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Xu J, Sabatino B, Yan J, Ermakova G, Doering KRS, Taubert S. The unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum protects Caenorhabditis elegans against DNA damage caused by stalled replication forks. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae017. [PMID: 38267027 PMCID: PMC10989892 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
All animals must maintain genome and proteome integrity, especially when experiencing endogenous or exogenous stress. To cope, organisms have evolved sophisticated and conserved response systems: unfolded protein responses (UPRs) ensure proteostasis, while DNA damage responses (DDRs) maintain genome integrity. Emerging evidence suggests that UPRs and DDRs crosstalk, but this remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of the DNA primases pri-1 or pri-2, which synthesize RNA primers at replication forks and whose inactivation causes DNA damage, activates the UPR of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPR-ER) in Caenorhabditis elegans, with especially strong activation in the germline. We observed activation of both the inositol-requiring-enzyme 1 (ire-1) and the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (pek-1) branches of the (UPR-ER). Interestingly, activation of the (UPR-ER) output gene heat shock protein 4 (hsp-4) was partially independent of its canonical activators, ire-1 and X-box binding protein (xbp-1), and instead required the third branch of the (UPR-ER), activating transcription factor 6 (atf-6), suggesting functional redundancy. We further found that primase depletion specifically induces the (UPR-ER), but not the distinct cytosolic or mitochondrial UPRs, suggesting that primase inactivation causes compartment-specific rather than global stress. Functionally, loss of ire-1 or pek-1 sensitizes animals to replication stress caused by hydroxyurea. Finally, transcriptome analysis of pri-1 embryos revealed several deregulated processes that could cause (UPR-ER) activation, including protein glycosylation, calcium signaling, and fatty acid desaturation. Together, our data show that the (UPR-ER), but not other UPRs, responds to replication fork stress and that the (UPR-ER) is required to alleviate this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xu
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Brendil Sabatino
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Junran Yan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Glafira Ermakova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kelsie R S Doering
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, 117-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Guijarro-Hernández A, Eder-Azanza L, Hurtado C, Navarro-Herrera D, Ezcurra B, Novo FJ, Cabello J, Vizmanos JL. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals JAK2/MPL-Independent Effects of Calreticulin Mutations in a C. elegans Model. Cells 2023; 12:cells12010186. [PMID: 36611979 PMCID: PMC9818371 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are disorders in which multiple molecular mechanisms are significantly disturbed. Since their discovery, CALR driver mutations have been demonstrated to trigger pathogenic mechanisms apart from the well-documented activation of JAK2/MPL-related pathways, but the lack of experimental models harboring CALR mutations in a JAK2/MPL knockout background has hindered the research on these non-canonical mechanisms. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 was performed to introduce homozygous patient-like calreticulin mutations in a C. elegans model that naturally lacks JAK2 and MPL orthologs. Whole-genome transcriptomic analysis of these worms was conducted, and some of the genes identified to be associated with processes involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs were further validated by qPCR. Some of the transcriptomic alterations corresponded to typically altered genes and processes in cancer and Ph-negative MPN patients that are known to be triggered by mutant calreticulin without the intervention of JAK2/MPL. However, interestingly, we have also found altered other processes described in these diseases that had not been directly attributed to calreticulin mutations without the intervention of JAK2 or MPL. Thus, these results point to a new experimental model for the study of the JAK2/MPL-independent mechanisms of mutant calreticulin that induce these biological alterations, which could be useful to study unknown non-canonical effects of the mutant protein. The comparison with a calreticulin null strain revealed that the alteration of all of these processes seems to be a consequence of a loss of function of mutant calreticulin in the worm, except for the dysregulation of Hedgehog signaling and flh-3. Further analysis of this model could help to delineate these mechanisms, and the verification of these results in mammalian models may unravel new potential therapeutic targets in MPNs. As far as we know, this is the first time that a C. elegans strain with patient-like mutations is proposed as a potential model for leukemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Eder-Azanza
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hurtado
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Navarro-Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Begoña Ezcurra
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Novo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Cabello
