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Padhy I, Dwibedy SK, Mohapatra SS. A molecular overview of the polymyxin-LPS interaction in the context of its mode of action and resistance development. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127679. [PMID: 38508087 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
With the rising incidences of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the diminishing options of novel antimicrobial agents, it is paramount to decipher the molecular mechanisms of action and the emergence of resistance to the existing drugs. Polymyxin, a cationic antimicrobial lipopeptide, is used to treat infections by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens as a last option. Though polymyxins were identified almost seventy years back, their use has been restricted owing to toxicity issues in humans. However, their clinical use has been increasing in recent times resulting in the rise of polymyxin resistance. Moreover, the detection of "mobile colistin resistance (mcr)" genes in the environment and their spread across the globe have complicated the scenario. The mechanism of polymyxin action and the development of resistance is not thoroughly understood. Specifically, the polymyxin-bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interaction is a challenging area of investigation. The use of advanced biophysical techniques and improvement in molecular dynamics simulation approaches have furthered our understanding of this interaction, which will help develop polymyxin analogs with better bactericidal effects and lesser toxicity in the future. In this review, we have delved deeper into the mechanisms of polymyxin-LPS interactions, highlighting several models proposed, and the mechanisms of polymyxin resistance development in some of the most critical Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Padhy
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Sambit K Dwibedy
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, Odisha, India
| | - Saswat S Mohapatra
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, Odisha, India.
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2
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Liu JH, Liu YY, Shen YB, Yang J, Walsh TR, Wang Y, Shen J. Plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance genes: mcr. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:365-378. [PMID: 38008597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Colistin is regarded as a last-line drug against serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Therefore, the emergence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes has attracted global concern and led to policy changes for the use of colistin in food animals across many countries. Currently, the distribution, function, mechanism of action, transmission vehicles, origin of mcr, and new treatment strategies against MCR-producing pathogens have been extensively studied. Here we review the prevalence, structure and function of mcr, the fitness cost and persistence of mcr-carrying plasmids, the impact of MCR on host immune response, as well as the control strategies to combat mcr-mediated colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yi-Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying-Bo Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | | | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Materon IC, Palzkill T. Structural biology of MCR-1-mediated resistance to polymyxin antibiotics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 82:102647. [PMID: 37399693 PMCID: PMC10527939 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxins, a last resort antibiotic, target the outer membrane of pathogens and are used to address the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The plasmid-encoded enzyme MCR-1 confers polymyxin resistance to bacteria by modifying the outer membrane. Transferable resistance to polymyxins is a major concern; therefore, MCR-1 is an important drug target. In this review, we discuss recent structural and mechanistic aspects of MCR-1 function, its variants and homologs, and how they are relevant to polymyxin resistance. Specifically, we discuss work on polymyxin-mediated disruption of the outer and inner membranes, computational studies on the catalytic mechanism of MCR-1, mutagenesis and structural analysis concerning residues important for substrate binding in MCR-1, and finally, advancements in inhibitors targeting MCR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Materon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Thai VC, Stubbs KA, Sarkar-Tyson M, Kahler CM. Phosphoethanolamine Transferases as Drug Discovery Targets for Therapeutic Treatment of Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogenic Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1382. [PMID: 37760679 PMCID: PMC10525099 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a major challenge to global public health. Polymyxins are increasingly being used as last-in-line antibiotics to treat MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections, but resistance development renders them ineffective for empirical therapy. The main mechanism that bacteria use to defend against polymyxins is to modify the lipid A headgroups of the outer membrane by adding phosphoethanolamine (PEA) moieties. In addition to lipid A modifying PEA transferases, Gram-negative bacteria possess PEA transferases that decorate proteins and glycans. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the function, structure, and mechanism of action of PEA transferases identified in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It also summarizes the current drug development progress targeting this enzyme family, which could reverse antibiotic resistance to polymyxins to restore their utility in empiric therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van C. Thai
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Keith A. Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
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Hanpaibool C, Ngamwongsatit N, Ounjai P, Yotphan S, Wolschann P, Mulholland AJ, Spencer J, Rungrotmongkol T. Pyrazolones Potentiate Colistin Activity against MCR-1-Producing Resistant Bacteria: Computational and Microbiological Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8366-8376. [PMID: 36910942 PMCID: PMC9996792 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The polymyxin colistin is a last line antibiotic for extensively resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Colistin binding to lipid A disrupts the Gram-negative outer membrane, but mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family members confer resistance by catalyzing phosphoethanolamine (PEA) transfer onto lipid A, neutralizing its negative charge to reduce colistin interactions. Multiple mcr isoforms have been identified in clinical and environmental isolates, with mcr-1 being the most widespread and mcr-3 being common in South and East Asia. Preliminary screening revealed that treatment with pyrazolones significantly reduced mcr-1, but not mcr-3, mediated colistin resistance. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the catalytic domains of MCR-1 and a homology model of MCR-3, in different protonation states of active site residues H395/H380 and H478/H463, indicate that the MCR-1 active site has greater water accessibility than MCR-3, but that this is less influenced by changes in protonation. MD-optimized structures of MCR-1 and MCR-3 were used in virtual screening of 20 pyrazolone derivatives. Docking of these into the MCR-1/MCR-3 active sites identifies common residues likely to be involved in protein-ligand interactions, specifically the catalytic threonine (MCR-1 T285, MCR-3 T277) site of PEA addition, as well as differential interactions with adjacent amino acids. Minimal inhibitory concentration assays showed that the pyrazolone with the lowest predicted binding energy (ST3f) restores colistin susceptibility of mcr-1, but not mcr-3, expressing Escherichia coli. Thus, simulations indicate differences in the active site structure between MCR-1 and MCR-3 that may give rise to differences in pyrazolone binding and so relate to differential effects upon producer E. coli. This work identifies pyrazolones as able to restore colistin susceptibility of mcr-1-producing bacteria, laying the foundation for further investigations of their activity as phosphoethanolamine transferase inhibitors as well as of their differential activity toward mcr isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonnikan Hanpaibool
- Center
of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Natharin Ngamwongsatit
- Department
of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Laboratory
of Bacteria, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher
Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sirilata Yotphan
- Center of
Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - James Spencer
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center
of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Program
in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Mmatli M, Mbelle NM, Osei Sekyere J. Global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes: A current and emerging update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941358. [PMID: 36093193 PMCID: PMC9462459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes modify Lipid A molecules of the lipopolysaccharide, changing the overall charge of the outer membrane. Results and discussion Ten mcr genes have been described to date within eleven Enterobacteriaceae species, with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella species being the most predominant. They are present worldwide in 72 countries, with animal specimens currently having the highest incidence, due to the use of colistin in poultry for promoting growth and treating intestinal infections. The wide dissemination of mcr from food animals to meat, manure, the environment, and wastewater samples has increased the risk of transmission to humans via foodborne and vector-borne routes. The stability and spread of mcr genes were mediated by mobile genetic elements such as the IncHI2 conjugative plasmid, which is associated with multiple mcr genes and other antibiotic resistance genes. The cost of acquiring mcr is reduced by compensatory adaptation mechanisms. MCR proteins are well conserved structurally and via enzymatic action. Thus, therapeutics found effective against MCR-1 should be tested against the remaining MCR proteins. Conclusion The dissemination of mcr genes into the clinical setting, is threatening public health by limiting therapeutics options available. Combination therapies are a promising option for managing and treating colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections whilst reducing the toxic effects of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masego Mmatli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nontombi Marylucy Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN, United States
