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Maslovski F, Angelina E, Alonso M, Leiva L, Fusco L. Ascorbyl palmitate (ASC16) as a potential inhibitor of toxicity induced by Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 284:109973. [PMID: 39002622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that C. d. terrificus venom causes pathophysiological effects such as neuropathies, coagulopathies, and even death. Previous studies have reported that ASC16 can interact with monomeric phospholipases A2 from the venom of various snake species (e.g., Vipera russelli and Echis carinatus). As a result, ASC16 has been proposed as an inhibitor of the toxic effects induced by the heterodimeric complex (crotoxin) and other components of the venom of C. d. terrificus. To investigate this further, in silico studies were designed using the crotoxin (CTX) protein complex as a model, and experimental assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ASC16 on CTX, as well as on other venom enzymes such as thrombin-like enzyme (TLE), phosphodiesterase (PDE) and l-aminoxidase (LAAO). For in vitro assays, specific substrates were used, and lethal activity was measured over 48 h using an in vivo murine experimental model (CF01). In silico studies have indicated that the hydrophilic portion of ASC16 adopts a stable conformation while interacting with the catalytic site of crotoxin. At the highest concentrations, ASC16 significantly inhibited the activities of PLA2 (40.89 ± 0.09 %), TLE (11.03 ± 0.69 %), PDE (51.33 ± 2.83 %), and LAAO (56.79 ± 2.91 %). Furthermore, ASC16 neutralized the 2 LD50 lethality of crotalic venom. These findings lay the groundwork for designing promising adjuvants that can facilitate the incorporation of a larger quantity of proteins in immunization schemes. Consequently, this approach aims to achieve higher antibody titers, reduce the number of required immunizations, and minimize local damage in the producer animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Maslovski
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Emilio Angelina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Alonso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Laura Leiva
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Fusco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, W3404AAS Corrientes, Argentina.
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Salvador GHM, Fernandes CAH, Borges RJ, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Structural studies with crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom suggest a heterodimeric assembly formed by two new isoforms. Biochimie 2024; 218:46-56. [PMID: 37659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In accidents involving Crotalus snakes, the crotoxin complex (CTX) plays lethal action due to its neurotoxic activity. On the other hand, CTX have potential biotechnological application due to its anti-tumoral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic and immunomodulatory properties. CTX is a heterodimer composed of Crotoxin A (CA or crotapotin), the acidic nontoxic and non-enzymatic component and; Crotoxin B (CB), a basic, toxic and catalytic PLA2. Currently, there are two classes of CTX isoforms, whose differences in their biological activities have been attributed to features presented in CB isoforms. Here, we present the crystal structure of CB isolated from the Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. It amino acid sequence was assigned using the SEQUENCE SLIDER software, which revealed that the crystal structure is a heterodimer composed of two new CB isoforms (colCB-A and colCB-B). Bioinformatic and biophysical analyses showed that the toxin forms a tetrameric assembly in solution similar to CB from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, despite some differences observed at the dimeric interface. By the previously proposed classification, the colCB-B presents features of the class I isoforms while colCB-A cannot be classified into classes I and II based on its amino acid sequence. Due to similar features observed for other CB isoforms found in the NCBI database and the results obtained for colCB-A, we suggest that there are more than two classes of CTX and CB isoforms in crotalic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; UMR 7590, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rafael J Borges
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Centro de Química Medicina (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Inst Nac. de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Rede de Pesquisa e Conhecimento de Excelência na Amazônia Ocidental (RED-CONEXAO), Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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AlShammari AK, Abd El-Aziz TM, Al-Sabi A. Snake Venom: A Promising Source of Neurotoxins Targeting Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 38251229 PMCID: PMC10820993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The venom derived from various sources of snakes represents a vast collection of predominantly protein-based toxins that exhibit a wide range of biological actions, including but not limited to inflammation, pain, cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The venom of a particular snake species is composed of several toxins, while the venoms of around 600 venomous snake species collectively encompass a substantial reservoir of pharmacologically intriguing compounds. Despite extensive research efforts, a significant portion of snake venoms remains uncharacterized. Recent findings have demonstrated the potential application of neurotoxins derived from snake venom in selectively targeting voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv). These neurotoxins include BPTI-Kunitz polypeptides, PLA2 neurotoxins, CRISPs, SVSPs, and various others. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the significance of Kv channels in various tissues, highlighting their crucial role as proteins susceptible to modulation by diverse snake venoms. These toxins have demonstrated potential as valuable pharmacological resources and research tools for investigating the structural and functional characteristics of Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf K. AlShammari
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Sabi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
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Neves CL, Barbosa CMV, Ranéia-Silva PA, Faquim-Mauro EL, Sampaio SC. Crotoxin Modulates Macrophage Phenotypic Reprogramming. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:616. [PMID: 37888647 PMCID: PMC10611389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage plasticity is a fundamental feature of the immune response since it favors the rapid and adequate change of the functional phenotype in response to the pathogen or the microenvironment. Several studies have shown that Crotoxin (CTX), the major toxin of the Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, has a long-lasting antitumor effect both in experimental models and in clinical trials. In this study, we show the CTX effect on the phenotypic reprogramming of macrophages in the mesenchymal tumor microenvironment or those obtained from the peritoneal cavity of healthy animals. CTX (0.9 or 5 μg/animal subcutaneously) administered concomitantly with intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor cells (1 × 107/0.5 mL, injected intraperitoneally) of Ehrlich Ascitic Tumor (EAT) modulated the macrophages phenotype (M1), accompanied by increased NO• production by cells from ascites, and was evaluated after 13 days. On the other hand, in healthy animals, the phenotypic profile of macrophages was modulated in a dose-dependent way at 0.9 μg/animal: M1 and at 5.0 μg/animal: M2; this was accompanied by increased NO• production by peritoneal macrophages only for the dose of 0.9 μg/animal of CTX. This study shows that a single administration of CTX interferes with the phenotypic reprogramming of macrophages, as well as with the secretory state of cells from ascites, influencing events involved with mesenchymal tumor progression. These findings may favor the selection of new therapeutic targets to correct compromised immunity in different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lima Neves
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
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Popoff MR, Faure G, Legout S, Ladant D. Animal Toxins: A Historical Outlook at the Institut Pasteur of Paris. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:462. [PMID: 37505731 PMCID: PMC10467091 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have faced poisonous animals since the most ancient times. It is recognized that certain animals, like specific plants, produce toxic substances that can be lethal, but that can also have therapeutic or psychoactive effects. The use of the term "venom", which initially designated a poison, remedy, or magic drug, is now confined to animal poisons delivered by biting. Following Louis Pasteur's work on pathogenic microorganisms, it was hypothesized that venoms could be related to bacterial toxins and that the process of pathogenicity attenuation could be applied to venoms for the prevention and treatment of envenomation. Cesaire Phisalix and Gabriel Bertrand from the National Museum of Natural History as well as Albert Calmette from the Institut Pasteur in Paris were pioneers in the development of antivenomous serotherapy. Gaston Ramon refined the process of venom attenuation for the immunization of horses using a formalin treatment method that was successful for diphtheria and tetanus toxins. This paved the way for the production of antivenomous sera at the Institut Pasteur, as well as for research on venom constituents and the characterization of their biological activities. The specific activities of certain venom components, such as those involved in blood coagulation or the regulation of chloride ion channels, raises the possibility of developing novel therapeutic drugs that could serve as anticoagulants or as a treatment for cystic fibrosis, for example. Scientists of the Institut Pasteur of Paris have significantly contributed to the study of snake venoms, a topic that is reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R. Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, F-75015 Paris, France;
| | - Sandra Legout
- Centre de Ressources et Information Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France;
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, F-75015 Paris, France;
