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Cornice J, Verzella D, Arboretto P, Vecchiotti D, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Franzoso G. NF-κB: Governing Macrophages in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:197. [PMID: 38397187 PMCID: PMC10888451 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where they sustain tumor progression and or-tumor immunity. Due to their plasticity, macrophages can exhibit anti- or pro-tumor functions through the expression of different gene sets leading to distinct macrophage phenotypes: M1-like or pro-inflammatory and M2-like or anti-inflammatory. NF-κB transcription factors are central regulators of TAMs in cancers, where they often drive macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in a wide range of human tumors. Hence, targeting NF-κB pathway in the myeloid compartment is a potential clinical strategy to overcome microenvironment-induced immunosuppression and increase anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of NF-κB as a key driver of macrophage functions in tumors as well as the principal strategies to overcome tumor immunosuppression by targeting the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cornice
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Paola Arboretto
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Davide Vecchiotti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.V.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (J.C.); (P.A.)
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2
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Brito DV, Kupke J, Gulmez Karaca K, Oliveira AM. Regulation of neuronal plasticity by the DNA repair associated Gadd45 proteins. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100031. [PMID: 36685757 PMCID: PMC9846468 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons respond rapidly to extracellular stimuli by activating signaling pathways that modulate the function of already synthetized proteins. Alternatively, signal transduction to the cell nucleus induces de novo synthesis of proteins required for long-lasting adaptations. These complementary strategies are necessary for neuronal plasticity processes that underlie, among other functions, the formation of memories. Nonetheless, it is still not fully understood how the coupling between different stimuli and the activity of constitutively and/or de novo expressed proteins gate neuronal plasticity. Here, we discuss the molecular functions of the Growth Arrest and DNA Damage 45 (Gadd45) family of proteins in neuronal adaptation. We highlight recent findings that indicate that Gadd45 family members regulate this function through multiple cellular processes (e.g., DNA demethylation, gene expression, RNA stability, MAPK signaling). We then summarize the regulation of Gadd45 expression in neurons and put forward the hypothesis that the constitutive and neuronal activity-induced pools of Gadd45 proteins have distinct and complementary roles in modulating neuronal plasticity. Therefore, we propose that Gadd45 proteins are essential for brain function and their dysfunction might underlie pathophysiological conditions such as neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V.C. Brito
- Institute of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Janina Kupke
- Institute of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kubra Gulmez Karaca
- Institute of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center Kapittelweg 29, 6525, EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana M.M. Oliveira
- Institute of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author. Institute of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN) Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Gadd45 in Normal Hematopoiesis and Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:41-54. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Tian J, Locker J. Gadd45 in the Liver: Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:87-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ma Y, Huang D, Li X, Cheng W, Huang X, Feng H, Zhu F, Zeng X, Zhao S. GADD45B induced the enhancing of cell viability and proliferation in radiotherapy and increased the radioresistance of HONE1 cells. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the key role and mechanism of GADD45B in the radiation resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. Radiotherapy-resistant HONE1 (HONE1-R) cells with stable genetic radioresistance were cultured under continuous radiation stimulation. CCK-8 and clone formation assays were used to verify the radioresistance of the cell line. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify the most important differential signaling pathway in the cell line. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were used to verify the sequencing results. GADD45B-siRNA was used to knock down the key gene so as to verify the downstream gene expression and analyze its mechanism. The transcriptome analysis showed that 702 genes were upregulated and 772 genes were downregulated in the HONE1-R cell lines. The core differential signaling pathway was mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and the core differential gene was GADD45B. After GADD45B was knocked down, the cell viability and proliferation ability of HONE1-R cell lines significantly decreased under radiation, and the expression of cyclin B1 and p-CDK1 decreased significantly. MAPK is the core signaling pathway in radioresistance of NPC. GADD45B plays an important role by affecting cell viability and proliferation in NPC radioresistance. GADD45B is a potential target of radioresistance in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Dongheng Huang
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Yangjiang , Yangjiang , Guangdong, 529500 , P. R. China
| | - Xingtong Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Wanqin Cheng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Huiyi Feng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Fengying Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang Zeng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1 Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
| | - Shufen Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University , No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lichun Village, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Guangdong Province , Foshan City , 528000 , P. R. China
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Smaldone G, Caruso D, Sandomenico A, Iaccarino E, Focà A, Ruggiero A, Ruvo M, Vitagliano L. Members of the GADD45 Protein Family Show Distinct Propensities to form Toxic Amyloid-Like Aggregates in Physiological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10700. [PMID: 34639041 PMCID: PMC8509203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The three members (GADD45α, GADD45β, and GADD45γ) of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) protein family are involved in a myriad of diversified cellular functions. With the aim of unravelling analogies and differences, we performed comparative biochemical and biophysical analyses on the three proteins. The characterization and quantification of their binding to the MKK7 kinase, a validated functional partner of GADD45β, indicate that GADD45α and GADD45γ are strong interactors of the kinase. Despite their remarkable sequence similarity, the three proteins present rather distinct biophysical properties. Indeed, while GADD45β and GADD45γ are marginally stable at physiological temperatures, GADD45α presents the Tm value expected for a protein isolated from a mesophilic organism. Surprisingly, GADD45α and GADD45β, when heated, form high-molecular weight species that exhibit features (ThT binding and intrinsic label-free UV/visible fluorescence) proper of amyloid-like aggregates. Cell viability studies demonstrate that they are endowed with a remarkable toxicity against SHSY-5Y and HepG2 cells. The very uncommon property of GADD45β to form cytotoxic species in near-physiological conditions represents a puzzling finding with potential functional implications. Finally, the low stability and/or the propensity to form toxic species of GADD45 proteins constitute important features that should be considered in interpreting their many functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Caruso
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Annalia Focà
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, C.N.R., Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (D.C.); (A.S.); (E.I.); (A.F.); (A.R.)
