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Zhao Y, Yang J, Niu Q, Wang J, Jing M, Guan G, Liu M, Luo J, Yin H, Liu Z. Identification and Characterization of Nanobodies from a Phage Display Library and Their Application in an Immunoassay for the Sensitive Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0119722. [PMID: 37154731 PMCID: PMC10281114 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01197-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal and devastating diseases of domestic and wild swine. The continual spread and frequent outbreaks of ASF have seriously threatened the pig and pig-related industries, causing great socioeconomic losses at unprecedented proportions. Although ASF has been documented for a century, no effective vaccine or antiviral treatment is currently available. Nanobodies (Nbs) derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies in camelids have been discovered to be effective as therapeutics and robust biosensors in imaging and diagnostic applications. In the present study, a high-quality phage display library containing specific Nbs raised against ASFV proteins was successfully constructed, and 19 nanobodies specific to ASFV p30 were preliminarily identified by phage display technology. After extensive evaluation, nanobodies Nb17 and Nb30 were employed as immunosensors and applied to develop a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of ASFV in clinical specimens. This immunoassay showed a detection limit of approximately 1.1 ng/mL target protein and 102.5 hemadsorption (HAD50/mL) of ASFV and exhibited high specificity with no cross-reaction with the other porcine viruses tested. The performances of the newly developed assay and a commercial kit in testing 282 clinical swine samples were very similar (93.62% agreement). However, the novel sandwich Nb-ELISA showed higher sensitivity than the commercial kit when serial dilutions of ASFV-positive samples were tested. The present study describes a valuable alternative technique for the detection and surveillance of ASF in endemic regions. Furthermore, additional nanobodies specific to ASFV may be developed using the generated VHH library and employed in different biotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhao
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- China Agricultural VET. BIO, Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingli Niu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Wang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Jing
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Dingxi City, Dingxi, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Hao Y, Zhou X, Li Y, Li B, Cheng L. The CD47-SIRPα axis is a promising target for cancer immunotherapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110255. [PMID: 37187126 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 47(CD47) is a transmembrane protein that is ubiquitously found on the surface of many cells in the body and uniquely overexpressed by both solid and hematologic malignant cells. CD47 interacts with signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα), to trigger a "don't eat me" signal and thereby achieve cancer immune escape by inhibiting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Thus, blocking the CD47-SIRPα phagocytosis checkpoint, for release of the innate immune system, is a current research focus. Indeed, targeting the CD47-SIRPα axis as a cancer immunotherapy has shown promising efficacies in pre-clinical outcomes. Here, we first reviewed the origin, structure, and function of the CD47-SIRPα axis. Then, we reviewed its role as a target for cancer immunotherapies, as well as the factors regulating CD47-SIRPα axis-based immunotherapies. We specifically focused on the mechanism and progress of CD47-SIRPα axis-based immunotherapies and their combination with other treatment strategies. Finally, we discussed the challenges and directions for future research and identified potential CD47-SIRPα axis-based therapies that are suitable for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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3
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Engineering an autonomous VH domain to modulate intracellular pathways and to interrogate the eIF4F complex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4854. [PMID: 35982046 PMCID: PMC9388512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An attractive approach to target intracellular macromolecular interfaces and to model putative drug interactions is to design small high-affinity proteins. Variable domains of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH domains) are ideal miniproteins, but their development has been restricted by poor intracellular stability and expression. Here we show that an autonomous and disufhide-free VH domain is suitable for intracellular studies and use it to construct a high-diversity phage display library. Using this library and affinity maturation techniques we identify VH domains with picomolar affinity against eIF4E, a protein commonly hyper-activated in cancer. We demonstrate that these molecules interact with eIF4E at the eIF4G binding site via a distinct structural pose. Intracellular overexpression of these miniproteins reduce cellular proliferation and expression of malignancy-related proteins in cancer cell lines. The linkage of high-diversity in vitro libraries with an intracellularly expressible miniprotein scaffold will facilitate the discovery of VH domains suitable for intracellular applications. Approaches have been devised to increase the discovery rate of intrabodies but often these yield results that aren’t functional in cells. Here the authors engineer and optimise an autonomous and disulphide-free human VH domain for intracellular expression, and they identify several VH domain binders against eIF4E.
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4
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Dhaouadi S, Ben Abderrazek R, Loustau T, Abou-Faycal C, Ksouri A, Erne W, Murdamoothoo D, Mörgelin M, Kungl A, Jung A, Ledrappier S, Benlasfar Z, Bichet S, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Hendaoui I, Orend G, Bouhaouala-Zahar B. Novel Human Tenascin-C Function-Blocking Camel Single Domain Nanobodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635166. [PMID: 33790905 PMCID: PMC8006918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule Tenascin-C (TNC) is well-known to promote tumor progression by multiple mechanisms. However, reliable TNC detection in tissues of tumor banks remains limited. Therefore, we generated dromedary single-domain nanobodies Nb3 and Nb4 highly specific for human TNC (hTNC) and characterized the interaction with TNC by several approaches including ELISA, western blot, isothermal fluorescence titration and negative electron microscopic imaging. Our results revealed binding of both nanobodies to distinct sequences within fibronectin type III repeats of hTNC. By immunofluroescence and immunohistochemical imaging we observed that both nanobodies detected TNC expression in PFA and paraffin embedded human tissue from ulcerative colitis, solid tumors and liver metastasis. As TNC impairs cell adhesion to fibronectin we determined whether the nanobodies abolished this TNC function. Indeed, Nb3 and Nb4 restored adhesion of tumor and mesangial cells on a fibronectin/TNC substratum. We recently showed that TNC orchestrates the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment involving chemoretention, causing tethering of CD11c+ myeloid/dendritic cells in the stroma. Here, we document that immobilization of DC2.4 dendritic cells by a CCL21 adsorbed TNC substratum was blocked by both nanobodies. Altogether, our novel TNC specific nanobodies could offer valuable tools for detection of TNC in the clinical practice and may be useful to inhibit the immune-suppressive and other functions of TNC in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayda Dhaouadi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rahma Ben Abderrazek
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Loustau
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Chérine Abou-Faycal
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayoub Ksouri
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - William Erne
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Devadarssen Murdamoothoo
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Andreas Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Alain Jung
- Tumor Bank Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Zakaria Benlasfar
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sandrine Bichet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ismaïl Hendaoui
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Orend
- Université Strasbourg, INSERM U1109 – The Tumor Microenvironment group, Hôpital Civil, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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5
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Chen S, Lai SWT, Brown CE, Feng M. Harnessing and Enhancing Macrophage Phagocytosis for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635173. [PMID: 33790906 PMCID: PMC8006289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the paradigm for the clinical management of cancer. While FDA-approved cancer immunotherapies thus far mainly exploit the adaptive immunity for therapeutic efficacy, there is a growing appreciation for the importance of innate immunity in tumor cell surveillance and eradication. The past decade has witnessed macrophages being thrust into the spotlight as critical effectors of an innate anti-tumor response. Promising evidence from preclinical and clinical studies have established targeting macrophage phagocytosis as an effective therapeutic strategy, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic moieties. Here, we review the recent translational advances in harnessing macrophage phagocytosis as a pivotal therapeutic effort in cancer treatment. In addition, this review emphasizes phagocytosis checkpoint blockade and the use of nanoparticles as effective strategies to potentiate macrophages for phagocytosis. We also highlight chimeric antigen receptor macrophages as a next-generation therapeutic modality linking the closely intertwined innate and adaptive immunity to induce efficacious anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Seigmund W. T. Lai
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Christine E. Brown
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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6
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Soler MA, Medagli B, Wang J, Oloketuyi S, Bajc G, Huang H, Fortuna S, de Marco A. Effect of Humanizing Mutations on the Stability of the Llama Single-Domain Variable Region. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020163. [PMID: 33530572 PMCID: PMC7911018 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo clinical applications of nanobodies (VHHs) require molecules that induce minimal immunoresponse and therefore possess sequences as similar as possible to the human VH domain. Although the relative sequence variability in llama nanobodies has been used to identify scaffolds with partially humanized signature, the transformation of the Camelidae hallmarks in the framework2 still represents a major problem. We assessed a set of mutants in silico and experimentally to elucidate what is the contribution of single residues to the VHH stability and how their combinations affect the mutant nanobody stability. We described at molecular level how the interaction among residues belonging to different structural elements enabled a model llama nanobody (C8WT, isolated from a naïve library) to be functional and maintain its stability, despite the analysis of its primary sequence would classify it as aggregation-prone. Five chimeras formed by grafting CDRs isolated from different nanobodies into C8WT scaffold were successfully expressed as soluble proteins and both tested clones preserved their antigen binding specificity. We identified a nanobody with human hallmarks that seems suitable for humanizing selected camelid VHHs by grafting heterologous CDRs in its scaffold and could serve for the preparation of a synthetic library of human-like single domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Soler
- CONCEPT Lab, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 16152 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (A.d.M.); Tel.: +386-05-3315295 (A.d.M.); Fax: +386-05-90-99-722 (A.d.M.)