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Almeida TC, de Morais Ribeiro Silva L, de Oliveira AMB, Lopes FSR, Sant'Anna MB, Picolo G. Cytotoxic effect of crotoxin on cancer cells and its antitumoral effects correlated to tumor microenvironment: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124892. [PMID: 37196721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and despite the effort of standard treatments, the search for new tools against this disease is necessary. Importantly, it is known that the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression, and response to therapies. Therefore, studies of potential drugs that act on these components are as critical as studies regarding antiproliferative substances. Through the years, studies of several natural products, including animal toxins, have been conducted to guide the development of medical compounds. In this review, we present the remarkable antitumor activities of crotoxin, a toxin from the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, highlighting its effects on cancer cells and in the modulation of relevant elements in the tumor microenvironment as well as the clinical trials conducted with this compound. In summary, crotoxin acts through several mechanisms of action, such as activation of apoptosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, inhibition of metastasis, and decrease of tumor growth, in different tumor types. Crotoxin also modulates tumor-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, which contribute to its antitumoral effects. In addition, preliminary clinical studies confirm the promising results of crotoxin and support its potential future use as an anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Belchor MN, Costa CRDC, Roggero A, Moraes LLF, Samelo R, Annunciato I, de Oliveira MA, Sousa SF, Toyama MH. In Silico Evaluation of Quercetin Methylated Derivatives on the Interaction with Secretory Phospholipases A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040597. [PMID: 37111354 PMCID: PMC10143728 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin derivatives have already shown their anti-inflammatory potential, inhibiting essential enzymes involved in this process. Among diverse pro-inflammatory toxins from snake venoms, phospholipase A2 is one of the most abundant in some species, such as Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu from the Viperidae family. These enzymes can induce the inflammatory process through hydrolysis at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. Hence, elucidating the main residues involved in the biological effects of these macromolecules can help to identify potential compounds with inhibitory activity. In silico tools were used in this study to evaluate the potential of quercetin methylated derivatives in the inhibition of bothropstoxin I (BthTX-I) and II (BthTX-II) from Bothrops jararacussu and phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus. The use of a transitional analogous and two classical inhibitors of phospholipase A2 guided this work to find the role of residues involved in the phospholipid anchoring and the subsequent development of the inflammatory process. First, main cavities were studied, revealing the best regions to be inhibited by a compound. Focusing on these regions, molecular docking assays were made to show main interactions between each compound. Results reveal that analogue and inhibitors, Varespladib (Var) and p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), guided quercetins derivatives analysis, revealing that Leu2, Phe5, Tyr28, glycine in the calcium-binding loop, His48, Asp49 of BthTX-II and Cdtspla2 were the main residues to be inhibited. 3MQ exhibited great interaction with the active site, similar to Var results, while Q anchored better in the BthTX-II active site. However, strong interactions in the C-terminal region, highlighting His120, seem to be crucial to decreasing contacts with phospholipid and BthTX-II. Hence, quercetin derivatives anchor differently with each toxin and further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential to elucidate these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Novo Belchor
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ramos da Cruz Costa
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Airam Roggero
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila L F Moraes
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Samelo
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabelly Annunciato
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio de Oliveira
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio F Sousa
- Unit of Applied Biomolecular Sciences (UCIBIO), REQUIMTE-BioSIM-Medicine Faculty, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
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Ravatin M, Odolczyk N, Servel N, Guijarro JI, Tagat E, Chevalier B, Baatallah N, Corringer PJ, Lukács GL, Edelman A, Zielenkiewicz P, Chambard JM, Hinzpeter A, Faure G. Design of Crotoxin-Based Peptides with Potentiator Activity Targeting the ΔF508NBD1 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167929. [PMID: 36566799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the CBb subunit of crotoxin, a β-neurotoxin with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, targets the human ΔF508CFTR chloride channel implicated in cystic fibrosis (CF). By direct binding to the nucleotide binding domain 1 (NBD1) of ΔF508CFTR, this neurotoxic PLA2 acts as a potentiator increasing chloride channel current and corrects the trafficking defect of misfolded ΔF508CFTR inside the cell. Here, for a therapeutics development of new anti-cystic fibrosis agents, we use a structure-based in silico approach to design peptides mimicking the CBb-ΔF508NBD1 interface. Combining biophysical and electrophysiological methods, we identify several peptides that interact with the ΔF508NBD1 domain and reveal their effects as potentiators on phosphorylated ΔF508CFTR. Moreover, protein-peptide interactions and electrophysiological studies allowed us to identify key residues of ΔF508NBD1 governing the interactions with the novel potentiators. The designed peptides bind to the same region as CBb phospholipase A2 on ΔF508NBD1 and potentiate chloride channel activity. Certain peptides also show an additive effect towards the clinically approved VX-770 potentiator. The identified CF therapeutics peptides represent a novel class of CFTR potentiators and illustrate a strategy leading to reproducing the effect of specific protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ravatin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Récepteurs-Canaux, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Sanofi, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, In Vitro Biology, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Norbert Odolczyk
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Récepteurs-Canaux, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nathalie Servel
- INSERM, U1151, Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), CNRS, UMR 8253, 160 rue de Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - J Iñaki Guijarro
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Eric Tagat
- Sanofi, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, In Vitro Biology, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Benoit Chevalier
- INSERM, U1151, Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), CNRS, UMR 8253, 160 rue de Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nesrine Baatallah
- INSERM, U1151, Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), CNRS, UMR 8253, 160 rue de Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Corringer
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Récepteurs-Canaux, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Gergely L Lukács
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- INSERM, U1151, Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), CNRS, UMR 8253, 160 rue de Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean-Marie Chambard
- Sanofi, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, In Vitro Biology, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alexandre Hinzpeter
- INSERM, U1151, Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), CNRS, UMR 8253, 160 rue de Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Récepteurs-Canaux, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Biological and Medical Aspects Related to South American Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (Linnaeus, 1758): A View from Colombia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120875. [PMID: 36548772 PMCID: PMC9784998 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Colombia, South America, there is a subspecies of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus, C. d. cumanensis, a snake of the Viperidae family, whose presence has been reduced due to the destruction of its habitat. It is an enigmatic snake from the group of pit vipers, venomous, with large articulated front fangs, special designs on its body, and a characteristic rattle on its tail. Unlike in Brazil, the occurrence of human envenomation by C. durisus in Colombia is very rare and contributes to less than 1% of envenomation caused by snakes. Its venom is a complex cocktail of proteins with different biological effects, which evolved with the purpose of paralyzing the prey, killing it, and starting its digestive process, as well as having defense functions. When its venom is injected into humans as the result of a bite, the victim presents with both local tissue damage and with systemic involvement, including a diverse degree of neurotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic, and coagulopathic effects, among others. Its biological effects are being studied for use in human health, including the possible development of analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-infection, and antineoplastic drugs. Several groups of researchers in Brazil are very active in their contributions in this regard. In this work, a review is made of the most relevant biological and medical aspects related to the South American rattlesnake and of what may be of importance for a better understanding of the snake C. d. cumanensis, present in Colombia and Venezuela.
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Antibacterial Properties of Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus-Insight into the Mechanism of Action. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227726. [PMID: 36431827 PMCID: PMC9696005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The growing problem of antibiotic resistance among bacteria requires searching for new therapeutic agents with bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal properties. Crotoxin is a β-neurotoxin from the venom of the Crotalus durissus terrificus. It is composed of two subunits: CA (non-active) and CB (with phospholipase A2 activity). It has already been shown that the isolated CB, but not the CA, subunit of crotoxin exhibits an antibacterial activity towards a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. However, no studies on the whole crotoxin complex have been carried out so far. We tested the antibacterial properties of crotoxin, as well as its isolated CB subunit, towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6535, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Both toxins exhibited antibacterial properties only against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240. Crotoxin showed only bacteriostatic activity with a MIC of 46 µM, while the CB subunit acted as both a bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent with a MIC = MBC = 0.21 μM. The bacteriostatic effect of the toxins was independent of the enzymatic activity of the CB subunit. Bactericidal properties, however, require phospholipase A2 activity. Both toxins reduced bacteria viability at the MIC by 72% and 85% for crotoxin- and CB-treated bacteria, respectively. The membrane permeability increased approximately three times within the first hour of incubation with toxins; afterwards, either no significant changes or a decrease of membrane permeability, compared to the control cells, were observed. We isolated a single, approximately 30 kDa bacterial wall protein which belongs to the NlpC/P60 family that interacts with crotoxin leading to the inhibition of bacterial growth. Neither crotoxin nor the CB subunit showed any cytotoxic properties to human fibroblasts at the MIC during the three-day incubation.
