya H. Quinolone Analogues 15: Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of 4-Phenyl-1-(1-triazolylmethyl-4-quinolon-3-ylcarbonyl)semicarbazide and Related Compounds. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kurasawa
- School of Pharmacy; Iwaki Meisei University; Iino, Chuodai Iwaki-shi Fukushima 970-8551 Japan
| | - Kiminari Yoshida
- School of Pharmacy; Iwaki Meisei University; Iino, Chuodai Iwaki-shi Fukushima 970-8551 Japan
| | - Naoki Yamazaki
- School of Pharmacy; Iwaki Meisei University; Iino, Chuodai Iwaki-shi Fukushima 970-8551 Japan
| | - Kenji Sasaki
- Center for Faculty Development; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshito Zamami
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Zhao Min
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Atsumi Togi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fukaya
- School of Pharmacy; Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Horinouchi, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
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20
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Kurasawa Y, Yoshida K, Yamazaki N, Sasaki K, Zamami Y, Min Z, Togi A, Ito H, Kaji E, Fukaya H. Quinolone Analogs 14: Synthesis of Antimalarial 1-Aryl-3-(4-quinolon-2-yl)ureas and Related Compounds. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kurasawa
- School of Pharmacy; Iwaki Meisei University; Iino, Chuodai, Iwaki-shi Fukushima 970-8551 Japan
| | - Kiminari Yoshida
- School of Pharmacy; Iwaki Meisei University; Iino, Chuodai, Iwaki-shi Fukushima 970-8551 Japan
| | - Naoki Yamazaki
- School of Pharmacy; Iwaki Meisei University; Iino, Chuodai, Iwaki-shi Fukushima 970-8551 Japan
| | - Kenji Sasaki
- Center for Faculty Development; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshito Zamami
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Zhao Min
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Atsumi Togi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; Tsushimanaka, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; Shirokane, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fukaya
- School of Pharmacy; Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Horinouchi, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
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21
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Overexpression of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines: effects on apoptosis, migration and adhesion of cells. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2409-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Docking and in silico ADMET studies of noraristeromycin, curcumin and its derivatives with Plasmodium falciparum SAH hydrolase: A molecular drug target against malaria. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 5:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Lozada-Ramírez JD, Sánchez-Ferrer A, García-Carmona F. Recombinant S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from Thermotoga maritima: cloning, overexpression, characterization, and thermal purification studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:639-53. [PMID: 23588970 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) encoded by sahase gene is a determinant when catalyzing the reversible conversion of adenosine and homocysteine to S-adenosylhomocysteine in most living organisms. The sahase gene was isolated from the genome of the highly thermostable anaerobic bacteria Thermotoga maritima, and then it was cloned, characterized, overexpressed using Escherichia coli, and partially purified by thermal precipitation. The thermal purification of the recombinant SAHase resulted in changes in the circular dichroism spectra. As a result of this analysis, it was possible to determine the structural changes in the composition of the α-helix and β-sheet content of the recombinant enzyme after purification. Moreover, a predicted secondary structure and 3D structural model was rendered by comparative molecular modeling to further understand the molecular function of this protein including its attractive biotechnological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lozada-Ramírez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Santa Catarina Mártir Cholula 72820, Puebla, México.