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Insights into the Interaction Mechanism of DTP3 with MKK7 by Using STD-NMR and Computational Approaches. Biomedicines 2020; 9:biomedicines9010020. [PMID: 33396582 PMCID: PMC7824710 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GADD45β/MKK7 complex is a non-redundant, cancer cell-restricted survival module downstream of the NF-kB survival pathway, and it has a pathogenically critical role in multiple myeloma, an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. The first-in-class GADD45β/MKK7 inhibitor DTP3 effectively kills MM cells expressing its molecular target, both in vitro and in vivo, by inducing MKK7/JNK-dependent apoptosis with no apparent toxicity to normal cells. DTP3 combines favorable drug-like properties, with on-target-specific pharmacology, resulting in a safe and cancer-selective therapeutic effect; however, its mode of action is only partially understood. In this work, we have investigated the molecular determinants underlying the MKK7 interaction with DTP3 by combining computational, NMR, and spectroscopic methods. Data gathered by fluorescence quenching and computational approaches consistently indicate that the N-terminal region of MKK7 is the optimal binding site explored by DTP3. These findings further the understanding of the selective mode of action of GADD45β/MKK7 inhibitors and inform potential mechanisms of drug resistance. Notably, upon validation of the safety and efficacy of DTP3 in human trials, our results could also facilitate the development of novel DTP3-like therapeutics with improved bioavailability or the capacity to bypass drug resistance.
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8
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Mimicking Age-Associated Gadd45γ Dysregulation Results in Memory Impairments in Young Adult Mice. J Neurosci 2019; 40:1197-1210. [PMID: 31826946 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1621-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related memory loss is observed across multiple mammalian species and preferentially affects hippocampus-dependent memory. Memory impairments are characterized by accelerated decay of spatial memories. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying these deficits are still largely unknown. Here, we investigated the expression and function of the growth arrest DNA damage (Gadd45) family during aging and cognition, respectively. We report that aging impairs the expression of Gadd45γ in the hippocampus of cognitively impaired male mice. Mimicking this decrease in young adult male mice led to age-like memory deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks. Gadd45γ reduction impaired the activity of key components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (p38 and JNK) in mouse hippocampal cultures. Furthermore, we found that activation of downstream targets, such as ATF-2, c-Jun, and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein), was disrupted. Finally, we showed that Gadd45γ is required for induction of key early- and late-response genes that have been associated with aging. Together, these findings indicate that Gadd45γ expression regulates cognitive abilities and synapse-to-nucleus communication and suggest Gadd45γ dysfunction as a potential mechanism contributing to age-related cognitive impairments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A high percentage of subjects experience age-related memory loss that burdens daily performance. Although many advances have been made, the precise changes in the brain governing these deficits are unclear. Identifying molecular processes that are required for cognition and are altered during old age is crucial to develop preventive or therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that baseline and learning-induced expression of the growth arrest DNA damage (Gadd45) γ is selectively impaired in the hippocampus of aged mice with cognitive deficits. Next, we show that modeling this impairment in young adult mice with normal cognitive performance disrupts long- and short-term memories in an age-like manner. Finally, we demonstrate that Gadd45γ regulates synapse-to-nucleus communication processes that are needed for plasticity-associated gene expression.
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9
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Camilleri-Robles C, Serras F, Corominas M. Role of D-GADD45 in JNK-Dependent Apoptosis and Regeneration in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E378. [PMID: 31109086 PMCID: PMC6562583 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GADD45 proteins are induced in response to stress and have been implicated in the regulation of several cellular functions, including DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigate the role of D-GADD45 during Drosophila development and regeneration of the wing imaginal discs. We find that higher expression of D-GADD45 results in JNK-dependent apoptosis, while its temporary expression does not have harmful effects. Moreover, D-GADD45 is required for proper regeneration of wing imaginal discs. Our findings demonstrate that a tight regulation of D-GADD45 levels is required for its correct function both, in development and during the stress response after cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Camilleri-Robles
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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10
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Rega C, Russo R, Focà A, Sandomenico A, Iaccarino E, Raimondo D, Milanetti E, Tornatore L, Franzoso G, Pedone PV, Ruvo M, Chambery A. Probing the interaction interface of the GADD45β/MKK7 and MKK7/DTP3 complexes by chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:114-123. [PMID: 29572137 PMCID: PMC5981002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GADD45β is selectively and constitutively expressed in Multiple Myeloma cells, and this expression correlates with an unfavourable clinical outcome. GADD45β physically interacts with the JNK kinase, MKK7, inhibiting its activity to enable the survival of cancer cells. DTP3 is a small peptide inhibitor of the GADD45β/MKK7 complex and is able to restore MKK7/JNK activation, thereby promoting selective cell death of GADD45β-overexpressing cancer cells. Enzymatic MS foot-printing and diazirine-based chemical cross-linking MS (CX-MS) strategies were applied to study the interactions between GADD45β and MKK7 kinase domain (MKK7_KD) and between DTP3 and MKK7_KD. Our data show that the binding between GADD45β and MKK7 largely occurs between GADD45β loop 2 (region 103-117) and the kinase enzymatic pocket. We also show that DTP3 interferes with this GADD45β/MKK7 interaction by contacting the MKK7 peptides, 113-136 and 259-274. Accordingly, an MKK7_KD Δ(101-136) variant lacking Trp135 did not produce a fluorescence quenching effect upon the binding of DTP3. The assessment of the interaction between GADD45β and MKK7 and the elucidation of the recognition surfaces between DTP3 and MKK7 significantly advance the understanding of the mechanism underlying the inhibition of the GADD45β/MKK7 interaction by DTP3 and pave the way to the design of small-molecule DTP3 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Rega
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Raimondo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Tornatore