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Faiad OJ, Francisco AMSDC, Brigatte P, Curi R, Sampaio SC. Crotoxin modulates metabolism and secretory activity of peritoneal macrophages from Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Toxicon 2022; 217:46-55. [PMID: 35981665 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX), the major toxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, induces an inhibitory effect on tumor development and modulates the functions of macrophages (MØs), which play a key role as a defense mechanism against tumor growth. In early tumor progression stage, MØs are avidly phagocytic (inflammatory cell), releasing reactive nitrogen intermediates-RNI/ROI and cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, when the tumor has been developed, tumor-associated MØ (angiogenic cell) presents a decrease in the mentioned activities. We reported that CTX stimulates H2O2 release, NO production and secretion of cytokines by peritoneal MØs obtained from non-tumor-bearing rats. Considering that the mentioned mediators control tumor growth, it is mandatory to investigate whether CTX stimulates the production of these mediators by MØs obtained from tumor-bearing animals. The aim of this work was then to evaluate the CTX effect on metabolism and functions of peritoneal MØs obtained from Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were subcutaneously inoculated in the right flank with 1 mL sterile suspension of 2 × 107 Walker 256 tumor cells. CTX (18 μg per animal) was subcutaneously administered in two protocols: a) on the 1st day of tumor cell injection and b) on the 4th day of tumor cell inoculation. In both protocols, MØs were obtaining on the 14th day of tumor cell inoculation to evaluate the release of H2O2, NO, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6); maximal activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and 14CO2 production from [U-14C]-glucose and [U-14C]-glutamine. The treatment with CTX stimulated the release of NO, H2O2, and cytokines, and glucose and glutamine metabolism. Metabolic and functional changes induced by CTX were accompanied by a decrease of tumor growth as indicated by tumor fresh weight and diameter. These results indicate CTX not only as a scientific tool to investigate changes in metabolism and functions of peritoneal MØs but also for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odair Jorge Faiad
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Brigatte
- Faculty of Medicine, University City of São Paulo-UNICID, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Rodrigues CR, Molina Molina DA, de Souza DLN, Cardenas J, Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Biological and proteomic characterization of the venom from Peruvian Andes rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. Toxicon 2021; 207:31-42. [PMID: 34968566 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Peruvian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus is a venomous species that is restricted to the Peruvian Departments of Puno and Madre de Dios. Although clinically meaningful in this region, Crotalus durissus venom composition remains largely elusive. In this sense, this work aimed to provide a primary description of Peruvian C. durissus venom (PCdV). The enzymatic activities (SVMP, SVSP, LAAO, Hyaluronidase and PLA2) of PCdV were analyzed and compared to Brazilian Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (BCdtV). PCdV showed higher PLA2 activity when compared to the Brazilian venom. PCdV also showed cytotoxicity in VERO cells. For proteomic analysis, PCdV proteins were separated by HPLC, followed by SDS-PAGE. Gel bands were excised and tryptic digested for MALDI-TOF/TOF identification. Approximately 21 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 66.63%) were the most abundant proteins of the venom, followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 13.37%), C-type lectins (Snaclec, 8.98%) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs, 7.13%), crotamine (2.98%) and phosphodiesterase (PDE, 0.87%). Moreover, antivenom recognition assays indicated that both Brazilian and Peruvian antivenoms recognize PCdV, indicating the presence of antigenically related proteins in crotalic venoms. The results reported here, may impact in the venom selection for the production of effective Pan-American crotalic antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis A Molina Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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13
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Correlating biological activity to thermo-structural analysis of the interaction of CTX with synthetic models of macrophage membranes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23712. [PMID: 34887428 PMCID: PMC8660830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The important pharmacological actions of Crotoxin (CTX) on macrophages, the main toxin in the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, and its important participation in the control of different pathophysiological processes, have been demonstrated. The biological activities performed by macrophages are related to signaling mediated by receptors expressed on the membrane surface of these cells or opening and closing of ion channels, generation of membrane curvature and pore formation. In the present work, the interaction of the CTX complex with the cell membrane of macrophages is studied, both using biological cells and synthetic lipid membranes to monitor structural alterations induced by the protein. Here we show that CTX can penetrate THP-1 cells and induce pores only in anionic lipid model membranes, suggesting that a possible access pathway for CTX to the cell is via lipids with anionic polar heads. Considering that the selectivity of the lipid composition varies in different tissues and organs of the human body, the thermostructural studies presented here are extremely important to open new investigations on the biological activities of CTX in different biological systems.
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Kato EE, Sampaio SC. Crotoxin Modulates Events Involved in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in 3D Spheroid Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110830. [PMID: 34822613 PMCID: PMC8618719 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs in the early stages of embryonic development and plays a significant role in the migration and the differentiation of cells into various types of tissues of an organism. However, tumor cells, with altered form and function, use the EMT process to migrate and invade other tissues in the body. Several experimental (in vivo and in vitro) and clinical trial studies have shown the antitumor activity of crotoxin (CTX), a heterodimeric phospholipase A2 present in the Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. In this study, we show that CTX modulates the microenvironment of tumor cells. We have also evaluated the effect of CTX on the EMT process in the spheroid model. The invasion of type I collagen gels by heterospheroids (mix of MRC-5 and A549 cells constitutively prepared with 12.5 nM CTX), expression of EMT markers, and secretion of MMPs were analyzed. Western blotting analysis shows that CTX inhibits the expression of the mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, α-SMA, and αv. This study provides evidence of CTX as a key modulator of the EMT process, and its antitumor action can be explored further for novel drug designing against metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Emi Kato
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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15
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Alfaro-Chinchilla A, Segura Á, Gómez A, Díaz C, Corrales G, Chacón D, Arguedas M, Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Expanding the neutralization scope of the Central American antivenom (PoliVal-ICP) to include the venom of Crotalus durissus pifanorum. J Proteomics 2021; 246:104315. [PMID: 34216808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The proteomic, enzymatic, toxicological, and immunogenic profiles of the venom of C. d. pifanorum were studied. It was found that venom of C. d. pifanorum is composed of 63% phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), 13% serine proteinases (SVSPs), 8% bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), 4% L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), 3% metalloproteinases (SVMPs), and other minor components. This composition allows the venom to exert lethal, PLA2, myotoxic, coagulant and defibrinogenating activities, but no azocaseinolytic or hemorrhagic activities. The addition of C. d. pifanorum venom to the group of venoms used as immunogens to produce the Central American antivenom PoliVal-ICP (i.e., venoms of Bothrops asper, Crotalus simus and Lachesis stenophrys) resulted in 1) the expansion of the neutralization scope of the antivenom to cover the venom of C. d. pifanorum and other antigenically related venom (i.e., C. s. scutulatus venom), 2) improvement of the neutralizing potency towards the venom of C. simus, and 3) no significant reduction of the neutralization of venoms of B. asper and L. stenophrys. It was concluded that supplementation of the immunogens used to produce PoliVal-ICP with the venom of C. d. pifanorum is a viable alternative to expand the neutralization scope of the antivenom. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The venom of Crotalus durissus pifanorum from Venezuela has a proteomic profile like those of other subspecies of the South American rattlesnake C. durissus, with predominance of phospholipases A2 (especially crotoxin) and serine proteinases. This explains a toxicological profile characterized by neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, and coagulopathies, but being devoid of hemorrhagic activity. The antivenom used in Central America (PoliVal-ICP) includes the venom of C. simus, which has a different composition, in the immunizing strategy. Accordingly, this antivenom does not neutralize C. d. pifanorum venom. The addition of C. d. pifanorum venom to the immunizing mixture of PoliVal-ICP expands the neutralizing scope of this antivenom, to cover additional rattlesnake venoms, while not affecting the response to C. simus, Bothrops asper and Lachesis stenophrys venoms. This represents an improvement of the current PoliVal-ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alfaro-Chinchilla
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Aarón Gómez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Greivin Corrales
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Danilo Chacón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mauricio Arguedas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ricardo Estrada
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Deshwal A, Phan P, Datta J, Kannan R, Thallapuranam SK. A Meta-Analysis of the Protein Components in Rattlesnake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060372. [PMID: 34071038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity and potency of venom components give them a unique advantage in developing various pharmaceutical drugs. Though venom is a cocktail of proteins, rarely are the synergy and association between various venom components studied. Understanding the relationship between various components of venom is critical in medical research. Using meta-analysis, we observed underlying patterns and associations in the appearance of the toxin families. For Crotalus, Dis has the most associations with the following toxins: PDE; BPP; CRL; CRiSP; LAAO; SVMP P-I and LAAO; SVMP P-III and LAAO. In Sistrurus venom, CTL and NGF have the most associations. These associations can predict the presence of proteins in novel venom and understand synergies between venom components for enhanced bioactivity. Using this approach, the need to revisit the classification of proteins as major components or minor components is highlighted. The revised classification of venom components is based on ubiquity, bioactivity, the number of associations, and synergies. The revised classification can be expected to trigger increased research on venom components, such as NGF, which have high biomedical significance. Using hierarchical clustering, we observed that the genera's venom compositions were similar, based on functional characteristics rather than phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Deshwal
- Division of Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Phuc Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jyotishka Datta
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ragupathy Kannan
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA
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17