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24
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Tanaka N, Umeda T, Kusakabe Y, Nakanishi M, Kitade Y, T. Nakamura K. Structural Biology for Developing Antimalarial Compounds. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 133:527-37. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Tehlivets O, Malanovic N, Visram M, Pavkov-Keller T, Keller W. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and methylation disorders: yeast as a model system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:204-15. [PMID: 23017368 PMCID: PMC3787734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methylation is central to the regulation of many biological processes: more than 50 AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases methylate a broad spectrum of cellular compounds including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Common to all AdoMet-dependent methyltransferase reactions is the release of the strong product inhibitor S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy), as a by-product of the reaction. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase is the only eukaryotic enzyme capable of reversible AdoHcy hydrolysis to adenosine and homocysteine and, thus, relief from AdoHcy inhibition. Impaired S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase activity in humans results in AdoHcy accumulation and severe pathological consequences. Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is characterized by elevated levels of homocysteine in blood, also exhibits a similar phenotype of AdoHcy accumulation due to the reversal of the direction of the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase reaction. Inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase is also linked to antiviral effects. In this review the advantages of yeast as an experimental system to understand pathologies associated with AdoHcy accumulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Tehlivets
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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26
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Bazile Q, Serbessa T, Zhong J. An efficient synthesis of the 4'-epimer of 2-fluoronoraristeromycin. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:1435-1437. [PMID: 22690021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The 4'-epimer of 2-fluoronoraristeromycin was synthesized by employing bis-t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protected 2-fluoroadenine as a superior substrate for the Mitsunobu reaction with the appropriate cyclopentenol. Unlike the unsubstituted counterpart 2-fluoroadenine, this substrate is completely soluble in THF and resulted in a very good yield in the Mitsunobu coupling reaction as well as subsequent steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quachel Bazile
- Elizabeth City State University, Department of Chemistry, Geology, and Physics Elizabeth city, NC 27909
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27
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Brzezinski K, Dauter Z, Jaskolski M. High-resolution structures of complexes of plant S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (Lupinus luteus). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:218-31. [PMID: 22349223 PMCID: PMC3282620 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911055090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) catalyzes the reversible breakdown of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) to adenosine and homocysteine. SAH is formed in methylation reactions that utilize S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. By removing the SAH byproduct, SAHase serves as a major regulator of SAM-dependent biological methylation reactions. Here, the first crystal structure of SAHase of plant origin, that from the legume yellow lupin (LlSAHase), is presented. Structures have been determined at high resolution for three complexes of the enzyme: those with a reaction byproduct/substrate (adenosine), with its nonoxidizable analog (cordycepin) and with a product of inhibitor cleavage (adenine). In all three cases the enzyme has a closed conformation. A sodium cation is found near the active site, coordinated by residues from a conserved loop that hinges domain movement upon reactant binding. An insertion segment that is present in all plant SAHases is located near a substrate-pocket access channel and participates in its formation. In contrast to mammalian and bacterial SAHases, the channel is open when adenosine or cordycepin is bound and is closed in the adenine complex. In contrast to SAHases from other organisms, which are active as tetramers, the plant enzyme functions as a homodimer in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Brzezinski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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28
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Lee S, Doxey AC, McConkey BJ, Moffatt BA. Nuclear targeting of methyl-recycling enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by specific protein interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:231-48. [PMID: 21976714 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous transmethylation reactions are required for normal plant growth and development. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) and adenosine kinase (ADK) act coordinately to recycle the by-product of these reactions, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) that would otherwise competitively inhibit methyltransferase (MT) activities. Here, we report on investigations to understand how the SAH produced in the nucleus is metabolized by SAHH and ADK. Localization analyses using green fluorescent fusion proteins demonstrated that both enzymes are capable of localizing to the cytoplasm and the nucleus, although no obvious nuclear localization signal was found in their sequences. Deletion analysis revealed that a 41-amino-acid segment of SAHH (Gly(150)-Lys(190)) is required for nuclear targeting of this enzyme. This segment is surface exposed, shows unique sequence conservation patterns in plant SAHHs, and possesses additional features of protein-protein interaction motifs. ADK and SAHH interact in Arabidopsis via this segment and also interact with an mRNA cap MT. We propose that the targeting of this complex is directed by the nuclear localization signal of the MT; other MTs may similarly target SAHH/ADK to other subcellular compartments to ensure uninterrupted transmethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Kurasawa Y, Yoshida K, Yamazaki N, Kaji E, Sasaki K, Zamami Y, Sakai Y, Fujii T, Ito H. Quinolone analogs 11: Synthesis of novel 4-quinolone-3-carbohydrazide derivatives with antimalarial activity. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Lee KM, Choi WJ, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Zhao LX, Lee HW, Park JG, Kim HO, Hwang KY, Heo YS, Choi S, Jeong LS. X-ray crystal structure and binding mode analysis of human S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase complexed with novel mechanism-based inhibitors, haloneplanocin A analogues. J Med Chem 2011; 54:930-8. [PMID: 21226494 DOI: 10.1021/jm1010836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of human S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase was first determined as a tetrameric form bound with the novel mechanism-based inhibitor fluoroneplanocin A (4b). The crystallized enzyme complex showed the closed conformation and turned out to be the intermediate of mechanism-based inhibition. It confirmed that the cofactor depletion by 3'-oxidation of fluoroneplanocin A contributes to the enzyme inhibition along with the irreversible covalent modification of AdoHcy hydrolase. In addition, a series of haloneplanocin A analogues (4b-e and 5b-e) were designed and synthesized to characterize the binding role and reactivity of the halogen substituents and the 4'-CH(2)OH group. The biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies identified the key pharmacophores and structural requirements for the inhibitor binding of AdoHcy hydrolase. The inhibitory activity was decreased as the size of the halogen atom increased and/or if the 4'-CH(2)OH group was absent. These results could be utilized to design new therapeutic agents operating via AdoHcy hydrolase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Man Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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31
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Crowther GJ, Napuli AJ, Gilligan JH, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, Chen Z, Dagostino EF, Stockmyer JB, Wang Y, Rodenbough PP, Castaneda LJ, Leibly DJ, Bhandari J, Gelb MH, Brinker A, Engels IH, Taylor J, Chatterjee AK, Fantauzzi P, Glynne RJ, Van Voorhis WC, Kuhen KL. Identification of inhibitors for putative malaria drug targets among novel antimalarial compounds. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 175:21-9. [PMID: 20813141 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of most marketed antimalarial drugs has been compromised by evolution of parasite resistance, underscoring an urgent need to find new drugs with new mechanisms of action. We have taken a high-throughput approach toward identifying novel antimalarial chemical inhibitors of prioritized drug targets for Plasmodium falciparum, excluding targets which are inhibited by currently used drugs. A screen of commercially available libraries identified 5655 low molecular weight compounds that inhibit growth of P. falciparum cultures with EC(50) values below 1.25μM. These compounds were then tested in 384- or 1536-well biochemical assays for activity against nine Plasmodium enzymes: adenylosuccinate synthetase (AdSS), choline kinase (CK), deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), guanylate kinase (GK), N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). These enzymes were selected using TDRtargets.org, and are believed to have excellent potential as drug targets based on criteria such as their likely essentiality, druggability, and amenability to high-throughput biochemical screening. Six of these targets were inhibited by one or more of the antimalarial scaffolds and may have potential use in drug development, further target validation studies and exploration of P. falciparum biochemistry and biology.
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Li QS, Cai S, Fang J, Borchardt RT, Kuczera K, Middaugh CR, Schowen RL. Evaluation of NAD(H) analogues as selective inhibitors for Trypanosoma cruzi S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:473-84. [PMID: 20183597 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903044572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolases (SAHHs) from human sources (Hs-SAHHs) bind the cofactor NAD(+) more tightly than several parasitic SAHHs by around 1000-fold. This property suggests the cofactor binding site of this essential enzyme as a potential anti-parasitic drug target, e.g., against SAHH from Trypansoma cruzi (Tc-SAHH). The on-rate and off-rate constants and the equilibrium dissociation constants were determined for NAD(+)/NADH analogues and suggested that NADH analogues were the most promising for selective inhibition of Tc-SAHH. None significantly inhibited Hs-SAHH while S-NADH and H-NADH (see Figure 1) reduced the catalytic activity of Tc-SAHH to < 10% in six minutes of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Ishihara M, Kusakabe Y, Ohsumichi T, Tanaka N, Nakanishi M, Kitade Y, Nakamura KT. Crystallization of mouse S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:313-5. [PMID: 20208169 PMCID: PMC2833045 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH; EC 3.3.1.1) catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine to adenosine and L-homocysteine. For crystallographic investigations, mouse SAHH (MmSAHH) was overexpressed in bacterial cells and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method in the presence of the reaction product adenosine. X-ray diffraction data to 1.55 A resolution were collected from an orthorhombic crystal form belonging to space group I222 with unit-cell parameters a = 100.64, b = 104.44, c = 177.31 A. Structural analysis by molecular replacement is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masayuki Nakanishi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Ehime 790-8578, Japan
