1
|
Pasani S, Menon KS, Viswanath S. The molecular architecture of the desmosomal outer dense plaque by integrative structural modeling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.13.544884. [PMID: 37398295 PMCID: PMC10312763 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes mediate cell-cell adhesion and are prevalent in tissues under mechanical stress. However, their detailed structural characterization is not available. Here, we characterized the molecular architecture of the desmosomal outer dense plaque (ODP) using Bayesian integrative structural modeling via the Integrative Modeling Platform. Starting principally from the structural interpretation of an electron cryo-tomogram, we integrated information from X-ray crystallography, an immuno-electron microscopy study, biochemical assays, in-silico predictions of transmembrane and disordered regions, homology modeling, and stereochemistry information. The integrative structure was validated by information from imaging, tomography, and biochemical studies that were not used in modeling. The ODP resembles a densely packed cylinder with a PKP layer and a PG layer; the desmosomal cadherins and PKP span these two layers. Our integrative approach allowed us to localize disordered regions, such as N-PKP and PG-C. We refined previous protein-protein interactions between desmosomal proteins and provided possible structural hypotheses for defective cell-cell adhesion in several diseases by mapping disease-related mutations on the structure. Finally, we point to features of the structure that could confer resilience to mechanical stress. Our model provides a basis for generating experimentally verifiable hypotheses on the structure and function of desmosomal proteins in normal and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satwik Pasani
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Kavya S Menon
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Shruthi Viswanath
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romov IM, Nowzari RA, Page CP, Benes MR, Borzok MA, Wright NT. Prevention of Protease-Induced Degradation of Desmoplakin via Small Molecule Binding. J Pers Med 2024; 14:163. [PMID: 38392596 PMCID: PMC10890502 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmoplakin (DSP) is a large (~260 kDa) protein found in the desmosome, the subcellular structure that links the intermediate filament network of one cell to its neighbor. A mutation "hot-spot" within the NH2-terminal of the DSP protein (residues 299-515) is associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. In a subset of DSP variants, disease is linked to calpain hypersensitivity. Previous studies show that calpain hypersensitivity can be corrected in vitro through the addition of a bulky residue neighboring the cleavage site, suggesting that physically blocking calpain accessibility is a viable strategy to restore DSP levels. Here, we aim to find drug-like molecules that also block calpain-dependent degradation of DSP. To do this, we screened ~2500 small molecules to identify compounds that specifically rescue DSP protein levels in the presence of proteases. We find that several molecules, including sodium dodecyl sulfate, palmitoylethanolamide, GW0742, salirasib, eprosarten mesylate, and GSK1838705A prevent wildtype and disease-variant-carrying DSP protein degradation in the presence of both trypsin and calpain without altering protease function. Computational screenings did not predict which molecules would protect DSP, likely due to a lack of specific DSP-drug interactions. Molecular dynamic simulations of DSP-drug complexes suggest that some long hydrophobic molecules can bind in a shallow hydrophobic groove that runs alongside the protease cleavage site. Identification of these compounds lays the groundwork for pharmacological treatment for individuals harboring these hypersensitive DSP variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Romov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Roujon A Nowzari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Clay P Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Madeleine R Benes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Maegen A Borzok
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Engineering and Physics, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA
| | - Nathan T Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiche G. Plectin-Mediated Intermediate Filament Functions: Why Isoforms Matter. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082154. [PMID: 34440923 PMCID: PMC8391331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay focuses on the role of plectin and its various isoforms in mediating intermediate filament (IF) network functions. It is based on previous studies that provided comprehensive evidence for a concept where plectin acts as an IF recruiter, and plectin-mediated IF networking and anchoring are key elements in IF function execution. Here, plectin’s global role as modulator of IF functionality is viewed from different perspectives, including the mechanical stabilization of IF networks and their docking platforms, contribution to cellular viscoelasticity and mechanotransduction, compartmentalization and control of the actomyosin machinery, connections to the microtubule system, and mechanisms and specificity of isoform targeting. Arguments for IF networks and plectin acting as mutually dependent partners are also given. Lastly, a working model is presented that describes a unifying mechanism underlying how plectin–IF networks mechanically control and propagate actomyosin-generated forces, affect microtubule dynamics, and contribute to mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang Y, Lyon RC, Pellman J, Bradford WH, Lange S, Bogomolovas J, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Bobar M, Lee MH, Iwakuma T, Nigam V, Asimaki A, Scheinman M, Peterson KL, Sheikh F. Desmosomal COP9 regulates proteome degradation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:137689. [PMID: 33857019 PMCID: PMC8159691 DOI: 10.1172/jci137689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protein degradative pathways are increasingly recognized as mediators of human disease. This mechanism may have particular relevance to desmosomal proteins that play critical structural roles in both tissue architecture and cell-cell communication, as destabilization/breakdown of the desmosomal proteome is a hallmark of genetic-based desmosomal-targeted diseases, such as the cardiac disease arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). However, no information exists on whether there are resident proteins that regulate desmosomal proteome homeostasis. Here, we uncovered a cardiac constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) desmosomal resident protein complex, composed of subunit 6 of the COP9 signalosome (CSN6), that enzymatically restricted neddylation and targeted desmosomal proteome degradation. CSN6 binding, localization, levels, and function were affected in hearts of classic mouse and human models of ARVD/C affected by desmosomal loss and mutations, respectively. Loss of desmosomal proteome degradation control due to junctional reduction/loss of CSN6 and human desmosomal mutations destabilizing junctional CSN6 were also sufficient to trigger ARVD/C in mice. We identified a desmosomal resident regulatory complex that restricted desmosomal proteome degradation and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert C. Lyon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason Pellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William H. Bradford