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Nemecz D, Ostrowski M, Ravatin M, Saul F, Faure G. Crystal Structure of Isoform CBd of the Basic Phospholipase A 2 Subunit of Crotoxin: Description of the Structural Framework of CB for Interaction with Protein Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225290. [PMID: 33202772 PMCID: PMC7696373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin, from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, is a potent heterodimeric presynaptic β-neurotoxin that exists in individual snake venom as a mixture of isoforms of a basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) subunit (CBa2, CBb, CBc, and CBd) and acidic subunit (CA1-4). Specific natural mutations in CB isoforms are implicated in functional differences between crotoxin isoforms. The three-dimensional structure of two individual CB isoforms (CBa2, CBc), and one isoform in a crotoxin (CA2CBb) complex, have been previously reported. This study concerns CBd, which by interaction with various protein targets exhibits many physiological or pharmacological functions. It binds with high affinity to presynaptic receptors showing neurotoxicity, but also interacts with human coagulation factor Xa (hFXa), exhibiting anticoagulant effect, and acts as a positive allosteric modulator and corrector of mutated chloride channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), implicated in cystic fibrosis. Thus, CBd represents a novel family of agents that have potential in identifying new drug leads related to anticoagulant and anti-cystic fibrosis function. We determined here the X-ray structure of CBd and compare it with the three other natural isoforms of CB. The structural role of specific amino acid variations between CB isoforms are analyzed and the structural framework of CB for interaction with protein targets is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Nemecz
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Ostrowski
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marc Ravatin
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery-High Content Biology, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Frederick Saul
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie-C2RT, CNRS UMR 3528, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-14-568-86-86; Fax: +33-14-568-88-36
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18
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Ponce-López R, Neri-Castro E, Borja M, Strickland JL, Alagón A. Neutralizing potency and immunochemical evaluation of an anti-Crotalus mictlantecuhtli experimental serum. Toxicon 2020; 187:171-180. [PMID: 32891663 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite in Mexico is commonly treated with an antivenom which uses Bothrops asper and Crotalus simus venoms as immunogens. Current taxonomic recommendations for the C. simus species complex suggest a novel endemic species from Mexico: Crotalus mictlantecuhtli. The aim of this report was to evaluate the immunogenic properties of C. mictlantecuhtli venom and its potential to generate polyclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing other pitviper venoms. We generated an experimental anti-Crotalus mictlantecuhtli serum, using the rabbit model, to test recognition and neutralizing capacity against the homologous venom as well as venoms from C. atrox, C.basiliscus, C. durissus terrificus, C. scutulatus salvini, C. tzabcan and Ophryacus sphenophrys. Pre-incubation neutralization experiments using our experimental serum showed positive results against venoms containing crotoxin, while venoms from two non-neurotoxic pit-vipers were not neutralized. Rescue experiments in mice showed that, when intravenously injected (i.v.), C. mictlantecuhtli venom is not neutralized by a maximum dose of Antivipmyn® and the experimental serum after 5 min of envenomation, albeit mice envenomated intraperitoneally (i.p.) and rescued i.v. with Antivipmyn® survived even at 50 min after envenomation. Our results highlight the importance of using the highly neurotoxic C. mictlantecuhtli venom to increase antivenom effectiveness against Mexican neurotoxic pitvipers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ponce-López
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Miguel Borja
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
| | - Jason L Strickland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico.
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19
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da Silva-Júnior LN, Abreu LDS, Rodrigues CFB, Galizio NDC, Aguiar WDS, Serino-Silva C, Dos Santos VS, Costa IA, Oliveira LVF, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Rodrigues LNDS, de Morais-Zani K. Geographic variation of individual venom profile of Crotalus durissus snakes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200016. [PMID: 32922444 PMCID: PMC7449379 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: South American rattlesnakes are represented in Brazil by a single species,
Crotalus durissus, which has public health importance
due to the severity of its envenomation and to its wide geographical
distribution. The species is subdivided into several subspecies, but the
current classification is controversial. In Brazil, the venoms of C.
d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus are used
for hyperimmunization of horses for antivenom production, even though the
distinction of these two subspecies are mostly by their geographical
distribution. In this context, we described a comparative compositional and
functional characterization of individual C. d.
collilineatus and C. d. terrificus venoms from
three Brazilian states. Methods: We compared the compositional patterns of C. d. terrificus
and C. d. collilineatus individual venoms by 1-DE and
RP-HPLC. For functional analyzes, the enzymatic activities of
PLA2, LAAO, and coagulant activity were evaluated. Finally,
the immunorecognition of venom toxins by the crotalic antivenom produced at
Butantan Institute was evaluated using Western blotting. Results: The protein profile of individual venoms from C. d.
collilineatus and C. d. terrificus showed a
comparable overall composition, despite some intraspecific variation,
especially regarding crotamine and LAAO. Interestingly, HPLC analysis showed
a geographic pattern concerning PLA2. In addition, a remarkable
intraspecific variation was also observed in PLA2, LAAO and
coagulant activities. The immunorecognition pattern of individual venoms
from C. d. collilineatus and C. d.
terrificus by crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute
was similar. Conclusions: The results highlighted the individual variability among the venoms of
C. durissus ssp. specimens. Importantly, our data point
to a geographical variation of C. durissus ssp. venom
profile, regardless of the subspecies, as evidenced by PLA2
isoforms complexity, which may explain the increase in venom neurotoxicity
from Northeastern through Southern Brazil reported for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Norberto da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdomiro Souza Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Isabella Alves Costa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Luis Vicente Franco Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Neri-Castro E, Sanz L, Olvera-Rodríguez A, Bénard-Valle M, Alagón A, Calvete JJ. Venomics and biochemical analysis of the black-tailed horned pitviper, Mixcoatlus melanurus, and characterization of Melanurutoxin, a novel crotoxin homolog. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Neri-Castro E, Bénard-Valle M, Paniagua D, V. Boyer L, D. Possani L, López-Casillas F, Olvera A, Romero C, Zamudio F, Alagón A. Neotropical Rattlesnake ( Crotalus simus) Venom Pharmacokinetics in Lymph and Blood Using an Ovine Model. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070455. [PMID: 32708875 PMCID: PMC7405010 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most abundant protein families in viper venoms are Snake Venom Metalloproteases (SVMPs), Snake Venom Serine Proteases (SVSPs) and Phospholipases (PLA2s). These are primarily responsible for the pathophysiology caused by the bite of pit-vipers; however, there are few studies that analyze the pharmacokinetics (PK) of whole venom (WV) and its protein families. We studied the pathophysiology, PK profile and differential absorption of representative toxins from venom of Neotropical Rattlesnake (Crotalus simus) in a large animal model (ovine). Toxins studied included crotoxin (the main lethal component), which causes moderate to severe neurotoxicity; SVSPs, which deplete fibrinogen; and SVMPs, which cause local tissue damage and local and systemic hemorrhage. We found that Whole Venom (WV) was highly bioavailable (86%) 60 h following intramuscular (IM) injection, and extrapolation suggests that bioavailability may be as high as 92%. PK profiles of individual toxins were consistent with their physicochemical properties and expected clinical effects. Lymph cannulated animals absorbed 1.9% of WV through lymph during the first 12 h. Crotoxin was minimally detectable in serum after intravenous (IV) injection; however, following IM injection it was detected in lymph but not in blood. This suggests that crotoxin is quickly released from the blood toward its tissue targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B Primer Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Dayanira Paniagua
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico;
| | - Leslie V. Boyer
- Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology, and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute, University of Arizona,1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Lourival D. Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Olvera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Camilo Romero
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca de Juárez 56900, Mexico;
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Tasima LJ, Hatakeyama DM, Serino-Silva C, Rodrigues CFB, de Lima EOV, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, de Morais-Zani K, Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Comparative proteomic profiling and functional characterization of venom pooled from captive Crotalus durissus terrificus specimens and the Brazilian crotalic reference venom. Toxicon 2020; 185:26-35. [PMID: 32634448 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus spp has a wide geographic distribution in Brazil. Although responsible for only a low proportion of ophidian accidents, it is considered one of the most medically important species of venomous snakes due to the high mortality rate (1.87%). Snake venom is a complex phenotype commonly subjected to individual intraspecific, ontogenetic and geographic variability. Compositional differences in pooled venom used in the immunization process may impact the efficacy of the antivenom. In order to assure standardized high-quality antivenom, the potency of each Brazilian crotalic antivenom batch is determined against the 'Brazilian Crotalic Reference Venom' (BCRV). BCRV is produced by Instituto Butantan using venom obtained from the first milking of recently wild-caught C. d. terrificus specimens brought to the Institute. The decrease in the number of snake donations experienced in recent years can become a threat to the production of future batches of BCRV. To evaluate the feasibility of using venom from long-term captive animals in the formulation of BCRV, we have compared the proteomic, biochemical and biological profiles of C. d. terrificus venom pooled from captive specimens (CVP- captive venom pool) and BCRV. Electrophoretic and venomics analyses revealed a very similar venom composition profile, but also certain differences in toxins abundance, with some low abundant protein families found only in BCRV. Enzymatic (L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A2 and proteolytic) and biological (myotoxic and coagulant) activities showed higher values in CVP than in BCRV. CVP also possessed slightly higher lethal effect, although the Instituto Butantan crotalic antivenom showed equivalent potency neutralizing BCRV and CVP. Our results strongly suggest that venom from long-term captive C. d. terrificus might be a valid alternative to generate an immunization mixture of equivalent quality to the currently in use reference venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia J Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline F B Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O V de Lima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Sávio S Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Kathleen F Grego
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anita M Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil.