| | - Yukio Kitade
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Prediction of potential antimalarial targets of artemisinin based on protein information from whole genome of Plasmodium falciparum. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Matthews RP, Lorent K, Mañoral-Mobias R, Huang Y, Gong W, Murray IVJ, Blair IA, Pack M. TNFalpha-dependent hepatic steatosis and liver degeneration caused by mutation of zebrafish S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Development 2009; 136:865-75. [PMID: 19201949 DOI: 10.1242/dev.027565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis and liver degeneration are prominent features of the zebrafish ducttrip (dtp) mutant phenotype. Positional cloning identified a causative mutation in the gene encoding S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (Ahcy). Reduced Ahcy activity in dtp mutants led to elevated levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and, to a lesser degree, of its metabolic precursor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Elevated SAH in dtp larvae was associated with mitochondrial defects and increased expression of tnfa and pparg, an ortholog of the mammalian lipogenic gene. Antisense knockdown of tnfa rescued hepatic steatosis and liver degeneration in dtp larvae, whereas the overexpression of tnfa and the hepatic phenotype were unchanged in dtp larvae reared under germ-free conditions. These data identify an essential role for tnfa in the mutant phenotype and suggest a direct link between SAH-induced methylation defects and TNF expression in human liver disorders associated with elevated TNFalpha. Although heterozygous dtp larvae had no discernible phenotype, hepatic steatosis was present in heterozygous adult dtp fish and in wild-type adult fish treated with an Ahcy inhibitor. These data argue that AHCY polymorphisms and AHCY inhibitors, which have shown promise in treating autoimmunity and other disorders, may be a risk factor for steatosis, particularly in patients with diabetes, obesity and liver disorders such as hepatitis C infection. Supporting this idea, hepatic injury and steatosis have been noted in patients with recently discovered AHCY mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph P Matthews
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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36
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Chaki M, Valderrama R, Fernández-Ocaña AM, Carreras A, López-Jaramillo J, Luque F, Palma JM, Pedrajas JR, Begara-Morales JC, Sánchez-Calvo B, Gómez-Rodríguez MV, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Protein targets of tyrosine nitration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4221-34. [PMID: 19717529 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is recognized as an important post-translational protein modification in animal cells that can be used as an indicator of a nitrosative process. However, in plant systems, there is scant information on proteins that undergo this process. In sunflower hypocotyls, the content of tyrosine nitration (NO(2)-Tyr) and the identification of nitrated proteins were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and proteomic approaches, respectively. In addition, the cell localization of nitrotyrosine proteins and peroxynitrite were analysed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) using antibodies against 3-nitrotyrosine and 3'-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) as the fluorescent probe, in that order. The concentration of Tyr and NO(2)-Tyr in hypocotyls was 0.56 micromol mg(-1) protein and 0.19 pmol mg(-1) protein, respectively. By proteomic analysis, a total of 21 nitrotyrosine-immunopositive proteins were identified. These targets include proteins involved in photosynthesis, and in antioxidant, ATP, carbohydrate, and nitrogen metabolism. Among the proteins identified, S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) was selected as a model to evaluate the effect of nitration on SAHH activity using SIN-1 (a peroxynitrite donor) as the nitrating agent. When the hypocotyl extracts were exposed to 0.5 mM, 1 mM, and 5 mM SIN-1, the SAHH activity was inhibited by some 49%, 89%, and 94%, respectively. In silico analysis of the barley SAHH sequence, characterized Tyr448 as the most likely potential target for nitration. In summary, the present data are the first in plants concerning the content of nitrotyrosine and the identification of candidates of protein nitration. Taken together, the results suggest that Tyr nitration occurs in plant tissues under physiological conditions that could constitute an important process of protein regulation in such a way that, when it is overproduced in adverse circumstances, it can be used as a marker of nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Chaki
- Grupo de Señalización Molecular y Sistemas Antioxidantes en Plantas, Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEZ), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Jaén, Spain
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37
