1
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Identification and Functional Analysis of the Promoter of a Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase Gene from Gossypium hirsutum. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:645-654. [PMID: 36155889 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) is the critical enzyme in the synthesis pathway of proanthocyanidins, which are the primary pigments in brown cotton fibers. Our previous study has revealed significant differences in the expression levels of GhLAR1 between white and brown cotton fibers at 10 DPA. In this work, the expression pattern of the GhLAR1 gene was further studied, and the promoter of GhLAR1 (1780 bp) was isolated and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that GhLAR1 promoter contained many known light response elements and several defenses related to transcriptional factor-binding boxes, which may partially explain the response of the GhLAR1 to temperature, NaCl, and PEG treatments. Furthermore, GhLAR1 was preferentially and strongly expressed in fibers and flowers of cotton, and the expression levels in all tested tissues (especially fibers) of brown cotton were significantly higher than those in white cotton. Consistent with the expression analysis, the GhLAR1 promoter mainly drove GUS expression in epidermal trichomes and floral organs.
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2
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Comparative analysis of the reactivity of anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins, and flavonols using a quantum chemistry approach. J Mol Model 2023; 29:93. [PMID: 36905478 PMCID: PMC10006565 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins, and flavonols are natural compounds mainly known due to their reported biological activities, such as antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activities, and antioxidant activity. In the present study, we performed a comparative structural, conformational, electronic, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the reactivity of the chemical structure of primary anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins, and flavonoids. We focused our analysis on the following molecular questions: (i) differences in cyanidin catechols ( +)-catechin, leucocyanidin, and quercetin; (ii) the loss of hydroxyl presents in the R1 radical of leucoanthocyanidin in the functional groups linked to C4 (ring C); and (iii) the electron affinity of the 3-hydroxyl group (R7) in the flavonoids delphinidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin, quercetin, and kaempferol. We show unprecedented results for bond critical point (BCP) of leucopelargonidin and leucodelphirinidin. The BCP formed between hydroxyl hydrogen (R2) and ketone oxygen (R1) of kaempferol has the same degrees of covalence of quercetin. Kaempferol and quercetin exhibited localized electron densities between hydroxyl hydrogen (R2) and ketone oxygen (R1). Global molecular descriptors showed quercetin and leucocyanidin are the most reactive flavonoids in electrophilic reactions. Complementary, anthocyanidins are the most reactive in nucleophilic reactions, while the smallest gap occurs in delphinidin. Local descriptors indicate that anthocyanidins and flavonols are more prone to electrophilic attacks, while in leucoanthocyanidins, the most susceptible to attack are localized in the ring A. The ring C of anthocyanidins is more aromatic than the same found in flavonols and leucoanthocyanidins. METHODS: For the analysis of the molecular properties, we used the DFT to evaluate the formation of the covalent bonds and intermolecular forces. CAM-B3LYP functional with the def2TZV basis set was used for the geometry optimization. A broad analysis of quantum properties was performed using the assessment of the molecular electrostatic potential surface, electron localization function, Fukui functions, descriptors constructed from frontier orbitals, and nucleus independent chemical shift.
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Singh V, Lone RA, Kumar V, Mohanty CS. Reducing the biosynthesis of condensed tannin in winged bean ( Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) by virus-induced gene silencing of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:16. [PMID: 36561838 PMCID: PMC9763518 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Underutilized legume-winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) and its various parts are infested with condensed tannin (CT) or proanthocyanidin (PA). CT has anti-nutritional effect as it adversely affects the digestion of proteins, minerals and vitamin among ruminants and humans. It is also responsible for low protein digestibility and decreased amino acid availability. One of the probable reasons of underutilization of P. tetragonolobus is due to its infestation with CT. Histochemical staining of various tissues of P. tetragonolobus with dimethylcinnmaldehyde (DMACA) developed a deep-blue colour indicating the presence of polyphenolic condensed tannin. Structural monomeric unit catechin and epi-catechin were reported to be responsible for biosynthesis of CT in P. tetragonolobus. The enzyme anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and its corresponding transcripts were identified and phylogenetically mapped. The transcript was subjected to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) through agro-infiltration in P. tetragonolobus for reducing the CT-content. The WbANS-VIGS induced P. tetragonolobus resulted in four-fold decrease of CT as compared to the control P. tetragonolobus. A decrease of 73% of CT level was reported in VIGS silenced Wb-ANS line of P. tetragonolobus. This study resulted and confirmed that, the silencing of (ANS) gene in P. tetragonolobus has a regulatory effect on the condensed tannin biosynthesis. This study will pave way for further manipulation of ANS enzyme for reducing the biosynthesis of the anti-nutrient CT. Reducing the CT content will make this underutilized legume more acceptable. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03435-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Rayees Ahmad Lone
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Verandra Kumar
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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4