| | - Barbara Medagli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Jiewen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (J.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Sandra Oloketuyi
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Rožna Dolina-Nova Gorica, Slovenia;
| | - Gregor Bajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - He Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (J.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Ario de Marco
- Lab of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, 5000 Rožna Dolina-Nova Gorica, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (A.d.M.); Tel.: +386-05-3315295 (A.d.M.); Fax: +386-05-90-99-722 (A.d.M.)
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7
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Verhaar ER, Woodham AW, Ploegh HL. Nanobodies in cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 52:101425. [PMID: 33272897 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For treatment and diagnosis of cancer, antibodies have proven their value and now serve as a first line of therapy for certain cancers. A unique class of antibody fragments called nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, are gaining increasing acceptance as diagnostic tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. The small size of nanobodies (∼15 kDa), their stability, ease of manufacture and modification for diverse formats, short circulatory half-life, and high tissue penetration, coupled with excellent specificity and affinity, account for their attractiveness. Here we review applications of nanobodies in the sphere of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha R Verhaar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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8
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Li W, Chen C, Drelich A, Martinez DR, Gralinski LE, Sun Z, Schäfer A, Kulkarni SS, Liu X, Leist SR, Zhelev DV, Zhang L, Kim YJ, Peterson EC, Conard A, Mellors JW, Tseng CTK, Falzarano D, Baric RS, Dimitrov DS. Rapid identification of a human antibody with high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in three animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29832-29838. [PMID: 33139569 PMCID: PMC7703590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010197117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies are urgently needed for the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. We identified panels of fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from large phage-displayed Fab, scFv, and VH libraries by panning against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein. A high-affinity Fab was selected from one of the libraries and converted to a full-size antibody, IgG1 ab1, which competed with human ACE2 for binding to RBD. It potently neutralized replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 but not SARS-CoV, as measured by two different tissue culture assays, as well as a replication-competent mouse ACE2-adapted SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice and native virus in hACE2-expressing transgenic mice showing activity at the lowest tested dose of 2 mg/kg. IgG1 ab1 also exhibited high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mechanism of neutralization is by competition with ACE2 but could involve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as IgG1 ab1 had ADCC activity in vitro. The ab1 sequence has a relatively low number of somatic mutations, indicating that ab1-like antibodies could be quickly elicited during natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or by RBD-based vaccines. IgG1 ab1 did not aggregate, did not exhibit other developability liabilities, and did not bind to any of the 5,300 human membrane-associated proteins tested. These results suggest that IgG1 ab1 has potential for therapy and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The rapid identification (within 6 d of availability of antigen for panning) of potent mAbs shows the value of large antibody libraries for response to public health threats from emerging microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zehua Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Swarali S Kulkarni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Doncho V Zhelev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Liyong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | | | - John W Mellors
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
- Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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9
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Bringing the Heavy Chain to Light: Creating a Symmetric, Bivalent IgG-Like Bispecific. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040062. [PMID: 33172091 PMCID: PMC7709125 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific molecules are biologically significant, yet their complex structures pose important manufacturing and pharmacokinetic challenges. Nevertheless, owing to similarities with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), IgG-like bispecifics conceptually align well with conventional expression and manufacturing platforms and often exhibit potentially favorable drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties. However, IgG-like bispecifics do not possess target bivalency and current designs often require tedious engineering and purification to ensure appropriate chain pairing. Here, we present a near-native IgG antibody format, the 2xVH, which can create bivalency for each target or epitope and requires no engineering for cognate chain pairing. In this modality, two different variable heavy (VH) domains with distinct binding specificities are grafted onto the first constant heavy (CH1) and constant light (CL) domains, conferring the molecule with dual specificity. To determine the versatility of this format, we characterized the expression, binding, and stability of several previously identified soluble human VH domains. By grafting these domains onto an IgG scaffold, we generated several prototype 2xVH IgG and Fab molecules that display similar properties to mAbs. These molecules avoided the post-expression purification necessary for engineered bispecifics while maintaining a capacity for simultaneous dual binding. Hence, the 2xVH format represents a bivalent, bispecific design that addresses limitations of manufacturing IgG-like bispecifics while promoting biologically-relevant dual target engagement.
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10
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Li W, Schäfer A, Kulkarni SS, Liu X, Martinez DR, Chen C, Sun Z, Leist SR, Drelich A, Zhang L, Ura ML, Berezuk A, Chittori S, Leopold K, Mannar D, Srivastava SS, Zhu X, Peterson EC, Tseng CT, Mellors JW, Falzarano D, Subramaniam S, Baric RS, Dimitrov DS. High Potency of a Bivalent Human V H Domain in SARS-CoV-2 Animal Models. Cell 2020; 183:429-441.e16. [PMID: 32941803 PMCID: PMC7473018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel COVID-19 therapeutics are urgently needed. We generated a phage-displayed human antibody VH domain library from which we identified a high-affinity VH binder ab8. Bivalent VH, VH-Fc ab8, bound with high avidity to membrane-associated S glycoprotein and to mutants found in patients. It potently neutralized mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 in wild-type mice at a dose as low as 2 mg/kg and exhibited high prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, possibly enhanced by its relatively small size. Electron microscopy combined with scanning mutagenesis identified ab8 interactions with all three S protomers and showed how ab8 neutralized the virus by directly interfering with ACE2 binding. VH-Fc ab8 did not aggregate and did not bind to 5,300 human membrane-associated proteins. The potent neutralization activity of VH-Fc ab8 combined with good developability properties and cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 mutants provide a strong rationale for its evaluation as a COVID-19 therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Swarali S Kulkarni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, and the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Liyong Zhang
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Marcin L Ura
- Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alison Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sagar Chittori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Karoline Leopold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shanti S Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, and the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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11
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Li W, Drelich A, Martinez DR, Gralinski L, Chen C, Sun Z, Schäfer A, Leist SR, Liu X, Zhelev D, Zhang L, Peterson EC, Conard A, Mellors JW, Tseng CT, Baric RS, Dimitrov DS. Rapid selection of a human monoclonal antibody that potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in two animal models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511413 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.093088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapies are urgently needed for the SARS-CoV-2/COVID19 pandemic. We identified panels of fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from eight large phage-displayed Fab, scFv and VH libraries by panning against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein. One high affinity mAb, IgG1 ab1, specifically neutralized replication competent SARS-CoV-2 with exceptional potency as measured by two different assays. There was no enhancement of pseudovirus infection in cells expressing Fcγ receptors at any concentration. It competed with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) for binding to RBD suggesting a competitive mechanism of virus neutralization. IgG1 ab1 potently neutralized mouse ACE2 adapted SARS-CoV-2 in wild type BALB/c mice and native virus in hACE2 expressing transgenic mice. The ab1 sequence has relatively low number of somatic mutations indicating that ab1-like antibodies could be quickly elicited during natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or by RBD-based vaccines. IgG1 ab1 does not have developability liabilities, and thus has potential for therapy and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The rapid identification (within 6 days) of potent mAbs shows the value of large antibody libraries for response to public health threats from emerging microbes.