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paolo Vincenzo Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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Hori T, Saito K, Moore R, Flake GP, Negishi M. Nuclear Receptor CAR Suppresses GADD45B-p38 MAPK Signaling to Promote Phenobarbital-induced Proliferation in Mouse Liver. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1309-1318. [PMID: 29716964 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenobarbital, a nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen, induces hepatic proliferation and promotes development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rodents. Nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor (NR1I3/CAR) regulates the induction and promotion activities of phenobarbital. Here, it is demonstrated that phenobarbital treatment results in dephosphorylation of a tumor suppressor p38 MAPK in the liver of C57BL/6 and C3H/HeNCrlBR mice. The molecular mechanism entails CAR binding and inhibition of the growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45B)-MAPK kinase 6 (MKK6) scaffold to repress phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Phenobarbital-induced hepatocyte proliferation, as determined by BrdUrd incorporation, was significantly reduced in both male and female livers of GADD45B knockout (KO) mice compared with the wild-type mice. The phenobarbital-induced proliferation continued until 48 hours after phenobarbital injection in only the C57BL/6 males, but neither in males of GADD45B KO mice nor in females of C57BL/6 and GADD45B KO mice. Thus, these data reveal nuclear receptor CAR interacts with GADD45B to repress p38 MAPK signaling and elicit hepatocyte proliferation in male mice.Implications: This GADD45B-regulated male-predominant proliferation can be expanded as a phenobarbital promotion signal of HCC development in future studies.Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/16/8/1309/F1.large.jpg Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1309-18. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hori
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rick Moore
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gordon P Flake
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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Buonanno M, Coppola M, Di Lelio I, Molisso D, Leone M, Pennacchio F, Langella E, Rao R, Monti SM. Prosystemin, a prohormone that modulates plant defense barriers, is an intrinsically disordered protein. Protein Sci 2017; 27:620-632. [PMID: 29168260 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prosystemin, originally isolated from Lycopersicon esculentum, is a tomato pro-hormone of 200 aminoacid residues which releases a bioactive peptide of 18 aminoacids called Systemin. This signaling peptide is involved in the activation of defense genes in solanaceous plants in response to herbivore feeding damage. Using biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatics approaches we characterized Prosystemin, showing that it is an intrinsically disordered protein possessing a few secondary structure elements within the sequence. Plant treatment with recombinant Prosystemin promotes early and late plant defense genes, which limit the development and survival of Spodoptera littoralis larvae fed with treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Donata Molisso
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Emma Langella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
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Ueda T, Kohama Y, Kuge A, Kido E, Sakurai H. GADD45 family proteins suppress JNK signaling by targeting MKK7. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 635:1-7. [PMID: 29037961 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family genes encode related proteins, including GADD45α, GADD45β, and GADD45γ. In HeLa cells, expression of GADD45 members is differentially regulated under a variety of environmental conditions, but thermal and genotoxic stresses induce the expression of all genes. The heat shock response of GADD45β is mediated by the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), and GADD45β is necessary for heat stress survival. Heat and genotoxic stress-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is suppressed by the expression of GADD45 proteins. GADD45 proteins bind the JNK kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) and inhibit its activity, even under normal physiological conditions. Our findings indicate that GADD45 essentially suppresses the MKK7-JNK pathway and suggest that differentially expressed GADD45 family members fine-tune stress-inducible JNK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ueda
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Yuri Kohama
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Ayana Kuge
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Eriko Kido
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakurai
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.
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Quero G, Consales M, Severino R, Vaiano P, Boniello A, Sandomenico A, Ruvo M, Borriello A, Diodato L, Zuppolini S, Giordano M, Nettore IC, Mazzarella C, Colao A, Macchia PE, Santorelli F, Cutolo A, Cusano A. Long period fiber grating nano-optrode for cancer biomarker detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:590-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Exploring the role of MKK7 in excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia: a novel pharmacological strategy against brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1854. [PMID: 26270349 PMCID: PMC4558515 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity following cerebral ischemia elicits a molecular cascade, which leads to neuronal death. c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) has a key role in excitotoxic cell death. We have previously shown that JNK inhibition by a specific cell-permeable peptide significantly reduces infarct size and neuronal death in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia. However, systemic inhibition of JNK may have detrimental side effects, owing to blockade of its physiological function. Here we designed a new inhibitor peptide (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45β (GADD45β-I)) targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), an upstream activator of JNK, which exclusively mediates JNK's pathological activation. GADD45β-I was engineered by optimizing the domain of the GADD45β, able to bind to MKK7, and by linking it to the TAT peptide sequence, to allow penetration of biological membranes. Our data clearly indicate that GADD45β-I significantly reduces neuronal death in excitotoxicity induced by either N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure or by oxygen–glucose deprivation in vitro. Moreover, GADD45β-I exerted neuroprotection in vivo in two models of ischemia, obtained by electrocoagulation and by thromboembolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Indeed, GADD45β-I reduced the infarct size when injected 30 min before the lesion in both models. The peptide was also effective when administrated 6 h after lesion, as demonstrated in the electrocoagulation model. The neuroprotective effect of GADD45β-I is long lasting; in fact, 1 week after MCAo the infarct volume was still reduced by 49%. Targeting MKK7 could represent a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemia and other pathologies involving MKK7/JNK activation. Moreover, this new inhibitor can be useful to further dissect the physiological and pathological role of the JNK pathway in the brain.