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D Vaz de Melo P, de Almeida Lima S, Araújo P, Medina Santos R, Gonzalez E, Alves Belo A, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Costal-Oliveira F, T Soccol V, Guerra-Duarte C, Rezende L, Chavez-Olortegui C. Immunoprotection against lethal effects of Crotalus durissus snake venom elicited by synthetic epitopes trapped in liposomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:299-307. [PMID: 32464201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites caused by Crotalus genus are the second most frequent in Brazil. Crotoxin is a beta-neurotoxin responsible for the main envenomation effects of Crotalus biting, while crotamine immobilizes the animal hind limbs, contributing to prey immobilization and to envenoming symptoms. As crotoxin and crotamine represent about 90% of Crotalus venom dry weight, these toxins are of great importance for antivenom therapy. In this sense, knowledge regarding the antigenicity/immunogenicity at the molecular level of these toxins can provide valuable information for the improvement of specific antivenoms. Therefore, the aims of this study are the identification of the B-cell epitopes from crotoxin and crotamine; and the characterization of the neutralizing potency of antibodies directed against the corresponding synthetic epitopes defined in the current study. Linear B-cell epitopes were identified using the Spot Synthesis technique probed with specific anti-C. d. terrificus venom horse IgG. One epitope of crotamine (F12PKEKICLPPSSDFGKMDCRW32) and three of crotoxin (L10LVGVEGHLLQFNKMIKFETR30; Y43CGWGGRGRPKDATDRCCFVH63 and T118YKYGYMFYPDSRCRGPSETC138) were identified. After synthesis in their soluble form, the peptides mixture correspondent to the mapped epitopes was entrapped in liposomes and used as immunogens for antibody production in rabbits. Anti-synthetic peptide antibodies were able to protect mice from the lethal activity of C. d. terrificus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia D Vaz de Melo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Labtest Diagnostica SA, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Almeida Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscila Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Medina Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgar Gonzalez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States of America
| | - Andreza Alves Belo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Labtest Diagnostica SA, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Chavez-Olortegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP: 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Saavedra SL, Acosta G, Ávila L, Giudicessi SL, Camperi SA, Albericio F, Cascone O, Martínez Ceron MC. Use of a phosphopeptide as a ligand to purify phospholipase A 2 from the venom of Crotalus durisuss terrificus by affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1146:122070. [PMID: 32361466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) is a source of a wide variety of toxins, some of them with interesting pharmacological applications. Of these toxins, the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) subunit of crotoxin (Ctx) has been studied for its potential as an antiviral and antibacterial agent. Peptides have proven useful ligands for the purification of numerous molecules, including antibodies, toxins, enzymes and other proteins. Here, we sought to use a phosphopeptide (P-Lys) as a ligand for PLA2 purification. P-Lys was synthesized in solid phase on Rink-Amide-ChemMatrix resin, immobilized on NHS-agarose, and then evaluated as a chromatographic matrix. Under the best conditions, total protein adsorption reached 39% and only the eluate fraction presented PLA2 activity. Analysis of the eluate by SDS-PAGE showed three bands, one corresponding to the molecular weight of PLA2 (14 kDa). Said bands were analyzed by mass spectrometry and identified as PLA2 and its multimers. The final product showed a purity of over 90%. In addition, slightly changing the process conditions also allowed the isolation of crotamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad L Saavedra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnología, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Acosta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Ávila
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, ANLIS Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana L Giudicessi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnología, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia A Camperi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnología, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnología, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, ANLIS Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, 1282 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Martínez Ceron
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnología, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Varespladib (LY315920) and Methyl Varespladib (LY333013) Abrogate or Delay Lethality Induced by Presynaptically Acting Neurotoxic Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020131. [PMID: 32093386 PMCID: PMC7076770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor Varespladib (LY315920) and its orally bioavailable prodrug, methyl-Varespladib (LY333013) inhibit PLA2 activity of a wide variety of snake venoms. In this study, the ability of these two forms of Varespladib to halt or delay lethality of potent neurotoxic snake venoms was tested in a mouse model. The venoms of Notechis scutatus, Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bungarus multicinctus, and Oxyuranus scutellatus, all of which have potent presynaptically acting neurotoxic PLA2s of variable quaternary structure, were used to evaluate simple dosing regimens. A supralethal dose of each venom was injected subcutaneously in mice, followed by the bolus intravenous (LY315920) or oral (LY333013) administration of the inhibitors, immediately and at various time intervals after envenoming. Control mice receiving venom alone died within 3 h of envenoming. Mice injected with O. scutellatus venom and treated with LY315920 or LY333013 survived the 24 h observation period, whereas those receiving C. d. terrificus and B. multicinctus venoms survived at 3 h or 6 h with a single dose of either form of Varespladib, but not at 24 h. In contrast, mice receiving N. scutatus venom and then the inhibitors died within 3 h, similarly to the control animals injected with venom alone. LY315920 was able to reverse the severe paralytic manifestations in mice injected with venoms of O. scutellatus, B. multicinctus, and C. d. terrificus. Overall, results suggest that the two forms of Varespladib are effective in abrogating, or delaying, neurotoxic manifestations induced by some venoms whose neurotoxicity is mainly dependent on presynaptically acting PLA2s. LY315920 is able to reverse paralytic manifestations in severely envenomed mice, but further work is needed to understand the significance of species-specific differences in animal models as they compare to clinical syndromes in human and for potential use in veterinary medicine.
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Engineered protein containing crotoxin epitopes induces neutralizing antibodies in immunized rabbits. Mol Immunol 2020; 119:144-153. [PMID: 32023500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Crotoxin (Ctx) is the main lethal component of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. It is a neurotoxin, composed of two subunits associated by noncovalent interactions, the non-toxic acid subunit (CA), named Crotapotin, and the basic subunit (CB), with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Employing the SPOT synthesis technique, we determined two epitopes located in the C-terminal of each Ctx subunit. In addition, 3 other epitopes were mapped in different regions of Ctx using subcutaneous spot implants surgically inserted in mice. All epitopes mapped here were expressed together as recombinant multi-epitopic protein (rMEPCtx), which was used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Anti-rMEPCtx rabbit serum cross-reacted with Ctx and crude venoms from C. d. terrificus, Crotalus durissus ruruima, Peruvian C. durissus and Bothrops jararaca (with lower intensity). Furthermore, anti-rMEPCtx serum was able to neutralize Ctx lethal activity. As the recombinant multiepitopic protein is not toxic, it can be administered in larger doses without causing adverse effects on the immunized animals health. Therefore, our work evidences the identification of neutralizing epitopes of Ctx and support the use of recombinant multiepitopic proteins as an innovation to immunotherapeutics production.
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Sousa ID, Barbosa AR, Salvador GH, Frihling BE, Santa-Rita PH, Soares AM, Pessôa HL, Marchi-Salvador DP. Secondary hemostasis studies of crude venom and isolated proteins from the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Crotoxin promotes macrophage reprogramming towards an antiangiogenic phenotype. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4281. [PMID: 30862840 PMCID: PMC6414609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX) is the primary toxin of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. CTX reduces tumour mass, and tumour cell proliferation and these effects seem to involve the formation of new vessels. Angiogenesis has a key role in tumour growth and progression and is regulated by macrophage secretory activity. Herein, the effect of CTX on macrophage secretory activity associated with angiogenesis was investigated in vitro. Thymic endothelial cells (EC) were incubated in the presence of macrophages treated with CTX (12.5 nM) or supernatants of CTX-treated macrophages and endothelial cell proliferation, migration and adhesion activities, and the capillary-like tube formation in the matrigel-3D matrix was measured. Angiogenic mediators (MMP-2, VEGF and TNF-α) were measured in the cell culture medium. Macrophages pre-treated with CTX and supernatant of CTX-treated macrophages inhibited EC proliferation, adhesion to its natural ligands, and migration (as evaluated in a wound-healing model and Time Lapse assay) activities. Decreased capillary-like tube formation and MMP-2, VEGF and TNF-α levels in the supernatant of macrophages treated with CTX was also described. CTX promotes macrophage reprogramming towards an antiangiogenic phenotype.