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Guijarro-Hernández A, Hurtado C, Vizmanos JL. Optimizing simple calreticulin upregulation strategies in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biol Methods Protoc 2022; 8:bpac036. [PMID: 36686858 PMCID: PMC9846421 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a multifunctional calcium-binding protein whose expression levels have been correlated with detection, clinical phase of disease, metastasis, and survival of various types of cancer. Therefore, the study of the regulation of the cellular levels of CALR may be important to understand the neoplastic process. Caenorhabditis elegans, which has a CALR ortholog (CRT-1), has been used as a model organism for the characterization of CALR, and several conditions promoting the upregulation of crt-1 have been studied and established to understand the molecular control of crt-1 transcription and assess the function of the protein. Here, we propose several modifications of previously published crt-1 upregulation strategies that improve the reproducibility of the assay and allow to achieve higher levels of overexpression. First, the manipulation of synchronized populations of worms instead of mixed-stage animals and the use of solid culture medium in all experimental conditions are proposed. Likewise, we evaluate four new experimental approaches that attempt to promote a higher crt-1 upregulation [short-term exposure to 30 µg/ml tunicamycin at 25°C, short-term exposure to 7% ethanol (EtOH) at 25°C, short-term exposure to 30°C of worms grown at 25°C, and a long-term exposure to 7% EtOH]. Our results not only validate previously published methods, but also point to a new experimental approach that increases previously achieved levels of crt-1 upregulation. More specifically, a 6-h exposure of synchronized worms grown at 25°C to 7% EtOH on solid medium promotes almost a 7-fold upregulation of crt-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Cristina Hurtado
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Correspondence address. Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. E-mail:
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Furuta Y, Pena-Ramos O, Li Z, Chiao L, Zhou Z. Calcium ions trigger the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of necrotic cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009066. [PMID: 33571185 PMCID: PMC7904182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ level is under strict regulation through calcium channels and storage pools including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutations in certain ion channel subunits, which cause mis-regulated Ca2+ influx, induce the excitotoxic necrosis of neurons. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, dominant mutations in the DEG/ENaC sodium channel subunit MEC-4 induce six mechanosensory (touch) neurons to undergo excitotoxic necrosis. These necrotic neurons are subsequently engulfed and digested by neighboring hypodermal cells. We previously reported that necrotic touch neurons actively expose phosphatidylserine (PS), an “eat-me” signal, to attract engulfing cells. However, the upstream signal that triggers PS externalization remained elusive. Here we report that a robust and transient increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ level occurs prior to the exposure of PS on necrotic touch neurons. Inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the ER, either pharmacologically or genetically, specifically impairs PS exposure on necrotic but not apoptotic cells. On the contrary, inhibiting the reuptake of cytoplasmic Ca2+ into the ER induces ectopic necrosis and PS exposure. Remarkably, PS exposure occurs independently of other necrosis events. Furthermore, unlike in mutants of DEG/ENaC channels, in dominant mutants of deg-3 and trp-4, which encode Ca2+ channels, PS exposure on necrotic neurons does not rely on the ER Ca2+ pool. Our findings indicate that high levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ are necessary and sufficient for PS exposure. They further reveal two Ca2+-dependent, necrosis-specific pathways that promote PS exposure, a “two-step” pathway initiated by a modest influx of Ca2+ and further boosted by the release of Ca2+ from the ER, and another, ER-independent, pathway. Moreover, we found that ANOH-1, the worm homolog of mammalian phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F, is necessary for efficient PS exposure in thapsgargin-treated worms and trp-4 mutants, like in mec-4 mutants. We propose that both the ER-mediated and ER-independent Ca2+ pathways promote PS externalization through activating ANOH-1. Necrosis is a type of cell death that exhibits distinct morphological features such as cell and organelle swelling. Necrotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PS)–a type of phospholipid—on their outer surfaces. Receptor molecules on phagocytes detect PS on necrotic cells and subsequently initiate the engulfment process. As necrosis is associated with stroke, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and heart diseases, studying necrotic cell clearance has important medical relevance. In the model organism the nematode C. elegans, we previously identified membrane proteins that promote the exposure of PS on necrotic cell surfaces by studying neurons that are induced to undergo necrosis by dominant mutations in ion channels. Here, in C. elegans, we have discovered that the necrotic insults trigger an increase of the cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca2+), which in turn promotes PS externalization on necrotic cell surfaces. Furthermore, we have identified two different mechanisms that increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, one dependent on the Ca2+ contribution from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the other independent of the ER. The Ca2+ signal targets ANOH-1, a worm homolog of mammalian proteins capable of externalizing PS, for promoting PS exposure on necrotic cells. Our findings reveal novel upstream regulatory mechanisms that promote necrotic cell clearance in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Furuta