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Zhong R, Wei J, Liu B, Luo H, Zhang Z, Pang X, Fang F. Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010532. [PMID: 36613975 PMCID: PMC9820520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Litchi chinensis contains high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the pericarp. These substances can serve as substrates of laccase-mediated rapid pericarp browning after the fruit is harvested. In this study, we found that the major PAs in litchi pericarp were (-)-epicatechin (EC) and several procyanidins (PCs), primarily PC A2, B2, and B1, and the EC and the PC content decreased with the development of the fruit. RNA-seq analysis showed that 43 early and late structure genes related to flavonoid/PA biosynthesis were expressed in the pericarp, including five ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (ANR), two LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE (LAR), and two ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (ANS) genes functioning in the PA biosynthesis branch of the flavonoid pathway. Among these nine PA biosynthesis-related genes, ANR1a, LAR1/2, and ANS1 were highly positively correlated with changes in the EC/PC content, suggesting that they are the key PA biosynthesis-related genes. Several transcription factor (TF) genes, including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and AP2 family members, were found to be highly correlated with ANR1a, LAR1/2, and ANS1, and their relevant binding elements were detected in the promoters of these target genes, strongly suggesting that these TF genes may play regulatory roles in PA biosynthesis. In summary, this study identified the candidate key structure and regulatory genes in PA biosynthesis in litchi pericarp, which will assist in understanding the accumulation of high levels of browning-related PA substances in the pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Honghui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.P.); (F.F.)
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Zhao LQ, Shan CM, Shan TY, Li QL, Ma KL, Deng WW, Wu JW. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanisms of catechins synthesis in different cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Zhang C, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiles of 13 Key Structural Gene Families Involved in the Biosynthesis of Rice Flavonoid Scaffolds. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030410. [PMID: 35327963 PMCID: PMC8951560 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of key polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad functions in plants, including stress defense, growth, development and reproduction. Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a well-known model plant for monocots, with a wide range of flavonoids, but the key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and their molecular features in rice have not been comprehensively and systematically characterized. Here, we identified 85 key structural gene candidates associated with flavonoid biosynthesis in the rice genome. They belong to 13 families potentially encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), flavone synthase II (FNSII), flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Through structural features, motif analyses and phylogenetic relationships, these gene families were further grouped into five distinct lineages and were examined for conservation and divergence. Subsequently, 22 duplication events were identified out of a total of 85 genes, among which seven pairs were derived from segmental duplication events and 15 pairs were from tandem duplications, demonstrating that segmental and tandem duplication events play important roles in the expansion of key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in rice. Furthermore, these 85 genes showed spatial and temporal regulation in a tissue-specific manner and differentially responded to abiotic stress (including six hormones and cold and salt treatments). RNA-Seq, microarray analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that these genes might be involved in abiotic stress response, plant growth and development. Our results provide a valuable basis for further functional analysis of the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in rice.
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Kubra G, Khan M, Hussain S, Iqbal T, Muhammad J, Ali H, Gul A, Munir F, Amir R. Molecular characterization of Leucoanthocyanidin reductase and Flavonol synthase gene in Arachis hypogaea. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2301-2315. [PMID: 33911945 PMCID: PMC8071922 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachis hypogaea (peanut) is a potential source of bioactive compounds including flavonols and proanthocyanidins, which have gained particular interest of metabolic engineering owing to their significance in the growth, development and defense responses in plants. To gain insight of proanthocyanidins and flavonols production in A. hypogaea, Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (AhLAR) and Flavonol synthase (AhFLS) enzymes responsible for their production, have been structurally, transcriptionally and functionally characterized. Structural and functional analysis of putative protein sequence of AhFLS indicated two functional motifs 2OG-FeII_Oxy and DIOX_N, while six functional motifs belonging to the families of NAD-dependent dehydratase, 3, β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NmrA-like family were observed in case of AhLAR. Promoter sequence analysis unraveled several promoter elements related to the development regulation, environmental stress responses and hormonal signaling. Furthermore, the expression analysis of AhFLS and AhLAR and accumulation pattern analysis of proanthocyanidins and flavonols in three selected cultivars of A. hypogaea under saline environment confirmed their role against salinity in genotype-dependent and stress level-dependent manner. Correlation studies revealed that AhFLS and AhLAR expression is not directly dependent on the antioxidant enzymes activity, biochemical and growth parameters but higher Pearson r value depicted some level of dependency. This detailed study of AhLAR and AhFLS can assist in the metabolic engineering of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to produce stress tolerant varieties and production of proanthocyanidins and flavonols at an industrial scale.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- Ab, absorbance
- AhFLS, Flavonol synthase
- AhLAR, Leucoanthocyanidin reductase
- Arachis hypogaea
- CAT, catalase
- CDD, Conserved Domain Database
- CDS, coding sequences
- CHI, Chalcone isomerase
- CHS, Chalcone synthase
- Characterization
- EC, extinction coefficient
- Flavonoids
- Flavonol synthase
- Leucoanthocyanidin reductase
- ORF, open reading frame
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SDR, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Kubra
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Hussain
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Iqbal
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Jan Muhammad
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hina Ali