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Whittington AC, Mason AJ, Rokyta DR. A Single Mutation Unlocks Cascading Exaptations in the Origin of a Potent Pitviper Neurotoxin. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:887-898. [PMID: 29329419 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations and complex phenotypes seemingly require an improbable amount of genetic change to evolve. Rattlesnakes display two dramatically different venom phenotypes. Type I venoms are hemorrhagic with low systemic toxicity and high expression of tissue-destroying snake venom metalloproteinases. Type II venoms are highly neurotoxic and lack snake venom metalloproteinase expression and associated hemorrhagic activity. This dichotomy hinges on Mojave toxin (MTx), a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) based β-neurotoxin expressed in Type II venoms. MTx is comprised of a nontoxic acidic subunit that undergoes extensive proteolytic processing and allosterically regulates activity of a neurotoxic basic subunit. Evolution of the acidic subunit presents an evolutionary challenge because the need for high expression of a nontoxic venom component and the proteolytic machinery required for processing suggests genetic changes of seemingly little immediate benefit to fitness. We showed that MTx evolved through a cascading series of exaptations unlocked by a single nucleotide change. The evolution of one new cleavage site in the acidic subunit unmasked buried cleavage sites already present in ancestral PLA2s, enabling proteolytic processing. Snake venom serine proteases, already present in the venom to disrupt prey hemostasis, possess the requisite specificities for MTx acidic subunit proteolysis. The dimerization interface between MTx subunits evolved by exploiting a latent, but masked, hydrophobic interaction between ancestral PLA2s. The evolution of MTx through exaptation of existing functional and structural features suggests complex phenotypes that depend on evolutionary innovations can arise from minimal genetic change enabled by prior evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carl Whittington
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Andrew J Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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Russo RR, dos Santos Júnior NN, Cintra ACO, Figueiredo LTM, Sampaio SV, Aquino VH. Expression, purification and virucidal activity of two recombinant isoforms of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1159-1171. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Voegele A, Sadi M, Raoux-Barbot D, Douché T, Matondo M, Ladant D, Chenal A. The Adenylate Cyclase (CyaA) Toxin from Bordetella pertussis Has No Detectable Phospholipase A (PLA) Activity In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E111. [PMID: 30781809 PMCID: PMC6409671 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin produced in Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA exhibits the remarkable capacity to translocate its N-terminal adenyl cyclase domain (ACD) directly across the plasma membrane into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Once translocated, calmodulin binds and activates ACD, leading to a burst of cAMP that intoxicates the target cell. Previously, Gonzalez-Bullon et al. reported that CyaA exhibits a phospholipase A activity that could destabilize the membrane to facilitate ACD membrane translocation. However, Bumba and collaborators lately reported that they could not replicate these results. To clarify this controversy, we assayed the putative PLA activity of two CyaA samples purified in two different laboratories by using two distinct fluorescent probes reporting either PLA2 or both PLA1 and PLA2 activities, as well as in various experimental conditions (i.e., neutral or negatively charged membranes in different buffers.) However, we could not detect any PLA activity in these CyaA batches. Thus, our data independently confirm that CyaA does not possess any PLA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Mirko Sadi
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
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Neri-Castro E, Hernández-Dávila A, Olvera-Rodríguez A, Cardoso-Torres H, Bénard-Valle M, Bastiaans E, López-Gutierrez O, Alagón A. Detection and quantification of a β-neurotoxin (crotoxin homologs) in the venom of the rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan from Mexico. Toxicon X 2019; 2:100007. [PMID: 32550564 PMCID: PMC7286086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom may vary in composition and toxicity across the geographic distribution of a species. In the case of the three species of the Neotropical rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan recent research has revealed that their venoms can contain a neurotoxic component (crotoxin homologs), but is not always the case. In the present work, we detected and quantified crotoxin homologs in venom samples from three species distributed across Mexico, to describe variation at the individual and subspecific levels, using slot blot and ELISA immunoassays. We found that all C. simus individuals analyzed had substantial percentages of crotoxin homologs in their venoms (7.6–44.3%). In contrast, C. culminatus lacked them completely and six of ten individuals of the species C. tzabcan had low percentages (3.0–7.7%). We also found a direct relationship between the lethality of a venom and the percentage of crotoxin homologs it contained, indicating that the quantity of this component influences venom lethality in the rattlesnake C. simus. Monoclonal antibodies were produced that specifically recognized crotoxin homologs in venoms of Crotalus species. Crotoxin homologs were quantified in three species of Crotalus: C. simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan. All specimens of C. simus contained crotoxin homologs at different levels, while C. culminatus venoms lacked them completely. In C. tzabcan, some venoms possess and other lack crotoxin homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Arely Hernández-Dávila
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Héctor Cardoso-Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA
| | - Oswaldo López-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Neutralizing properties of LY315920 toward snake venom group I and II myotoxic phospholipases A2. Toxicon 2019; 157:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Translational Venomics: Third-Generation Antivenomics of Anti-Siamese Russell's Viper, Daboia siamensis, Antivenom Manufactured in Taiwan CDC's Vaccine Center. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3020066. [PMID: 30274462 PMCID: PMC6073718 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom proteome of Siamese Russell’s viper from Taiwan, alongside complementary in vivo lethality neutralization assay and in vitro third-generation antivenomics assessment of the preclinical efficacy of the homologous antivenom manufactured in Taiwan CDC’s Vaccine Center, are here reported. Taiwanese Russell’s viper venom proteome comprised 25 distinct gene products, with the heterodimeric PLA2 viperotoxin-F representing the most abundant toxin (47.5% of total venom proteome). Coagulation FV-activating serine proteinase (RVV-V, 14%), the PIV-SVMP activator of FX (RVV-FX, 8.5%), and less abundant toxins from nine protein families, make up its venom proteome. Venom composition-pathology correlations of D. siamensis envenomings in Taiwan are discussed. The lethal effect of Taiwanese D. siamensis venom was 0.47 mg/g mouse. Antivenomics-guided assessment of the toxin recognition landscape of the Taiwanese Russell’s viper antivenom, in conjunction with complementary in vivo neutralization analysis, informed the antivenom’s maximal toxin immunorecognition ability (14 mg total venom proteins/vial), neutralization capacity (6.5 mg venom/vial), and relative content of lethality neutralizing antibodies (46.5% of the toxin-binding F(ab’)2 antibodies). The antivenomics analysis also revealed suboptimal aspects of the CDC-Taiwan antivenom. Strategies to improve them are suggested.
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Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies (VHHs) against Crotoxin: A Basis for Developing Modular Building Blocks for the Enhancement of Treatment or Diagnosis of Crotalic Envenoming. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040142. [PMID: 29596324 PMCID: PMC5923308 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic effects triggered by crotalic envenoming are mainly related to crotoxin (CTX), composed of a phospholipase A2 (CB) and a subunit with no toxic activity (CA). Camelids produce immunoglobulins G devoid of light chains, in which the antigen recognition domain is called VHH. Given their unique characteristics, VHHs were selected using Phage Display against CTX from Crotalus durissus terrificus. After three rounds of biopanning, four sequence profiles for CB (KF498602, KF498603, KF498604, and KF498605) and one for CA (KF498606) were revealed. All clones presented the VHH hallmark in FR2 and a long CDR3, with the exception of KF498606. After expressing pET22b-VHHs in E. coli, approximately 2 to 6 mg of protein per liter of culture were obtained. When tested for cross-reactivity, VHHs presented specificity for the Crotalus genus and were capable of recognizing CB through Western blot. KF498602 and KF498604 showed thermostability, and displayed affinity constants for CTX in the micro or nanomolar range. They inhibited in vitro CTX PLA2 activity, and CB cytotoxicity. Furthermore, KF498604 inhibited the CTX-induced myotoxicity in mice by 78.8%. Molecular docking revealed that KF498604 interacts with the CA–CB interface of CTX, seeming to block substrate access. Selected VHHs may be alternatives for the crotalic envenoming treatment.
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Ojeda PG, Ramírez D, Alzate-Morales J, Caballero J, Kaas Q, González W. Computational Studies of Snake Venom Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:E8. [PMID: 29271884 PMCID: PMC5793095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most snake venom toxins are proteins, and participate to envenomation through a diverse array of bioactivities, such as bleeding, inflammation, and pain, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic or neurotoxic effects. The venom of a single snake species contains hundreds of toxins, and the venoms of the 725 species of venomous snakes represent a large pool of potentially bioactive proteins. Despite considerable discovery efforts, most of the snake venom toxins are still uncharacterized. Modern bioinformatics tools have been recently developed to mine snake venoms, helping focus experimental research on the most potentially interesting toxins. Some computational techniques predict toxin molecular targets, and the binding mode to these targets. This review gives an overview of current knowledge on the ~2200 sequences, and more than 400 three-dimensional structures of snake toxins deposited in public repositories, as well as of molecular modeling studies of the interaction between these toxins and their molecular targets. We also describe how modern bioinformatics have been used to study the snake venom protein phospholipase A2, the small basic myotoxin Crotamine, and the three-finger peptide Mambalgin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola G Ojeda
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - David Ramírez
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Jans Alzate-Morales
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Julio Caballero
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
| | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Wendy González
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile.