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Omar Pena-Ramos
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zao Li
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lucia Chiao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Ding Y, Tang J, You X, Zhang X, Wang G, Yao C, Lin M, Wang X, Cheng D. Study on the mechanism underlying Al-induced hepatotoxicity based on the identification of the Al-binding proteins in liver. Metallomics 2019; 11:1353-1362. [PMID: 31343013 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity are still largely elusive. Based on analysis with native gel electrophoresis, Al3+ plus 8-hydroxyquinoline staining and LC-MS/MS, the proteins with high Al3+ affinity were identified to be carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, adenosylhomocysteinase, heat shock protein 90-alpha, carbonic anhydrase 3, serum albumin and calreticulin. These proteins are involved in physiological processes such as the urea cycle, redox reactions, apoptosis and so on. Then we established an Al3+-treated rat model for biochemical tests, morphology observation and Ca2+ homeostasis analysis, in order to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage, hepatic histopathology and specific indicators of Al3+-related proteins in liver. Our findings indicated the high-affinity interactions with Al3+ perturbed the normal function of the above proteins, which could account for the mechanism underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jinlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xun You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xiongfeng Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Tobacco Science Research Institute, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Guangliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Congying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Mibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xuerui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Martínez-Puente DH, Pérez-Trujillo JJ, Gutiérrez-Puente Y, Rodríguez-Rocha H, García-García A, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Loera-Arias MJ. Targeting HPV-16 antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum induces an endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:149-158. [PMID: 30604352 PMCID: PMC6363615 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Very promising results have been observed with a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine based on human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV-16) antigen retention and delivery system in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the mechanism by which these antigens are processed once they reach this organelle is still unknown. Therefore, we evaluated whether this system awakens a stress response in the ER. Different DNA constructs based on E6 and E7 mutant antigens fused to an ER signal peptide (SP), a signal for retention in the ER (KDEL), or both signals (SPK), were transfected into HEK-293 cells. Overexpression of E6 and E7 antigens targeted to the ER (SP, and SPK constructs) induced ER stress, which was indicated by an increase of the ER-stress markers GRP78/BiP and CHOP. Additionally, the ER stress response was mediated by the ATF4 transcription factor, which was translocated into the nucleus. Besides, the overexpressed antigens were degraded by the proteasome. Through a cycloheximide-chase assay, we demonstrated that when both protein synthesis and proteasome were inhibited, the overexpressed antigens were degraded. Interestingly, when proteasome was blocked autophagy was increased and the ER stress response decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that the antigens are initially degraded by the ERAD pathway, and autophagy degradation pathway can be induced to compensate the proteasome inhibition. Therefore, we provided a new insight into the mechanism by which E6 and E7 mutant antigens are processed once they reach the ER, which will help to improve the development of more effective vaccines against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Martínez-Puente
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - José J Pérez-Trujillo
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yolanda Gutiérrez-Puente
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Aracely García-García
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - María J Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Aguirre Pequeño s/n Mitras Centro, 66460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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Xu Y, Park Y. Application of Caenorhabditis elegans for Research on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:275-281. [PMID: 30675455 PMCID: PMC6342542 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.4.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a versatile model organism that has been applied to research involving obesity, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. C. elegans has many advantages over traditional animal models, including ease of handling, a short lifespan, a fully sequenced genome, ease of genetic manipulation, and a high similarity to human disease-related genes. With established C. elegans models of human disease, C. elegans provides a great platform for studying disease pathologies, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is characterized by the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins involved in the pathologies of many diseases. ER stress can lead to activation of the unfolded and misfolded protein response, a mechanism that attenuates ER stress and recovers ER homeostasis. The current review gives an introduction to C. elegans and ER stress, along with the pathological role of ER stress in disease and the application of worm models in ER