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12
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Teng Y, Young JL, Edwards B, Hayes P, Thompson L, Johnston C, Edwards C, Sanders Y, Writer M, Pinto D, Zhang Y, Roode M, Chovanec P, Matheson L, Corcoran AE, Fernandez A, Montoliu L, Rossi B, Tosato V, Gjuracic K, Nikitin D, Bruschi C, McGuinness B, Sandal T, Romanos M. Diverse human V H antibody fragments with bio-therapeutic properties from the Crescendo Mouse. N Biotechnol 2019; 55:65-76. [PMID: 31600579 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the 'Crescendo Mouse', a human VH transgenic platform combining an engineered heavy chain locus with diverse human heavy chain V, D and J genes, a modified mouse Cγ1 gene and complete 3' regulatory region, in a triple knock-out (TKO) mouse background devoid of endogenous immunoglobulin expression. The addition of the engineered heavy chain locus to the TKO mouse restored B cell development, giving rise to functional B cells that responded to immunization with a diverse response that comprised entirely 'heavy chain only' antibodies. Heavy chain variable (VH) domain libraries were rapidly mined using phage display technology, yielding diverse high-affinity human VH that had undergone somatic hypermutation, lacked aggregation and showed enhanced expression in E. coli. The Crescendo Mouse produces human VH fragments, or Humabody® VH, with excellent bio-therapeutic potential, as exemplified here by the generation of antagonistic Humabody® VH specific for human IL17A and IL17RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Teng
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Joyce L Young
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Bryan Edwards
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Philip Hayes
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Lorraine Thompson
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Colette Johnston
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Carolyn Edwards
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yun Sanders
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michele Writer
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Debora Pinto
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mila Roode
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Peter Chovanec
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Louise Matheson
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Anne E Corcoran
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Almudena Fernandez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) & CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) & CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatrice Rossi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Tosato
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kresimir Gjuracic
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dmitri Nikitin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Bruschi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Brian McGuinness
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Thomas Sandal
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mike Romanos
- Crescendo Biologics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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13
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Lim CC, Choong YS, Lim TS. Cognizance of Molecular Methods for the Generation of Mutagenic Phage Display Antibody Libraries for Affinity Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1861. [PMID: 30991723 PMCID: PMC6515083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies leverage on their unique architecture to bind with an array of antigens. The strength of interaction has a direct relation to the affinity of the antibodies towards the antigen. In vivo affinity maturation is performed through multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in the germinal centre. This unique process involves intricate sequence rearrangements at the gene level via molecular mechanisms. The emergence of in vitro display technologies, mainly phage display and recombinant DNA technology, has helped revolutionize the way antibody improvements are being carried out in the laboratory. The adaptation of molecular approaches in vitro to replicate the in vivo processes has allowed for improvements in the way recombinant antibodies are designed and tuned. Combinatorial libraries, consisting of a myriad of possible antibodies, are capable of replicating the diversity of the natural human antibody repertoire. The isolation of target-specific antibodies with specific affinity characteristics can also be accomplished through modification of stringent protocols. Despite the ability to screen and select for high-affinity binders, some 'fine tuning' may be required to enhance antibody binding in terms of its affinity. This review will provide a brief account of phage display technology used for antibody generation followed by a summary of different combinatorial library characteristics. The review will focus on available strategies, which include molecular approaches, next generation sequencing, and in silico approaches used for antibody affinity maturation in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chiu Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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14
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Li T, Shen Y, Lin F, Fu W, Liu S, Wang C, Liang J, Fan X, Ye X, Tang Y, Ding M, Yang Y, Lei C, Hu S. Targeting RyR2 with a phosphorylation site-specific nanobody reverses dysfunction of failing cardiomyocytes in rats. FASEB J 2019; 33:7467-7478. [PMID: 30885011 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic PKA phosphorylation of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) has been shown to increase diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leakage and lead to cardiac dysfunction. We hypothesize that intracellular gene delivery of an RyR2-targeting phosphorylation site-specific nanobody could preserve the contractility of the failing myocardium. In the present study, we acquired RyR2-specific nanobodies from a phage display library that were variable domains of Camelidae heavy chain-only antibodies. One of the nanobodies, AR185, inhibited RyR2 phosphorylation in vitro and was chosen for further investigation. We investigated the potential of adeno-associated virus (AAV)9-mediated cardiac expression of AR185 to combat postischemic heart failure (HF). AAV gene delivery elevated the intracellular expression of the AR185 protein in a rat model of ischemic HF, and this treatment normalized the systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the failing myocardium in vivo by reversing myocardial Ca2+ handling. Furthermore, AR185 gene transfer to failing cardiomyocytes reduced the frequency of SR calcium leaks, thereby restoring the attenuated intracellular calcium transients and SR calcium load. Moreover, AR185 gene transfer inhibited the PKA-mediated phosphorylation of RyR2 in failing cardiomyocytes. Our results provide preclinical experimental evidence that the cardiac expression of RyR2 nanobodies with AAV9 vectors is a promising therapeutic strategy for HF.-Li, T., Shen, Y., Lin, F., Fu, W., Liu, S., Wang, C., Liang, J., Fan, X., Ye, X., Tang, Y., Ding, M., Yang, Y., Lei, C., Hu, S. Targeting RyR2 with a phosphorylation site-specific nanobody reverses dysfunction of failing cardiomyocytes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biophysics, Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangxing Lin
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuowu Liu
- Department of Biophysics, Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuqi Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhou Liang
- Department of Biophysics, Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuting Ye
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ding
- Pharchoice Therapeutics Incorporated, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongji Yang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biophysics, Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biophysics, Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Wang H, Wang Y, Xiao Z, Li W, Dimitrov DS, Chen W. Human Domain Antibodies to Conserved Epitopes on HER2 Potently Inhibit Growth of HER2-Overexpressing Human Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010025. [PMID: 31544831 PMCID: PMC6640707 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA approval of two anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, trastuzumab and pertuzumab, and an antibody-drug conjugate, trastuzumab emtansine, has transformed clinical practice for HER2-positive cancers. However, not all patients respond to therapy, and the majority of responders eventually develop resistance. In addition, cardiotoxicity is a major safety concern for their clinical use. Thus, there remains a need for the discovery and development of novel classes of HER2-targeted therapeutics with high efficacy and specificity. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of fully human single-domain antibodies (dAbs) targeting HER2 epitopes that are highly conserved among various species and non-overlapping with those of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. An Fc-fusion protein of the best binder demonstrated much higher inhibitory activity against HER2-amplified human breast cancer cell lines than trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Unlike the latter, however, it did not have an effect on gastric and ovarian cancer cell lines with HER2 overexpression. The dAb-Fc fusion protein showed poor pharmacokinetics in mice, thus limiting its potential for therapeutic use. It could be useful as an agent for the exploration of functionally important conserved structures on HER2 with implications for the design of novel therapeutics and elucidation of mechanisms of HER2-mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Wang
- The Second Clinical Medicine School, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China.
- Zhejiang Shimai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China.
| | - Yanping Wang
- CentryMed Pharmaceutical Inc., a subsidiary of Zhejiang Shimai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
| | - Zuoxiang Xiao
- Zhejiang Shimai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China.
- CentryMed Pharmaceutical Inc., a subsidiary of Zhejiang Shimai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Weizao Chen
- Zhejiang Shimai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China.