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Secreted Phospholipases A₂ from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120406. [PMID: 29311537 PMCID: PMC5744126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms comprise a complex mixture of components that affect several biological systems. Based on the high selectivity for their molecular targets, these components are also a rich source of potential therapeutic agents. Among the main components of animal venoms are the secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s). These PLA2 belong to distinct PLA2s groups. For example, snake venom sPLA2s from Elapidae and Viperidae families, the most important families when considering envenomation, belong, respectively, to the IA and IIA/IIB groups, whereas bee venom PLA2 belongs to group III of sPLA2s. It is well known that PLA2, due to its hydrolytic activity on phospholipids, takes part in many pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and pain. Therefore, secreted PLA2s obtained from animal venoms have been widely used as tools to (a) modulate inflammation and pain, uncovering molecular targets that are implicated in the control of inflammatory (including painful) and neurodegenerative diseases; (b) shed light on the pathophysiology of inflammation and pain observed in human envenomation by poisonous animals; and, (c) characterize molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the knowledge on the nociceptive and antinociceptive actions of sPLA2s from animal venoms, particularly snake venoms.
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Shimizu JF, Pereira CM, Bittar C, Batista MN, Campos GRF, da Silva S, Cintra ACO, Zothner C, Harris M, Sampaio SV, Aquino VH, Rahal P, Jardim ACG. Multiple effects of toxins isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus on the hepatitis C virus life cycle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187857. [PMID: 29141010 PMCID: PMC5687739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease and transplantation worldwide. Current therapy is expensive, presents additional side effects and viral resistance has been described. Therefore, studies for developing more efficient antivirals against HCV are needed. Compounds isolated from animal venoms have shown antiviral activity against some viruses such as Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus and Measles virus. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the complex crotoxin (CX) and its subunits crotapotin (CP) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2-CB) isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus on HCV life cycle. Huh 7.5 cells were infected with HCVcc JFH-1 strain in the presence or absence of these toxins and virus was titrated by focus formation units assay or by qPCR. Toxins were added to the cells at different time points depending on the stage of virus life cycle to be evaluated. The results showed that treatment with PLA2-CB inhibited HCV entry and replication but no effect on HCV release was observed. CX reduced virus entry and release but not replication. By treating cells with CP, an antiviral effect was observed on HCV release, the only stage inhibited by this compound. Our data demonstrated the multiple antiviral effects of toxins from animal venoms on HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Machado Pereira
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Nogueira Batista
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suely da Silva
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Laboratory of Toxinology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Neuromuscular paralysis by the basic phospholipase A 2 subunit of crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom needs its acid chaperone to concurrently inhibit acetylcholine release and produce muscle blockage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vulfius CA, Kasheverov IE, Kryukova EV, Spirova EN, Shelukhina IV, Starkov VG, Andreeva TV, Faure G, Zouridakis M, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Pancreatic and snake venom presynaptically active phospholipases A2 inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186206. [PMID: 29023569 PMCID: PMC5638340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are enzymes found throughout the animal kingdom. They hydrolyze phospholipids in the sn-2 position producing lysophospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids, agents that can damage membranes. PLA2s from snake venoms have numerous toxic effects, not all of which can be explained by phospholipid hydrolysis, and each enzyme has a specific effect. We have earlier demonstrated the capability of several snake venom PLA2s with different enzymatic, cytotoxic, anticoagulant and antiproliferative properties, to decrease acetylcholine-induced currents in Lymnaea stagnalis neurons, and to compete with α-bungarotoxin for binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and acetylcholine binding protein. Since nAChRs are implicated in postsynaptic and presynaptic activities, in this work we probe those PLA2s known to have strong presynaptic effects, namely β-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus and crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus. We also wished to explore whether mammalian PLA2s interact with nAChRs, and have examined non-toxic PLA2 from porcine pancreas. It was found that porcine pancreatic PLA2 and presynaptic β-bungarotoxin blocked currents mediated by nAChRs in Lymnaea neurons with IC50s of 2.5 and 4.8 μM, respectively. Crotoxin competed with radioactive α-bungarotoxin for binding to Torpedo and human α7 nAChRs and to the acetylcholine binding protein. Pancreatic PLA2 interacted similarly with these targets; moreover, it inhibited radioactive α-bungarotoxin binding to the water-soluble extracellular domain of human α9 nAChR, and blocked acetylcholine induced currents in human α9α10 nAChRs heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These and our earlier results show that all snake PLA2s, including presynaptically active crotoxin and β-bungarotoxin, as well as mammalian pancreatic PLA2, interact with nAChRs. The data obtained suggest that this interaction may be a general property of all PLA2s, which should be proved by further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Vulfius
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Igor E. Kasheverov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kryukova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Spirova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Shelukhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav G. Starkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Andreeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Victor I. Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Grabner AN, Alfonso J, Kayano AM, Moreira-Dill LS, dos Santos APDA, Caldeira CA, Sobrinho JC, Gómez A, Grabner FP, Cardoso FF, Zuliani JP, Fontes MR, Pimenta DC, Gómez CV, Teles CB, Soares AM, Calderon LA. BmajPLA 2 -II, a basic Lys49-phospholipase A 2 homologue from Bothrops marajoensis snake venom with parasiticidal potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:571-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Crotoxin, a rattlesnake toxin, down-modulates functions of bone marrow neutrophils and impairs the Syk-GTPase pathway. Toxicon 2017; 136:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Durban J, Sanz L, Trevisan-Silva D, Neri-Castro E, Alagón A, Calvete JJ. Integrated Venomics and Venom Gland Transcriptome Analysis of Juvenile and Adult Mexican Rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. tzabcan, and C. culminatus Revealed miRNA-modulated Ontogenetic Shifts. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3370-3390. [PMID: 28731347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult rattlesnakes within genus Crotalus express one of two distinct venom phenotypes, type I (hemorrhagic) and type II (neurotoxic). In Costa Rican Central American rattlesnake, ontogenetic changes in the concentration of miRNAs modulate venom type II to type I transition. Venomics and venom gland transcriptome analyses showed that adult C. simus and C. tzabcan expressed intermediate patterns between type II and type I venoms, whereas C. culminatus had a canonical type I venom. Neonate/juvenile and adult Mexican rattlesnakes showed notable inter- and intraspecific variability in the number, type, abundance and ontogenetic shifts of the transcriptional and translational venom gland activities. These results support a role for miRNAs in the ontogenetic venom compositional changes in the three congeneric Mexican rattlesnakes. It is worth noting the finding of dual-action miRNAs, which silence the translation of neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA2 crotoxin and acidic PLA2 mRNAs while simultaneously up-regulating SVMP-targeting mRNAs. Dual transcriptional regulation potentially explains the existence of mutually exclusive crotoxin-rich (type-II) and SVMP-rich (type-I) venom phenotypic dichotomy among rattlesnakes. Our results support the hypothesis that alterations of the distribution of miRNAs, modulating the translational activity of venom gland toxin-encoding mRNAs in response to an external cue, may contribute to the mechanism generating adaptive venom variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Durban
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dilza Trevisan-Silva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná , Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Xavier CV, da S Setúbal S, Lacouth-Silva F, Pontes AS, Nery NM, de Castro OB, Fernandes CFC, Soares AM, Fortes-Dias CL, Zuliani JP. Phospholipase A 2 Inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake: Effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human neutrophils cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1117-1125. [PMID: 28743568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Crotalus Neutralizing Factor (CNF) is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), present in the blood plasma of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake. This inhibitor neutralizes the lethal and enzymatic activity of crotoxin, the main neurotoxin from this venom. In this study, we investigated the effects of CNF on the functionality of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human neutrophils. The following parameters were evaluated: viability and proliferation, chemotaxis, cytokines and LTB4 production, cytosolic PLA2s activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide anion (O2-) production. CNF showed no toxicity on PBMCs or neutrophils, and acts by stimulating the release of TNF-α and LTB4, but neither stimulates IL-10 and IL-2 nor affects PBMCs proliferation and O2- release. In neutrophils, CNF induces chemotaxis but does not induce the release of both MPO and O2-. However, it induces LTB4 and IL-8 production. These data show the influence of CNF on PBMCs' function by inducing TNF-α and LTB4 production, and on neutrophils, by stimulating chemotaxis and LTB4 production, via cytosolic PLA2 activity, and IL-8 release. The inflammatory profile produced by CNF is shown for the first time. Our present results suggest that CNF has a role in activation of leukocytes and exert proinflammatory effects on these cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V Xavier