stress-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia Xu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Young LEA, Shoben C, Ricci K, Williams DC. Genetic analysis of KillerRed in C. elegans identifies a shared role of calcium genes in ROS-mediated neurodegeneration. J Neurogenet 2018; 33:1-9. [PMID: 30489172 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1531857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In C. elegans, neurodegeneration induced by excitotoxicity or aggregation of misfolded proteins is dependent on genes involved in calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also induce neurodegeneration, but the relationship between ROS-mediated neurodegeneration and calcium has not been established. We activated KillerRed in the GABA neurons of C. elegans to produce ROS that leads to functional loss and structural degeneration of these neurons and demonstrated that the severity of neurodegeneration was dependent on extent of KillerRed activation. To genetically examine the role of calcium in ROS-mediated neurodegeneration, we measured functional neurodegeneration in itr-1 (inositol trisphosphate receptor), crt-1 (caltreticulin), and unc-68 (ryanodine receptor) mutants. Similar to other neurotoxic conditions, neurodegeneration triggered by KillerRed was reduced in itr-1 and crt-1 mutants. Somewhat unexpectedly, genetic or pharmacological disruption of unc-68 had a minimal effect on neurodegeneration. Our results indicate ROS-mediated neurodegeneration occurs through a conserved calcium regulated mechanism and suggest that components of the degeneration process have different sensitivities to ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay E A Young
- a Department of Biology , Coastal Carolina University , Conway , SC , USA
| | - Chelsea Shoben
- a Department of Biology , Coastal Carolina University , Conway , SC , USA
| | - Kyra Ricci
- a Department of Biology , Coastal Carolina University , Conway , SC , USA
| | - Daniel C Williams
- a Department of Biology , Coastal Carolina University , Conway , SC , USA
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Lin YC, Chen CC, Chen WM, Lu KY, Shen TL, Jou YC, Shen CH, Ohbayashi N, Kanaho Y, Huang YL, Lee H. LPA 1/3 signaling mediates tumor lymphangiogenesis through promoting CRT expression in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1305-1315. [PMID: 30053596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid growth factor which is present in high levels in serum and platelets. LPA binds to its specific G-protein-coupled receptors, including LPA1 to LPA6, thereby regulating various physiological functions, including cancer growth, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Our previous study showed that LPA promotes the expression of the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Interestingly, LPA has been shown to regulate the expression of calreticulin (CRT), a multifunctional chaperone protein, but the roles of CRT in PCa progression remain unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of CRT in LPA-mediated VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis in PCa. Knockdown of CRT significantly reduced LPA-induced VEGF-C expression in PC-3 cells. Moreover, LPA promoted CRT expression through LPA receptors LPA1 and LPA3, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Tumor-xenografted mouse experiments further showed that CRT knockdown suppressed tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis. Notably, clinical evidence indicated that the LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is related to CRT and that CRT level is highly associated with lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression. Interestingly, the pharmacological antagonist of LPA receptors significantly reduced the lymphatic vessel density in tumor and lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Together, our results demonstrated that CRT is critical in PCa progression through the mediation of LPA-induced VEGF-C expression, implying that targeting the LPA signaling axis is a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Chin Jou
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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10
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Changes in the glucocorticoid receptor and Ca²⁺/calreticulin-dependent signalling pathway in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:24-34. [PMID: 25407822 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), calreticulin (CRT) and protein kinase C (PKC) have all been implicated in the Ca(2+)-dependent signalling pathway, which plays an important role in the plasticity of the central nervous system, learning and memory. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be involved in mechanisms of learning and memory. In the present study, single prolonged stress (SPS) was used as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Morris water maze test was used to detect rats' ability for spatial memory and learning. A fluorescence spectrophotometer was used to measure the concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) in mPFC. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to explore changes in GR, CRT and PKC in mPFC of SPS rats. The concentration of Ca(2+) in mPFC was increased in the SPS rats. We found increased intensity of GR and CRT immunoreactivity and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of GR, CRT and PKC in mPFC of the SPS groups, although the degree and time of increase was different among them. The protein levels of cytoplasmic GR, cytoplasmic CRT and cytoplasmic pPKC increased in mPFC of the SPS groups, whereas the protein level of nuclear GR decreased in comparison with the control group. As a conclusion, changed CRT and GR/PKC were involved in the mechanism of SPS-induced dysfunctional mPFC.