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Zulfiqar F, Kojima H, Nakanishi M, Ando T, Kitade Y. Synthesis of carbocyclic 2-substituted adenine nucleoside and related analogs. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:1153-7. [PMID: 18788045 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802341459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Iodonoraristeromycin, 2-iodoaristeromycin and related analogs were synthesized to investigate their inhibitory activities against human and Plasmodium falciparum S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazila Zulfiqar
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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38
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Heterologous expression of plasmodial proteins for structural studies and functional annotation. Malar J 2008; 7:197. [PMID: 18828893 PMCID: PMC2567985 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains the world's most devastating tropical infectious disease with as many as 40% of the world population living in risk areas. The widespread resistance of Plasmodium parasites to the cost-effective chloroquine and antifolates has forced the introduction of more costly drug combinations, such as Coartem®. In the absence of a vaccine in the foreseeable future, one strategy to address the growing malaria problem is to identify and characterize new and durable antimalarial drug targets, the majority of which are parasite proteins. Biochemical and structure-activity analysis of these proteins is ultimately essential in the characterization of such targets but requires large amounts of functional protein. Even though heterologous protein production has now become a relatively routine endeavour for most proteins of diverse origins, the functional expression of soluble plasmodial proteins is highly problematic and slows the progress of antimalarial drug target discovery. Here the status quo of heterologous production of plasmodial proteins is presented, constraints are highlighted and alternative strategies and hosts for functional expression and annotation of plasmodial proteins are reviewed.
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39
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Reddy MCM, Kuppan G, Shetty ND, Owen JL, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini JC. Crystal structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase in ternary complex with substrate and inhibitors. Protein Sci 2008; 17:2134-44. [PMID: 18815415 DOI: 10.1110/ps.038125.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is a ubiquitous enzyme that plays a central role in methylation-based processes by maintaining the intracellular balance between S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and S-adenosylmethionine. We report the first prokaryotic crystal structure of SAHH, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), in complex with adenosine (ADO) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Structures of complexes with three inhibitors are also reported: 3'-keto aristeromycin (ARI), 2-fluoroadenosine, and 3-deazaadenosine. The ARI complex is the first reported structure of SAHH complexed with this inhibitor, and confirms the oxidation of the 3' hydroxyl to a planar keto group, consistent with its prediction as a mechanism-based inhibitor. We demonstrate the in vivo enzyme inhibition activity of the three inhibitors and also show that 2-fluoradenosine has bactericidal activity. While most of the residues lining the ADO-binding pocket are identical between Mtb and human SAHH, less is known about the binding mode of the homocysteine (HCY) appendage of the full substrate. We report the 2.0 A resolution structure of the complex of SAHH cocrystallized with SAH. The most striking change in the structure is that binding of HCY forces a rotation of His363 around the backbone to flip out of contact with the 5' hydroxyl of the ADO and opens access to a nearby channel that leads to the surface. This complex suggests that His363 acts as a switch that opens up to permit binding of substrate, then closes down after release of the cleaved HCY. Differences in the entrance to this access channel between human and Mtb SAHH are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchi C M Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, USA
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40
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Brzezinski K, Bujacz G, Jaskolski M. Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of plant S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (Lupinus luteus). Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:671-3. [PMID: 18607106 PMCID: PMC2443962 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108017703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
By degrading S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, which is a byproduct of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation reactions, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase) acts as a regulator of cellular methylation processes. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase from the leguminose plant yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus), LlSAHase, which is composed of 485 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 55 kDa, has been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Crystals of LlSAHase in complex with adenosine were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using 20%(w/v) PEG 4000 and 10%(v/v) 2-propanol as precipitants in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0. The crystals were tetragonal, space group P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 122.4, c = 126.5 A and contained two protein molecules in the asymmetric unit, corresponding to the functional dimeric form of the enzyme. Atomic resolution (1.17 A) X-ray diffraction data have been collected using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Brzezinski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bujacz