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fabianne Lacouth-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Neriane M Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Onassis Boeri de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F C Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical (CEPEM), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Consuelo L Fortes-Dias
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Alekseeva A, Tretiakova D, Chernikov V, Utkin Y, Molotkovsky J, Vodovozova E, Boldyrev I. Heterodimeric V. nikolskii phospholipases A2 induce aggregation of the lipid bilayer. Toxicon 2017; 133:169-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fernandes CAH, Pazin WM, Dreyer TR, Bicev RN, Cavalcante WLG, Fortes-Dias CL, Ito AS, Oliveira CLP, Fernandez RM, Fontes MRM. Biophysical studies suggest a new structural arrangement of crotoxin and provide insights into its toxic mechanism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43885. [PMID: 28256632 PMCID: PMC5335569 DOI: 10.1038/srep43885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX) is the main neurotoxin found in Crotalus durissus rattlesnake venoms being composed by a nontoxic and non-enzymatic component (CA) and a toxic phospholipase A2 (CB). Previous crystallographic structures of CTX and CB provided relevant insights: (i) CTX structure showed a 1:1 molecular ratio between CA and CB, presenting three tryptophan residues in the CA/CB interface and one exposed to solvent; (ii) CB structure displayed a tetrameric conformation. This study aims to provide further information on the CTX mechanism of action by several biophysical methods. Our data show that isolated CB can in fact form tetramers in solution; however, these tetramers can be dissociated by CA titration. Furthermore, CTX exhibits a strong reduction in fluorescence intensity and lifetime compared with isolated CA and CB, suggesting that all tryptophan residues in CTX may be hidden by the CA/CB interface. By companying spectroscopy fluorescence and SAXS data, we obtained a new structural model for the CTX heterodimer in which all tryptophans are located in the interface, and the N-terminal region of CB is largely exposed to the solvent. Based on this model, we propose a toxic mechanism of action for CTX, involving the interaction of N-terminal region of CB with the target before CA dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Wallance M. Pazin
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R. Dreyer
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Renata N. Bicev
- Departamento de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L. G. Cavalcante
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Consuelo L. Fortes-Dias
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Amando S. Ito
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano L. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Morato Fernandez
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Venomics: integrative venom proteomics and beyond*. Biochem J 2017; 474:611-634. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Venoms are integrated phenotypes that evolved independently in, and are used for predatory and defensive purposes by, a wide phylogenetic range of organisms. The same principles that contribute to the evolutionary success of venoms, contribute to making the study of venoms of great interest in such diverse fields as evolutionary ecology and biotechnology. Evolution is profoundly contingent, and nature also reinvents itself continuosly. Changes in a complex phenotypic trait, such as venom, reflect the influences of prior evolutionary history, chance events, and selection. Reconstructing the natural history of venoms, particularly those of snakes, which will be dealt with in more detail in this review, requires the integration of different levels of knowledge into a meaningful and comprehensive evolutionary framework for separating stochastic changes from adaptive evolution. The application of omics technologies and other disciplines have contributed to a qualitative and quantitative advance in the road map towards this goal. In this review we will make a foray into the world of animal venoms, discuss synergies and complementarities of the different approaches used in their study, and identify current bottlenecks that prevent inferring the evolutionary mechanisms and ecological constraints that molded snake venoms to their present-day variability landscape.
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Faure G, Porowinska D, Saul F. Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotoxin-Related Proteins: Structure and Function Relationship. TOXINS AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pla D, Sanz L, Sasa M, Acevedo ME, Dwyer Q, Durban J, Pérez A, Rodriguez Y, Lomonte B, Calvete JJ. Proteomic analysis of venom variability and ontogeny across the arboreal palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis). J Proteomics 2016; 152:1-12. [PMID: 27777178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bothriechis is a genus of eleven currently recognized slender and arboreal venomous snakes, commonly called palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite dietary studies suggesting that palm-pitvipers are generalists with an ontogenetic shift toward endothermic prey, venom proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of the Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. To achieve a more complete picture of the venomic landscape across Bothriechis, the venom proteomes of biodiversity of the northern Middle American highland palm-pitvipers, B. thalassinus, B. aurifer, and B. bicolor from Guatemala, B. marchi from Honduras, and neonate Costa Rican B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, were investigated. B. thalassinus and B. aurifer venoms are comprised by similar toxin arsenals dominated by SVMPs (33-39% of the venom proteome), CTLs (11-16%), BPP-like molecules (10-13%), and CRISPs (5-10%), and are characterized by the absence of PLA2 proteins. Conversely, the predominant (35%) components of B. bicolor are D49-PLA2 molecules. The venom proteome of B. marchi is similar to B. aurifer and B. thalassinus in that it is rich in SVMPs and BPPs, but also contains appreciable amounts (14.3%) of PLA2s. The major toxin family found in the venoms of both neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, is serine proteinase (SVSP), comprising about 20% of their toxin arsenals. The venom of neonate B. schlegelii is the only palm-pitviper venom where relative high amounts of Kunitz-type (6.3%) and γPLA2 (5.2%) inhibitors have been identified. Despite notable differences between their proteomes, neonate venoms are more similar to each other than to adults of their respective species. However, the ontogenetic changes taking place in the venom of B. lateralis strongly differ from those that occur in the venom of B. schlegelii. Thus, the ontogenetic change in B. lateralis produces a SVMP-rich venom, whereas in B. schlegelii the age-dependent compositional shift generates a PLA2-rich venom. Overall, genus-wide venomics illustrate the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms. The integration of the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework may lay the foundation for assessing, in future studies, the evolutionary path that led to the present-day variability of the venoms of palm-pitvipers. SIGNIFICANCE Bothriechis represents a monophyletic basal genus of eleven arboreal palm-pitvipers that range from southern Mexico to northern South America. Despite palm-pitvipers' putative status as diet generalists, previous proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. Our current proteomic study of Guatemalan species, B. thalassinus, B. aurifer, and B. bicolor, Honduran B. marchi, and neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii from Costa Rica was undertaken to deepen our understanding of the evolutionary pattern of venom proteome diversity across Bothriechis. Ancestral characters are often, but not always, preserved in an organism's development. Venoms of neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii are more similar to each other than to adults of their respective species, suggesting that the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms may represent an inherent feature of Bothriechis common ancestor. Our genus-wide data identified four nodes of venom phenotype differentiation across the phylogeny of Bothriechis. Integrated into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework, the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis may lay the groundwork to establish whether divergence was driven by selection for efficient resource exploitation in arboreal 'islands', thereby contributing to the ecological speciation of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Pla
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel E Acevedo
- Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas, Centro de Datos para la Conservacion, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Quetzal Dwyer
- Parque Reptilandia, Platanillo between Dominical & San Isidro, 8000 Dominical, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Jordi Durban
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Pérez
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yania Rodriguez
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
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Dowell NL, Giorgianni MW, Kassner VA, Selegue JE, Sanchez EE, Carroll SB. The Deep Origin and Recent Loss of Venom Toxin Genes in Rattlesnakes. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2434-2445. [PMID: 27641771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genetic origin of novel traits is a central but challenging puzzle in evolutionary biology. Among snakes, phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-related toxins have evolved in different lineages to function as potent neurotoxins, myotoxins, or hemotoxins. Here, we traced the genomic origin and evolution of PLA2 toxins by examining PLA2 gene number, organization, and expression in both neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic rattlesnakes. We found that even though most North American rattlesnakes do not produce neurotoxins, the genes of a specialized heterodimeric neurotoxin predate the origin of rattlesnakes and were present in their last common ancestor (∼22 mya). The neurotoxin genes were then deleted independently in the lineages leading to the Western Diamondback (Crotalus atrox) and Eastern Diamondback (C. adamanteus) rattlesnakes (∼6 mya), while a PLA2 myotoxin gene retained in C. atrox was deleted from the neurotoxic Mojave rattlesnake (C. scutulatus; ∼4 mya). The rapid evolution of PLA2 gene number appears to be due to transposon invasion that provided a template for non-allelic homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah L Dowell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Matt W Giorgianni
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Victoria A Kassner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jane E Selegue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elda E Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Sean B Carroll
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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