- National Institute for Lasers and Optronics (NILOP), Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Munir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Amir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Güngör E, Brouwer P, Dijkhuizen LW, Shaffar DC, Nierop KG, de Vos RC, Sastre Toraño J, van der Meer IM, Schluepmann H. Azolla ferns testify: seed plants and ferns share a common ancestor for leucoanthocyanidin reductase enzymes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1118-1132. [PMID: 32858769 PMCID: PMC7820995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Questions about in vivo substrates for proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis and condensation have not been resolved and wide gaps in the understanding of transport and biogenesis in 'tannosomes' persist. Here we examined the evolution of PA biosynthesis in ferns not previously reported, asking what PAs are synthesised and how. Chemical and gene-expression analyses were combined to characterise PA biosynthesis, leveraging genome annotation from the floating fern Azolla filiculoides. In vitro assay and phylogenomics of PIP-dehydrogenases served to infer the evolution of leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Sporophyte-synthesised (epi)catechin polymers, averaging only seven subunits, accumulated to 5.3% in A. filiculoides, and 8% in A. pinnata biomass dry weight. Consistently, a LAR active in vitro was highly expressed in A. filiculoides. LAR, and paralogous fern WLAR-enzymes with differing substrate binding sites, represent an evolutionary innovation of the common ancestor of fern and seed plants. The specific ecological niche of Azolla ferns, a floating plant-microbe mat massively fixing CO2 and N2 , shaped their metabolism in which PA biosynthesis predominates and employs novel fern LAR enzymes. Characterisation of in vivo substrates of these LAR, will help to shed light on the recently assigned and surprising dual catalysis of LAR from seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbil Güngör
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Paul Brouwer
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
- Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityPrincetonlaan 8Utrecht3584 CBthe Netherlands
| | - Laura W. Dijkhuizen
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Dally Chaerul Shaffar
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Klaas G.J. Nierop
- Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityPrincetonlaan 8Utrecht3584 CBthe Netherlands
| | - Ric C.H. de Vos
- BioscienceWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3508 TBthe Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M. van der Meer
- BioscienceWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Henriette Schluepmann
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
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9
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Xin Y, Meng S, Ma B, He W, He N. Mulberry genes MnANR and MnLAR confer transgenic plants with resistance to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110473. [PMID: 32540003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major defense-related phenolics in mulberry, but the mechanism underlying their biosynthesis remains uncharacterized. In this study, the relationship between the expression of genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) or leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and PA biosynthesis was investigated in white and red mulberry fruits. In ripening fruits, the MnANR and MnLAR transcription levels tended to decrease, whereas the catechin and epicatechin contents initially increased and then decreased. In contrast, the PA content exhibited a clearly different trend. The ectopic expression of MnANR and MnLAR in tobacco increased the resistance to Botrytis cinerea, as evidenced by the less extensive disease symptoms of the transgenic plants compared with the wild-type plants. In vitro experiments revealed that the transgenic tobacco crude leaf extract had an obvious inhibitory effect on B. cinerea. Moreover, the ectopic expression of MnANR and MnLAR in tobacco inhibited the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, resulting in decreased anthocyanin contents in flowers. The results of this study may be useful for elucidating the mechanism underlying PA biosynthesis. Furthermore, ANR and LAR represent potential targets for improving the resistance of mulberry and related plant species to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenmin He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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10
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Zhang L, Wang P, Ma X, Zhao W, Li M, Yao S, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Exploration of the Substrate Diversity of Leucoanthocyanidin Reductases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3903-3911. [PMID: 32141742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are mainly composed of epicatechin (EC) or catechin (C) subunits. C-type catechins (C and GC) are generally considered to be catalyzed by leucocyanidin reductase (LAR). In this study, we re-evaluated the function of LAR. LcLAR1 was isolated from Lotus corniculatus, which is rich in C-type catechins. Overexpression of LcLAR1 in tobacco resulted in a significantly increased content of EC and EC-glucoside. Overexpression of LcLAR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana promoted the accumulation of soluble PAs, including EC, PA dimers, and PA trimers. However, in the transgenic ans mutant overexpressing LcLAR1, the contents of C and C-glucoside were increased. In addition, overexpression of LcLAR1 in L. corniculatus resulted in a significant increase of C levels. Taken together, the products of LcLAR1 depended on the substrates, which revealed the substrate diversity of LcLAR1. Our study provides new insights into the flavonoid pathway, especially the role of LAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Peiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xue Ma
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Wenyan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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11
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Zhang L, Sun X, Wilson IW, Shao F, Qiu D. Identification of the Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Taxus chinensis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E982. [PMID: 31795268 PMCID: PMC6947853 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxus chinensis is a precious woody species with significant economic value. Anthocyanin as flavonoid derivatives plays a crucial role in plant biology and human health. However, the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have not been identified in T. chinensis. In this study, twenty-five genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified, including chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. The conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships of these genes were characterized. The expression levels of these genes in different tissues and different ages of xylem were investigated. Additionally, the anthocyanin accumulation in xylem of different ages of T. chinensis was measured. The results showed the anthocyanin accumulation was correlated with the expression levels of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway for anthocyanins and wood color formation in T. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Iain W. Wilson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
| | - Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding &Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (L.Z.); (X.S.); (D.Q.)