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephan Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nancy D. Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marcus Bobar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Vishal Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angeliki Asimaki
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melvin Scheinman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kirk L. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohammed F, Chidgey M. Desmosomal protein structure and function and the impact of disease-causing mutations. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107749. [PMID: 34033898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this graphical review we focus on the structural characteristics of desmosomal proteins, their interactions with each other and with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. The wealth of structural information that is now available allows predictions to be made about the pathogenic effect of disease-causing mutations. We have selected representative examples of missense mutations that are buried, semi-buried or surface exposed, and demonstrate how such variants could affect the structural fold of desmosomal proteins that are expressed in the heart. We explain how such alterations could compromise desmosomal adhesion, resulting in life threatening diseases including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hoover CA, Ott KL, Manring HR, Dew T, Borzok MA, Wright NT. Creating a 'Molecular Band-Aid'; Blocking an Exposed Protease Target Site in Desmoplakin. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050401. [PMID: 34065787 PMCID: PMC8151963 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplakin (DSP) is a large (~260 kDa) protein found in the desmosome, a subcellular complex that links the cytoskeleton of one cell to its neighbor. A mutation ‘hot-spot’ within the NH2-terminal third of the DSP protein (specifically, residues 299–515) is associated with both cardiomyopathies and skin defects. In select DSP variants, disease is linked specifically to the uncovering of a previously-occluded calpain target site (residues 447–451). Here, we partially stabilize these calpain-sensitive DSP clinical variants through the addition of a secondary single point mutation—tyrosine for leucine at amino acid position 518 (L518Y). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and enzymatic assays reveal that this stabilizing mutation partially blocks access to the calpain target site, resulting in restored DSP protein levels. This ‘molecular band-aid’ provides a novel way to maintain DSP protein levels, which may lead to new strategies for treating this subset of DSP-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Hoover
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA;
| | - Kendahl L. Ott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
| | - Heather R. Manring
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (H.R.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Trevor Dew
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (H.R.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Maegen A. Borzok
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Nathan T. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (N.T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barbarino F, Wäschenbach L, Cavalho-Lemos V, Dillenberger M, Becker K, Gohlke H, Cortese-Krott MM. Targeting spectrin redox switches to regulate the mechanoproperties of red blood cells. Biol Chem 2020; 402:317-331. [PMID: 33544503 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) are fundamental for their physiological role as gas transporters. RBC flexibility and elasticity allow them to survive the hemodynamic changes in the different regions of the vascular tree, to dynamically contribute to the flow thereby decreasing vascular resistance, and to deform during the passage through narrower vessels. RBC mechanoproperties are conferred mainly by the structural characteristics of their cytoskeleton, which consists predominantly of a spectrin scaffold connected to the membrane via nodes of actin, ankyrin and adducin. Changes in redox state and treatment with thiol-targeting molecules decrease the deformability of RBCs and affect the structure and stability of the spectrin cytoskeleton, indicating that the spectrin cytoskeleton may contain redox switches. In this perspective review, we revise current knowledge about the structural and functional characterization of spectrin cysteine redox switches and discuss the current lines of research aiming to understand the role of redox regulation on RBC mechanical properties. These studies may provide novel functional targets to modulate RBC function, blood viscosity and flow, and tissue perfusion in disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Barbarino
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Wäschenbach
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Virginia Cavalho-Lemos
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melissa Dillenberger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manley PW, Barys L, Cowan-Jacob SW. The specificity of asciminib, a potential treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia, as a myristate-pocket binding ABL inhibitor and analysis of its interactions with mutant forms of BCR-ABL1 kinase. Leuk Res 2020; 98:106458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
9
|
Involvement of the α-helical and Src homology 3 domains in the molecular assembly and enzymatic activity of human α1,6-fucosyltransferase, FUT8. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129596. [PMID: 32147455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous structural analyses showed that human α1,6-fucosyltransferase, FUT8 contains a catalytic domain along with two additional domains, N-terminal α-helical domain and C-terminal Src homology 3 domain, but these domains are unique to FUT8 among glycosyltransferases. The role that these domains play in formation of the active form of FUT8 has not been investigated. This study reports on attempts to determine the involvement of these domains in the functions of FUT8. METHODS Based on molecular modeling, the domain mutants were constructed by truncation and site-directed mutagenesis, and were heterologously expressed in Sf21 or COS-1 cells. The mutants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and assayed for enzymatic activity. In vivo cross-linking experiments by introducing disulfide bonds were also carried out to examine the orientation of the domains in the molecular assembly. RESULTS Mutagenesis and molecular modeling findings suggest that human FUT8 potentially forms homodimer in vivo via intermolecular hydrophobic interactions involving α-helical domains. Truncation or site-directed mutagenesis findings indicated that α-helical and SH3 domains are all required for enzymatic activity. In addition, in vivo cross-linking experiments clearly indicated that the SH3 domain located in close proximity to the α-helical domain in an intermolecular manner. CONCLUSIONS α-Helical and SH3 domains are required for a fully active enzyme, and are also involved in homophilic dimerization, which probably results in the formation of the active form of human FUT8. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE α-Helical and SH3 domains, which are not commonly found in glycosyltransferases, play roles in the formation of the functional quaternary structure of human FUT8.