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17
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Di Lelio I, Caccia S, Coppola M, Buonanno M, Di Prisco G, Varricchio P, Franzetti E, Corrado G, Monti SM, Rao R, Casartelli M, Pennacchio F. A virulence factor encoded by a polydnavirus confers tolerance to transgenic tobacco plants against lepidopteran larvae, by impairing nutrient absorption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113988. [PMID: 25438149 PMCID: PMC4250187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological control of insect pests is based on the use of natural enemies. However, the growing information on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the interactions between insects and their natural antagonists can be exploited to develop "bio-inspired" pest control strategies, mimicking suppression mechanisms shaped by long co-evolutionary processes. Here we focus on a virulence factor encoded by the polydnavirus associated with the braconid wasp Toxoneuron nigriceps (TnBV), an endophagous parasitoid of noctuid moth larvae. This virulence factor (TnBVANK1) is a member of the viral ankyrin (ANK) protein family, and appears to be involved both in immunosuppression and endocrine alterations of the host. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing TnBVANK1 showed insecticide activity and caused developmental delay in Spodoptera littoralis larvae feeding on them. This effect was more evident in a transgenic line showing a higher number of transcripts of the viral gene. However, this effect was not associated with evidence of translocation into the haemocoel of the entire protein, where the receptors of TnBVANK1 are putatively located. Indeed, immunolocalization experiments evidenced the accumulation of this viral protein in the midgut, where it formed a thick layer coating the brush border of epithelial cells. In vitro transport experiments demonstrated that the presence of recombinant TnBVANK1 exerted a dose-dependent negative impact on amino acid transport. These results open new perspectives for insect control and stimulate additional research efforts to pursue the development of novel bioinsecticides, encoded by parasitoid-derived genes. However, future work will have to carefully evaluate any effect that these molecules may have on beneficial insects and on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB), CNR, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gennaro Di Prisco
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzetti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Simona M. Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB), CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Portici, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Tornatore L, Sandomenico A, Raimondo D, Low C, Rocci A, Tralau-Stewart C, Capece D, D'Andrea D, Bua M, Boyle E, van Duin M, Zoppoli P, Jaxa-Chamiec A, Thotakura AK, Dyson J, Walker BA, Leonardi A, Chambery A, Driessen C, Sonneveld P, Morgan G, Palumbo A, Tramontano A, Rahemtulla A, Ruvo M, Franzoso G. Cancer-selective targeting of the NF-κB survival pathway with GADD45β/MKK7 inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:495-508. [PMID: 25314077 PMCID: PMC4197335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive NF-κB signaling promotes survival in multiple myeloma (MM) and other cancers; however, current NF-κB-targeting strategies lack cancer cell specificity. Here, we identify the interaction between the NF-κB-regulated antiapoptotic factor GADD45β and the JNK kinase MKK7 as a therapeutic target in MM. Using a drug-discovery strategy, we developed DTP3, a D-tripeptide, which disrupts the GADD45β/MKK7 complex, kills MM cells effectively, and, importantly, lacks toxicity to normal cells. DTP3 has similar anticancer potency to the clinical standard, bortezomib, but more than 100-fold higher cancer cell specificity in vitro. Notably, DTP3 ablates myeloma xenografts in mice with no apparent side effects at the effective doses. Hence, cancer-selective targeting of the NF-κB pathway is possible and, at least for myeloma patients, promises a profound benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tornatore
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council and CIRPeB, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Caroline Low
- Drug Discovery Centre, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
| | - Alberto Rocci
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU San Giovanni Battista, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Daria Capece
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Daniel D'Andrea
- Department of Physics, "Sapienza" University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bua
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eileen Boyle
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mark van Duin
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Anil K Thotakura
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julian Dyson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Molecular Immunology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Brian A Walker
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II," 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, 81100 Caserta, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Antonio Palumbo
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU San Giovanni Battista, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Tramontano
- Department of Physics, "Sapienza" University, 00185 Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Amin Rahemtulla
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council and CIRPeB, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Guido Franzoso
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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The structural comparison between membrane-associated human carbonic anhydrases provides insights into drug design of selective inhibitors. Biopolymers 2014; 101:769-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Dathan NA, Alterio V, Troiano E, Vullo D, Ludwig M, De Simone G, Supuran CT, Monti SM. Biochemical characterization of the chloroplastic β-carbonic anhydrase from Flaveria bidentis (L.) "Kuntze". J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:500-4. [PMID: 23895630 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.813942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 and C4 plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2. They are sub-divided in three classes: α, β and γ, being distributed between both photosynthetic subtypes. The C4 dicotyledon species Flaveria bidentis (L.) "Kuntze" contains a small gene family encoding three distinct β-CAs, named FbiCA1, FbiCA2 and FbiCA3. We have expressed and purified recombinant FbiCA1, which is localized in the chloroplast where it is thought to play a role in lipid biosynthesis and antioxidant activity, and biochemically characterized it by spectroscopic and inhibition experiments. FbiCA1 is a compact octameric protein that is moderately inhibited by carboxylate molecules. Surprisingly, pyruvate, but not lactate, did not inhibit FbiCA1 at concentrations up to 10 mM, suggesting that its capacity to tolerate high pyruvate concentration reflects the high concentration of pyruvate in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells involved in C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Dathan