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12
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Guo Y, Zhu C, Zhao S, Zhang S, Wang W, Fu H, Li X, Zhou C, Chen L, Lin Y, Lai Z. De novo transcriptome and phytochemical analyses reveal differentially expressed genes and characteristic secondary metabolites in the original oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivar 'Tieguanyin' compared with cultivar 'Benshan'. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:265. [PMID: 30943892 PMCID: PMC6446291 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The two original plants of the oolong tea cultivar (‘Tieguanyin’) are “Wei shuo” ‘Tieguanyin’—TGY (Wei) and “Wang shuo” ‘Tieguanyin’—TGY (Wang). Another cultivar, ‘Benshan’ (BS), is similar to TGY in its aroma, taste, and genetic make-up, but it lacks the “Yin Rhyme” flavor. We aimed to identify differences in biochemical characteristics and gene expression among these tea plants. Results The results of spectrophotometric, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that TGY (Wei) and TGY (Wang) had deeper purple-colored leaves and higher contents of anthocyanin, catechins, caffeine, and limonene compared with BS. Analyses of transcriptome data revealed 12,420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the cultivars. According to a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the flavonoid, caffeine, and limonene metabolic pathways were highly enriched. The transcript levels of the genes involved in these three metabolic pathways were not significantly different between TGY (Wei) and TGY (Wang), except for two unigenes encoding IMPDH and SAMS, which are involved in caffeine metabolism. The comparison of TGY vs. BS revealed eight up-regulated genes (PAL, C4H, CHS, F3’H, F3H, DFR, ANS, and ANR) and two down-regulated genes (FLS and CCR) in flavonoid metabolism, four up-regulated genes (AMPD, IMPDH, SAMS, and 5′-Nase) and one down-regulated XDH gene in caffeine metabolism; and two down-regulated genes (ALDH and HIBADH) in limonene degradation. In addition, the expression levels of the transcription factor (TF) PAP1 were significantly higher in TGY than in BS. Therefore, high accumulation of flavonoids, caffeine, and limonene metabolites and the expression patterns of their related genes in TGY might be beneficial for the formation of the “Yin Rhyme” flavor. Conclusions Transcriptomic, HPLC, and GC-MS analyses of TGY (Wei), TGY (Wang), and BS indicated that the expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolism and high contents of catechins, anthocyanin, caffeine, and limonene may contribute to the formation of the “Yin Rhyme” flavor in TGY. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between the accumulation of secondary metabolites and sensory quality, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the unique flavor “Yin Rhyme” in TGY. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5643-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Anxi Tea Research Institute, Anxi, 362400, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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13
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Eichenberger M, Hansson A, Fischer D, Dürr L, Naesby M. De novo biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4975775. [PMID: 29771352 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are plant secondary metabolites responsible for most of the red, purple and blue colors of flowers, fruits and vegetables. They are increasingly used in the food and beverage industry as natural alternative to artificial colorants. Production of these compounds by fermentation of microorganisms would provide an attractive alternative. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered for de novo production of the three basic anthocyanins, as well as the three main trans-flavan-3-ols. Enzymes from different plant sources were screened and efficient variants found for most steps of the biosynthetic pathway. However, the anthocyanidin synthase was identified as a major obstacle to efficient production. In yeast, this enzyme converts the majority of its natural substrates leucoanthocyanidins into the off-pathway flavonols. Nonetheless, de novo biosynthesis of ACNs was shown for the first time in yeast and for the first time in a single microorganism. It provides a framework for optimizing the activity of anthocyanidin synthase and represents an important step towards sustainable industrial production of these highly relevant molecules in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eichenberger
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anders Hansson
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - David Fischer
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Lara Dürr
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Michael Naesby
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
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14
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Rothenberg DO, Yang H, Chen M, Zhang W, Zhang L. Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea ( Camellia sinensis). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061064. [PMID: 30889908 PMCID: PMC6471635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haijun Yang
- Center of Experimental Teaching for Common Basic Courses, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Meiban Chen
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenting Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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15
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Ren YH, Liu QF, Chen L, He SJ, Zuo JP, Fan YY, Yue JM. Urceoloids A and B, Two C19 Steroids with a Rearranged Spirocyclic Carbon Skeleton from Urceola quintaretii. Org Lett 2019; 21:1904-1907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Yue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Rousserie P, Rabot A, Geny-Denis L. From Flavanols Biosynthesis to Wine Tannins: What Place for Grape Seeds? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1325-1343. [PMID: 30632368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are among the most important quality factors of wines. They contribute to the organoleptic characteristics of wine such as color, astringency, and bitterness. Although tannins found in wine can come from microbial and oak sources, the main sources of polyphenols are grape skins and seeds. Since the 1960s, this subject has been widely studied by a large number of researchers covering different types of wine, climate conditions, growing practices, and grape varieties. As these works have been conducted under different conditions, the data collected can be conflicting. Moreover, even though the biosynthesis of the major proanthocyanidins units (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin is well-known, the mechanism of their polymerization remains unexplained. This is why the question remains: what factors influence the biosynthesis, the quantity, and the distribution of tannins in grape seeds and how can winemaking processes impact the extractability of seed tannins in wine?