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11
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He MC, Wang J, Wu J, Gong FY, Hong C, Xia Y, Zhang LJ, Bao WR, Gao XM. Immunological activity difference between native calreticulin monomers and oligomers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105502. [PMID: 25171171 PMCID: PMC4149419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the greatly increased immunological activities of recombinant murine calreticulin (rCRT) are largely attributed to its self-oligomerization. Although native CRT (nCRT) can also oligomerize under stress conditions in vitro, whether this phenomenon could occur inside cells and the immunological activity difference between nCRT monomers and oligomers remained unclear. In this study, we illustrated the formation of CRT oligomers in tranfectant cells under “heat & low pH” (42°C/pH 6.5) condition. The mixture of nCRT oligomers and monomers (OnCRT) was obtained after 3 hr treatment of murine monomeric nCRT (MnCRT) under similar condition (42°C/pH 5.0) in vitro. The OnCRT thus obtained was better recognized by 2 monoclonal Abs from mice that had been immunized with oligomeric rCRT. Unlike MnCRT, OnCRT was able to elicit CRT-specific IgG production in mice. OnCRT also stimulated bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to secrete significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40 than did MnCRT in vitro. We postulate that oligomerization of soluble CRT may occur under certain pathophysiological conditions (e.g. ultrahyperpyrexia) and the resultant oligomers may exhibit exaggerated immunostimulating activities, thereby affiliating the inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-chun He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (McH)
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Internal Medicine Center of Rheumatoid Diseases, the First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang-yuan Gong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Hong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-juan Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wan-rong Bao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (XMG); (McH)
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12
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Lim Y, Lee D, Kalichamy K, Hong SE, Michalak M, Ahnn J, Kim DH, Lee SK. Sumoylation regulates ER stress response by modulating calreticulin gene expression in XBP-1-dependent mode in Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:399-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Nagy T, Frank D, Kátai E, Yahiro RKK, Poór VS, Montskó G, Zrínyi Z, Kovács GL, Miseta A. Lithium induces ER stress and N-glycan modification in galactose-grown Jurkat cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70410. [PMID: 23894652 PMCID: PMC3718757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that lithium had a significant impact on Ca(2+) regulation and induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in yeast cells grown on galactose due to inhibition of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), however the exact mechanism has not been established yet. In this study, we analysed lithium's effect in galactose-fed cells to clarify whether these ER-related changes are the result of a relative hypoglycemic state. Furthermore, we investigated whether the alterations in galactose metabolism impact protein post-translational modifications. Thus, Jurkat cells were incubated in glucose or galactose containing media with or without lithium treatment. We found that galactose-fed and lithium treated cells showed better survivability than fasting cells. We also found higher UDP-Hexose and glycogen levels in these cells compared to fasting cells. On the other hand, the UPR (X-box binding protein 1 mRNA levels) of galactose-fed and lithium treated cells was even greater than in fasting cells. We also found increased amount of proteins that contained N-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine, similar to what was reported in fasting cells by a recent study. Our results demonstrate that lithium treatment of galactose-fed cells can induce stress responses similar to hypoglycemia, however cell survival is still secured by alternative pathways. We propose that clarifying this process might be an important addition toward the better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate ER-associated stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Frank
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emese Kátai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Viktor S. Poór
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Montskó
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zita Zrínyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor L. Kovács
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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14
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Su TR, Tsai FJ, Lin JJ, Huang HH, Chiu CC, Su JH, Yang YT, Chen JYF, Wong BS, Wu YJ. Induction of apoptosis by 11-dehydrosinulariolide via mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress pathways in human melanoma cells. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1883-1898. [PMID: 23015779 PMCID: PMC3447343 DOI: 10.3390/md10081883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study the isolated compound 11-dehydrosinulariolide from soft coral Sinularia leptoclados possessed anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and apoptosis-inducing activities against A2058 melanoma cells. Anti-tumor effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide were determined by MTT assay, cell migration assay and flow cytometry. Growth and migration of melanoma cells were dose-dependently inhibited by 2–8 μg/mL 11-dehydrosinulariolide. Flow cytometric data indicated that 11-dehydrosinulariolide induces both early and late apoptosis in melanoma cells. It was found that the apoptosis induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide is relevant to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathways, elucidated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), release of cytochrome C, activation of caspase-3/-9 and Bax as well as suppression of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. The cleavage of PARP-1 suggested partial involvement of caspase-independent pathways. Immunoblotting data displayed up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP and ATF6/CHOP coupling with elevation of ER stress chaperones GRP78, GRP94, calnexin, calreticulin and PDI, implicating the involvement of these factors in ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide. The abolishment of apoptotic events after pre-treatment with salubrinal indicated that ER stress-mediated apoptosis is also induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide against melanoma cells. The data in this study suggest that 11-dehydrosinulariolide potentially induces apoptosis against melanoma cells via mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Rong Su
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; (T.-R.S.); (B.-S.W.)