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16 , 80134 Naples , Italy
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Minero VG, Khadjavi A, Costelli P, Baccino FM, Bonelli G. JNK activation is required for TNFα-induced apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:92-8. [PMID: 23751896 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A frequent distinctive feature of tumors, hepatocellular carcinomas included, is resistance to apoptosis induced by a variety of agents, among which the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). Compared to other cell types, hepatocytes and hepatoma-derived cell lines are poorly susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis, which is largely ascribed to activation of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-κB and can be overcome by associating TNF to low doses of protein synthesis inhibitors or other drugs. AIMS This study analyses the molecular mechanisms by which TNF, in combination with cycloheximide (CHX), induces apoptosis in human hepatoma-derived Huh7 cells, focusing on the role played by JNK. METHODS Huh7 cell cultures were treated with TNF + CHX in the presence or in the absence of the pancaspase inhibitor zVADfmk or of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 as well as after suppression of JNK expression by RNAi. Apoptosis was assessed both by light microscopy and by flow cytometry, JNK and caspase activation by western blotting and/or enzymatic assay. RESULTS TNF + CHX-induced death of Huh7 cells involved JNK activation since it was partially prevented by suppressing JNK activity or expression. Moreover, apoptosis was significantly reduced also by zVADfmk, while SP600125 and zVADfmk combined totally abrogated cell death in an additive fashion. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a causal role for JNK and caspases in TNF+CHX-induced apoptosis of Huh7 human hepatoma cells. Therefore, strategies aimed at enhancing both pathways should provide a profitable basis to overcome the resistance of hepatocarcinoma cells to TNF-dependent apoptosis.
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22
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Troise AD, Dathan NA, Fiore A, Roviello G, Di Fiore A, Caira S, Cuollo M, De Simone G, Fogliano V, Monti SM. Faox enzymes inhibited Maillard reaction development during storage both in protein glucose model system and low lactose UHT milk. Amino Acids 2013; 46:279-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Gadd45 in the Liver: Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 793:69-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8289-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yang ZY, Gu QL. Advances in understanding the role of metallopanstimulin-1 in tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3558-3563. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i35.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallopanstimulin-1 (MPS-1), belonging to the ribosomal protein S27E family, is ubiquitously expressed in all normal tissues except the brain and placenta. In addition, MPS-1 is highly expressed in malignant tumors and cells. MPS-1 as a tumor marker or tumor-associated antigen has been extensively studied in head and neck cancer and breast cancer. MPS-1 is highly expressed in gastric cancer. Knockdown of MPS-1 expression inhibits the growth of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and induces spontaneous apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by repressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, MPS-1 is also highly expressed in colonic cancer and has a close relationship with the degree of malignancy and prognosis. Therefore, MPS-1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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Yunlei Z, Zhe C, Yan L, Pengcheng W, Yanbo Z, Le S, Qianjin L. INMAP, a novel truncated version of POLR3B, represses AP-1 and p53 transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 374:81-9. [PMID: 23124897 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INMAP was first identified as an interphase nucleus and mitotic apparatus-associated protein that plays essential roles in the formation of the spindle and cell-cycle progression. Here, we report that INMAP might be conserved from prokaryotes to humans, is a truncated version of the RNA polymerase III subunit B POLR3B, and is up-regulated in several human cancer cell lines including HeLa, Bel-7402, HepG2 and BGC-823. Deletion analysis revealed that the 209-290 amino-acid region is necessary for the punctate distribution of INMAP in the nucleus. Furthermore, over-expression of INMAP inhibited the transcriptional activities of p53 and AP-1 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that INMAP may function through the p53 and AP-1 pathways, thus providing a possible link of its activity with tumourigenesis. Integrating our data and those in previous studies, it can be concluded that INMAP plays dual functional roles in the coordination of mitotic kinetics with gene expression as well as in cell-fate determination and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yunlei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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Salerno DM, Tront JS, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA. Gadd45a and Gadd45b modulate innate immune functions of granulocytes and macrophages by differential regulation of p38 and JNK signaling. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3613-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tamura RE, de Vasconcellos JF, Sarkar D, Libermann TA, Fisher PB, Zerbini LF. GADD45 proteins: central players in tumorigenesis. Curr Mol Med 2012; 12:634-51. [PMID: 22515981 PMCID: PMC3797964 DOI: 10.2174/156652412800619978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) proteins have been implicated in regulation of many cellular functions including DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence and genotoxic stress. However, the pro-apoptotic activities have also positioned GADD45 as an essential player in oncogenesis. Emerging functional evidence implies that GADD45 proteins serve as tumor suppressors in response to diverse stimuli, connecting multiple cell signaling modules. Defects in the GADD45 pathway can be related to the initiation and progression of malignancies. Moreover, induction of GADD45 expression is an essential step for mediating anti-cancer activity of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs and the absence of GADD45 might abrogate their effects in cancer cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion of the functions of GADD45 proteins, linking their regulation to effectors of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. The ramifications regarding their roles as essential and central players in tumor growth suppression are also examined. We also extensively review recent literature to clarify how different chemotherapeutic drugs induce GADD45 gene expression and how its up-regulation and interaction with different molecular partners may benefit cancer chemotherapy and facilitate novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, and Medical Biochemistry Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jaíra Ferreira de Vasconcellos
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil
- State University of Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Towia A Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Luiz Fernando Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, and Medical Biochemistry Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ascione G, de Pascale D, De Santi C, Pedone C, Dathan NA, Monti SM. Native expression and purification of hormone-sensitive lipase from Psychrobacter sp. TA144 enhances protein stability and activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:542-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Alterio V, Langella E, Viparelli F, Vullo D, Ascione G, Dathan NA, Morel FMM, Supuran CT, De Simone G, Monti SM. Structural and inhibition insights into carbonic anhydrase CDCA1 from the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Biochimie 2012; 94:1232-41. [PMID: 22381359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze with high efficiency the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, an essential reaction for many biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, renal tubular acidification, and bone resorption. Diatoms, which are one of the most common types of phytoplankton and are widespread in oceans, possess CAs fundamental for acquisition of inorganic carbon. Recently, in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii a novel enzyme, CDCA1, naturally using Cd in its active site, has been isolated and categorized in a new CA class, namely zeta-CA. This enzyme, which consists of three repeats (R1, R2 and R3), is a cambialistic carbonic anhydrase that can spontaneously exchange Zn or Cd at its active centre, presumably an adaptative advantage for diatoms that grow fast in the metal-poor environment of the surface ocean. In this paper we completed the characterization of this enzyme, reporting the X-ray structure of the last repeat, CDCA1-R3 in its cadmium-bound form, and presenting a model of the full length protein obtained by docking approaches. Results show that CDCA1 has a quite compact not symmetric structure, characterized by two covalently linked R1-R2 and R2-R3 interfaces and a small non-covalent R1-R3 interface. The three dimensional arrangement shows that most of the non-conserved aminoacids of the three repeats are located at the interface regions and that the active sites are far from each other and completely accessible to the substrate. Finally, a detailed inhibition study of CDCA1-R3 repeat in both cadmium- and zinc- bound form has been performed with sulfonamides and sulfamates derivatives. The results have been compared with those previously reported for other CA classes, namely alpha- and beta-classes, and correlated with the structural features of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Truppo E, Supuran CT, Sandomenico A, Vullo D, Innocenti A, Di Fiore A, Alterio V, De Simone G, Monti SM. Carbonic anhydrase VII is S-glutathionylated without loss of catalytic activity and affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1560-4. [PMID: 22277279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) VII is a cytosolic enzyme with high carbon dioxide hydration activity. Here we report an unexpected S-glutathionylation of hCA VII which has also been observed earlier in vivo for hCA III, another cytosolic isoform. Cys183 and Cys217 were found to be the residues involved in reaction with glutathione for hCA VII. The two reactive cysteines were then mutated and the corresponding variant (C183S/C217S) expressed. The native enzyme, the variant and the S-glutathionylated adduct (sgCA VII) as well as hCA III were fully characterized for their CO(2) hydration, esterase/phosphatase activities, and inhibition with sulfonamides. Our findings suggest that hCA VII could use the in vivo S-glutathionylation to function as an oxygen radical scavenger for protecting cells from oxidative damage, as the activity and affinity for inhibitors of the modified enzyme are similar to those of the wild type.
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Moskalev AA, Smit-McBride Z, Shaposhnikov MV, Plyusnina EN, Zhavoronkov A, Budovsky A, Tacutu R, Fraifeld VE. Gadd45 proteins: relevance to aging, longevity and age-related pathologies. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:51-66. [PMID: 21986581 PMCID: PMC3765067 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Gadd45 proteins have been intensively studied, in view of their important role in key cellular processes. Indeed, the Gadd45 proteins stand at the crossroad of the cell fates by controlling the balance between cell (DNA) repair, eliminating (apoptosis) or preventing the expansion of potentially dangerous cells (cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence), and maintaining the stem cell pool. However, the biogerontological aspects have not thus far received sufficient attention. Here we analyzed the pathways and modes of action by which Gadd45 members are involved in aging, longevity and age-related diseases. Because of their pleiotropic action, a decreased inducibility of Gadd45 members may have far-reaching consequences including genome instability, accumulation of DNA damage, and disorders in cellular homeostasis - all of which may eventually contribute to the aging process and age-related disorders (promotion of tumorigenesis, immune disorders, insulin resistance and reduced responsiveness to stress). Most recently, the dGadd45 gene has been identified as a longevity regulator in Drosophila. Although further wide-scale research is warranted, it is becoming increasingly clear that Gadd45s are highly relevant to aging, age-related diseases (ARDs) and to the control of life span, suggesting them as potential therapeutic targets in ARDs and pro-longevity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Moskalev
- Group of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Zhang W, Fu S, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhang W, Peng W, Wu C, Li Y, Li X, Bartlam M, Zeng ZH, Zhan Q, Rao Z. Crystal structure of human Gadd45γ [corrected] reveals an active dimer. Protein Cell 2011; 2:814-26. [PMID: 22058036 PMCID: PMC4875293 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human Gadd45 protein family plays critical roles in DNA repair, negative growth control, genomic stability, cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis. Here we report the crystal structure of human Gadd45γ [corrected], revealing a unique dimer formed via a bundle of four parallel helices, involving the most conserved residues among the Gadd45 isoforms. Mutational analysis of human Gadd45γ [corrected] identified a conserved, highly acidic patch in the central region of the dimer for interaction with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p21 and cdc2, suggesting that the parallel dimer is the active form for the interaction. Cellular assays indicate that: (1) dimerization of Gadd45γ [corrected] is necessary for apoptosis as well as growth inhibition, and that cell growth inhibition is caused by both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; (2) a conserved and highly acidic patch on the dimer surface, including the important residues Glu87 and Asp89, is a putative interface for binding proteins related to the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis. These results reveal the mechanism of self-association by Gadd45 proteins and the importance of this self-association for their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China ,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Sheng Fu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Xuelian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wei Peng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Congying Wu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Zong-Hao Zeng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China ,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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Sytnikova YA, Kubarenko AV, Schäfer A, Weber ANR, Niehrs C. Gadd45a is an RNA binding protein and is localized in nuclear speckles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14500. [PMID: 21249130 PMCID: PMC3017548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Gadd45 proteins play important roles in growth control, maintenance of genomic stability, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Recently, Gadd45 proteins have also been implicated in epigenetic gene regulation by promoting active DNA demethylation. Gadd45 proteins have sequence homology with the L7Ae/L30e/S12e RNA binding superfamily of ribosomal proteins, which raises the question if they may interact directly with nucleic acids. Principal Findings Here we show that Gadd45a binds RNA but not single- or double stranded DNA or methylated DNA in vitro. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation experiments demonstrate that Gadd45a is present in high molecular weight particles, which are RNase sensitive. Gadd45a displays RNase-sensitive colocalization in nuclear speckles with the RNA helicase p68 and the RNA binding protein SC35. A K45A point mutation defective in RNA binding was still active in DNA demethylation. This suggests that RNA binding is not absolutely essential for demethylation of an artificial substrate. A point mutation at G39 impared RNA binding, nuclear speckle localization and DNA demethylation, emphasizing its relevance for Gadd45a function. Significance The results implicate RNA in Gadd45a function and suggest that Gadd45a is associated with a ribonucleoprotein particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A. Sytnikova
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andriy V. Kubarenko
- Division of Toll-like Receptors and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schäfer
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander N. R. Weber
- Division of Toll-like Receptors and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Liebermann DA, Tront JS, Sha X, Mukherjee K, Mohamed-Hadley A, Hoffman B. Gadd45 stress sensors in malignancy and leukemia. Crit Rev Oncog 2011; 16:129-40. [PMID: 22150313 PMCID: PMC3268054 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v16.i1-2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gadd45 proteins, including Gadd45a, Gadd45b, and Gadd45g, have been implicated in stress signaling in response to physiological and environmental stress, including oncogenic stress, which can result in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival, senescence, and apoptosis. The function of Gadd45 as a stress sensor is mediated via a complex interplay of physical interactions with other cellular proteins implicated in cell cycle regulation and the response of cells to stress, notably PCNA, p21, cdc2/cyclinB1, and the p38 and JNK stress response kinases. Altered expression of Gadd45 has been observed in multiple types of solid tumors as well as in hematopoietic malignancies. Using genetically engineered mouse models and bone-marrow transplantation, evidence has been obtained indicating that Gadd45 proteins can function to either promote or suppress tumor development and leukemia; this is dependent on the molecular nature of the activated oncogene and the cell type, via engagement of different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Liebermann
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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35
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Higgs MR, Lerat H, Pawlotsky JM. Downregulation of Gadd45beta expression by hepatitis C virus leads to defective cell cycle arrest. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4901-11. [PMID: 20530689 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Gadd45 family play central roles in the cellular response to genotoxic stress and have been implicated in several human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinomas. Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the onset and development of primary hepatocellular tumors, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show a novel link between diminished Gadd45beta expression and HCV infection. Inhibited Gadd45beta expression was observed in both nontumoral and tumoral tissues from infected individuals, and in cell lines harboring a HCV replicon and the infectious HCV strain JFH1. Decreased Gadd45beta expression was confirmed in vivo in a transgenic murine model expressing the entire HCV open reading frame. Mechanistically, hypermethylation of the Gadd45beta promoter in the presence of HCV is responsible for this defect. Diminished Gadd45beta expression leads to aberrant cell cycle arrest and diminished DNA excision repair. Together, these results provide a novel insight into the mechanisms involved in HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas, showing that reduced Gadd45beta expression may play a contributory role to this process, and providing evidence that HCV may interfere with epigenetic gene expression by altering promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Higgs
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U955, Créteil, France
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36
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Bortoff KD, Keeton AB, Franklin JL, Messina JL. Anti-Inflammatory Action of Insulin via Induction of Gadd45-β Transcription by the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Hepat Med 2010; 2001:79-85. [PMID: 21286247 PMCID: PMC3030126 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s7083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin regulates a large number of genes in a tissue-specific manner. We have previously identified genes modulated by insulin in the liver and in liver-derived cells that have not yet been characterized as insulin regulated, and results of these previous studies indicated that numerous genes are induced by insulin via the MEK-ERK pathway. We now describe new studies indicating that Gadd45-β can be induced by acute insulin treatment. Although other regulators of Gadd45-β expression may utilize the MEK-ERK pathway, the data indicate that insulin utilizes signaling pathways separate from either MEK-ERK, PI3-K, or p38 signaling pathways in the regulation of Gadd45-β transcription. Our findings show that activation of a downstream effector of multiple signaling pathways, mTOR, was required for insulin-induction of Gadd45-β gene transcription. Increased expression of Gadd45-β can inhibit c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Since TNFα is increased during inflammation, and acts, at least in part, via the JNK signaling pathway, insulin induction of Gadd45-β suggests a mechanism for the anti-inflammatory actions of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Bortoff
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019
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37