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Faculty of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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41
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Kandeel M, Kitade Y. Molecular Characterization, Heterologous Expression and Kinetic Analysis of Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum Thymidylate Kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 144:245-50. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Li QS, Cai S, Fang J, Borchardt RT, Kuczera K, Middaugh CR, Schowen RL. Comparative kinetics of cofactor association and dissociation for the human and trypanosomal S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolases. 2. The role of helix 18 stability. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4983-91. [PMID: 18393535 DOI: 10.1021/bi800175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The S-adenosyl- l-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolases (SAHH) from Homo sapiens (Hs-SAHH) and from the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc-SAHH) are very similar in structure and catalytic properties but differ in the kinetics and thermodynamics of association and dissociation of the cofactor NAD (+). The binding of NAD (+) and NADH in SAHH appears structurally to be mediated by helix 18, formed by seven residues near the C-terminus of the adjacent subunit. Helix-propensity estimates indicate decreasing stability of helix 18 in the order Hs-SAHH > Tc-SAHH > Ld-SAHH (from Leishmania donovani) > Pf-SAHH (from Plasmodium falciparum), which would be consistent with the previous observations. Here we report the properties of Hs-18Pf-SAHH, the human enzyme with plasmodial helix 18, and Tc-18Hs-SAHH, the trypanosomal enzyme with human helix 18. Hs-18Tc-SAHH, the human enzyme with trypanosomal helix 18, was also prepared but differed insignificantly from Hs-SAHH. Association of NAD (+) with Hs-SAHH, Hs-18Pf-SAHH, Tc-18Hs-SAHH, and Tc-SAHH exhibited biphasic kinetics for all enzymes. A thermal maximum in rate, attributed to the onset of local structural alterations in or near the binding site, occurred at 35, 33, 30, and 15 degrees C, respectively. This order is consistent with some reversible changes within helix 18 but does require influence of other properties of the "host enzyme". Dissociation of NAD (+) from the same series of enzymes also exhibited biphasic kinetics with a transition to faster rates (a larger entropy of activation more than compensates for a larger enthalpy of activation) at temperatures of 41, 38, 36, and 29 degrees C, respectively. This order is also consistent with changes in helix 18 but again requiring influence of other properties of the "host enzyme". Global unfolding of all fully reconstituted holoenzymes occurred around 63 degrees C, confirming that the kinetic transition temperatures did not arise from a major disruption of the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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43
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Ando T, Kojima K, Chahota P, Kozaki A, Milind ND, Kitade Y. Synthesis of 4′-modified noraristeromycins to clarify the effect of the 4′-hydroxyl groups for inhibitory activity against S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2615-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Gayathri P, Balaram H, Murthy MRN. Structural biology of plasmodial proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2007; 17:744-54. [PMID: 17875391 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a global disease infecting several million individuals annually. Malarial infection is particularly severe in the poorest parts of the world and is a major drain on their limited resources. Development of drug resistance and absence of a preventive vaccine have led to an immediate necessity for identifying new drug targets to combat malaria. Understanding the intricacies of parasite biology is essential to design novel intervention strategies that can prevent the growth of the parasite. The structural biology approach towards this goal involves the identification of key differences in the structures of the human and parasite enzymes and the determination of unique protein structures essential for parasite survival. This review covers the work on structural biology of plasmodial proteins carried out during the period of January 2006 to June 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gayathri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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45
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Ctrnáctá V, Stejskal F, Keithly JS, Hrdý I. Characterization ofS-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase fromCryptosporidium parvum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 273:87-95. [PMID: 17559404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum (CpSAHH) has been characterized. CpSAHH is a single-copy, intronless gene of 1479 bp encoding a protein of 493 amino acids with a molecular mass of 55.6 kDa. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that CpSAHH is expressed both in intracellular stages (in C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cells 24 h after infection) and in sporozoites. CpSAHH was expressed in Escherichia coli TB1 cells as a fusion with maltose-binding protein. The recombinant fusion was cleaved by Factor Xa and the enzymatic activity of both the fusion protein and the purified separated CpSAHH was measured. The enzymatic activity of CpSAHH was inhibited by d-eritadenine, S-DHPA and Ara-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Ctrnáctá