- CentryMed Pharmaceutical Inc., a subsidiary of Zhejiang Shimai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
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16
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Construction of an immunized rabbit phage display antibody library for screening microcystin-LR high sensitive single-chain antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Schneider D, Xiong Y, Hu P, Wu D, Chen W, Ying T, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS, Dropulic B, Orentas RJ. A Unique Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Domain-Only CD33 CAR for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2018; 8:539. [PMID: 30524966 PMCID: PMC6262782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a challenging pediatric and adult disease. Given the elevated expression of the CD33 antigen on leukemic blasts, therapeutic approaches to AML now feature the approved antibody drug conjugate (Mylotarg, GO) and investigational CART cell approaches incorporating CD33-binding domains derived from humanized scFvs. We designed a functional chimeric antigen receptor utilizing a human targeting sequence, derived from a heavy chain variable domain, termed CAR33VH. Lentiviral-based expression vectors which encoded CAR constructs incorporating the novel binding domain (CAR33VH), or the My96 scFv control binder (My96CAR) in frame with a CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain and a CD3 zeta activation domain, were transduced into primary human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CAR expression was confirmed by flow cytometry. CAR33VH, similar to My96CAR, demonstrated robust and specific cytotoxicity in short-term and long-term co-incubation killing assays against CD33+ AML lines. In overnight cytokine release assays in which CAR T cells were challenged with the CD33+ tumor cells HL-60, MOLM-14 and KG-1a, CAR33VH elicited IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2. This was seen with CD33+ cell lines, but not when CAR T were cultured alone. Studies with a CD33− cell line engineered to stably express the full length CD33 variant 1, or the naturally occurring CD33 splice variant 2, revealed that both CAR33VH and My96CAR, target the V domain of CD33, suggesting a similar therapeutic profile. Colony-formation assays utilizing peripheral blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells treated with CAR33VH, My96CAR, or with an untransduced T cell control, yielded similar numbers of BFU-E erythroid and CFU-GM myeloid colonies, suggesting a lack of CAR-related overt toxicity. In an in vivo AML model, NSG mice engrafted with MOLM-14 cells stably expressing firefly luciferase, both CAR33VH and CARMy96 efficiently eliminated tumors. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility and efficacy of employing human variable domain-only binder derived from a phage display library in an anti-AML CAR design. CAR33VH, comprised of a human heavy-chain variable fragment-only antigen binding domain, was efficient in tumor killing in vitro and in vivo, and showed comparable functionality to the scFv-based My96CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schneider
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ying Xiong
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Peirong Hu
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Darong Wu
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.,Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States.,Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Boro Dropulic
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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18
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Chen Z, Liu J, Chu D, Shan Y, Ma G, Zhang H, Zhang XD, Wang P, Chen Q, Deng C, Chen W, Dimitrov DS, Zhao Q. A dual-specific IGF-I/II human engineered antibody domain inhibits IGF signaling in breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:799-806. [PMID: 29910690 PMCID: PMC6001679 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-I and IGF-II, are essential for regulating cell growth, differentiation and metastasis of a broad range of malignancies. The IGF-I/II actions are mediated through the IGF receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) and the insulin receptor (IR), which are overexpressed in multiple types of tumors. Here, we have firstly identified a human engineered antibody domain (eAd) from a phage-displayed VH library. The eAd suppressed the signal transduction of IGF-1R mediated by exogenous IGF-I or IGF-II in breast cancer cell lines through neutralizing both IGF-I and IGF-II. It also significantly inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. Therefore, the anti-IGF-I/II eAd offers an alternative approach to target both the IGF-1R signaling pathways through the inhibition of IGF-I/II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dafeng Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guixing Ma
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech-HKU joint laboratories for matrix biology and diseases, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech-HKU joint laboratories for matrix biology and diseases, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Pu Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Weizao Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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19
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Therapeutically targeting glypican-2 via single-domain antibody-based chimeric antigen receptors and immunotoxins in neuroblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6623-E6631. [PMID: 28739923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706055114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that is fatal in almost half of patients despite intense multimodality treatment. This cancer is derived from neuroendocrine tissue located in the sympathetic nervous system. Glypican-2 (GPC2) is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is important for neuronal cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. In this study, we find that GPC2 protein is highly expressed in about half of neuroblastoma cases and that high GPC2 expression correlates with poor overall survival compared with patients with low GPC2 expression. We demonstrate that silencing of GPC2 by CRISPR-Cas9 or siRNA results in the inhibition of neuroblastoma tumor cell growth. GPC2 silencing inactivates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reduces the expression of the target gene N-Myc, an oncogenic driver of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. We have isolated human single-domain antibodies specific for GPC2 by phage display technology and found that the single-domain antibodies can inhibit active β-catenin signaling by disrupting the interaction of GPC2 and Wnt3a. To explore GPC2 as a potential target in neuroblastoma, we have developed two forms of antibody therapeutics, immunotoxins and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Immunotoxin treatment was demonstrated to inhibit neuroblastoma growth in mice. CAR T cells targeting GPC2 eliminated tumors in a disseminated neuroblastoma mouse model where tumor metastasis had spread to multiple clinically relevant sites, including spine, skull, legs, and pelvis. This study suggests GPC2 as a promising therapeutic target in neuroblastoma.
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Saeed AFUH, Wang R, Ling S, Wang S. Antibody Engineering for Pursuing a Healthier Future. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:495. [PMID: 28400756 PMCID: PMC5368232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of antibody-production techniques, a number of immunoglobulins have been developed on a large scale using conventional methods. Hybridoma technology opened a new horizon in the production of antibodies against target antigens of infectious pathogens, malignant diseases including autoimmune disorders, and numerous potent toxins. However, these clinical humanized or chimeric murine antibodies have several limitations and complexities. Therefore, to overcome these difficulties, recent advances in genetic engineering techniques and phage display technique have allowed the production of highly specific recombinant antibodies. These engineered antibodies have been constructed in the hunt for novel therapeutic drugs equipped with enhanced immunoprotective abilities, such as engaging immune effector functions, effective development of fusion proteins, efficient tumor and tissue penetration, and high-affinity antibodies directed against conserved targets. Advanced antibody engineering techniques have extensive applications in the fields of immunology, biotechnology, diagnostics, and therapeutic medicines. However, there is limited knowledge regarding dynamic antibody development approaches. Therefore, this review extends beyond our understanding of conventional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, recent advances in antibody engineering techniques together with antibody fragments, display technologies, immunomodulation, and broad applications of antibodies are discussed to enhance innovative antibody production in pursuit of a healthier future for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Sumei Ling
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
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21
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Li W, Prabakaran P, Chen W, Zhu Z, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Antibody Aggregation: Insights from Sequence and Structure. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5030019. [PMID: 31558000 PMCID: PMC6698864 DOI: 10.3390/antib5030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest-growing biological therapeutics with important applications ranging from cancers, autoimmunity diseases and metabolic disorders to emerging infectious diseases. Aggregation of mAbs continues to be a major problem in their developability. Antibody aggregation could be triggered by partial unfolding of its domains, leading to monomer-monomer association followed by nucleation and growth. Although the aggregation propensities of antibodies and antibody-based proteins can be affected by the external experimental conditions, they are strongly dependent on the intrinsic antibody properties as determined by their sequences and structures. In this review, we describe how the unfolding and aggregation susceptibilities of IgG could be related to their cognate sequences and structures. The impact of antibody domain structures on thermostability and aggregation propensities, and effective strategies to reduce aggregation are discussed. Finally, the aggregation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as related to their sequence/structure, linker payload, conjugation chemistry and drug-antibody ratio (DAR) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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22