Collapse
|
10
|
Suman SK, Daday C, Ferraro T, Vuong-Brender T, Tak S, Quintin S, Robin F, Gräter F, Labouesse M. The plakin domain of C. elegans VAB-10/plectin acts as a hub in a mechanotransduction pathway to promote morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev183780. [PMID: 31784459 PMCID: PMC7375825 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces can elicit a mechanotransduction response through junction-associated proteins. In contrast to the wealth of knowledge available for focal adhesions and adherens junctions, much less is known about mechanotransduction at hemidesmosomes. Here, we focus on the C. elegans plectin homolog VAB-10A, the only evolutionary conserved hemidesmosome component. In C. elegans, muscle contractions induce a mechanotransduction pathway in the epidermis through hemidesmosomes. We used CRISPR to precisely remove spectrin repeats (SRs) or a partially hidden Src homology 3 (SH3) domain within the VAB-10 plakin domain. Deleting the SH3 or SR8 domains in combination with mutations affecting mechanotransduction, or just the part of SR5 shielding the SH3 domain, induced embryonic elongation arrest because hemidesmosomes collapse. Notably, recruitment of GIT-1, the first mechanotransduction player, requires the SR5 domain and the hemidesmosome transmembrane receptor LET-805. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that forces acting on VAB-10 could make the central SH3 domain, otherwise in contact with SR4, available for interaction. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that the plakin domain plays a central role in mechanotransduction and raise the possibility that VAB-10/plectin might act as a mechanosensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Csaba Daday
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Ferraro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thanh Vuong-Brender
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Saurabh Tak
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Quintin
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - François Robin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ng R, Manring H, Papoutsidakis N, Albertelli T, Tsai N, See CJ, Li X, Park J, Stevens TL, Bobbili PJ, Riaz M, Ren Y, Stoddard CE, Janssen PM, Bunch TJ, Hall SP, Lo YC, Jacoby DL, Qyang Y, Wright N, Ackermann MA, Campbell SG. Patient mutations linked to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy enhance calpain-mediated desmoplakin degradation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128643. [PMID: 31194698 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited disorder with variable genetic etiologies. Here we focused on understanding the precise molecular pathology of a single clinical variant in DSP, the gene encoding desmoplakin. We initially identified a novel missense desmoplakin variant (p.R451G) in a patient diagnosed with biventricular ACM. An extensive single-family ACM cohort was assembled, revealing a pattern of coinheritance for R451G desmoplakin and the ACM phenotype. An in vitro model system using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines showed depressed levels of desmoplakin in the absence of abnormal electrical propagation. Molecular dynamics simulations of desmoplakin R451G revealed no overt structural changes, but a significant loss of intramolecular interactions surrounding a putative calpain target site was observed. Protein degradation assays of recombinant desmoplakin R451G confirmed increased calpain vulnerability. In silico screening identified a subset of 3 additional ACM-linked desmoplakin missense mutations with apparent enhanced calpain susceptibility, predictions that were confirmed experimentally. Like R451G, these mutations are found in families with biventricular ACM. We conclude that augmented calpain-mediated degradation of desmoplakin represents a shared pathological mechanism for select ACM-linked missense variants. This approach for identifying variants with shared molecular pathologies may represent a powerful new strategy for understanding and treating inherited cardiomyopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heather Manring
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papoutsidakis
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Taylor Albertelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicole Tsai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Claudia J See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jinkyu Park
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tyler L Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Prameela J Bobbili
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yongming Ren
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher E Stoddard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Science, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - T Jared Bunch
- Department of Cardiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen P Hall
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying-Chun Lo
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel L Jacoby
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and
| | - Nathan Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Maegen A Ackermann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
How ARVC-Related Mutations Destabilize Desmoplakin: An MD Study. Biophys J 2019; 116:831-835. [PMID: 30773294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a familial heart disease linked to mutations in several desmosomal proteins, but the specific effects of these mutations on the molecular level are poorly understood. Among the many documented ARVC-related genetic variants, a striking hotspot of nine mutations has been identified in the plakin domain of desmoplakin. This hotspot can be found at the meeting point of three different subdomains of desmoplakin: two spectrin repeats and a Src homology 3 domain. We set out to understand the effect of these mutations. We determine, using molecular dynamics simulations, how these mutations affect the mechanics of this interface, performing two different classes of simulations. First, we sample the dynamics of the plakin domain, in particular the tendency of the interdomain hinge to buckle, and then we apply an external force onto the constructs and determine the force necessary to break them. We find that surface-exposed mutations are not affecting the dynamics to a very large degree but that most buried mutations make the junction more flexible and decrease the rupture forces observed. Our data suggest that buried ARVC mutations destabilize desmoplakin and thereby impair desmosome integrity under tension.
Collapse
|
13
|
Epithelial barrier dysfunction in desmoglein-1 deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:702-706.e7. [PMID: 29705242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
14
|
Mykuliak VV, Haining AWM, von Essen M, del Río Hernández A, Hytönen VP. Mechanical unfolding reveals stable 3-helix intermediates in talin and α-catenin. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006126. [PMID: 29698481 PMCID: PMC5940241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stability is a key feature in the regulation of structural scaffolding proteins and their functions. Despite the abundance of α-helical structures among the human proteome and their undisputed importance in health and disease, the fundamental principles of their behavior under mechanical load are poorly understood. Talin and α-catenin are two key molecules in focal adhesions and adherens junctions, respectively. In this study, we used a combination of atomistic steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, polyprotein engineering, and single-molecule atomic force microscopy (smAFM) to investigate unfolding of these proteins. SMD simulations revealed that talin rod α-helix bundles as well as α-catenin α-helix domains unfold through stable 3-helix intermediates. While the 5-helix bundles were found to be mechanically stable, a second stable conformation corresponding to the 3-helix state was revealed. Mechanically weaker 4-helix bundles easily unfolded into a stable 3-helix conformation. The results of smAFM experiments were in agreement with the findings of the computational simulations. The disulfide clamp mutants, designed to protect the stable state, support the 3-helix intermediate model in both experimental and computational setups. As a result, multiple discrete unfolding intermediate states in the talin and α-catenin unfolding pathway were discovered. Better understanding of the mechanical unfolding mechanism of α-helix proteins is a key step towards comprehensive models describing the mechanoregulation of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V. Mykuliak
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexander William M. Haining