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: John Osei Sekyere, ;
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Mullally C, Stubbs KA, Thai VC, Anandan A, Bartley S, Scanlon MJ, Jarvis GA, John CM, Lim KYL, Sullivan CM, Sarkar-Tyson M, Vrielink A, Kahler CM. Novel small molecules that increase the susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cationic antimicrobial peptides by inhibiting lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2441-2447. [PMID: 35770844 PMCID: PMC9410672 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an exclusively human pathogen that commonly infects the urogenital tract resulting in gonorrhoea. Empirical treatment of gonorrhoea with antibiotics has led to multidrug resistance and the need for new therapeutics. Inactivation of lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (EptA), which attaches phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, results in attenuation of the pathogen in infection models. Small molecules that inhibit EptA are predicted to enhance natural clearance of gonococci via the human innate immune response. Methods A library of small-fragment compounds was tested for the ability to enhance susceptibility of the reference strain N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 to polymyxin B. The effect of these compounds on lipid A synthesis and viability in models of infection were tested. Results Three compounds, 135, 136 and 137, enhanced susceptibility of strain FA1090 to polymyxin B by 4-fold. Pre-treatment of bacterial cells with all three compounds resulted in enhanced killing by macrophages. Only lipid A from bacterial cells exposed to compound 137 showed a 17% reduction in the level of decoration of lipid A with phosphoethanolamine by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and reduced stimulation of cytokine responses in THP-1 cells. Binding of 137 occurred with higher affinity to purified EptA than the starting material, as determined by 1D saturation transfer difference NMR. Treatment of eight MDR strains with 137 increased susceptibility to polymyxin B in all cases. Conclusions Small molecules have been designed that bind to EptA, inhibit addition of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A and can sensitize N. gonorrhoeae to killing by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mullally
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Van C Thai
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anandhi Anandan
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephanie Bartley
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Martin J Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary A Jarvis
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Constance M John
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Katherine Y L Lim
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Courtney M Sullivan
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Charlene M Kahler
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Zhu R, Mathur V. Prophages Present in Acinetobacter pittii Influence Bacterial Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Genomic Rearrangements. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:38-49. [PMID: 36161193 PMCID: PMC9041518 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2021.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Antibiotic resistance and virulence are common among bacterial populations, posing a global clinical challenge. The bacterial species Acinetobacter pittii, an infectious agent in clinical environments, has shown increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. Viruses that integrate as prophages into A. pittii could be a potential cause of this pathogenicity, as they often contain antibiotic resistance or virulence factor gene sequences. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 25 A. pittii strains for potential prophages. Using virulence factor databases, we identified many common and virulent prophages in A. pittii. Results: The analysis also included a specific catalogue of the virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes contributed by A. pittii prophages. Finally, our results illustrate multiple similarities between A. pittii and its bacterial relatives with regard to prophage integration sites and prevalence. Discussion: These findings provide a broader insight into prophage behavior that can be applied to future studies on similar species in the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinayak Mathur
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA.,Address correspondence to: Vinayak Mathur, PhD, Department of Science, Cabrini University, 610 King of Prussia Road, IAD 224, Radnor, PA 19087-3698, USA
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Anderson AC, Burnett AJN, Constable S, Hiscock L, Maly KE, Weadge JT. A Mechanistic Basis for Phosphoethanolamine Modification of the Cellulose Biofilm Matrix in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3659-3669. [PMID: 34762795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of self-enmeshed bacteria in a matrix of exopolysaccharides. The widely distributed human pathogen and commensal Escherichia coli produces a biofilm matrix composed of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN)-modified cellulose and amyloid protein fibers, termed curli. The addition of pEtN to the cellulose exopolysaccharide is accomplished by the action of the pEtN transferase, BcsG, and is essential for the overall integrity of the biofilm. Here, using the synthetic co-substrates p-nitrophenyl phosphoethanolamine and β-d-cellopentaose, we demonstrate using an in vitro pEtN transferase assay that full activity of the pEtN transferase domain of BcsG from E. coli (EcBcsGΔN) requires Zn2+ binding, a catalytic nucleophile/acid-base arrangement (Ser278/Cys243/His396), disulfide bond formation, and other newly uncovered essential residues. We further confirm that EcBcsGΔN catalysis proceeds by a ping-pong bisubstrate-biproduct reaction mechanism and displays inefficient kinetic behavior (kcat/KM = 1.81 × 10-4 ± 2.81 × 10-5 M-1 s-1), which is typical of exopolysaccharide-modifying enzymes in bacteria. Thus, the results presented, especially with respect to donor binding (as reflected by KM), have importantly broadened our understanding of the substrate profile and catalytic mechanism of this class of enzymes, which may aid in the development of inhibitors targeting BcsG or other characterized members of the pEtN transferase family, including the intrinsic and mobile colistin resistance factors.
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10
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Genomic and Metabolic Characteristics of the Pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312892. [PMID: 34884697 PMCID: PMC8657582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, in immunocompromised hosts, such as neutropenic cancer, burns, and AIDS patients. Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes diseases in both livestock and pets. The highly flexible and versatile genome of P. aeruginosa allows it to have a high rate of pathogenicity. The numerous secreted virulence factors, resulting from its numerous secretion systems, the multi-resistance to different classes of antibiotics, and the ability to produce biofilms are pathogenicity factors that cause numerous problems in the fight against P. aeruginosa infections and that must be better understood for an effective treatment. Infections by P. aeruginosa represent, therefore, a major health problem and, as resistance genes can be disseminated between the microbiotas associated with humans, animals, and the environment, this issue needs be addressed on the basis of an One Health approach. This review intends to bring together and describe in detail the molecular and metabolic pathways in P. aeruginosa's pathogenesis, to contribute for the development of a more targeted therapy against this pathogen.
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Slipknotted and unknotted monovalent cation-proton antiporters evolved from a common ancestor. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009502. [PMID: 34648493 PMCID: PMC8562792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the slipknot topology in proteins has been known for over a decade, its evolutionary origin is still a mystery. We have identified a previously overlooked slipknot motif in a family of two-domain membrane transporters. Moreover, we found that these proteins are homologous to several families of unknotted membrane proteins. This allows us to directly investigate the evolution of the slipknot motif. Based on our comprehensive analysis of 17 distantly related protein families, we have found that slipknotted and unknotted proteins share a common structural motif. Furthermore, this motif is conserved on the sequential level as well. Our results suggest that, regardless of topology, the proteins we studied evolved from a common unknotted ancestor single domain protein. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests the presence of at least seven parallel evolutionary scenarios that led to the current diversity of proteins in question. The tools we have developed in the process can now be used to investigate the evolution of other repeated-domain proteins. In proteins with the slipknot topology, the polypeptide chain forms a slipknot—a structure that is not necessarily manifest to a naked eye, but it can be detected using mathematical methods. Slipknots are conserved motifs often found at catalytic sites and are directly involved in molecular transport. Although the first proteins with slipknots were found in 2007, many questions remain unanswered, e.g. how these proteins appeared, or whether the slipknotted proteins evolved from unknotted ones or vice versa. Here we provide the first analysis of homologous slipknotted and unknotted transmembrane proteins in order to elucidate their evolutionary relationship. We show that two-domain slipknotted and unknotted membrane transporters share the same one-domain unknotted protein as an ancestor. The ancestor gene duplicated and underwent various diversification and fusion events during the evolution, which have led to the appearance of a large superfamily of secondary active transporters. The slipknot motif seems to have been created by chance after a fusion of two single domain genes. Therefore, we show here that the slipknotted transporter evolved from an unknotted one-domain protein and that there are at least seven different evolutionary scenarios that gave rise to this large superfamily of transporters.