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Chen W, Bardhi A, Feng Y, Wang Y, Qi Q, Li W, Zhu Z, Dyba MA, Ying T, Jiang S, Goldstein H, Dimitrov DS. Improving the CH1-CK heterodimerization and pharmacokinetics of 4Dm2m, a novel potent CD4-antibody fusion protein against HIV-1. MAbs 2016; 8:761-74. [PMID: 26963639 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1160180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described 4Dm2m, an exceptionally potent broadly neutralizing CD4-antibody fusion protein against HIV-1. It was generated by fusing the engineered single human CD4 domain mD1.22 to both the N and C termini of the human IgG1 heavy chain constant region and the engineered single human antibody domain m36.4, which targets the CD4-induced coreceptor binding site of the viral envelope glycoprotein, to the N terminus of the human antibody kappa light chain constant region via the (G4S)3 polypeptide linkers. However, therapeutic use of 4Dm2m was limited by its short in vivo half-life. Here, we show that a combination of three approaches have successfully increased the persistence of 4Dm2m in mice. First, to stabilize the scaffold, we enhanced heterodimerization between the heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) and kappa light chain constant domain (CK) by using structure-guided design and phage-display library technologies. Second, to address the possibility that long polypeptide linkers might render fusion proteins more susceptible to proteolysis, we shortened the (G4S)3 linkers or replaced them with the human IgG1 hinge sequence, which is naturally designed for both flexibility and stability. Third, we introduced two amino acid mutations into the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of the scaffold previously shown to increase antibody binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and prolong half-lives in vivo. Collectively, these approaches markedly increased the serum concentrations of 4Dm2m in mice while not affecting other properties of the fusion protein. The new 4Dm2m variants are promising candidates for clinical development to prevent or treat HIV-1 infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report on stabilized CH1-CK, which is potentially useful as a new heterodimerization scaffold for generation of bispecific and multispecific antibodies or proteins with a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- a Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Ariola Bardhi
- b Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Yang Feng
- a Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- a Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland , USA.,c Geneva Foundation , Tacoma , Washington , USA
| | - Qianqian Qi
- d Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,e Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center , New York , USA
| | - Wei Li
- a Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- a Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Marzena A Dyba
- f Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland , USA
| | - Tianlei Ying
- d Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- d Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,e Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center , New York , USA
| | - Harris Goldstein
- b Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- a Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland , USA
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Nilvebrant J, Tessier PM, Sidhu SS. Engineered Autonomous Human Variable Domains. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:6527-6537. [PMID: 27655414 PMCID: PMC5326600 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160921143011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex multi-chain architecture of antibodies has spurred interest in smaller derivatives that retain specificity but can be more easily produced in bacteria. Domain antibodies consisting of single variable domains are the smallest antibody fragments and have been shown to possess enhanced ability to target epitopes that are difficult to access using multidomain antibodies. However, in contrast to natural camelid antibody domains, human variable domains typically suffer from low stability and high propensity to aggregate. METHODS This review summarizes strategies to improve the biophysical properties of heavy chain variable domains from human antibodies with an emphasis on aggregation resistance. Several protein engineering approaches have targeted antibody frameworks and complementarity determining regions to stabilize the native state and prevent aggregation of the denatured state. CONCLUSION Recent findings enable the construction of highly diverse libraries enriched in aggregation-resistant variants that are expected to provide binders to diverse antigens. Engineered domain antibodies possess unique advantages in expression, epitope preference and flexibility of formatting over conventional immunoreagents and are a promising class of antibody fragments for biomedical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nilvebrant
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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24
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Gao W, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Feng M, Qian M, Dimitrov DS, Ho M. Immunotoxin targeting glypican-3 regresses liver cancer via dual inhibition of Wnt signalling and protein synthesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6536. [PMID: 25758784 PMCID: PMC4357278 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 is a cell surface glycoprotein that associates with Wnt in liver cancer. We develop two antibodies targeting glypican-3, HN3 and YP7. The first antibody recognizes a functional epitope and inhibits Wnt signalling, whereas the second antibody recognizes a C-terminal epitope but does not inhibit Wnt signalling. Both are fused to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) to create immunotoxins. Interestingly, the immunotoxin based on HN3 (HN3-PE38) has superior antitumor activity as compared with YP7 (YP7-PE38) both in vitro and in vivo. Intravenous administration of HN3-PE38 alone, or in combination with chemotherapy, induces regression of Hep3B and HepG2 liver tumour xenografts in mice. This study establishes glypican-3 as a promising candidate for immunotoxin-based liver cancer therapy. Our results demonstrate immunotoxin-induced tumour regression via dual mechanisms: inactivation of cancer signalling via the antibody and inhibition of protein synthesis via the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zhewei Tang
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mingqian Feng
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Min Qian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interaction Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Chen W, Li W, Ying T, Wang Y, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Germlining of the HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody domain m36. Antiviral Res 2015; 116:62-6. [PMID: 25676867 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineered antibody domains (eAds) have emerged as a novel class of HIV-1 inhibitors and are currently under preclinical testing as promising drug candidates for prevention and therapy of HIV-1 infection. Reverse mutation of antibodies to germline sequences (germlining) could not only identify less mutated variants with lower probability of immunogenicity and other improved properties but also help elucidate their mechanisms of action. In this study, we sequentially reverted the framework (FRs) and complementary determining regions (CDRs) of m36, a human antibody heavy chain variable domain-based eAd targeting the coreceptor binding site of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120, back to germline sequences. Two types of amino acid mutations and one region in the antibody V segment were identified that are critical for HIV-1 neutralization. These include four mutations to acidic acid residues distributed in the CDR1 and CDR2, two mutations to hydrophobic residues in the FR3 and CDR3, and partial FR2 and FR3 sequences flanking the CDR2 that are derived from a different gene family. An m36 variant with all five mutations in the FRs reverted back to germline showed slightly increased neutralizing activity against two HIV-1 isolates tested. Another variant with seven of twelve mutations in the V segment reverted retained potency within threefold of that of the mature antibody. These results, together with an analysis of m36-gp120-CD4 docking structures, could have implications for the further development of m36 and elucidation of its mechanism of potent and broad HIV-1 neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Protein Interactions Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Protein Interactions Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; The Geneva Foundation, WA 98402, USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Zhao A, Tohidkia MR, Siegel DL, Coukos G, Omidi Y. Phage antibody display libraries: a powerful antibody discovery platform for immunotherapy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:276-89. [PMID: 25394539 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.958978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology (PDT), a combinatorial screening approach, provides a molecular diversity tool for creating libraries of peptides/proteins and discovery of new recombinant therapeutics. Expression of proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on the surface of filamentous phage can permit the selection of high affinity and specificity therapeutic mAbs against virtually any target antigen. Using a number of diverse selection platforms (e.g. solid phase, solution phase, whole cell and in vivo biopannings), phage antibody libraries (PALs) from the start point provides great potential for the isolation of functional mAb fragments with diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Given the pivotal role of PDT in the discovery of novel therapeutic/diagnostic mAbs, in the current review, we provide an overview on PALs and discuss their impact in the advancement of engineered mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhi Zhao
- a Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Mohammad R Tohidkia
- b Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Donald L Siegel
- c Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA , and
| | - George Coukos
- a Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA .,d Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- a Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA .,b Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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27
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Kim DY, Hussack G, Kandalaft H, Tanha J. Mutational approaches to improve the biophysical properties of human single-domain antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1983-2001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chen W, Gong R, Ying T, Prabakaran P, Zhu Z, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Discovery of novel candidate therapeutics and diagnostics based on engineered human antibody domains. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2014; 11:28-40. [PMID: 23863097 DOI: 10.2174/15701638113109990032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The smallest independently folded antibody fragments, the domains, are emerging as promising scaffolds for candidate therapeutics and diagnostics that bind specifically targets of interest. The discovery of such binders is based on several technologies including structure-based design and generation of libraries of mutants displayed on phage or yeast, next-generation sequencing for diversity analysis, panning and screening of the libraries, affinity maturation of selected binders, and their expression, purification, and characterization for specific binding, function, and aggregation propensity. In this review, we describe these technologies as applied for the generation of engineered antibody domains (eAds), especially those derived from the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) and the second domain of IgG1 heavy chain constant region (CH2) as potential candidate therapeutics and diagnostics, and discuss examples of eAds against HIV-1 and cancer-related proteins.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used for the therapy of various diseases. However, because of their large size (∼150 kD), many limitations have also been found during their development and manufacture. The use of antibody fragments with smaller sizes is one of the strategies to overcome these limitations. Antibody heavy chain variable domains (12∼15 kD) have already been widely used for the development of variable domain-based engineered antibody domains (termed V-based eAds) targeting different antigens. Recently, antibody second heavy chain constant domains (∼12 kD) were proposed as novel scaffolds for library construction and selection of specific binders termed constant domain-based eAds (C-based eAds) as novel candidate therapeutics, which might also confer additional crystallizable fragment functions. Both V- and C-based eAds are promising therapeutic candidates. This review summarizes progress in the development of eAds, and discusses the related patents and their potential applications.