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdaléna von Essen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Armando del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AdRH); (VPH)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail: (AdRH); (VPH)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu L, Huang Z, Wu Z, Ali A, Qian A. Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040974. [PMID: 29587367 PMCID: PMC5979291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly lethal disease that is characterized by aberrant cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion, which are closely related to the dynamic changes of cytoskeletons and cytoskeletal-adhesion. These will further result in cell invasion and metastasis. Plakins are a family of giant cytolinkers that connect cytoskeletal elements with each other and to junctional complexes. With various isoforms composed of different domain structures, mammalian plakins are broadly expressed in numerous tissues. They play critical roles in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and signaling transduction. As these cellular processes are key steps in cancer development, mammalian plakins have in recent years attracted more and more attention for their potential roles in cancer. Current evidence shows the importance of mammalian plakins in various human cancers and demonstrates mammalian plakins as potential biomarkers for cancer. Here, we introduce the basic characteristics of mammalian plakins, review the recent advances in understanding their biological functions, and highlight their roles in human cancers, based on studies performed by us and others. This will provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of mammalian plakins, new insights into the development of cancer, and novel targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zixiang Wu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Arshad Ali
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Daday C, Kolšek K, Gräter F. The mechano-sensing role of the unique SH3 insertion in plakin domains revealed by Molecular Dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11669. [PMID: 28916774 PMCID: PMC5601466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plakin family of proteins, important actors in cross-linking force-bearing structures in the cell, contain a curious SH3 domain insertion in their chain of spectrin repeats (SRs). While SH3 domains are known to mediate protein-protein interactions, here, its canonical binding site is autoinhibited by the preceding SR. Under force, however, this SH3 domain could be released, and possibly launch a signaling cascade. We performed large-scale force-probe molecular dynamics simulations, across two orders of magnitude of loading rates, to test this hypothesis, on two prominent members of the plakin family: desmoplakin and plectin, obligate proteins at desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, respectively. Our simulations show that force unravels the SRs and abolishes the autoinhibition of the SH3 domain, an event well separated from the unfolding of this domain. The SH3 domain is free and fully functional for a significant portion of the unfolding trajectories. The rupture forces required for the two proteins significantly decrease when the SH3 domain is removed, which implies that the SH3 domain also stabilizes this junction. Our results persist across all simulations, and support a force-sensing as well as a stabilizing role of the unique SH3 insertion, putting forward this protein family as a new class of mechano-sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Daday
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katra Kolšek
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J, Yue J, Wu X. Spectraplakin family proteins - cytoskeletal crosslinkers with versatile roles. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2447-2457. [PMID: 28679697 PMCID: PMC5558266 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The different cytoskeletal networks in a cell are responsible for many fundamental cellular processes. Current studies have shown that spectraplakins, cytoskeletal crosslinkers that combine features of both the spectrin and plakin families of crosslinkers, have a critical role in integrating these different cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakin genes give rise to a variety of isoforms that have distinct functions. Importantly, all spectraplakin isoforms are uniquely able to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton, namely, F-actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In this Review, we will highlight recent studies that have unraveled their function in a wide range of different processes, from regulating cell adhesion in skin keratinocytes to neuronal cell migration. Taken together, this work has revealed a diverse and indispensable role for orchestrating the function of different cytoskeletal elements in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horie M, Yoshioka N, Takebayashi H. BPAG1 in muscles: Structure and function in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:26-33. [PMID: 28736206 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BPAG1, also known as Dystonin or BP230, belongs to the plakin family of proteins, which has multiple cytoskeleton-binding domains. Several BPAG1 isoforms are produced by a single BPAG1 genomic locus using different promoters and exons. For example, BPAG1a, BPAG1b, and BPAG1e are predominantly expressed in the nervous system, muscle, and skin, respectively. Among BPAG1 isoforms, BPAG1e is well studied because it was first identified as an autoantigen in patients with bullous pemphigoid, an autoimmune skin disease. BPAG1e is a component of hemidesmosomes, the adhesion complexes that promote dermal-epidermal cohesion. In the nervous system, the role of BPAG1a is also well studied because disruption of BPAG1a results in a phenotype identical to that of Dystonia musculorum (dt) mutants, which show progressive motor disorder. However, the expression and function of BPAG1 in muscles is not well studied. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of and highlight some recent findings on the expression and function of BPAG1 in muscles, which can assist future studies designed to delineate the role and regulation of BPAG1 in the dt mouse phenotype and in human hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
This review discusses the spectrin superfamily of proteins that function to connect cytoskeletal elements to each other, the cell membrane, and the nucleus. The signature domain is the spectrin repeat, a 106-122-amino-acid segment comprising three α-helices. α-actinin is considered to be the ancestral protein and functions to cross-link actin filaments. It then evolved to generate spectrin and dystrophin that function to link the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane, as well as the spectraplakins and plakins that link cytoskeletal elements to each other and to junctional complexes. A final class comprises the nesprins, which are able to bind to the nuclear membrane. This review discusses the domain organization of the various spectrin family members, their roles in protein-protein interactions, and their roles in disease, as determined from mutations, and it also describes the functional roles of the family members as determined from null phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald K H Liem
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ortega E, Manso JA, Buey RM, Carballido AM, Carabias A, Sonnenberg A, de Pereda JM. The Structure of the Plakin Domain of Plectin Reveals an Extended Rod-like Shape. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18643-62. [PMID: 27413182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plakins are large multi-domain proteins that interconnect cytoskeletal structures. Plectin is a prototypical plakin that tethers intermediate filaments to membrane-associated complexes. Most plakins contain a plakin domain formed by up to nine spectrin repeats (SR1-SR9) and an SH3 domain. The plakin domains of plectin and other plakins harbor binding sites for junctional proteins. We have combined x-ray crystallography with small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) to elucidate the structure of the plakin domain of plectin, extending our previous analysis of the SR1 to SR5 region. Two crystal structures of the SR5-SR6 region allowed us to characterize its uniquely wide inter-repeat conformational variability. We also report the crystal structures of the SR7-SR8 region, refined to 1.8 Å, and the SR7-SR9 at lower resolution. The SR7-SR9 region, which is conserved in all other plakin domains, forms a rigid segment stabilized by uniquely extensive inter-repeat contacts mediated by unusually long helices in SR8 and SR9. Using SAXS we show that in solution the SR3-SR6 and SR7-SR9 regions are rod-like segments and that SR3-SR9 of plectin has an extended shape with a small central kink. Other plakins, such as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and microtubule and actin cross-linking factor 1, are likely to have similar extended plakin domains. In contrast, desmoplakin has a two-segment structure with a central flexible hinge. The continuous versus segmented structures of the plakin domains of plectin and desmoplakin give insight into how different plakins might respond to tension and transmit mechanical signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ortega
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José A Manso