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rousserie
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA , ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Amélie Rabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA , ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Geny-Denis
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA , ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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17
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Nakano S, Megro SI, Hase T, Suzuki T, Isemura M, Nakamura Y, Ito S. Computational Molecular Docking and X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Catechins in New Drug Design Strategies. Molecules 2018; 23:E2020. [PMID: 30104534 PMCID: PMC6222539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and laboratory studies have shown that green tea and green tea catechins exert beneficial effects on a variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndrome, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In most cases, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been shown to play a central role in these effects by green tea. Catechins from other plant sources have also shown health benefits. Many studies have revealed that the binding of EGCG and other catechins to proteins is involved in its action mechanism. Computational docking analysis (CMDA) and X-ray crystallographic analysis (XCA) have provided detailed information on catechin-protein interactions. Several of these studies have revealed that the galloyl moiety anchors it to the cleft of proteins through interactions with its hydroxyl groups, explaining the higher activity of galloylated catechins such as EGCG and epicatechin gallate than non-galloylated catechins. In this paper, we review the results of CMDA and XCA of EGCG and other plant catechins to understand catechin-protein interactions with the expectation of developing new drugs with health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Megro
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Research and Development, Core Technology, Kao Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Isemura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka University, Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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18
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Zhang JR, Tolchard J, Bathany K, Langlois d'Estaintot B, Chaudiere J. Production of 3,4-cis- and 3,4-trans-Leucocyanidin and Their Distinct MS/MS Fragmentation Patterns. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:351-358. [PMID: 29231723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
(+)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-Leucocyanidin was produced by acidic epimerization of (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-trans-leucocyanidin synthesized by reduction of (+)-dihydroquercetin with NaBH4, and structures of the two stereoisomers purified by C18- and phenyl-reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. We confirm that only 3,4-cis-leucocyanidin is used by leucoanthocyanidin reductase as substrate. The two stereoisomers are quite stable in aqueous solution at -20 °C. Characterization of the two stereoisomers was also performed using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), and we discuss here for the first time the corresponding MS/MS fragmentation pathways, which are clearly distinct. The main difference is that of the mode of dehydration of the 3,4-diol in positive ionization mode, which involves a loss of hydroxyl group at either C3 or C4 for the 3,4-cis isomer but only at C3 for the 3,4-trans isomer. Tandem mass spectrometry therefore proves useful as a complementary methodology to NMR to identify each of the two stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Zhang
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux , 33 608 Pessac, France
| | - James Tolchard
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux , 33 608 Pessac, France
| | - Katell Bathany
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux , 33 608 Pessac, France
| | | | - Jean Chaudiere
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets (CBMN, UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux , 33 608 Pessac, France
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19
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Wang P, Zhang L, Jiang X, Dai X, Xu L, Li T, Xing D, Li Y, Li M, Gao L, Xia T. Evolutionary and functional characterization of leucoanthocyanidin reductases from Camellia sinensis. PLANTA 2018; 247:139-154. [PMID: 28887677 PMCID: PMC5756577 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION LARs promoted the biosynthesis of catechin monomers and inhibited their polymerization. The accumulation of catechin monomers and polymers was increased by up-regulating the expression of NtLAR and NtANR s in CsMYB5b transgenic tobacco. Tea is rich in polyphenolic compounds, and catechins are the major polyphenols in tea. The biosynthesis of polyphenols is closely related to the expression of the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) genes. In this paper, an evolutionary analysis and functional characterization of three CsLARs were performed. The phylogenetic tree showed that plant LARs could be grouped into three, including gymnosperms, monocotyledons and dicotyledons (clusters I and II). The eighth amino acid residue in a conserved LAR-specific motif is changeable due to a transversion (G → T) and transition (G → C) that occur in the corresponding codon. Therefore, plant LARs can be classified as G-type, A-type and S-type LARs due to this variable amino acid residue. Although (2R, 3S)-trans-flavan-3-ols were the products of recombinant CsLARs proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, both (2R, 3S)-trans and (2R, 3R)-cis-flavan-3-ols were detected in tobacco overexpressing CsLARs. However, a butanol/HCl hydrolysis assay indicated that overexpression of the CsLARs caused a decrease in polymerized catechins. A hybridization experiment with CsLARc + AtPAP1 also showed that no polymers other than epicatechin, catechin and glycoside were detected, although the accumulation of anthocyanins was markedly decreased. CsMYB5b promoted the biosynthesis of both flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins (PAs). Therefore, LARs promoted the biosynthesis of catechin monomers and inhibited their polymerization. The accumulation of catechin monomers and polymers was increased by up-regulating the expression of the NtLAR and NtANRs in CsMYB5b transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Dawei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Mingzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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20