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12
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Gogry FA, Siddiqui MT, Sultan I, Haq QMR. Current Update on Intrinsic and Acquired Colistin Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:677720. [PMID: 34476235 PMCID: PMC8406936 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.677720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin regained global interest as a consequence of the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. In parallel, colistin-resistant bacteria emerged in response to the unregulated use of this antibiotic. However, some Gram-negative species are intrinsically resistant to colistin activity, such as Neisseria meningitides, Burkholderia species, and Proteus mirabilis. Most identified colistin resistance usually involves modulation of lipid A that decreases or removes early charge-based interaction with colistin through up-regulation of multistep capsular polysaccharide expression. The membrane modifications occur by the addition of cationic phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) or 4-amino-l-arabinose on lipid A that results in decrease in the negative charge on the bacterial surface. Therefore, electrostatic interaction between polycationic colistin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is halted. It has been reported that these modifications on the bacterial surface occur due to overexpression of chromosomally mediated two-component system genes (PmrAB and PhoPQ) and mutation in lipid A biosynthesis genes that result in loss of the ability to produce lipid A and consequently LPS chain, thereafter recently identified variants of plasmid-borne genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10). It was hypothesized that mcr genes derived from intrinsically resistant environmental bacteria that carried chromosomal pmrC gene, a part of the pmrCAB operon, code three proteins viz. pEtN response regulator PmrA, sensor kinase protein PmrAB, and phosphotransferase PmrC. These plasmid-borne mcr genes become a serious concern as they assist in the dissemination of colistin resistance to other pathogenic bacteria. This review presents the progress of multiple strategies of colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, mainly focusing on surface changes of the outer membrane LPS structure and other resistance genetic determinants. New handier and versatile methods have been discussed for rapid detection of colistin resistance determinants and the latest approaches to revert colistin resistance that include the use of new drugs, drug combinations and inhibitors. Indeed, more investigations are required to identify the exact role of different colistin resistance determinants that will aid in developing new less toxic and potent drugs to treat bacterial infections. Therefore, colistin resistance should be considered a severe medical issue requiring multisectoral research with proper surveillance and suitable monitoring systems to report the dissemination rate of these resistant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Anandan A, Dunstan NW, Ryan TM, Mertens HDT, Lim KYL, Evans GL, Kahler CM, Vrielink A. Conformational flexibility of EptA driven by an interdomain helix provides insights for enzyme-substrate recognition. IUCRJ 2021; 8:732-746. [PMID: 34584735 PMCID: PMC8420757 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521005613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria have developed mechanisms to increase resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides by modifying the lipid A moiety. One modification is the addition of phospho-ethano-lamine to lipid A by the enzyme phospho-ethano-lamine transferase (EptA). Previously we reported the structure of EptA from Neisseria, revealing a two-domain architecture consisting of a periplasmic facing soluble domain and a transmembrane domain, linked together by a bridging helix. Here, the conformational flexibility of EptA in different detergent environments is probed by solution scattering and intrinsic fluorescence-quenching studies. The solution scattering studies reveal the enzyme in a more compact state with the two domains positioned close together in an n-do-decyl-β-d-maltoside micelle environment and an open extended structure in an n-do-decyl-phospho-choline micelle environment. Intrinsic fluorescence quenching studies localize the domain movements to the bridging helix. These results provide important insights into substrate binding and the molecular mechanism of endotoxin modification by EptA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Anandan
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas W. Dunstan
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Haydyn D. T. Mertens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katherine Y. L. Lim
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Genevieve L. Evans
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth 6009, Australia
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Zheng Z, Lei Y, Wang Y, Lin C, Lin J. Occurrence of mcr Positive Strains and Molecular Characteristics of Two mcr-1 Positive Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli from a Chinese Women's and Children's Hospital. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2925-2932. [PMID: 34349527 PMCID: PMC8327187 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s322686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr) in Gram-negative bacteria and to analyze the molecular characteristics of mcr-1 positive Salmonella typhimurium strain 75 and Escherichia coli strain 107 from the Quanzhou Women’s and Children’s Hospital in China. Methods The genes mcr-1 through mcr-9 were screened via multiplex PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility was detected using a GN11 card with the VITEK-2 compact automated system. Whole genomes were sequenced using PacBio’s single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. Results In this study, mcr-1 was detected in only four strains, with a positivity rate of 0.65% (4/616). All the four strains were resistant to more than three different kinds of antibiotics. The mcr-1 positive S. typhimurium strain 75 harbored IncHI2 plasmid, which carried mcr-1 gene, while the mcr-1 positive E. coli strain 107 contained four plasmids including one mcr-1 harboring IncHI2 plasmid, one IncFII plasmid and two IncI1-I (Alpha) plasmids. Mobile elements carrying mcr-1 in the 75_plasmid and 107_plasmid-1 were located in the IS1086(ISApl1)-IS30A(ISApl1)-mcr-1-hp and IS1086(ISApl1)-mcr-1-hp regions, respectively. Tn6010 carrying drug efflux pump genes was found in 75_plasmid, while cn_31611_IS26 carrying multi-drug resistance (MDR) genes were found in 107_plasmid-1. Conclusion This study found that mcr-1 was prevalent at a low frequency in the Quanzhou Women’s and Children’s Hospital. A similar genetic pattern of mcr-1 transmission was found in both E. coli and S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinna Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou, People's Republic of China
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The Xanthomonas RaxH-RaxR Two-Component Regulatory System Is Orthologous to the Zinc-Responsive Pseudomonas ColS-ColR System. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071458. [PMID: 34361895 PMCID: PMC8306577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequence comparisons to infer likely gene functions require accurate ortholog assignments. In Pseudomonas spp., the sensor-regulator ColS-ColR two-component regulatory system responds to zinc and other metals to control certain membrane-related functions, including lipid A remodeling. In Xanthomonas spp., three different two-component regulatory systems, RaxH-RaxR, VgrS-VgrR, and DetS-DetR, have been denoted as ColS-ColR in several different genome annotations and publications. To clarify these assignments, we compared the sensor periplasmic domain sequences and found that those from Pseudomonas ColS and Xanthomonas RaxH share a similar size as well as the location of a Glu-X-X-Glu metal ion-binding motif. Furthermore, we determined that three genes adjacent to raxRH are predicted to encode enzymes that remodel the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide. The modifications catalyzed by lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase (EptA) and lipid A 1-phosphatase (LpxE) previously were detected in lipid A from multiple Xanthomonas spp. The third gene encodes a predicted lipid A glycosyl transferase (ArnT). Together, these results indicate that the Xanthomonas RaxH-RaxR system is orthologous to the Pseudomonas ColS-ColR system that regulates lipid A remodeling. To avoid future confusion, we recommend that the terms ColS and ColR no longer be applied to Xanthomonas spp., and that the Vgr, Rax, and Det designations be used instead.
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16
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Suardíaz R, Lythell E, Hinchliffe P, van der Kamp M, Spencer J, Fey N, Mulholland AJ. Catalytic mechanism of the colistin resistance protein MCR-1. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3813-3819. [PMID: 33606866 PMCID: PMC8097703 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mcr-1 gene encodes a membrane-bound Zn2+-metalloenzyme, MCR-1, which catalyses phosphoethanolamine transfer onto bacterial lipid A, making bacteria resistant to colistin, a last-resort antibiotic. Mechanistic understanding of this process remains incomplete. Here, we investigate possible catalytic pathways using DFT and ab initio calculations on cluster models and identify a complete two-step reaction mechanism. The first step, formation of a covalent phosphointermediate via transfer of phosphoethanolamine from a membrane phospholipid donor to the acceptor Thr285, is rate-limiting and proceeds with a single Zn2+ ion. The second step, transfer of the phosphoethanolamine group to lipid A, requires an additional Zn2+. The calculations suggest the involvement of the Zn2+ orbitals directly in the reaction is limited, with the second Zn2+ acting to bind incoming lipid A and direct phosphoethanolamine addition. The new level of mechanistic detail obtained here, which distinguishes these enzymes from other phosphotransferases, will aid in the development of inhibitors specific to MCR-1 and related bacterial phosphoethanolamine transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynier Suardíaz
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. and School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emily Lythell
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. and School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Philip Hinchliffe
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marc van der Kamp
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. and School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Natalie Fey
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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17
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The MCR-3 inside linker appears as a facilitator of colistin resistance. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109135. [PMID: 34010644 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An evolving family of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) enzymes is threatening public health. However, the molecular mechanism by which the MCR enzyme as a rare member of lipid A-phosphoethanolamine (PEA) transferases gains the ability to confer phenotypic colistin resistance remains enigmatic. Here, we report an unusual example that genetic duplication and amplification produce a functional variant (Ah762) of MCR-3 in certain Aeromonas species. The lipid A-binding cavity of Ah762 is functionally defined. Intriguingly, we locate a hinge linker of Ah762 (termed Linker 59) that determines the MCR. Genetic and biochemical characterization reveals that Linker 59 behaves as a facilitator to render inactive MCR variants to regain the ability of colistin resistance. Along with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) suggests that this facilitator guarantees the formation of substrate phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-accessible pocket within MCR-3-like enzymes. Therefore, our finding defines an MCR-3 inside facilitator for colistin resistance.
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18
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Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: a comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2897-2907. [PMID: 33839987 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
At the present time, the polymyxin antibiotic colistin is considered a last-line treatment option for severe human infections caused by multi-drug and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Lately, the vast spread of colistin resistance among bacteria has got great attention worldwide due to its significant role as the last refuge in treating diseases caused by the resistant infectious agents. Therefore, the discovery of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes raised global public health concerns as they can spread by horizontal transfer and have chances of global dissemination. To date, ten slightly different variants of the mcr-1 gene (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been identified in different bacteria isolated from animals, foods, farms, humans, and the environment. Therefore, the issue of mcr spread is growing and worsening day after day. In this backdrop, the current article presents an overview of mcr variants, their spread, and the resistance mechanisms they confer. Hence, this paper will advance our knowledge about colistin resistance while supporting the efforts toward better stewardship and proper usage of antimicrobials.