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén M Buey
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, the Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain, and
| | - Ana M Carballido
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo Carabias
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José M de Pereda
- From the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
McAnany CE, Mura C. Claws, Disorder, and Conformational Dynamics of the C-Terminal Region of Human Desmoplakin. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8654-67. [PMID: 27188911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms consist of cells that interact via elaborate adhesion complexes. Desmosomes are membrane-associated adhesion complexes that mechanically tether the cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IFs) between two adjacent cells, creating a network of tough connections in tissues such as skin and heart. Desmoplakin (DP) is the key desmosomal protein that binds IFs, and the DP·IF association poses a quandary: desmoplakin must stably and tightly bind IFs to maintain the structural integrity of the desmosome. Yet, newly synthesized DP must traffic along the cytoskeleton to the site of nascent desmosome assembly without "sticking" to the IF network, implying weak or transient DP···IF contacts. Recent work reveals that these contacts are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) in DP's C-terminal tail (DPCTT). Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have elucidated the structural basis of these PTM-induced effects. Our simulations, nearing 2 μs in aggregate, indicate that phosphorylation of S2849 induces an "arginine claw" in desmoplakin's C-terminal tail. If a key arginine, R2834, is methylated, the DPCTT preferentially samples conformations that are geometrically well-suited as substrates for processive phosphorylation by the cognate kinase GSK3. We suggest that DPCTT is a molecular switch that modulates, via its conformational dynamics, DP's overall efficacy as a substrate for GSK3. Finally, we show that the fluctuating DPCTT can contact other parts of DP, suggesting a competitive binding mechanism for the modulation of DP···IF interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McAnany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cameron Mura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kang H, Weiss TM, Bang I, Weis WI, Choi HJ. Structure of the Intermediate Filament-Binding Region of Desmoplakin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147641. [PMID: 26808545 PMCID: PMC4726743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmoplakin (DP) is a cytoskeletal linker protein that connects the desmosomal cadherin/plakoglobin/plakophilin complex to intermediate filaments (IFs). The C-terminal region of DP (DPCT) mediates IF binding, and contains three plakin repeat domains (PRDs), termed PRD-A, PRD-B and PRD-C. Previous crystal structures of PRDs B and C revealed that each is formed by 4.5 copies of a plakin repeat (PR) and has a conserved positively charged groove on its surface. Although PRDs A and B are linked by just four amino acids, B and C are separated by a 154 residue flexible linker, which has hindered crystallographic analysis of the full DPCT. Here we present the crystal structure of a DPCT fragment spanning PRDs A and B, and elucidate the overall architecture of DPCT by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. The structure of PRD-A is similar to that of PRD-B, and the two domains are arranged in a quasi-linear arrangement, and separated by a 4 amino acid linker. Analysis of the B-C linker region using secondary structure prediction and the crystal structure of a homologous linker from the cytolinker periplakin suggests that the N-terminal ~100 amino acids of the linker form two PR-like motifs. SAXS analysis of DPCT indicates an elongated but non-linear shape with Rg = 51.5 Å and Dmax = 178 Å. These data provide the first structural insights into an IF binding protein containing multiple PRDs and provide a foundation for studying the molecular basis of DP-IF interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thomas M. Weiss
- SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Injin Bang
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William I. Weis
- Depts. of Structural Biology and Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Künzli K, Favre B, Chofflon M, Borradori L. One gene but different proteins and diseases: the complexity of dystonin and bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:10-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Künzli
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Michel Chofflon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boyden LM, Kam CY, Hernández-Martín A, Zhou J, Craiglow BG, Sidbury R, Mathes EF, Maguiness SM, Crumrine DA, Williams ML, Hu R, Lifton RP, Elias PM, Green KJ, Choate KA. Dominant de novo DSP mutations cause erythrokeratodermia-cardiomyopathy syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:348-57. [PMID: 26604139 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of keratinization (DOK) show marked genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. In most cases, disease is primarily cutaneous, and further clinical evaluation is therefore rarely pursued. We have identified subjects with a novel DOK featuring erythrokeratodermia and initially-asymptomatic, progressive, potentially fatal cardiomyopathy, a finding not previously associated with erythrokeratodermia. We show that de novo missense mutations clustered tightly within a single spectrin repeat of DSP cause this novel cardio-cutaneous disorder, which we term erythrokeratodermia-cardiomyopathy (EKC) syndrome. We demonstrate that DSP mutations in our EKC syndrome subjects affect localization of desmosomal proteins and connexin 43 in the skin, and result in desmosome aggregation, widening of intercellular spaces, and lipid secretory defects. DSP encodes desmoplakin, a primary component of desmosomes, intercellular adhesion junctions most abundant in the epidermis and heart. Though mutations in DSP are known to cause other disorders, our cohort features the unique clinical finding of severe whole-body erythrokeratodermia, with distinct effects on localization of desmosomal proteins and connexin 43. These findings add a severe, previously undescribed syndrome featuring erythrokeratodermia and cardiomyopathy to the spectrum of disease caused by mutation in DSP, and identify a specific region of the protein critical to the pathobiology of EKC syndrome and to DSP function in the heart and skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Y Kam
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Sidbury
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin F Mathes
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA and
| | | | - Debra A Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA and
| | - Mary L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA and
| | | | | | - Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA and
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Genetics, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Development of a Novel Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Binding Assay to Study the Association of Plakins with Intermediate Filament Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2015; 569:117-37. [PMID: 26778556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for most biological processes, such as the formation of cellular structures and enzymatic complexes or in signaling pathways. The identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions are therefore essential for understanding the mechanisms and regulation of biological systems. The organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, as well as its anchorage to specific sites in the plasma membrane and organelles, are regulated by the plakins. These structurally related proteins anchor different cytoskeletal networks to each other and/or to other cellular structures. The association of several plakins with intermediate filaments (IFs) is critical for maintenance of the cytoarchitecture. Pathogenic mutations in the genes encoding different plakins can lead to dramatic manifestations, occurring principally in the skin, striated muscle, and/or nervous system, due to cytoskeletal disorganization resulting in abnormal cell fragility. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how plakins bind to IFs, although some general rules are slowly emerging. We here describe in detail a recently developed protein-protein fluorescence binding assay, based on the production of recombinant proteins tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and their use as fluid-phase fluorescent ligands on immobilized IF proteins. Using this method, we have been able to assess the ability of C-terminal regions of GFP-tagged plakin proteins to bind to distinct IF proteins and IF domains. This simple and sensitive technique, which is expected to facilitate further studies in this area, can also be potentially employed for any kind of protein-protein interaction studies.