| | - Feng-Jen Tsai
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; (F.-J.T.); (H.H.H.)
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan;
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; (F.-J.T.); (H.H.H.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.Y.-F.C.)
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94446, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- Chemistry Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Jeff Yi-Fu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (J.Y.-F.C.)
| | - Bing-Sang Wong
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; (T.-R.S.); (B.-S.W.)
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; (F.-J.T.); (H.H.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; or ; Tel.: +886-8-7799821 (ext. 8600); Fax: +886-8-7797821
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15
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Lehmann S, Shephard F, Jacobson LA, Szewczyk NJ. Integrated control of protein degradation in C. elegans muscle. WORM 2012; 1:141-50. [PMID: 23457662 PMCID: PMC3583358 DOI: 10.4161/worm.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein degradation is a fundamental cellular process, the genomic control of which is incompletely understood. The advent of transgene-coded reporter proteins has enabled the development of C. elegans into a model for studying this problem. The regulation of muscle protein degradation is surprisingly complex, integrating multiple signals from hypodermis, intestine, neurons and muscle itself. Within the muscle, degradation is executed by separately regulated autophagy-lysosomal, ubiquitin-proteasome and calpain-mediated systems. The signal-transduction mechanisms, in some instances, involve modules previously identified for their roles in developmental processes, repurposed in terminally differentiated muscle to regulate the activities of pre-formed proteins. Here we review the genes, and mechanisms, which appear to coordinately control protein degradation within C. elegans muscle. We also consider these mechanisms in the context of development, physiology, pathophysiology and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Lehmann
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital; Derby, UK
| | - Freya Shephard
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital; Derby, UK
| | - Lewis A. Jacobson
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital; Derby, UK
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16
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Akay C, Lindl KA, Shyam N, Nabet B, Goenaga-Vazquez Y, Ruzbarsky J, Wang Y, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Activation status of integrated stress response pathways in neurones and astrocytes of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) cortex. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:175-200. [PMID: 21883374 PMCID: PMC3708539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
C. Akay, K. A. Lindl, N. Shyam, B. Nabet, Y. Goenaga‐Vazquez, J. Ruzbarsky, Y. Wang, D. L. Kolson and K. L. Jordan‐Sciutto (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 175–200 Activation status of integrated stress response pathways in neurones and astrocytes of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) cortex Aims: Combined anti‐retroviral therapy (cART) has led to a reduction in the incidence of HIV‐associated dementia (HAD), a severe motor/cognitive disorder afflicting HIV(+) patients. However, the prevalence of subtler forms of neurocognitive dysfunction, which together with HAD are termed HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), continues to escalate in the post‐cART era. The microgliosis, astrogliosis, dendritic damage, and synaptic and neuronal loss observed in autopsy cases suggest an underlying neuroinflammatory process, due to the neurotoxic factors released by HIV‐infected/activated macrophages/microglia in the brain, might underlie the pathogenesis of HAND in the post‐cART era. These factors are known to induce the integrated stress response (ISR) in several neurodegenerative diseases; we have previously shown that BiP, an indicator of general ISR activation, is upregulated in cortical autopsy tissue from HIV‐infected patients. The ISR is composed of three pathways, each with its own initiator protein: PERK, IRE1α and ATF6. Methods: To further elucidate the specific ISR pathways activated in the central nervous system of HAND patients, we examined the protein levels of several ISR proteins, including ATF6, peIF2α and ATF4, in cortical tissue from HIV‐infected patients. Results: The ISR does not respond in an all‐or‐none fashion in HAND, but rather demonstrates a nuanced activation pattern. Specifically, our studies implicate the ATF6 pathway of the ISR as a more likely candidate than the PERK pathway for increases in BiP levels in astrocytes. Conclusion: These findings begin to characterize the nature of the ISR response in HAND and provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Akay
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, USA
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17