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19
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Nikkhahi F, Robatjazi S, Niazadeh M, Javadi A, Shahbazi G, Aris P, Marashi S, Emam N. First detection of mobilized colistin resistance mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli isolated from livestock and sewage in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100862. [PMID: 33996103 PMCID: PMC8086131 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of resistance to colistin in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate mcr-harbouring Escherichia coli dissemination in livestock and sewage in Iran. A total of 115 samples from cows (n = 38), chickens (n = 47) and urban sewage samples (n = 30) were collected. The presence of genes including mcr1–6 and ampC β-lactamase (blaMOX, blaCIT, blaDHA, blaACC, blaEBC, blaFOX) for colistin-resistant isolates was investigated by multiplex PCR method. Genetic association of colistin-resistant strains was also evaluated by ERIC PCR. Sixty-five isolates were identified as E. coli. Meaningless were resistant to colistin. The highest (26.1%) and lowest (3.07%) resistance were shown to ampicillin and meropenem respectively. Among the three colistin-resistant isolates, 2 (66%) were multidrug resistant, with one of them being mcr-1 positive and the other one positive for DHA ampC β-lactamase gene. No mcr2–6 genes were found. Minimum inhibitory concentration of mcr-producing isolate was 4 mg/L by microbroth dilution. This study reports, first the detection of mcr-1 in E. coli from farm animals in Iran, a finding that is indicative of a global distribution of this plasmidic element and threatning the use of colistin as a last resort antibiotic. No clonal relationship was observed between the colistin-resistant E. coli isolates by ERIC-PCR. Monitoring the presence of these strains in animal sources help as to controlling the spread of resistance genes from animal to human is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Iran
- Corresponding author: F. Nikkhahi, Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 34199, 15315, Qazvin, Iran.
| | | | | | - A. Javadi
- Department of Biostatics, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - P. Aris
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Iran
| | | | - N. Emam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Lim KYL, Mullally CA, Haese EC, Kibble EA, McCluskey NR, Mikucki EC, Thai VC, Stubbs KA, Sarkar-Tyson M, Kahler CM. Anti-Virulence Therapeutic Approaches for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020103. [PMID: 33494538 PMCID: PMC7911339 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is seen in both Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, the former has become resistant to commonly available over-the-counter antibiotic treatments. It is imperative then to develop new therapies that combat current AMR isolates whilst also circumventing the pathways leading to the development of AMR. This review highlights the growing research interest in developing anti-virulence therapies (AVTs) which are directed towards inhibiting virulence factors to prevent infection. By targeting virulence factors that are not essential for gonococcal survival, it is hypothesized that this will impart a smaller selective pressure for the emergence of resistance in the pathogen and in the microbiome, thus avoiding AMR development to the anti-infective. This review summates the current basis of numerous anti-virulence strategies being explored for N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y. L. Lim
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Christopher A. Mullally
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Ethan C. Haese
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Emily A. Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Nicolie R. McCluskey
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Edward C. Mikucki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Van C. Thai
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Keith A. Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (K.Y.L.L.); (C.A.M.); (E.C.H.); (E.A.K.); (N.R.M.); (E.C.M.); (V.C.T.); (M.S.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Gabale U, Peña Palomino PA, Kim H, Chen W, Ressl S. The essential inner membrane protein YejM is a metalloenzyme. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17794. [PMID: 33082366 PMCID: PMC7576196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent recurrent outbreaks of Gram-negative bacteria show the critical need to target essential bacterial mechanisms to fight the increase of antibiotic resistance. Pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria have developed several strategies to protect themselves against the host immune response and antibiotics. One such strategy is to remodel the outer membrane where several genes are involved. yejM was discovered as an essential gene in E. coli and S. typhimurium that plays a critical role in their virulence by changing the outer membrane permeability. How the inner membrane protein YejM with its periplasmic domain changes membrane properties remains unknown. Despite overwhelming structural similarity between the periplasmic domains of two YejM homologues with hydrolases like arylsulfatases, no enzymatic activity has been previously reported for YejM. Our studies reveal an intact active site with bound metal ions in the structure of YejM periplasmic domain. Furthermore, we show that YejM has a phosphatase activity that is dependent on the presence of magnesium ions and is linked to its function of regulating outer membrane properties. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which YejM is involved in outer membrane remodeling will help to identify a new drug target in the fight against the increased antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Gabale
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 212 S Hawthrone Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Perla Arianna Peña Palomino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 212 S Hawthrone Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - HyunAh Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 212 S Hawthrone Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Wenya Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 212 S Hawthrone Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Susanne Ressl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 212 S Hawthrone Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas At Austin, 100 E. 24th St., NHB 2.504, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Liu YY, Zhu Y, Wickremasinghe H, Bergen PJ, Lu J, Zhu XQ, Zhou QL, Azad M, Nang SC, Han ML, Lei T, Li J, Liu JH. Metabolic Perturbations Caused by the Over-Expression of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588658. [PMID: 33162965 PMCID: PMC7581681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid dissemination of the plasmid-born polymyxin resistance gene mcr-1 poses a critical medical challenge. MCR-1 expression is tightly controlled and imposes a fitness cost on the bacteria. We used growth studies and metabolomics to examine growth and metabolic changes within E. coli TOP10 at 8 and 24 h in response to different levels of expression of mcr-1. Induction of mcr-1 greatly increased expression at 8 h and markedly reduced bacterial growth; membrane disruption and cell lysis were evident at this time. At 24 h, the expression of mcr-1 dramatically declined with restored growth and membrane integrity, indicating regulation of mcr-1 expression in bacteria to maintain membrane homeostasis. Intermediates of peptide and lipid biosynthesis were the most commonly affected metabolites when mcr-1 was overexpressed in E. coli. Cell wall biosynthesis was dramatically affected with the accumulation of lipids including fatty acids, glycerophospholipids and lysophosphatidylethanolamines, especially at 8 h. In contrast, levels of intermediate metabolites of peptides, amino sugars, carbohydrates and nucleotide metabolism and secondary metabolites significantly decreased. Moreover, the over-expression of mcr-1 resulted in a prolonged reduction in intermediates associated with pentose phosphate pathway and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. These findings indicate that over-expression of mcr-1 results in global metabolic perturbations that mainly involve disruption to the bacterial membrane, pentose phosphate pathway as well as pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hasini Wickremasinghe
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip J Bergen
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Li Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue C Nang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Ullah S, Ji K, Li J, Xu Y, Jiang C, Zhang H, Huang M, Feng Y. Characterization of NMCR-2, a new non-mobile colistin resistance enzyme: implications for an MCR-8 ancestor. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:844-860. [PMID: 32686285 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MCR-4 and MCR-8 are two recently identified members of an ongoing MCR family of colistin resistance. Although that aquatic reservoir for MCR-4 is proposed, the origin and mechanism of MCR-8 is poorly understood. Here we report a previously unrecognized non-mobile colistin resistance enzyme, termed NMCR-2, originating from the plant pathogen Kosakonia pseudosacchari. NMCR-2 (551aa) gives 67.3% identity to MCR-8 (565aa). NMCR-2 is placed as a progenitor/ancestor for MCR-8 in phylogeny of MCR members. Genetic study reveals that nmcr-2 is comparable to mcr-8 in the ability of producing phenotypic colistin resistance. Biochemical analyses determine that these two enzymes catalyse the transfer of PEA from the donor PE lipid substrate to the recipient lipid A molecule by a putative 'ping-pong' trade-off. Further experiment of protein engineering demonstrates that the two motifs (TM region and catalytic domain) of NMCR-2 are functionally exchangeable with that of MCR-8, rather than MCR-1. Physiological impacts of nmcr-2 and/or mcr-8 are detected in Escherichia coli, featuring with fitness cost. Evidently, the action and mechanism of NMCR-2 is analogous to that of MCR-8. Therefore, our finding underlines that NMCR-2 might be a possible progenitor of MCR-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Chengjian Jiang
- Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Man Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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24