Collapse
|
28
|
McAleer MA, Pohler E, Smith FJD, Wilson NJ, Cole C, MacGowan S, Koetsier JL, Godsel LM, Harmon RM, Gruber R, Crumrine D, Elias PM, McDermott M, Butler K, Broderick A, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Green KJ, McLean WHI, Irvine AD. Severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting syndrome caused by a novel mutation in the N-terminal plakin domain of desmoplakin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1268-76. [PMID: 26073755 PMCID: PMC4649901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting (SAM) syndrome is a recently recognized syndrome caused by mutations in the desmoglein 1 gene (DSG1). To date, only 3 families have been reported. Objective We studied a new case of SAM syndrome known to have no mutations in DSG1 to detail the clinical, histopathologic, immunofluorescent, and ultrastructural phenotype and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms in this rare genodermatosis. Methods Histopathologic, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent studies were performed. Whole-exome sequencing data were interrogated for mutations in desmosomal and other skin structural genes, followed by Sanger sequencing of candidate genes in the patient and his parents. Results No mutations were identified in DSG1; however, a novel de novo heterozygous missense c.1757A>C mutation in the desmoplakin gene (DSP) was identified in the patient, predicting the amino acid substitution p.His586Pro in the desmoplakin polypeptide. Conclusions SAM syndrome can be caused by mutations in both DSG1 and DSP. Knowledge of this genetic heterogeneity is important for both analysis of patients and genetic counseling of families. This condition and these observations reinforce the importance of heritable skin barrier defects, in this case desmosomal proteins, in the pathogenesis of atopic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A McAleer
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frances J D Smith
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Wilson
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Cole
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart MacGowan
- Division of Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, and the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, and the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michael McDermott
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karina Butler
- Infectious Disease Department, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annemarie Broderick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin and School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin and School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - W H Irwin McLean
- Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Plectin and BPAG1e belong to the plakin family of high-molecular-weight proteins that interconnect the cytoskeletal systems and anchor them to junctional complexes. Plectin and BPAG1e are prototypical plakins with a similar tripartite modular structure. The N- and C-terminal regions are built of multiple discrete structural domains, while the central rod domain mediates dimerization by coiled-coil interactions. Owing to the mosaic organization of plakins, the structure of their constituent individual domains or small multi-domain segments can be analyzed isolated. Yet, understanding the integrated function of large regions, oligomers, and heterocomplexes of plakins is difficult due to the large and segmented structure. Here, we describe methods for the production of plectin and BPAG1e samples suitable for structural and biophysical analysis. In addition, we discuss the combination of hybrid methods that yield information at several resolution levels to study the complex, multi-domain, and flexible structure of plakins.
Collapse
|
30
|
Albrecht LV, Zhang L, Shabanowitz J, Purevjav E, Towbin JA, Hunt DF, Green KJ. GSK3- and PRMT-1-dependent modifications of desmoplakin control desmoplakin-cytoskeleton dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:597-612. [PMID: 25733715 PMCID: PMC4347645 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation and methylation of desmoplakin are required for proper junction assembly and adhesion strengthening, and inhibition of these modifications might contribute to skin and heart diseases. Intermediate filament (IF) attachment to intercellular junctions is required for skin and heart integrity, but how the strength and dynamics of this attachment are modulated during normal and pathological remodeling is poorly understood. We show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT-1) cooperate to orchestrate a series of posttranslational modifications on the IF-anchoring protein desmoplakin (DP) that play an essential role in coordinating cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular adhesion. Front-end electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analyses of DP revealed six novel serine phosphorylation sites dependent on GSK3 signaling and four novel arginine methylation sites including R2834, the mutation of which has been associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). Inhibition of GSK3 or PRMT-1 or overexpression of the AC-associated mutant R2834H enhanced DP–IF associations and delayed junction assembly. R2834H blocked the GSK3 phosphorylation cascade and reduced DP–GSK3 interactions in cultured keratinocytes and in the hearts of transgenic R2834H DP mice. Interference with this regulatory machinery may contribute to skin and heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Enkhsaikhan Purevjav
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 45229
| | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 45229