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Sellés Vidal L, Kelly CL, Mordaka PM, Heap JT. Review of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases: Properties, engineering and application. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:327-347. [PMID: 29129662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases catalyze the reduction or oxidation of a substrate coupled to the oxidation or reduction, respectively, of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor NAD(P)H or NAD(P)+. NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases catalyze a large variety of reactions and play a pivotal role in many central metabolic pathways. Due to the high activity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity with which they catalyze redox reactions, they have been used as key components in a wide range of applications, including substrate utilization, the synthesis of chemicals, biodegradation and detoxification. There is great interest in tailoring NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases to make them more suitable for particular applications. Here, we review the main properties and classes of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases, the types of reactions they catalyze, some of the main protein engineering techniques used to modify their properties and some interesting examples of their modification and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sellés Vidal
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ciarán L Kelly
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paweł M Mordaka
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John T Heap
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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21
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Liu C, Wang X, Shulaev V, Dixon RA. A role for leucoanthocyanidin reductase in the extension of proanthocyanidins. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16182. [PMID: 27869786 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the second most abundant plant polyphenolic compounds after lignin. PAs affect taste, mouth feel and astringency of many fruits, wines and beverages1,2, have been associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease3-5, can improve nutrition and prevent bloat in ruminant animals6 and enhance soil nitrogen retention7. PAs are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ols, primarily (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, but the mechanism by which the monomers polymerize and become insoluble is currently unknown. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) has been shown to convert leucocyanidin to (+)-catechin8,9. Here, we report that loss of function of LAR in the model legume Medicago truncatula leads unexpectedly to loss of soluble epicatechin-derived PAs, increased levels of insoluble PAs, and accumulation of 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin, which provides the 4→8 linked extension units during non-enzymatic PA polymerization. LAR converts 4β-(S-cysteinyl)-epicatechin back to epicatechin, the starter unit in PAs, thereby regulating the relative proportions of starter and extension units and consequently the degree of PA oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liu
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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22
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Diharce J, Golebiowski J, Fiorucci S, Antonczak S. Fine-tuning of microsolvation and hydrogen bond interaction regulates substrate channelling in the course of flavonoid biosynthesis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10337-45. [PMID: 27027108 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the course of metabolite formation, some multienzymatic edifices, the so-called metabolon, are formed and lead to a more efficient production of these natural compounds. One of the major features of these enzyme complexes is the facilitation of direct transfer of the metabolite between enzyme active sites by substrate channelling. Biophysical insights into substrate channelling remain scarce because the transient nature of these macromolecular complexes prevents the observation of high resolution structures. Here, using molecular modelling, we describe the substrate channelling of a flavonoid compound between DFR (dihydroflavonol-4-reductase) and LAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase). The simulation presents crucial details concerning the kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural aspects of this diffusion. The formation of the DFR-LAR complex leads to the opening of the DFR active site giving rise to a facilitated diffusion, in about 1 μs, of the DFR product towards LAR cavity. The theoretically observed substrate channelling is supported experimentally by the fact that this metabolite, i.e. the product of the DFR enzyme, is not stable in the media. Moreover, along this path, the influence of the solvent is crucial. The metabolite remains close to the surface of the complex avoiding full solvation. In addition, when the dynamic behaviour of the system leads to a loss of interaction between the metabolite and the enzymes, water molecules through bridging H-bonds prevent the former from escaping to the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Diharce