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Wenzel CQ, Mills DC, Dobruchowska JM, Vlach J, Nothaft H, Nation P, Azadi P, Melville SB, Carlson RW, Feldman MF, Szymanski CM. An atypical lipoteichoic acid from Clostridium perfringens elicits a broadly cross-reactive and protective immune response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9513-9530. [PMID: 32424044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a leading cause of food-poisoning and causes avian necrotic enteritis, posing a significant problem to both the poultry industry and human health. No effective vaccine against C. perfringens is currently available. Using an antiserum screen of mutants generated from a C. perfringens transposon-mutant library, here we identified an immunoreactive antigen that was lost in a putative glycosyltransferase mutant, suggesting that this antigen is likely a glycoconjugate. Following injection of formalin-fixed whole cells of C. perfringens HN13 (a laboratory strain) and JGS4143 (chicken isolate) intramuscularly into chickens, the HN13-derived antiserum was cross-reactive in immunoblots with all tested 32 field isolates, whereas only 5 of 32 isolates were recognized by JGS4143-derived antiserum. The immunoreactive antigens from both HN13 and JGS4143 were isolated, and structural analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS, GC-MS, and 2D NMR revealed that both were atypical lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) with poly-(β1→4)-ManNAc backbones substituted with phosphoethanolamine. However, although the ManNAc residues in JGS4143 LTA were phosphoethanolamine-modified, a few of these residues were instead modified with phosphoglycerol in the HN13 LTA. The JGS4143 LTA also had a terminal ribose and ManNAc instead of ManN in the core region, suggesting that these differences may contribute to the broadly cross-reactive response elicited by HN13. In a passive-protection chicken experiment, oral challenge with C. perfringens JGS4143 lead to 22% survival, whereas co-gavage with JGS4143 and α-HN13 antiserum resulted in 89% survival. This serum also induced bacterial killing in opsonophagocytosis assays, suggesting that HN13 LTA is an attractive target for future vaccine-development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Q Wenzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominic C Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jiri Vlach
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Nation
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen B Melville
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mario F Feldman
- VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada .,VaxAlta Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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25
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Samantha A, Vrielink A. Lipid A Phosphoethanolamine Transferase: Regulation, Structure and Immune Response. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5184-5196. [PMID: 32353363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of antibiotics are targeted to the bacterial membrane due to its unique arrangement and composition relative to the host mammalian membranes. By modification of their membranes, some gram-negative pathogens resist the action of antibiotics. Lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase (EptA) is an intramembrane enzyme that modifies the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide/lipooligosaccharide by the addition of phosphoethanolamine. This modification reduces the overall net-negative charge of the outer membrane of some gram-negative bacteria, conferring resistance to polymyxin. This resistance mechanism has resulted in a global public health issue due to the increased use of polymyxin as last-resort antibiotic treatments against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Studies show that, without EptA, pathogenic bacteria become more sensitive to polymyxin and to clearance by the host immune system, suggesting the importance of this target enzyme for the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this review, EptA will be discussed comprehensively. Specifically, this review will cover the regulation of eptA expression by the two component systems PmrA/PmrB and PhoP/PhoQ, the site of modification on lipid A, the structure and catalytic mechanism of EptA in comparison to MCR-1 and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, and the host immune system's response to lipid A modification by EptA. The overarching aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of polymyxin resistance mediated by EptA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Samantha
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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26
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Anderson AC, Burnett AJN, Hiscock L, Maly KE, Weadge JT. The Escherichia coli cellulose synthase subunit G (BcsG) is a Zn 2+-dependent phosphoethanolamine transferase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6225-6235. [PMID: 32152228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are cellular communities that produce an adherent matrix. Exopolysaccharides are key structural components of this matrix and are required for the assembly and architecture of biofilms produced by a wide variety of microorganisms. The human bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica produce a biofilm matrix composed primarily of the exopolysaccharide phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose. Once thought to be composed of only underivatized cellulose, the pEtN modification present in these matrices has been implicated in the overall architecture and integrity of the biofilm. However, an understanding of the mechanism underlying pEtN derivatization of the cellulose exopolysaccharide remains elusive. The bacterial cellulose synthase subunit G (BcsG) is a predicted inner membrane-localized metalloenzyme that has been proposed to catalyze the transfer of the pEtN group from membrane phospholipids to cellulose. Here we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of BcsG from E. coli (EcBcsGΔN) functions as a phosphoethanolamine transferase in vitro with substrate preference for cellulosic materials. Structural characterization of EcBcsGΔN revealed that it belongs to the alkaline phosphatase superfamily, contains a Zn2+ ion at its active center, and is structurally similar to characterized enzymes that confer colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Informed by our structural studies, we present a functional complementation experiment in E. coli AR3110, indicating that the activity of the BcsG C-terminal domain is essential for integrity of the pellicular biofilm. Furthermore, our results established a similar but distinct active-site architecture and catalytic mechanism shared between BcsG and the colistin resistance enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Alysha J N Burnett
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Lana Hiscock
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Kenneth E Maly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
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27
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Guo Y, Lv X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Lu N, Deng X, Wang J. Honokiol Restores Polymyxin Susceptibility to MCR-1-Positive Pathogens both In Vitro and In Vivo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02346-19. [PMID: 31862719 PMCID: PMC7028959 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02346-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 has led to serious multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae infections, which are a great threat to the clinic. This study aims to find an inhibitor of MCR-1 to reestablish the use of polymyxins against MDR Enterobacteriaceae infections. Here, we determined that the natural compound honokiol could enhance the efficacy of polymyxins against MDR Enterobacteriaceae infections by a checkerboard MIC assay, a time-kill assay, a combined disk test, Western blotting, molecular simulation dynamics, and mouse infection models. The MIC results indicated that honokiol can recover the sensitivity of polymyxins against MCR-1-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (with a fractional inhibitory concentration index ranging from 0.09 ± 0.00 to 0.27 ± 0.06). Based on time-kill curve analysis, all of the tested bacteria were killed within 1 h following the combined therapy with honokiol and polymyxins. Molecular simulation dynamics results suggested that honokiol directly binds to the MCR-1 active region, reducing the biological activity of MCR-1. The combination of honokiol and polymyxins could increase the 40% protection rate and reduce the bacterial load on the thigh muscles of mice. Our study indicates that honokiol is a predominant natural compound whose combination therapy with polymyxins is very promising in future treatment options for MCR-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae infections.IMPORTANCE In the present study, honokiol could effectively inhibit the activity of MCR-1 and showed almost no cytotoxicity to MH-S cells. According to our results, the combination of honokiol and polymyxin had a clear synergistic effect against MCR-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in vitro Combination therapy also showed a powerful therapeutic effect in vivo, which can significantly improve mouse livability, reduced the load of bacteria, and reduced pathological change. This combined therapy of small molecule compounds and antibiotics may not continue to induce new bacterial resistance, due to the fact that MCR-1 targeted by honokiol is not indispensable for the bacterial viability; on the other hand, it can reduce the dosage of combined antibiotics, and it is also a promising alternative therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohong Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Qingdao Vland Biological Limited Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Abd El-Baky RM, Masoud SM, Mohamed DS, Waly NG, Shafik EA, Mohareb DA, Elkady A, Elbadr MM, Hetta HF. Prevalence and Some Possible Mechanisms of Colistin Resistance Among Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:323-332. [PMID: 32099423 PMCID: PMC7006860 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s238811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The emergence of colistin-resistant strains is considered a great threat for patients with severe infections. Here, we investigate the prevalence and some possible mechanisms of colistin resistance among multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using disc diffusion methods while colistin resistance was detected by agar dilution method. Possible mechanisms for colistin resistance were studied by detection of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes by conventional PCR, detection of efflux mechanisms using Carbonyl Cyanide 3-Chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), studying outer membrane protein profile and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile of resistant isolates. Results It was found that MDR and XDR represented 96% and 87% of the isolated P. aeruginosa, respectively, and colistin resistance represented 21.3%. No isolates were positive for mcr-2 gene while 50% of colistin-resistant isolates were positive for mcr-1. Efflux mechanisms were detected in 3 isolates. Protein profile showed the presence of a band of 21.4 KDa in the resistant strains which may represent OprH while LPS profile showed differences among colistin-resistant mcr-1 negative strains, colistin-resistant mcr-1 positive strains and susceptible strains. Conclusion The current study reports a high prevalence of colistin resistance and mcr-1 gene in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from Egypt that may result in untreatable infections. Our finding makes it urgent to avoid unnecessary clinical use of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Salwa M Masoud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Doaa S Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Nancy Gfm Waly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Engy A Shafik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dina A Mohareb