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RNA surveillance is required for endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8079-84. [PMID: 22562797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110589109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular stress-signaling pathway that counteracts the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because defects in ER protein folding are associated with many pathological states, including metabolic, neurologic, genetic, and inflammatory diseases, it is important to understand how the UPR maintains ER protein-folding homeostasis. All metazoans have conserved the fundamental UPR transducers IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the UPR is required to prevent larval lethality and intestinal degeneration. Although ire-1-null worms are viable, they are particularly sensitive to ER stress. To identify genes that are required for development of ire-1-null worms, we performed a comprehensive RNA interference screen to find 10 genes that exhibit synthetic growth and intestinal defects with the ire-1(v33) mutant but not with atf-6(tm1153) or pek-1(ok275) mutants. The expression of two of these genes, exos-3 and F48E8.6, was induced by ER stress, and their knockdown in a wild-type strain caused ER stress. Because these genes encode subunits of the exosome complex that functions in mRNA surveillance, we analyzed other gene products required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Our results demonstrate that defects in smg-1, smg-4, and smg-6 in C. elegans and SMG6 in mammalian cells cause ER stress and sensitize to the lethal effects of ER stress. Although ER stress did not activate mRNA surveillance complex assembly, ER stress did induce SMG6 expression, and NMD regulators were constitutively localized to the ER. Importantly, the findings demonstrate a unique and fundamental interaction where NMD-mediated mRNA quality control is required to prevent ER stress.
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18
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Buzzi LI, Simonetta SH, Parodi AJ, Castro OA. The two Caenorhabditis elegans UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase homologues have distinct biological functions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27025. [PMID: 22073243 PMCID: PMC3206904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) is the sensor of glycoprotein conformations in the glycoprotein folding quality control as it exclusively glucosylates glycoproteins not displaying their native conformations. Monoglucosylated glycoproteins thus formed may interact with the lectin-chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT). This interaction prevents premature exit of folding intermediates to the Golgi and enhances folding efficiency. Bioinformatic analysis showed that in C. elegans there are two open reading frames (F48E3.3 and F26H9.8 to be referred as uggt-1 and uggt-2, respectively) coding for UGGT homologues. Expression of both genes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants devoid of UGGT activity showed that uggt-1 codes for an active UGGT protein (CeUGGT-1). On the other hand, uggt-2 coded for a protein (CeUGGT-2) apparently not displaying a canonical UGGT activity. This protein was essential for viability, although cnx/crt null worms were viable. We constructed transgenic worms carrying the uggt-1 promoter linked to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) coding sequence and found that CeUGGT-1 is expressed in cells of the nervous system. uggt-1 is upregulated under ER stress through the ire-1 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Real-time PCR analysis showed that both uggt-1 and uggt-2 genes are expressed during the entire C. elegans life cycle. RNAi-mediated depletion of CeUGGT-1 but not of CeUGGT-2 resulted in a reduced lifespan and that of CeUGGT-1 and CeUGGT-2 in a developmental delay. We found that both CeUGGT1 and CeUGGT2 play a protective role under ER stress conditions, since 10 µg/ml tunicamycin arrested development at the L2/L3 stage of both uggt-1(RNAi) and uggt-2(RNAi) but not of control worms. Furthermore, we found that the role of CeUGGT-2 but not CeUGGT-1 is significant in relieving low ER stress levels in the absence of the ire-1 unfolding protein response signaling pathway. Our results indicate that both C. elegans UGGT homologues have distinct biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila I. Buzzi
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H. Simonetta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Physiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Armando J. Parodi
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga A. Castro
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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19
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A haploid genetic screen identifies the major facilitator domain containing 2A (MFSD2A) transporter as a key mediator in the response to tunicamycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11756-65. [PMID: 21677192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018098108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunicamycin (TM) inhibits eukaryotic asparagine-linked glycosylation, protein palmitoylation, ganglioside production, proteoglycan synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase activity, and cell wall biosynthesis in bacteria. Treatment of cells with TM elicits endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates the unfolded protein response. Although widely used in laboratory settings for many years, it is unknown how TM enters cells. Here, we identify in an unbiased genetic screen a transporter of the major facilitator superfamily, major facilitator domain containing 2A (MFSD2A), as a critical mediator of TM toxicity. Cells without MFSD2A are TM-resistant, whereas MFSD2A-overexpressing cells are hypersensitive. Hypersensitivity is associated with increased cellular TM uptake concomitant with an enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Furthermore, MFSD2A mutant analysis reveals an important function of the C terminus for correct intracellular localization and protein stability, and it identifies transmembrane helical amino acid residues essential for mediating TM sensitivity. Overall, our data uncover a critical role for MFSD2A by acting as a putative TM transporter at the plasma membrane.