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30
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Friedman AD, Claypool SE, Liu R. The smart targeting of nanoparticles. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:6315-29. [PMID: 23470005 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One major challenge in nanomedicine is the selective delivery of nanoparticles to diseased tissues. Nanoparticle delivery systems require targeting for specific delivery to pathogenic sites when enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) is not suitable or inefficient. Nanoparticle functionalization is a widely-used technique for targeting ligand conjugation; these ligands possess inherent abilities to direct nanoparticle selective binding. This review illustrates methods of ligand-nanoparticle functionalization, provides a cross-section of various ligand classes, including small molecules, peptides, antibodies, engineered proteins, or nucleic acid aptamers, and discusses some unconventional approaches currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Friedman
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
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31
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Ringe R, Bhattacharya J. Preventive and therapeutic applications of neutralizing antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:67-80. [PMID: 24757516 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613494534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a preventive vaccine to neutralize the highly variable and antigenically diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been an indomitable goal. The recent discovery of a number of cross-neutralizing and potent monoclonal antibodies from elite neutralizers has provided important insights in this field. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are useful in identifying neutralizing epitopes of vaccine utility and for understanding the mechanism of potent and broad cross-neutralization thus providing a modality of preventive and therapeutic value. In this article we review the current understanding on the potential use of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in their full-length IgG structure, engineered domain antibody or bispecific versions towards preventive and therapeutic applications. The potential implications of NAbs are discussed in the light of the recent developments as key components in vaccination against HIV-1. The development of a vaccine immunogen which elicits bNAbs and confers protective immunity remains a real challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ringe
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), THSTI-IAVI HVTR Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Gurgaon-122016, Haryana, India
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32
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Exceptionally potent and broadly cross-reactive, bispecific multivalent HIV-1 inhibitors based on single human CD4 and antibody domains. J Virol 2013; 88:1125-39. [PMID: 24198429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02566-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary receptor CD4 (soluble CD4 [sCD4]) have been extensively characterized for a quarter of a century as promising HIV-1 inhibitors, but they have not been clinically successful. By combining a protein cavity-filling strategy and the power of library technology, we identified an engineered cavity-altered single-domain sCD4 (mD1.22) with a unique combination of excellent properties, including broad and potent neutralizing activity, high specificity, stability, solubility, and affinity for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120, and small molecular size. To further improve its neutralizing potency and breadth, we generated bispecific multivalent fusion proteins of mD1.22 with another potent HIV-1 inhibitor, an antibody domain (m36.4) that targets the coreceptor-binding site on gp120. The fusion proteins neutralized all HIV-1 isolates tested, with potencies about 10-, 50-, and 200-fold higher than those of the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01, the U.S. FDA-approved peptide inhibitor T20, and the clinically tested sCD4-Fc fusion protein CD4-Ig, respectively. In addition, they exhibited higher stability and specificity and a lower aggregation propensity than CD4-Ig. Therefore, mD1.22 and related fusion proteins could be useful for HIV-1 prevention and therapy, including eradication of the virus.
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33
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Tang Z, Feng M, Gao W, Phung Y, Chen W, Chaudhary A, St Croix B, Qian M, Dimitrov DS, Ho M. A human single-domain antibody elicits potent antitumor activity by targeting an epitope in mesothelin close to the cancer cell surface. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:416-26. [PMID: 23371858 PMCID: PMC3624043 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against mesothelin are being evaluated for the treatment of mesothelioma and multiple forms of cancers, and show great promise for clinical development for solid cancers. Antibodies against mesothelin have been shown to act via immunotoxin-based inhibition of tumor growth and induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), considered an important additional mechanism of therapeutic antibodies against tumors, is inactive for such antibodies. Here, we used phage display antibody engineering technology and synthetic peptide screening to identify SD1, a human single-domain antibody to mesothelin. SD1 recognizes a conformational epitope at the C-terminal end (residues 539-588) of mesothelin close to the cell surface. To investigate SD1 as a potential therapeutic agent, we generated a recombinant human Fc (SD1-hFc) fusion protein. Interestingly, the SD1-hFc protein exhibits strong CDC activity, in addition to ADCC, against mesothelin-expressing tumor cells. Furthermore, it causes growth inhibition of human tumor xenografts in nude mice as a single agent. SD1 is the first human single-domain antibody targeting mesothelin-expressing tumors, shows potential as a cancer therapeutic candidate, and may improve current antibody therapy targeting mesothelin-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Antiody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Mingqian Feng
- Antiody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Wei Gao
- Antiody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yen Phung
- Antiody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interaction Group, CCR Nanobiology Program, Frederick National laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Min Qian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interaction Group, CCR Nanobiology Program, Frederick National laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antiody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Therapeutically targeting glypican-3 via a conformation-specific single-domain antibody in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1083-91. [PMID: 23471984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217868110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) has emerged as a candidate therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the oncogenic role of GPC3 in HCC is poorly understood. Here, we report a human heavy-chain variable domain antibody, HN3, with high affinity (Kd = 0.6 nM) for cell-surface-associated GPC3 molecules. The human antibody recognized a conformational epitope that requires both the amino and carboxy terminal domains of GPC3. HN3 inhibited proliferation of GPC3-positive cells and exhibited significant inhibition of HCC xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. The underlying mechanism of HN3 action may involve cell-cycle arrest at G1 phase through Yes-associated protein signaling. This study suggests a previously unrecognized mechanism for GPC3-targeted cancer therapy.
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Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics against cancer are highly successful and currently enjoy unprecedented recognition of their potential; 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for clinical use in the European Union and in the United States. Bevacizumab, rituximab, and trastuzumab had sales in 2010 of more than $5 billion each. Hundreds of mAbs, including bispecific mAbs and multispecific fusion proteins, mAbs conjugated with small-molecule drugs, and mAbs with optimized pharmacokinetics, are in clinical trials. However, deeper understanding of mechanisms is needed to overcome major problems including resistance to therapy, access to targets, complexity of biological systems, and individual variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Adler
- UC San Diego Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California Health Systems, 1200 Garden View, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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36
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Gong R, Wang Y, Ying T, Dimitrov DS. Bispecific engineered antibody domains (nanoantibodies) that interact noncompetitively with an HIV-1 neutralizing epitope and FcRn. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42288. [PMID: 22879932 PMCID: PMC3413693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Libraries based on an isolated human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) constant domain 2 (CH2) have been previously diversified by random mutagenesis. However, native isolated CH2 is not very stable and the generation of many mutations could lead to an increase in immunogenicity. Recently, we demonstrated that engineering an additional disulfide bond and removing seven N-terminal residues results in an engineered antibody domain (eAd) (m01s) with highly increased stability and enhanced binding to human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) (Gong et al, JBC, 2009 and 2011). We and others have also previously shown that grafting of the heavy chain complementarity region 3 (CDR-H3 (H3)) onto cognate positions of the variable domain leads to highly diversified libraries from which a number of binders to various antigens have been selected. However, grafting of H3s to non-cognate positions in constant domains results in additional residues at the junctions of H3s and the CH2 framework. Here we describe a new method based on multi-step PCR that allows the precise replacement of loop FG (no changes in its flanking sequences) by human H3s from another library. Using this method and limited mutagenesis of loops BC and DE we generated an eAd phage-displayed library. Panning of this library against an HIV-1 gp41 MPER peptide resulted in selection of a binder, m2a1, which neutralized HIV-1 isolates from different clades with modest activity and retained the m01s capability of binding to FcRn. This result provides a proof of concept that CH2-based antigen binders that also mimic to certain extent other functions of full-size antibodies (binding to FcRn) can be generated; we have previously hypothesized that such binders can be made and coined the term nanoantibodies (nAbs). Further studies in animal models and in humans will show how useful nAbs could be as therapeutics and diagnostics.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Bispecific/chemistry
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Gel
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Library
- Protein Binding
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Protein Interactions Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America.