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel DM, Dubash AD, Kreitzer G, Green KJ. Disease mutations in desmoplakin inhibit Cx43 membrane targeting mediated by desmoplakin-EB1 interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:779-97. [PMID: 25225338 PMCID: PMC4164953 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which microtubule plus ends interact with regions of cell-cell contact during tissue development and morphogenesis are not fully understood. We characterize a previously unreported interaction between the microtubule binding protein end-binding 1 (EB1) and the desmosomal protein desmoplakin (DP), and demonstrate that DP-EB1 interactions enable DP to modify microtubule organization and dynamics near sites of cell-cell contact. EB1 interacts with a region of the DP N terminus containing a hotspot for pathogenic mutations associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). We show that a subset of AC mutations, in addition to a mutation associated with skin fragility/woolly hair syndrome, impair gap junction localization and function by misregulating DP-EB1 interactions and altering microtubule dynamics. This work identifies a novel function for a desmosomal protein in regulating microtubules that affect membrane targeting of gap junction components, and elucidates a mechanism by which DP mutations may contribute to the development of cardiac and cutaneous diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipal M Patel
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Geri Kreitzer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rodríguez-Zamora P, Barreto J, Yin F, Palmer RE. Non-covalent Immobilization of Desmoplakin Plakin Domain Molecules by Size-Selected Clusters for AFM Imaging. BIONANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-014-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Patel DM, Green KJ. Desmosomes in the Heart: A Review of Clinical and Mechanistic Analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:109-28. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.906533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
34
|
Waschke J, Spindler V. Desmosomes and Extradesmosomal Adhesive Signaling Contacts in Pemphigus. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1127-45. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Pettenkoferstrasse 11 D-80336 Munich Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Pettenkoferstrasse 11 D-80336 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bouameur JE, Favre B, Borradori L. Plakins, a versatile family of cytolinkers: roles in skin integrity and in human diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:885-894. [PMID: 24352042 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The plakin family consists of giant proteins involved in the cross-linking and organization of the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. They further modulate several fundamental biological processes, such as cell adhesion, migration, and polarization or signaling pathways. Inherited and acquired defects of plakins in humans and in animal models potentially lead to dramatic manifestations in the skin, striated muscles, and/or nervous system. These observations unequivocally demonstrate the key role of plakins in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Here we review the characteristics of the mammalian plakin members BPAG1 (bullous pemphigoid antigen 1), desmoplakin, plectin, envoplakin, epiplakin, MACF1 (microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1), and periplakin, highlighting their role in skin homeostasis and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal-Eddine Bouameur
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Borradori
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Parry DAD. Fifty years of fibrous protein research: a personal retrospective. J Struct Biol 2013; 186:320-34. [PMID: 24148884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As a result of X-ray fiber diffraction studies on fibrous proteins and crystallographic data on fragments derived from them, new experimental techniques across the biophysical and biochemical spectra, sophisticated computer modeling and refinement procedures, widespread use of bioinformatics and improved specimen preparative procedures the structures of many fibrous proteins have now been determined to at least low resolution. In so doing these structures have yielded insight into the relationship that exists between sequence and conformation and this, in turn, has led to improved methodologies for predicting structure from sequence data alone. In this personal retrospective a selection of progress made during the past 50years is discussed in terms of events to which the author has made some contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A D Parry
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The common hereditary elliptocytosis-associated α-spectrin L260P mutation perturbs erythrocyte membranes by stabilizing spectrin in the closed dimer conformation. Blood 2013; 122:3045-53. [PMID: 23974198 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-487702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) are common disorders of erythrocyte shape primarily because of mutations in spectrin. The most common HE/HPP mutations are located distant from the critical αβ-spectrin tetramerization site, yet still interfere with formation of spectrin tetramers and destabilize the membrane by unknown mechanisms. To address this question, we studied the common HE-associated mutation, αL260P, in the context of a fully functional mini-spectrin. The mutation exhibited wild-type tetramer binding in univalent binding assays, but reduced binding affinity in bivalent-binding assays. Biophysical analyses demonstrated the mutation-containing domain was only modestly structurally destabilized and helical content was not significantly changed. Gel filtration analysis of the αL260P mini-spectrin indicated more compact structures for dimers and tetramers compared with wild-type. Chemical crosslinking showed structural changes in the mutant mini-spectrin dimer were primarily restricted to the vicinity of the αL260P mutation and indicated large conformational rearrangements of this region. These data indicate the mutation increased the stability of the closed dimer state, thereby reducing tetramer assembly and resulting in membrane destabilization. These results reveal a novel mechanism of erythrocyte membrane destabilization that could contribute to development of therapeutic interventions for mutations in membrane proteins containing spectrin-type domains associated with inherited disease.