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR-CNRS 7272, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Yao QY, Huang H, Tong Y, Xia EH, Gao LZ. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Related to Triacylglycerol and Pigment Biosynthesis and Photoperiodic Flowering in the Ornamental and Oil-Producing Plant, Camellia reticulata (Theaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:163. [PMID: 26941748 PMCID: PMC4763035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Camellia reticulata, which is native to Southwest China, is famous for its ornamental flowers and high-quality seed oil. However, the lack of genomic information for this species has largely hampered our understanding of its key pathways related to oil production, photoperiodic flowering process and pigment biosynthesis. Here, we first sequenced and characterized the transcriptome of a diploid C. reticulata in an attempt to identify genes potentially involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis (TAGBS), photoperiodic flowering, flavonoid biosynthesis (FlaBS), carotenoid biosynthesis (CrtBS) pathways. De novo assembly of the transcriptome provided a catalog of 141,460 unigenes with a total length of ~96.1 million nucleotides (Mnt) and an N50 of 1080 nt. Of them, 22,229 unigenes were defined as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across five sequenced tissues. A large number of annotated genes in C. reticulata were found to have been duplicated, and differential expression patterns of these duplicated genes were commonly observed across tissues, such as the differential expression of SOC1_a, SOC1_b, and SOC1_c in the photoperiodic flowering pathway. Up-regulation of SAD_a and FATA genes and down-regulation of FAD2_a gene in the TAGBS pathway in seeds may be relevant to the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs) to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) in seed oil. MYBF1, a transcription regulator gene of the FlaBS pathway, was found with great sequence variation and alteration of expression patterns, probably resulting in functionally evolutionary differentiation in C. reticulata. MYBA1_a and some anthocyanin-specific biosynthetic genes in the FlaBS pathway were highly expressed in both flower buds and flowers, suggesting important roles of anthocyanin biosynthesis in flower development. Besides, a total of 40,823 expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) were identified in the C. reticulata transcriptome, providing valuable marker resources for further basic and applied researches on this economically important Camellia plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yang Yao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - En-Hua Xia
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Zhi Gao
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Liao L, Vimolmangkang S, Wei G, Zhou H, Korban SS, Han Y. Molecular characterization of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:243. [PMID: 25914714 PMCID: PMC4392590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the major component of phenolics in apple, but mechanisms involved in PA biosynthesis remain unclear. Here, the relationship between the PA biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) was investigated in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crabapples. Transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes were significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in PA synthesis. Surprisingly, transcript levels for both LAR1 and LAR2 genes were almost undetectable in two crabapples that accumulated both flavan-3-ols and PAs. This contradicts the previous finding that LAR1 gene is a strong candidate regulating the accumulation of metabolites such as epicatechin and PAs in apple. Ectopic expression of apple MdLAR1 gene in tobacco suppresses expression of the late genes in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, resulting in loss of anthocyanin in flowers. Interestingly, a decrease in PA biosynthesis was also observed in flowers of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the MdLAR1 gene, which could be attributed to decreased expression of both the NtANR1 and NtANR2 genes. Our study not only confirms the in vivo function of apple LAR1 gene, but it is also helpful for understanding the mechanism of PA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - Guochao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Schuyler S. Korban
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts BostonBoston, MA, USA
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuepeng Han, Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lumo Road No. 1, 430074 Wuhan, China
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Hammerbacher A, Paetz C, Wright LP, Fischer TC, Bohlmann J, Davis AJ, Fenning TM, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Flavan-3-ols in Norway spruce: biosynthesis, accumulation, and function in response to attack by the bark beetle-associated fungus Ceratocystis polonica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:2107-22. [PMID: 24550241 PMCID: PMC3982766 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are common polyphenolic polymers of plants found in foliage, fruit, bark, roots, rhizomes, and seed coats that consist of flavan-3-ol units such as 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and 2,3-cis-(-)-epicatechin. Although the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols has been studied in angiosperms, little is known about their biosynthesis and ecological roles in gymnosperms. In this study, the genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, a branch point enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ols, were identified and functionally characterized in Norway spruce (Picea abies), the most widespread and economically important conifer in Europe. In addition, the accumulation of flavan-3-ols and PAs was investigated in Norway spruce saplings after wounding or inoculation with the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis polonica, which is vectored by bark beetles (Ips typographus) and is usually present during fatal beetle attacks. Monomeric and dimeric flavan-3-ols were analyzed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, while the size and subunit composition of larger PAs were characterized using a novel acid hydrolysis method and normal phase chromatography. Only flavan-3-ol monomers with 2,3-trans stereochemistry were detected in spruce bark; dimeric and larger PAs contained flavan-3-ols with both 2,3-trans and 2,3-cis stereochemistry. Levels of monomers as well as PAs with a higher degree of polymerization increased dramatically in spruce bark after infection by C. polonica. In accordance with their role in the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ols, transcript abundance of Norway spruce LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE genes also increased significantly during fungal infection. Bioassays with C. polonica revealed that the levels of 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and PAs that are produced in the tree in response to fungal infection inhibit C. polonica growth and can therefore be considered chemical defense compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Thilo C. Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | - Andrew J. Davis
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
| | | | | | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (A.H., C.P., L.P.W., A.J.D., T.M.F., J.G., A.S.)