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Chen W, Feng Y, Zhao Q, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS. Human monoclonal antibodies targeting nonoverlapping epitopes on insulin-like growth factor II as a novel type of candidate cancer therapeutics. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1400-10. [PMID: 22553356 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soluble ligands are important targets for therapy of cancers and other diseases. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against such ligands block their interactions with corresponding receptors but do not enhance their removal from the circulation and can increase their half-lives because of the long half-lives of the antibodies. We have hypothesized that mAbs targeting two or more nonoverlapping epitopes on the same ligand could form oligomeric antibody-ligand complexes that can bind to cells expressing Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) with high avidity leading to their fast and irreversible removal from the circulation. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is an example of such ligands and an important target for human cancer therapy. We identified two mAbs, m610.27 and m630.3, which bound to nonoverlapping epitopes on IGF-II with nanomolar affinity, and generated a bispecific antibody, m660. m660 inhibited the interaction of human IGF-II (hIGF-II) with the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, hIGF-II-mediated IGF receptor type I and insulin receptor phosphorylation, and cell growth. In the presence of hIGF-II, large complexes of m660 were formed that bound to FcγRII-expressing BJAB cells much more efficiently than the monospecific antibody-hIGF-II complexes and were presumably phagocytosed by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated macrophage-like U937 cells. A mixture of m610.27 and m630.3 exhibited similar properties. To our knowledge, these mAbs are the first reported to target nonoverlapping epitopes on a cancer-related ligand and could represent a novel class of candidate therapeutics against cancers. This approach could also be used to irreversibly eliminate other disease-related soluble ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Liu Y, Chang J, Chen Y, Wan B, Wang Y, Zhang G. Construction of a human scFv antibody library with VH regions randomized and its application. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1203-8. [PMID: 22421974 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A non-immunized human single chain variable fragment (scFv) library containing 2.5 × 10(7) individual clones was constructed from antibody variable region genes of 200 non-immunized donors. ScFv gene repertories were generated by randomly combining rearranged variable regions of heavy chain (VH) and natural occurring light chain (VL) using overlapping extension PCR (OE-PCR). Five recombinant protein antigens from different species were successfully used to select specific binders. Phage ELISA showed that the recombinant phage particle could specifically bind to non-structural protein 1 of Avian influenza virus. This method can therefore efficiently generate a phage antibody library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics are highly successful in clinic and currently enjoy unprecedented recognition of their potential. More than 100 genuine and similar number of modified therapeutic proteins are approved for clinical use in the European Union and the USA with 2010 sales of US$108 bln; monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accounted for almost half (48%) of the sales. Based on their pharmacological activity, they can be divided into five groups: (a) replacing a protein that is deficient or abnormal; (b) augmenting an existing pathway; (c) providing a novel function or activity; (d) interfering with a molecule or organism; and (e) delivering other compounds or proteins, such as a radionuclide, cytotoxic drug, or effector proteins. Therapeutic proteins can also be grouped based on their molecular types that include antibody-based drugs, Fc fusion proteins, anticoagulants, blood factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, engineered protein scaffolds, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, interferons, interleukins, and thrombolytics. They can also be classified based on their molecular mechanism of activity as (a) binding non-covalently to target, e.g., mAbs; (b) affecting covalent bonds, e.g., enzymes; and (c) exerting activity without specific interactions, e.g., serum albumin. Most protein therapeutics currently on the market are recombinant and hundreds of them are in clinical trials for therapy of cancers, immune disorders, infections, and other diseases. New engineered proteins, including bispecific mAbs and multispecific fusion proteins, mAbs conjugated with small molecule drugs, and proteins with optimized pharmacokinetics, are currently under development. However, in the last several decades, there are no conceptually new methodological developments comparable, e.g., to genetic engineering leading to the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It appears that a paradigm change in methodologies and understanding of mechanisms is needed to overcome major challenges, including resistance to therapy, access to targets, complexity of biological systems, and individual variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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40
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Monegal A, Olichon A, Bery N, Filleron T, Favre G, de Marco A. Single domain antibodies with VH hallmarks are positively selected during panning of llama (Lama glama) naïve libraries. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:150-156. [PMID: 21767565 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Independent variable domains with VH hallmarks have been repeatedly identified in immune and pre-immune VHH libraries. In some cases, stable independent VH domains have been also isolated in mouse and human recombinant antibody repertoires. However, we have come to realize that VHs were selected with a higher efficiency than VHHs during biopanning of a pre-immune (VHH) library. The biochemical and biophysical comparison did not indicate a presence of any feature that would favor the VH binders during the selection process. In contrast, selected VHHs seemed to be more stable than the VHs, ruling out the existence of a thermodynamically - favored VH sub-class. Therefore, we reasoned that a certain degree of thermodynamic instability may be beneficial for both displaying and expression of VH(H)s when the Sec-pathway is used for their secretion to avoid the cytoplasmic trapping of fast-folding polypeptides. Indeed, VHHs, but not VHs, were accumulated at higher concentrations when expressed fused to the dsbA leader peptide, a sequence that drives the linked polypeptides to the co-translational SRP secretion machinery. These data suggest that the thermodynamically favored VHHs can be lost during biopanning, as previously observed for DARPins and in contrast to the recombinant antibodies in scFv format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Monegal
- Cogentech - Protein Chemistry Unit, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
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41
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Chen W, Streaker ED, Russ DE, Feng Y, Prabakaran P, Dimitrov DS. Characterization of germline antibody libraries from human umbilical cord blood and selection of monoclonal antibodies to viral envelope glycoproteins: Implications for mechanisms of immune evasion and design of vaccine immunogens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:1164-9. [PMID: 22226962 PMCID: PMC3268823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed that all known HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are highly divergent from germline antibodies in contrast to bnAbs against Hendra virus, Nipah virus and SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV). We have hypothesized that because the germline antibodies are so different from the mature HIV-1-specific bnAbs they may not bind the epitopes of the mature antibodies and provided the first evidence to support this hypothesis by using individual putative germline-like predecessor antibodies. To further validate the hypothesis and understand initial immune responses to different viruses, two phage-displayed human cord blood-derived IgM libraries were constructed which contained mostly germline antibodies or antibodies with very low level of somatic hypermutations. They were panned against different HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs), SARS CoV protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), and soluble Hendra virus G protein (sG). Despite a high sequence and combinatorial diversity observed in the cord blood-derived IgM antibody repertoire, no enrichment for binders of Envs was observed in contrast to considerable specific enrichments produced with panning against RBD and sG; one of the selected monoclonal antibodies (against the RBD) was of high (nM) affinity with only few somatic mutations. These results further support and expand our initial hypothesis for fundamental differences in immune responses leading to elicitation of bnAbs against HIV-1 compared to SARS CoV and Hendra virus. HIV-1 uses a strategy to minimize or eliminate strong binding of germline antibodies to its Env; in contrast, SARS CoV and Hendra virus, and perhaps other viruses causing acute infections, can bind germline antibody or minimally somatically mutated antibodies with relatively high affinity which could be one of the reasons for the success of sG and RBD as vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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42
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Miao Z, Levi J, Cheng Z. Protein scaffold-based molecular probes for cancer molecular imaging. Amino Acids 2011; 41:1037-47. [PMID: 20174842 PMCID: PMC2914822 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein scaffold molecules are powerful reagents for targeting various cell signal receptors, enzymes, cytokines and other cancer-related molecules. They belong to the peptide and small protein platform with distinct properties. For the purpose of development of new generation molecular probes, various protein scaffold molecules have been labeled with imaging moieties and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Among the evaluated probes Affibody molecules and analogs, cystine knot peptides, and nanobodies have shown especially good characteristics as protein scaffold platforms for development of in vivo molecular probes. Quantitative data obtained from positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography/CT, and optical imaging together with biodistribution studies have shown high tumor uptakes and high tumor-to-blood ratios for these probes. High tumor contrast imaging has been obtained within 1 h after injection. The success of those molecular probes demonstrates the adequacy of protein scaffold strategy as a general approach in molecular probe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Miao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA 94305-5344, USA
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43
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Kim HS, Lo SC, Wear DJ, Stojadinovic A, Weina PJ, Izadjoo MJ. Improvement of anti-Burkholderia mouse monoclonal antibody from various phage-displayed single-chain antibody libraries. J Immunol Methods 2011; 372:146-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Engineered single human CD4 domains as potent HIV-1 inhibitors and components of vaccine immunogens. J Virol 2011; 85:9395-405. [PMID: 21715496 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05119-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble forms of the HIV-1 receptor CD4 (sCD4) have been extensively characterized for more than 2 decades as promising inhibitors and components of vaccine immunogens. However, they were mostly based on the first two CD4 domains (D1D2), and numerous attempts to develop functional, high-affinity, stable soluble one-domain sCD4 (D1) have not been successful because of the strong interactions between the two domains. We have hypothesized that combining the power of structure-based design with sequential panning of large D1 mutant libraries against different HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs) and screening for soluble mutants could not only help solve the fundamental stability problem of isolated D1, but may also allow improvement of D1 affinity while preserving its cross-reactivity. By using this strategy, we identified two stable monomeric D1 mutants, mD1.1 and mD1.2, which were significantly more soluble and bound Env gp120s more strongly (50-fold) than D1D2, neutralized a panel of HIV-1 primary isolates from different clades more potently than D1D2, induced conformational changes in gp120, and sensitized HIV-1 for neutralization by CD4-induced antibodies. mD1.1 and mD1.2 exhibited much lower binding to human blood cell lines than D1D2; moreover, they preserved a β-strand secondary structure and stability against thermally induced unfolding, trypsin digestion, and degradation by human serum. Because of their superior properties, mD1.1 and mD1.2 could be potentially useful as candidate therapeutics, components of vaccine immunogens, and research reagents for exploration of HIV-1 entry and immune responses. Our approach could be applied to other cases where soluble isolated protein domains are needed.