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed M Elbadr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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29
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Zamparette CP, Schorner M, Campos E, Moura Q, Cerdeira L, Tartari DC, Sereia AFR, Cunha P, Fontana H, de Oliveira LFV, Grisard EC, Lincopan N, Bazzo ML, Sincero TCM. IncX4 Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1.1 in Polymyxin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Outpatients in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1326-1333. [PMID: 32004096 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance has become a global health concern, not only because its dissemination has occurred drastically but also because it has begun to be reported in multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. We hereby report microbiological and genomic characteristics of two mcr-1.1-positive polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates identified for the first time in community patients, in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. E. coli strains belonging to ST206 and ST354 and the resistome analysis revealed the presence of clinically important genes responsible for MDR profile. Interestingly, in both polymyxin-resistant E. coli strains, mcr-1.1 genes were carried by IncX4 plasmids, responsible for the worldwide dissemination of mcr-type genes. In this regard, plasmid backbones were almost identical to the first IncX4 plasmid reported in Brazil and sharing more than 99.9% identity to IncX4 plasmids from China, also lacking the ISApl1 insertion sequence upstream of mcr-1. In conclusion, these data confirm the presence of international ST206 and ST354 carrying mcr-1.1 genes and that the IncX4 plasmids have been key vectors contributing to the endemic status of mcr-1.1-positive polymyxin-resistant E. coli in Brazil. Also, we described the first known clinical isolate with the mrc1.1 gene in Santa Catarina state, Brazil, showing that plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance has been affecting humans earlier than has been known so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caetana P Zamparette
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos Schorner
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Campos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Quézia Moura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Tartari
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Cunha
- Neoprospecta Microbiome Technologies, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Herrison Fontana
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edmundo C Grisard
- Department of Microbiology, Imunology and Parasitology, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Thaís C M Sincero
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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30
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Lu N, Lv Q, Sun X, Zhou Y, Guo Y, Qiu J, Zhang P, Wang J. Isoalantolactone restores the sensitivity of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae carrying MCR-1 to carbapenems. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2475-2483. [PMID: 31957212 PMCID: PMC7028856 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymyxin B has been re‐applied to the clinic as the final choice for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative pathogenic infections, but the use of polymyxin B has been re‐assessed because of the emergence and spread of the plasmid‐mediated mcr‐1 gene. The purpose of this study was to search for an MCR inhibitor synergistically acting with polymyxin to treat the infection caused by this pathogen. In this study, we used the broth microdilution checkerboard method to evaluate the synergistic effect of isoalantolactone (IAL) and polymyxin B on mcr‐1‐positive Enterobacteriaceae. Growth curve analysis, time‐killing assays and a combined disc test were used to further verify the efficacy of the combined drug. Colonization of the thigh muscle in mice, survival experiments and lung tissue section observations was used to determine the effect of synergy in vivo after Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli infection. We screened a natural compound, IAL, which can enhance the sensitivity of polymyxin B to mcr‐1‐positive Enterobacteriaceae. The results showed that the combined use of polymyxin B and IAL has a synergistic effect on mcr‐1‐positive Enterobacteriaceae, such as K pneumoniae and E coli, not only in vitro but also in vivo. Our results indicate that IAL is a natural compound with broad application prospects that can prolong the service life of polymyxin B and make outstanding contributions to the treatment of gram‐negative Enterobacteriaceae infections resistant to polymyxin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianghua Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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31
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Jen FEC, Everest-Dass AV, El-Deeb IM, Singh S, Haselhorst T, Walker MJ, von Itzstein M, Jennings MP. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Becomes Susceptible to Polymyxin B and Colistin in the Presence of PBT2. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:50-55. [PMID: 31697892 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, which has a global incidence of 106 million cases per year. No vaccine is available to prevent the disease, and the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains makes N. gonorrhoeae an immediate public health threat. Here, we show that an ionophore, PBT2, can reverse the intrinsic resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to polymyxin B and colistin. These antibiotics administered in combination with PBT2 may be an effective path to treat MDR gonococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda E.-C. Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Arun V. Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Ibrahim M. El-Deeb
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Sanjesh Singh
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
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32
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Shedko ED, Timoshina O, Azyzov IS. Molecular epidemiology of mcr gene group. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.36488/cmac.2020.4.287-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colistin and polymyxin B are the “last reserve” antimicrobials for the treatment of extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. The rapidly increasing prevalence of polymyxin resistance mediated by the mcr gene localized on plasmid DNA currently poses a high epidemiological threat. In order to control a distribution of mcr genes, it is necessary to develop highly accurate, highly sensitive and easy-to-use diagnostic tools. This paper provides a review of the most relevant studies on the molecular epidemiology as well as current approaches to microbiological and molecular detection of mcr group genes.
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Recent progress on elucidating the molecular mechanism of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance and drug design. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:355-366. [PMID: 31872322 PMCID: PMC7347692 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing global challenge to public health. Polymyxin is considered to be the last-resort antibiotic against most gram-negative bacteria. Recently, discoveries of a plasmid-mediated, transferable mobilized polymyxin resistance gene (mcr-1) in many countries have heralded the increased threat of the imminent emergence of pan-drug-resistant super bacteria. MCR-1 is an inner membrane protein that enables bacteria to develop resistance to polymyxin by transferring phosphoethanolamine to lipid A. However, the mechanism associated with polymyxin resistance has yet to be elucidated, and few drugs exist to address this issue. Here, we review our current understanding regarding MCR-1 and small molecule inhibitors to provide a detailed enzymatic mechanism of MCR-1 and the associated implications for drug design.
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Barker WT, Nemeth AM, Brackett SM, Basak AK, Chandler CE, Jania LA, Zuercher WJ, Melander RJ, Koller BH, Ernst RK, Melander C. Repurposing Eukaryotic Kinase Inhibitors as Colistin Adjuvants in Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1764-1771. [PMID: 31434474 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors comprise a diverse cohort of chemical scaffolds that are active in multiple biological systems. Currently, thousands of eukaryotic kinase inhibitors are commercially available, have well-characterized targets, and often carry pharmaceutically favorable toxicity profiles. Recently, our group disclosed that derivatives of the natural product meridianin D, a known inhibitor of eukaryotic kinases, modulated behaviors of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, we expand our exploration of kinase inhibitors in Gram-negative bacilli utilizing three commercially available kinase inhibitor libraries and, ultimately, identify two chemical structures that potentiate colistin (polymyxin E) in multiple strains. We report IMD-0354, an inhibitor of IKK-β, as a markedly effective adjuvant in colistin-resistant bacteria and also describe AR-12 (OSU-03012), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK-1), as a potentiator in colistin-sensitive strains. This report comprises the first description of the novel cross-reactivity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 240 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ansley M. Nemeth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 240 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Sara M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 240 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Akash K. Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 240 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Courtney E. Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Leigh A. Jania
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Roberta J. Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 240 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Beverly H. Koller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 240 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Anandan A, Vrielink A. Structure and function of lipid A-modifying enzymes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1459:19-37. [PMID: 31553069 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are complex molecules found in the cell envelop of many Gram-negative bacteria. The toxic activity of these molecules has led to the terminology of endotoxins. They provide bacteria with structural integrity and protection from external environmental conditions, and they interact with host signaling receptors to induce host immune responses. Bacteria have evolved enzymes that act to modify lipopolysaccharides, particularly the lipid A region of the molecule, to enable the circumvention of host immune system responses. These modifications include changes to lipopolysaccharide by the addition of positively charged sugars, such as N-Ara4N, and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN). Other modifications include hydroxylation, acylation, and deacylation of fatty acyl chains. We review the two-component regulatory mechanisms for enzymes that carry out these modifications and provide details of the structures of four enzymes (PagP, PagL, pEtN transferases, and ArnT) that modify the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides. We focus largely on the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes, which provide an understanding of how their substrate binding and catalytic activities are mediated. A structure-function-based understanding of these enzymes provides a platform for the development of novel therapeutics to treat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Anandan