Collapse
|
38
|
Al-Jassar C, Bikker H, Overduin M, Chidgey M. Mechanistic basis of desmosome-targeted diseases. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4006-22. [PMID: 23911551 PMCID: PMC3807649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are dynamic junctions between cells that maintain the structural integrity of skin and heart tissues by withstanding shear forces. Mutations in component genes cause life-threatening conditions including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and desmosomal proteins are targeted by pathogenic autoantibodies in skin blistering diseases such as pemphigus. Here, we review a set of newly discovered pathogenic alterations and discuss the structural repercussions of debilitating mutations on desmosomal proteins. The architectures of native desmosomal assemblies have been visualized by cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, and the network of protein domain interactions is becoming apparent. Plakophilin and desmoplakin mutations have been discovered to alter binding interfaces, structures, and stabilities of folded domains that have been resolved by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The flexibility within desmoplakin has been revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering and fluorescence assays, explaining how mechanical stresses are accommodated. These studies have shown that the structural and functional consequences of desmosomal mutations can now begin to be understood at multiple levels of spatial and temporal resolution. This review discusses the recent structural insights and raises the possibility of using modeling for mechanism-based diagnosis of how deleterious mutations alter the integrity of solid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caezar Al-Jassar
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Al-Jassar C, Bernadό P, Chidgey M, Overduin M. Hinged plakin domains provide specialized degrees of articulation in envoplakin, periplakin and desmoplakin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69767. [PMID: 23922795 PMCID: PMC3726778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Envoplakin, periplakin and desmoplakin are cytoskeletal proteins that provide structural integrity within the skin and heart by resisting shear forces. Here we reveal the nature of unique hinges within their plakin domains that provides divergent degrees of flexibility between rigid long and short arms composed of spectrin repeats. The range of mobility of the two arms about the hinge is revealed by applying the ensemble optimization method to small-angle X-ray scattering data. Envoplakin and periplakin adopt 'L' shaped conformations exhibiting a 'helicopter propeller'-like mobility about the hinge. By contrast desmoplakin exhibits essentially unrestricted mobility by 'jack-knifing' about the hinge. Thus the diversity of molecular jointing that can occur about plakin hinges includes 'L' shaped bends, 'U' turns and fully extended 'I' orientations between rigid blocks of spectrin repeats. This establishes specialised hinges in plakin domains as a key source of flexibility that may allow sweeping of cellular spaces during assembly of cellular structures and could impart adaptability, so preventing irreversible damage to desmosomes and the cell cytoskeleton upon exposure to mechanical stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caezar Al-Jassar
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pau Bernadό
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR-5048, INSERM U-1054, Université de Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Overduin
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Muthu M, Richardson KA, Sutherland-Smith AJ. The crystal structures of dystrophin and utrophin spectrin repeats: implications for domain boundaries. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40066. [PMID: 22911693 PMCID: PMC3401230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin and utrophin link the F-actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane via an associated glycoprotein complex. This functionality results from their domain organization having an N-terminal actin-binding domain followed by multiple spectrin-repeat domains and then C-terminal protein-binding motifs. Therapeutic strategies to replace defective dystrophin with utrophin in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy require full-characterization of both these proteins to assess their degree of structural and functional equivalence. Here the high resolution structures of the first spectrin repeats (N-terminal repeat 1) from both dystrophin and utrophin have been determined by x-ray crystallography. The repeat structures both display a three-helix bundle fold very similar to one another and to homologous domains from spectrin, α-actinin and plectin. The utrophin and dystrophin repeat structures reveal the relationship between the structural domain and the canonical spectrin repeat domain sequence motif, showing the compact structural domain of spectrin repeat one to be extended at the C-terminus relative to its previously defined sequence repeat. These structures explain previous in vitro biochemical studies in which extending dystrophin spectrin repeat domain length leads to increased protein stability. Furthermore we show that the first dystrophin and utrophin spectrin repeats have no affinity for F-actin in the absence of other domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Muthu
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kylie A. Richardson
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vishwanatha KS, Wang YP, Keutmann HT, Mains RE, Eipper BA. Structural organization of the nine spectrin repeats of Kalirin. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5663-73. [PMID: 22738176 DOI: 10.1021/bi300583s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis suggests that KALRN, a Rho GDP/GTP exchange factor genetically linked to schizophrenia, could contain as many as nine tandem spectrin repeats (SRs). We expressed and purified fragments of Kalirin containing from one to five putative SRs to determine whether they formed nested structures that could endow Kalirin with the flexible rodlike properties characteristic of spectrin and dystrophin. Far-UV circular dichroism studies indicated that Kalirin contains nine SRs. On the basis of thermal denaturation, sensitivity to chemical denaturants, and the solubility of pairs of repeats, the nine SRs of Kalirin form nested structures. Modeling studies confirmed this conclusion and identified an exposed loop in SR5; consistent with the modeling, this loop was extremely labile to proteolytic cleavage. Analysis of a direpeat fragment (SR4:5) encompassing the region of Kalirin known to interact with NOS2, DISC-1, PAM, and Arf6 identified this as the least stable region. Analytical ultracentrifugation indicated that SR1:3, SR4:6, and SR7:9 were monomers and adopted an extended conformation. Gel filtration suggested that ΔKal7, a natural isoform that includes SR5:9, was monomeric and was not more extended than SR5:9. Similarly, the nine SRs of Kal7, which was also monomeric, were not more extended than SR5:9. The rigidity and flexibility of the nine SRs of Kal7, which separate its essential N-terminal Sec14p domain from its catalytic domain, play an essential role in its contribution to the formation and function of dendritic spines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Vishwanatha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Suozzi KC, Wu X, Fuchs E. Spectraplakins: master orchestrators of cytoskeletal dynamics. J Cell Biol 2012; 197:465-75. [PMID: 22584905 PMCID: PMC3352950 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of different cytoskeletal networks are coordinated to bring about many fundamental cellular processes, from neuronal pathfinding to cell division. Increasing evidence points to the importance of spectraplakins in integrating cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakins are evolutionarily conserved giant cytoskeletal cross-linkers, which belong to the spectrin superfamily. Their genes consist of multiple promoters and many exons, yielding a vast array of differential splice forms with distinct functions. Spectraplakins are also unique in their ability to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton: F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Recent studies have begun to unveil their role in a wide range of processes, from cell migration to tissue integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Suozzi
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The Nonlinear Structure of the Desmoplakin Plakin Domain and the Effects of Cardiomyopathy-Linked Mutations. J Mol Biol 2011; 411:1049-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
44
|
Kajava AV. Tandem repeats in proteins: from sequence to structure. J Struct Biol 2011; 179:279-88. [PMID: 21884799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioinformatics analysis of proteins containing tandem repeats requires special computer programs and databases, since the conventional approaches predominantly developed for globular domains have limited success. Here, I survey bioinformatics tools which have been developed recently for identification and proteome-wide analysis of protein repeats. The last few years have also been marked by an emergence of new 3D structures of these proteins. Appraisal of the known structures and their classification uncovers a straightforward relationship between their architecture and the length of the repetitive units. This relationship and the repetitive character of structural folds suggest rules for better prediction of the 3D structures of such proteins. Furthermore, bioinformatics approaches combined with low resolution structural data, from biophysical techniques, especially, the recently emerged cryo-electron microscopy, lead to reliable prediction of the protein repeat structures and their mode of binding with partners within molecular complexes. This hybrid approach can actively be used for structural and functional annotations of proteomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS, Université Montpellier 1 et 2, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|