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45
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de Marco A. Biotechnological applications of recombinant single-domain antibody fragments. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:44. [PMID: 21658216 PMCID: PMC3123181 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-domain antibody fragments possess structural features, such as a small dimension, an elevated stability, and the singularity of recognizing epitopes non-accessible for conventional antibodies that make them interesting for several research and biotechnological applications. RESULTS The discovery of the single-domain antibody's potentials has stimulated their use in an increasing variety of fields. The rapid accumulation of articles describing new applications and further developments of established approaches has made it, therefore, necessary to update the previous reviews with a new and more complete summary of the topic. CONCLUSIONS Beside the necessary task of updating, this work analyses in detail some applicative aspects of the single-domain antibodies that have been overseen in the past, such as their efficacy in affinity chromatography, as co-crystallization chaperones, protein aggregation controllers, enzyme activity tuners, and the specificities of the unconventional single-domain fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Vipavska 13, PO Box 301-SI-5000, Rožna Dolina (Nova Gorica), Slovenia.
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46
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Abstract
Evaluation of: Bostrom J, Shang-Fan Y, Kan D et al.: Variants of the antibody Herceptin that interact with HER2 and VEGF at the antigen binding site. Science 323, 1610-1614 (2009). The longstanding held notion that one antibody equals one antigen and, hence, one function has been challenged in recent years. Improved technology in antibody production, especially the accumulation of sequence data of immunoglobulin genes and the advent of PCR have made it possible to clone antibody gene repertoires. The current paper provides further challenge to the notion of one antibody = one antigen by developing 'two-in-one' antibodies with an antigen-binding site that binds two distinct proteins with high affinity. A therapeutic variant antibody of Herceptin (Genentech, CA, USA) was isolated that binds the human EGF receptor (HER)2 and also to VEGF. This development may represent a breakthrough discovery and may have significant implications in the therapy of malignant, infectious, allergic and autoimmune disorders.
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47
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Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments are significant therapeutic and diagnostic reagents. As such, their efficacy depends heavily on their affinities and biophysical properties. Thus, mutagenesis approaches have been extensively applied to recombinant antibodies to improve their affinity, stability, and solubility. Among the existing recombinant antibody variants, human V(H) domains stand out as the ones with the general need of solubility engineering at some point during their development; this solubility engineering step transforms V(H)s into nonaggregating, functional entities, rendering them useful as therapeutic and diagnostic reagents. Here, we present one of several approaches that have been employed to develop nonaggregating human V(H) domains. We apply an in vitro site-directed mutagenesis approach to an aggregating human V(H) domain by means of a splice overlap extension technique. The resultant mutant V(H)s are nonaggregating in contrast to the parent wild type V(H) and less prone to aggregation following thermal unfolding.
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48
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Chen W, Xiao X, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS. Bifunctional fusion proteins of the human engineered antibody domain m36 with human soluble CD4 are potent inhibitors of diverse HIV-1 isolates. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:107-15. [PMID: 20709110 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently used antiretroviral therapy is highly successful but there is still a need for new effective and safe prophylactics and therapeutics. We have previously identified and characterized a human engineered antibody domain (eAd), m36, which exhibits potent broadly neutralizing activity against HIV-1 by targeting a highly conserved CD4 binding-induced (CD4i) structure on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp120. m36 has very small size (∼15kDa) but is highly specific and is likely to be safe in long-term use thus representing a novel class of potentially promising HIV-1 inhibitors. Major problems with the development of m36 as a candidate therapeutic are possible short serum half life and lack of effector functions that could be important for effective protection in vivo. Fusion of m36 to human IgG1 Fc resulted in dramatically diminished neutralization potency most likely due to the sterically restricted nature of the m36 epitope that limits access of large molecules. To confer effector functions and simultaneously increase the potency, we first matured m36 by panning and screening a mutant library for mutants with increased binding to gp120. We next fused m36 and its mutants with the first two domains (soluble CD4, sCD4) of the human CD4 using a polypeptide linker. Our results showed that the selected m36 mutants and the sCD4 fusion proteins exhibited more potent antiviral activities than m36. The m36-sCD4 fusion proteins with human IgG1 Fc showed even higher potency likely due to their bivalency and increased avidity although with a greater increase in molecular size. Our data suggest that m36 derivatives are promising HIV-1 candidate therapeutics and tools to study highly conserved gp120 structures with implications for understanding mechanisms of entry and design of vaccine immunogens and small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Frederick, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become drugs of choice for the management of an increasing number of human diseases. Human antibody repertoires provide a rich source for human mAbs. Here we review the characteristics of natural and non-natural human antibody repertoires and their mining with non-combinatorial and combinatorial strategies. In particular, we discuss the selection of human mAbs from naïve, immune, transgenic, and synthetic human antibody repertoires using methods based on hybridoma technology, clonal expansion of peripheral B cells, single-cell PCR, phage display, yeast display, and mammalian cell display. Our reliance on different strategies is shifting as we gain experience and refine methods to the efficient generation of human mAbs with superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Rader
- 2Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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50
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Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become drugs of choice for the management of an increasing number of human diseases. Human antibody repertoires provide a rich source for human mAbs. Here we review the characteristics of natural and non-natural human antibody repertoires and their mining with non-combinatorial and combinatorial strategies. In particular, we discuss the selection of human mAbs from naïve, immune, transgenic, and synthetic human antibody repertoires using methods based on hybridoma technology, clonal expansion of peripheral B cells, single-cell PCR, phage display, yeast display, and mammalian cell display. Our reliance on different strategies is shifting as we gain experience and refine methods to the efficient generation of human mAbs with superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Rader
- 2Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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