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Zhang H, Srinivas S, Xu Y, Wei W, Feng Y. Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms for Bacterial Lipid A Modifiers Associated with Polymyxin Resistance. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:973-988. [PMID: 31279652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxins are a group of detergent-like antimicrobial peptides that are the ultimate line of defense against carbapenem-resistant pathogens in clinical settings. Polymyxin resistance primarily originates from structural remodeling of lipid A anchored on bacterial surfaces. We integrate genetic, structural, and biochemical aspects of three major types of lipid A modifiers that have been shown to confer intrinsic colistin resistance. Namely, we highlight ArnT, a glycosyltransferase, EptA, a phosphoethanolamine transferase, and the AlmEFG tripartite system, which is restricted to EI Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae O1. We also discuss the growing family of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) enzymes, each of which is analogous to EptA, and which pose great challenges to global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Swaminath Srinivas
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wenhui Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Zhang H, Wei W, Huang M, Umar Z, Feng Y. Definition of a Family of Nonmobile Colistin Resistance (NMCR-1) Determinants Suggests Aquatic Reservoirs for MCR-4. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900038. [PMID: 31179218 PMCID: PMC6548957 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxins, a family of cationic antimicrobial peptides, are recognized as a last-resort clinical option used in the treatment of lethal infections with carbapenem-resistant pathogens. A growing body of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) determinants renders colistin ineffective in the clinical and human sectors, posing a challenge to human health and food security. However, the origin and reservoir of the MCR family enzymes is poorly understood. Herein, a new family of nonmobile colistin resistance (from nmcr-1 to nmcr-1.8) from the aquatic bacterium Shewanella is reported. NMCR-1 (541aa) displays 62.78% identity to MCR-4. Genetic and structural analyses reveal that NMCR-1 shares a similar catalytic mechanism and functional motifs, both of which are required for MCR action and its resultant phenotypic resistance to polymyxin. Phylogeny and domain-swapping demonstrate that NMCR-1 is a progenitor of MCR-4 rather than MCR-1/2. Additionally, the experiment of bacterial growth and viability reveals that NMCR-1 promotes fitness cost as MCR-1/4 does in the recipient Escherichia coli. In summary, the finding suggests that the aquatic bacterium Shewanella (and even its associated aquaculture) is a reservoir for MCR-4 mobile colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Wenhui Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Zeeshan Umar
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
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Barker WT, Chandler CE, Melander RJ, Ernst RK, Melander C. Tryptamine derivatives disarm colistin resistance in polymyxin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1776-1788. [PMID: 30898435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The last three decades have seen a dwindling number of novel antibiotic classes approved for clinical use and a concurrent increase in levels of antibiotic resistance, necessitating alternative methods to combat the rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria. A promising strategy employs antibiotic adjuvants, non-toxic molecules that disarm antibiotic resistance. When co-dosed with antibiotics, these compounds restore antibiotic efficacy in drug-resistant strains. Herein we identify derivatives of tryptamine, a ubiquitous biochemical scaffold containing an indole ring system, capable of disarming colistin resistance in the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli while having no inherent bacterial toxicity. Resistance was overcome in strains carrying endogenous chromosomally-encoded colistin resistance machinery, as well as resistance conferred by the mobile colistin resistance-1 (mcr-1) plasmid-borne gene. These compounds restore a colistin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) below the Clinical & Laboratory Sciences Institute (CLSI) breakpoint in all resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Courtney E Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Zhang H, Hou M, Xu Y, Srinivas S, Huang M, Liu L, Feng Y. Action and mechanism of the colistin resistance enzyme MCR-4. Commun Biol 2019; 2:36. [PMID: 30701201 PMCID: PMC6347640 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is the last-resort antibiotic against lethal infections with multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. A rainbow coalition of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes raises global health concerns. Here, we describe the action and mechanism of colistin resistance imparted by MCR-4, a recently-identified member from the broader MCR family. We found that MCR-4 originates from the silenced variant of Shewanella frigidimarina via progressive evolution and forms a phylogenetically-distinct group from the well-studied MCR-1/2 family. Domain-swapping experiments further confirmed that MCR-1 and MCR-4 transmembrane and catalytic domains are not functionally-interchangeable. However, structural and functional analyses demonstrated that MCR-4 possesses a similar PE lipid substrate-recognizable cavity and exploits an almost-identical ping-pong catalysis mechanism. MCR-4 also can alleviate colistin-triggered accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, this finding constitutes a functional proof that MCR-4 proceeds in a distinct evolutionary path to fulfill a consistent molecular mechanism, resulting in phenotypic colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Mengyun Hou
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Swaminath Srinivas
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Lizhang Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology & Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
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Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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MCR-1: a promising target for structure-based design of inhibitors to tackle polymyxin resistance. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:206-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhao Y, Meng Q, Lai Y, Wang L, Zhou D, Dou C, Gu Y, Nie C, Wei Y, Cheng W. Structural and mechanistic insights into polymyxin resistance mediated by EptC originating from Escherichia coli. FEBS J 2018; 286:750-764. [PMID: 30537137 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria defend against the toxicity of polymyxins by modifying their outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This modification mainly occurs through the addition of cationic molecules such as phosphoethanolamine (PEA). EcEptC is a PEA transferase from Escherichia coli (E. coli). However, unlike its homologs CjEptC (Campylobacter jejuni) and MCR-1, EcEptC is unable to mediate polymyxin resistance when overexpressed in E. coli. Here, we report crystal structures of the C-terminal putative catalytic domain (EcEptCΔN, 205-577 aa) of EcEptC in apo and Zn2+ -bound states at 2.10 and 2.60 Å, respectively. EcEptCΔN is arranged into an α-β-α fold and equipped with the zinc ion in a conserved mode. Coupled with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) data, we provide insights into the mechanism by which EcEptC recognizes Zn2+ . Furthermore, structure comparison analysis indicated that disulfide bonds, which play a key role in polymyxin resistance, were absent in EcEptCΔN. Supported by structural and biochemical evidence, we reveal mechanistic implications for disulfide bonds in PEA transferase-mediated polymyxin resistance. Significantly, because the structural effects exhibited by disulfide bonds are absent in EcEptC, it is impossible for this protein to participate in polymyxin resistance in E. coli. DATABASE: Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 6A82 and 6A83. ENZYME: EC 2.7.8.43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Zhao
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Lai
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Dou
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Gu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlai Nie
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
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Abstract
Resistance to last-line polymyxins mediated by the plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) represents a new threat to global human health. Here we present the complete genome sequence of an mcr-1-positive multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain (MS8345). We show that MS8345 belongs to serotype O2:K1:H4, has a large 241,164-bp IncHI2 plasmid that carries 15 other antibiotic resistance genes (including the extended-spectrum β-lactamase bla CTX-M-1) and 3 putative multidrug efflux systems, and contains 14 chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes. MS8345 also carries a large ColV-like virulence plasmid that has been associated with E. coli bacteremia. Whole-genome phylogeny revealed that MS8345 clusters within a discrete clade in the sequence type 95 (ST95) lineage, and MS8345 is very closely related to the highly virulent O45:K1:H4 clone associated with neonatal meningitis. Overall, the acquisition of a plasmid carrying resistance to colistin and multiple other antibiotics in this virulent E. coli lineage is concerning and might herald an era where the empirical treatment of ST95 infections becomes increasingly more difficult.IMPORTANCE Escherichia coli ST95 is a globally disseminated clone frequently associated with bloodstream infections and neonatal meningitis. However, the ST95 lineage is defined by low levels of drug resistance amongst clinical isolates, which normally provides for uncomplicated treatment options. Here, we provide the first detailed genomic analysis of an E. coli ST95 isolate that has both high virulence potential and resistance to multiple antibiotics. Using the genome, we predicted its virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms, which include resistance to last-line antibiotics mediated by the plasmid-borne mcr-1 gene. Finding an ST95 isolate resistant to nearly all antibiotics that also has a high virulence potential is of major clinical importance and underscores the need to monitor new and emerging trends in antibiotic resistance development in this important global lineage.