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20
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Husi H, McAllister F, Angelopoulos N, Butler VJ, Bailey KR, Malone K, MacKay L, Taylor P, Page AP, Turner NJ, Barran PE, Walkinshaw M. Selective Chemical Intervention in the Proteome of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6060-70. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Husi
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona McAllister
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicos Angelopoulos
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Butler
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R. Bailey
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk Malone
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Logan MacKay
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Taylor
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Antony P. Page
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Walkinshaw
- Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Spatara M, Robinson A. Transgenic mouse and cell culture models demonstrate a lack of mechanistic connection between endoplasmic reticulum stress and tau dysfunction. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1951-61. [PMID: 20143409 PMCID: PMC4560366 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo aggregation of tau protein is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence has also demonstrated activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, in AD, although the role of the UPR in disease pathogenesis is not known. Here, three model systems were used to determine whether a direct mechanistic link could be demonstrated between tau aggregation and the UPR. The first model system used was SH-SY5Y cells, a neuronal cultured cell line that endogenously expresses tau. In this system, the UPR was activated using chemical stressors, tunicamycin and thapsigargin, but no changes in tau expression levels, solubility, or phosphorylation were observed. In the second model system, wild-type 4R tau and P301L tau, a variant with increased aggregation propensity, were heterologously overexpressed in HEK 293 cells. This overexpression did not activate the UPR. The last model system examined here was the PS19 transgenic mouse model. Although PS19 mice, which express the P301S variant of tau, display severe neurodegeneration and formation of tau aggregates, brain tissue samples did not show any activation of the UPR. Taken together, the results from these three model systems suggest that a direct mechanistic link does not exist between tau aggregation and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Spatara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - A.S. Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Yamaguchi Y, Larkin D, Lara-Lemus R, Ramos-Castañeda J, Liu M, Arvan P. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone regulation and survival of cells compensating for deficiency in the ER stress response kinase, PERK. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17020-9. [PMID: 18426796 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802466200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of PERK, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein kinase, assists in an ER stress response designed to inhibit general protein synthesis while allowing upregulated synthesis of selective proteins such as the ATF4 transcription factor. PERK null mice exhibit phenotypes that especially affect secretory cell types. Although embryonic fibroblasts from these mice are difficult to transfect with high efficiency, we have generated 293 cells stably expressing the PERK-K618A dominant negative mutant. 293/PERK-K618A cells, in response to ER stress: (a) do not properly inhibit general protein synthesis, (b) exhibit defective/delayed induction of ATF4 and BiP, and (c) exhibit exuberant splice activation of XBP1 and robust cleavage activation of ATF6, with abnormal regulation of calreticulin levels. The data suggest compensatory mechanisms allowing for cell survival in the absence of functional PERK. Interestingly, although induction of CHOP (a transcription factor implicated in apoptosis) is notably delayed after onset of ER stress, 293/PERK-K618A cells eventually produce CHOP at normal or even supranormal levels and exhibit increased apoptosis either in response to general ER stress or, more importantly, to specific misfolded secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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