- Department of Tropical Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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46
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Grillo MA, Colombatto S. S-adenosylmethionine and its products. Amino Acids 2007; 34:187-93. [PMID: 17334902 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine is involved in many processes, mainly methylation, polyamine synthesis and radical-based catalysis. It is synthesised through the catalysis of differently regulated enzyme forms. When it is used, the compounds formed are reutilized in different ways: in case of methylation, its end product is homocysteine, which can be remethylated to methionine, give rise to cysteine in the so-called transsulphuration pathway, or be released; in the case of polyamine synthesis, the methylthioadenosine formed is cleaved and gives rise to compounds which can be reutilized; during radical-based catalysis, 5-deoxyadenosine is formed and this, too, is cleaved and reutilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Grillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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47
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Reguera RM, Redondo CM, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Balaña-Fouce R. S-Adenosylmethionine in protozoan parasites: Functions, synthesis and regulation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 152:1-10. [PMID: 17196271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine is one of the most frequently used enzymatic substrates in all living organisms. It plays a role in all biological methyl transfer reactions in as much as it is a donor of propylamine groups in the synthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine, it participates in the trans-sulphuration pathway to cysteine one of the three amino acids involved in glutathione and trypanothione synthesis in trypanosomatids and finally it is a source of the 5-deoxyadenosyl radicals, which are involved in many reductive metabolic processes, biodegradative pathways, tRNA modification and DNA repair. This mini-review is an update of the progress on the S-adenosylmethionine synthesis in different representative protozoan parasites responsible for many of the most devastating so-called tropical diseases that have an enormous impact on global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Reguera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Nakanishi M. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine Hydrolase as an Attractive Target for Antimicrobial Drugs. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:977-82. [PMID: 17541248 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase catalyzes breakdown of SAH, which arises after S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation, into adenosine and homocysteine. The enzyme activity is required for both metabolic pathway of sulfur-containing amino acids and a variety of biological methylations. Because of the essential roles of SAH hydrolase for living cells, inhibitors of SAH hydrolase are expected to be antimicrobial drugs, especially for viruses and malaria parasite. Our research focused on the development of new antimalarials based on the SAH hydrolase inhibition. Malaria parasite employs SAH hydrolase of itself for coping with the toxicity of SAH, so that the target offers opportunities for chemotherapy if structural differences are exploited between the parasite and human enzymes. In vitro screens of nucleoside analogs resulted in moderate but selective inhibition for recombinant SAH hydrolase of malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, by 2-position substituted adenosine analogs. Similar selectivity was observed in the growth inhibition assay of cultured cells. Following crystal structure analysis of the parasite SAH hydrolase discovered an additional space, which is located near the 2-position of the adenine-ring, in the substrate binding pocket. Mutagenic analysis of the amino acid residue forming the additional space confirmed that the inhibition selectivity is due to the difference of only one amino acid residue, between Cys59 in P. falciparum and Thr60 in human. For developing antimalarial drugs, it might be suitable to select target from pathways that are present in the parasite but absent from humans; nevertheless, even if the target was common in parasite and host, slight structural difference such as single amino acid variation is likely to be available for improving inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakanishi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan.
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TANAKA N. Structural and Functional Studies on Proteins as Potential Drug Discovery Targets. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1673-83. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kitade Y, Ando T, Yamaguchi T, Hori A, Nakanishi M, Ueno Y. 4′-Fluorinated carbocyclic nucleosides: Synthesis and inhibitory activity against S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5578-83. [PMID: 16682206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
4'-Fluorinated analogue of 9-[(1'R,2'S,3'R)-2',3'-dihydroxy-cyclopentan-1'-yl]adenine (DHCaA) and their related analogues were systematically synthesized under the Mitsunobu and palladium(0) coupling conditions followed by fluorination with inversion of the configuration by using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, respectively. 4'-beta-Fluoro DHCaA and 2-amino-4'-alpha-fluoro DHCaA demonstrated slight inhibitory activity against human and Plasmodium falciparum S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kitade
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan.
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