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Kahler CM, Sarkar-Tyson M, Kibble EA, Stubbs KA, Vrielink A. Enzyme targets for drug design of new anti-virulence therapeutics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 53:140-150. [PMID: 30223251 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Society has benefitted greatly from the use of antibiotics. Unfortunately, the misuse of these valuable molecules has resulted in increased levels of antibiotic resistance, a major global and public health issue. This resistance and the reliance on a small number of biological targets for the development of antibiotics emphasizes the need for new targets. A critical aspect guiding the development of new antimicrobials through a rational structure-guided approach is to understand the molecular structures of specific biological targets of interest. Here we give an overview of the structures of bacterial virulence enzyme targets involved in protein folding, peptidoglycan biosynthesis and cell wall modification. These include enzymes of the thiol-disulphide oxidoreductase pathway (DSB enzymes), peptidyl-proly cis/trans isomerases (Mips), enzymes from the Mur pathway and enzymes involved in lipopolysaccharide modification (EptA and ArnT). We also present progress towards inhibitor design of these targets for the development of novel anti-virulence therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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45
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Kahler CM, Nawrocki KL, Anandan A, Vrielink A, Shafer WM. Structure-Function Relationships of the Neisserial EptA Enzyme Responsible for Phosphoethanolamine Decoration of Lipid A: Rationale for Drug Targeting. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1922. [PMID: 30186254 PMCID: PMC6111236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria cause disease by two general mechanisms: the action of their toxins on host cells and induction of a pro-inflammatory response that can lead to a deleterious cytokine/chemokine response (e.g., the so-called cytokine storm) often seen in bacteremia/septicemia. These major mechanisms may overlap due to the action of surface structures that can have direct and indirect actions on phagocytic or non-phagocytic cells. In this respect, the lipid A (endotoxin) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) possessed by Gram-negative bacteria has been the subject of literally thousands of studies over the past century that clearly identified it as a key virulence factor in endotoxic shock. In addition to its capacity to modulate inflammatory responses, endotoxin can also modulate bacterial susceptibility to host antimicrobials, such as the host defense peptides termed cationic antimicrobial peptides. This review concentrates on the phosphoethanolamine (PEA) decoration of lipid A in the pathogenic species of the genus Neisseria [N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis]. PEA decoration of lipid A is mediated by the enzyme EptA (formerly termed LptA) and promotes resistance to innate defense systems, induces the pro-inflammatory response and can influence the in vivo fitness of bacteria during infection. These important biological properties have driven efforts dealing with the biochemistry and structural biology of EptA that will facilitate the development of potential inhibitors that block PEA addition to lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Kahler
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perth Children's Hospital, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - K L Nawrocki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - A Anandan
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - William M Shafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
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Xu Y, Zhong LL, Srinivas S, Sun J, Huang M, Paterson DL, Lei S, Lin J, Li X, Tang Z, Feng S, Shen C, Tian GB, Feng Y. Spread of MCR-3 Colistin Resistance in China: An Epidemiological, Genomic and Mechanistic Study. EBioMedicine 2018; 34:139-157. [PMID: 30061009 PMCID: PMC6116419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobilized resistance to colistin is evolving rapidly and its global dissemination poses a severe threat to human health and safety. Transferable colistin resistance gene, mcr-3, first identified in Shandong, China, has already been found in several countries in multidrug-resistant human infections. Here we track the spread of mcr-3 within 13 provinces in China and provide a complete characterization of its evolution, structure and function. METHODS A total of 6497 non-duplicate samples were collected from thirteen provinces in China, from 2016 to 2017 and then screened for the presence of mcr-3 gene by PCR amplification. mcr-3-positive isolates were analyzed for antibiotic resistance and by southern blot hybridization, transfer analysis and plasmid typing. We then examined the molecular evolution of MCR-3 through phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, we also characterized the structure and function of MCR-3 through circular dichroism analyses, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS), confocal microscopy and chemical rescue tests. FINDINGS 49 samples (49/6497 = 0.75%) were mcr-3 positive, comprising 40 samples (40/4144 = 0.97%) from 2017 and 9 samples (9/2353 = 0.38%) from 2016. Overall, mcr-3-positive isolates were distributed in animals and humans in 8 of the 13 provinces. Three mcr-3-positive IncP-type and one mcr-1-bearing IncHI2-like plasmids were identified and characterized. MCR-3 clusters with PEA transferases from Aeromonas and other bacteria and forms a phylogenetic entity that is distinct from the MCR-1/2/P(M) family, the largest group of transferable colistin resistance determinants. Despite that the two domains of MCR-3 not being exchangeable with their counterparts in MCR-1/2, structure-guided functional mapping of MCR-3 defines a conserved PE-lipid recognizing cavity prerequisite for its enzymatic catalysis and its resultant phenotypic resistance to colistin. We therefore propose that MCR-3 uses a possible "ping-pong" mechanism to transfer the moiety of PEA from its donor PE to the 1(or 4')-phosphate of lipid A via an adduct of MCR-3-bound PEA. Additionally, the expression of MCR-3 in E. coli prevents the colistin-triggered formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interferes bacterial growth and viability. INTERPRETATION Our results provide an evolutionary, structural and functional definition of MCR-3 and its epidemiology in China, paving the way for smarter policies, better surveillance and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lan-Lan Zhong
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Swaminath Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - David L Paterson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Sheng Lei
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jingxia Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Zichen Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Siyuan Feng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Cong Shen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Sun L, Vella P, Schnell R, Polyakova A, Bourenkov G, Li F, Cimdins A, Schneider TR, Lindqvist Y, Galperin MY, Schneider G, Römling U. Structural and Functional Characterization of the BcsG Subunit of the Cellulose Synthase in Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3170-3189. [PMID: 30017920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria secrete cellulose, which forms the structural basis for bacterial multicellular aggregates, termed biofilms. The cellulose synthase complex of Salmonella typhimurium consists of the catalytic subunits BcsA and BcsB and several auxiliary subunits that are encoded by two divergently transcribed operons, bcsRQABZC and bcsEFG. Expression of the bcsEFG operon is required for full-scale cellulose production, but the functions of its products are not fully understood. This work aimed to characterize the BcsG subunit of the cellulose synthase, which consists of an N-terminal transmembrane fragment and a C-terminal domain in the periplasm. Deletion of the bcsG gene substantially decreased the total amount of BcsA and cellulose production. BcsA levels were partially restored by the expression of the transmembrane segment, whereas restoration of cellulose production required the presence of the C-terminal periplasmic domain and its characteristic metal-binding residues. The high-resolution crystal structure of the periplasmic domain characterized BcsG as a member of the alkaline phosphatase/sulfatase superfamily of metalloenzymes, containing a conserved Zn2+-binding site. Sequence and structural comparisons showed that BcsG belongs to a specific family within alkaline phosphatase-like enzymes, which includes bacterial Zn2+-dependent lipopolysaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferases such as MCR-1 (colistin resistance protein), EptA, and EptC and the Mn2+-dependent lipoteichoic acid synthase (phosphoglycerol transferase) LtaS. These enzymes use the phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, respectively, as substrates. These data are consistent with the recently discovered phosphoethanolamine modification of cellulose by BcsG and show that its membrane-bound and periplasmic parts play distinct roles in the assembly of the functional cellulose synthase and cellulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Vella
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Schnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Polyakova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gleb Bourenkov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Cimdins
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas R Schneider
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ylva Lindqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Emergence of High-Level Colistin Resistance in an Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolate Mediated by Inactivation of the Global Regulator H-NS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02442-17. [PMID: 29712662 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02442-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a crucial last-line drug used for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii However, colistin-resistant A. baumannii isolates can still be isolated following failed colistin therapy. Resistance is most often mediated by the addition of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) to lipid A by PmrC, following missense mutations in the pmrCAB operon encoding PmrC and the two-component signal transduction system PmrA/PmrB. We recovered a pair of A. baumannii isolates from a single patient before (6009-1) and after (6009-2) failed colistin treatment. These strains displayed low and very high levels of colistin resistance (MICs, 8 to 16 μg/ml and 128 μg/ml), respectively. To understand how increased colistin resistance arose, we sequenced the genome of each isolate, which revealed that 6009-2 had an extra copy of the insertion sequence element ISAba125 within a gene encoding an H-NS family transcriptional regulator. To confirm the role of H-NS in colistin resistance, we generated an hns deletion mutant in 6009-1 and showed that colistin resistance increased upon the deletion of hns We also provided 6009-2 with an intact copy of hns and showed that the strain was no longer resistant to high concentrations of colistin. Transcriptomic analysis of the clinical isolates identified more than 150 genes as being differentially expressed in the colistin-resistant hns mutant 6009-2. Importantly, the expression of eptA, encoding a second lipid A-specific pEtN transferase but not pmrC, was increased in the hns mutant. This is the first time an H-NS family transcriptional regulator has been associated with a pEtN transferase and colistin resistance.
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50
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Stogios PJ, Cox G, Zubyk HL, Evdokimova E, Wawrzak Z, Wright GD, Savchenko A. Substrate Recognition by a Colistin Resistance Enzyme from Moraxella catarrhalis. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1322-1332. [PMID: 29631403 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid A phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) transferases render bacteria resistant to the last resort antibiotic colistin. The recent discoveries of pathogenic bacteria harboring plasmid-borne PEtN transferase ( mcr) genes have illustrated the serious potential for wide dissemination of these resistance elements. The origin of mcr-1 is traced to Moraxella species co-occupying environmental niches with Enterobacteriaceae. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the chromosomally encoded colistin resistance PEtN transferase, ICR Mc (for intrinsic colistin resistance) of Moraxella catarrhalis. The ICR Mc structure in complex with PEtN reveals key molecular details including specific residues involved in catalysis and PEtN binding. It also demonstrates that ICR Mc catalytic domain dimerization is required for substrate binding. Our structure-guided phylogenetic analysis provides sequence signatures defining potentially colistin-active representatives in this enzyme family. Combined, these results advance the molecular and mechanistic understanding of PEtN transferases and illuminate their origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Haley L. Zubyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- LS-CAT, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Center for Structural
Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Health Research Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HRIC-2C66, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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