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Sánchez R, Pantoja-Uceda D, Prieto J, Diercks T, Marcaida MJ, Montoya G, Campos-Olivas R, Blanco FJ. Solution structure of human growth arrest and DNA damage 45alpha (Gadd45alpha) and its interactions with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Aurora A kinase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22196-201. [PMID: 20460379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.069344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadd45alpha is a nuclear protein encoded by a DNA damage-inducible gene. Through its interactions with other proteins, Gadd45alpha participates in the regulation of DNA repair, cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The NMR structure of human Gadd45alpha has been determined and shows an alpha/beta fold with two long disordered and flexible regions at the N terminus and one of the loops. Human Gadd45alpha is predominantly monomeric in solution but exists in equilibrium with dimers and other oligomers whose population increases with protein concentration. NMR analysis shows that Aurora A interacts through its N-terminal domain with a region of human Gadd45alpha encompassing the site of dimerization, suggesting that the oligomerization of Gadd45alpha could be a regulatory mechanism to modulate its interactions with Aurora A, and possibly with other proteins too. However, Gadd45alpha appears to interact only weakly with PCNA through its flexible loop, in contrast with previous and contradictory reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Sánchez
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Ed. 800, Derio E-48160, Spain
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Zumbrun SD, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA. Distinct mechanisms are utilized to induce stress sensorgadd45bby different stress stimuli. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:1220-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yang Z, Song L, Huang C. Gadd45 proteins as critical signal transducers linking NF-kappaB to MAPK cascades. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:915-30. [PMID: 20025601 PMCID: PMC3762688 DOI: 10.2174/156800909790192383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) proteins are a group of critical signal transducers that are involved in regulations of many cellular functions. Accumulated data indicate that all three Gadd45 proteins (i.e., Gadd45alpha, Gadd45beta, and Gadd45gamma) play essential roles in connecting an upstream sensor module, the transcription Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), to a transcriptional regulating module, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This NF-kappaB-Gadd45(s)-MAPK pathway responds to various kinds of extracellular stimuli and regulates such cell activities as growth arrest, differentiation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Defects in this pathway can also be related to oncogenesis. In the first part of this review, the functions of Gadd45 proteins, and briefly NF-kappaB and MAPK, are summarized. In the second part, the mechanisms by which Gadd45 proteins are regulated by NF-kappaB, and how they affect MAPK activation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - L. Song
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - C. Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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40
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Generation and functional characterization of a BCL10-inhibitory peptide that represses NF-κB activation. Biochem J 2009; 422:553-61. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular complex containing BCL10 and CARMA [CARD (caspase recruitment domain)-containing MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase)] proteins has recently been identified as a key component in the signal transduction pathways that regulate activation of the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Assembly of complexes containing BCL10 and CARMA proteins relies on homophilic interactions established between the CARDs of these proteins. In order to identify BCL10-inhibitory peptides, we have established a method of assaying peptides derived from the CARD of BCL10 in binding competition assays of CARD–CARD self-association. By this procedure, a short peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 91–98 of BCL10 has been selected as an effective inhibitor of protein self-association. When tested in cell assays for its capacity to block NF-κB activation, this peptide represses activation of NF-κB mediated by BCL10, CARMA3 and PMA/ionomycin stimulation. Collectively, these results indicate that residues 91–98 of BCL10 are involved in BCL10 self-association and also participate in the interaction with external partners. We also show that blocking of the CARD of BCL10 may potentially be used for the treatment of pathological conditions associated with inappropriate NF-κB activation.
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Sandomenico A, Monti SM, Sabatella M, De Capua A, Tornatore L, Doti N, Viparelli F, Dathan NA, Pedone C, Ruvo M, Marasco D. Protein-Protein Interactions: A Simple Strategy to Identify Binding Sites and Peptide Antagonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:483-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hoffman B, Liebermann DA. Gadd45 modulation of intrinsic and extrinsic stress responses in myeloid cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:26-31. [PMID: 18780287 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gadd45 proteins modulate signaling in response to physiological and environmental stressors. Expression of gadd45 genes is rapidly induced by different stressors, including differentiation-inducing cytokines and genotoxic stress. Induction of gadd45 genes at the onset of myeloid differentiation suggested that Gadd45 protein(s) play a role in hematopoiesis, yet no apparent abnormalities were observed in either the bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood compartments of mice deficient for either gadd45a or gadd45b. However, under conditions of hematological stress, including acute stimulation with cytokines, myelo-ablation and inflammation, both gadd45a-deficient and gadd45b-deficient mice exhibited deficiencies. This is discussed within the context of what is known about Gadd45 proteins in stress signaling, hematopoietic development and the innate immune response. Furthermore, myeloid enriched BM cells from gadd45a and gadd45b deficient mice were observed to be more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation (UVC), VP-16 and daunorubicin (DNR) induced apoptosis compared to wild-type (WT) cells, displaying defective G2/M arrest following exposure to UVC and VP-16, but not to DNR. Novel mechanisms that mediate the pro-survival functions of Gadd45 in hematopoietic cells following UV irradiation were demonstrated, involving activation of the Gadd45a-p38-NF-kappaB survival pathway and Gadd45b mediated inhibition of the stress response MKK4-JNK apoptotic pathway. The ramifications regarding the pathogenesis of different leukemias and the response of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells to chemo- and radiation-therapy, as well as other challenges to the hematopoietic compartment, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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