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 82152 Munich, Germany (T.C.F.); and
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1ZA (J.B.)
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Jimenez-Lopez JC, Kotchoni SO, Hernandez-Soriano MC, Gachomo EW, Alché JD. Structural functionality, catalytic mechanism modeling and molecular allergenicity of phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase, an olive pollen (Ole e 12) allergen. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:873-95. [PMID: 24154826 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavone reductase-like proteins (IRLs) are enzymes with key roles in the metabolism of diverse flavonoids. Last identified olive pollen allergen (Ole e 12) is an IRL relevant for allergy amelioration, since it exhibits high prevalence among atopic patients. The goals of this study are the characterization of (A) the structural-functionality of Ole e 12 with a focus in its catalytic mechanism, and (B) its molecular allergenicity by extensive analysis using different molecular computer-aided approaches covering (1) physicochemical properties and functional-regulatory motifs, (2) sequence analysis, 2-D and 3D structural homology modeling comparative study and molecular docking, (3) conservational and evolutionary analysis, (4) catalytic mechanism modeling, and (5) sequence, structure-docking based B-cell epitopes prediction, while T-cell epitopes were predicted by inhibitory concentration and binding score methods. Structural-based detailed features, phylogenetic and sequences analysis have identified Ole e 12 as phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase. A catalytic mechanism has been proposed for Ole e 12 which display Lys133 as one of the conserved residues of the IRLs catalytic tetrad (Asn-Ser-Tyr-Lys). Structure characterization revealed a conserved protein folding among plants IRLs. However, sequence polymorphism significantly affected residues involved in the catalytic pocket structure and environment (cofactor and substrate interaction-recognition). It might also be responsible for IRLs isoforms functionality and regulation, since micro-heterogeneities affected physicochemical and posttranslational motifs. This polymorphism might have large implications for molecular differences in B- and T-cells epitopes of Ole e 12, and its identification may help designing strategies to improve the component-resolving diagnosis and immunotherapy of pollen and food allergy through development of molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain,
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Pang Y, Abeysinghe ISB, He J, He X, Huhman D, Mewan KM, Sumner LW, Yun J, Dixon RA. Functional characterization of proanthocyanidin pathway enzymes from tea and their application for metabolic engineering. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1103-16. [PMID: 23288883 PMCID: PMC3585583 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is rich in specialized metabolites, especially polyphenolic proanthocyanidins (PAs) and their precursors. To better understand the PA pathway in tea, we generated a complementary DNA library from leaf tissue of the blister blight-resistant tea cultivar TRI2043 and functionally characterized key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of PA precursors. Structural genes encoding enzymes involved in the general phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway and the PA-specific branch pathway were well represented in the library. Recombinant tea leucoanthocyanidin reductase (CsLAR) expressed in Escherichia coli was active with leucocyanidin as substrate to produce the 2R,3S-trans-flavan-ol (+)-catechin in vitro. Two genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase, CsANR1 and CsANR2, were also expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant proteins exhibited similar kinetic properties. Both converted cyanidin to a mixture of (+)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin, although in different proportions, indicating that both enzymes possess epimerase activity. These epimers were unexpected based on the belief that tea PAs are made from (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin. Ectopic expression of CsANR2 or CsLAR led to the accumulation of low levels of PA precursors and their conjugates in Medicago truncatula hairy roots and anthocyanin-overproducing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but levels of oligomeric PAs were very low. Surprisingly, the expression of CsLAR in tobacco overproducing anthocyanin led to the accumulation of higher levels of epicatechin and its glucoside than of catechin, again highlighting the potential importance of epimerization in flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. These data provide a resource for understanding tea PA biosynthesis and tools for the bioengineering of flavanols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Sarath B. Abeysinghe
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
| | - Ji He
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
| | - Xianzhi He
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
| | - David Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
| | - K. Mudith Mewan
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
| | - Jianfei Yun
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Y.P., J.H., X.H., D.H., L.W.S., J.Y., R.A.D.); and
- Biochemistry Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka (I.S.B.A., K.M.M.)
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Trabelsi N, d'Estaintot BL, Sigaud G, Gallois B, Chaudière J. Kinetic and binding equilibrium studies of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Vitis vinifera and its unusually strong substrate inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jbpc.2011.23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang X. Structure, function, and engineering of enzymes in isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 11:13-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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