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Niu X, Al-Hatmi AMS, Vitale RG, Lackner M, Ahmed SA, Verweij PE, Kang Y, de Hoog S. Evolutionary trends in antifungal resistance: a meta-analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0212723. [PMID: 38445857 PMCID: PMC10986544 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02127-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The present paper includes a meta-analysis of literature data on 318 species of fungi belonging to 34 orders in their response to 8 antifungal agents (amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, terbinafine, and voriconazole). Main trends of MIC results at the ordinal level were visualized. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) clinical breakpoints were used as the staff gauge to evaluate MIC values ranging from resistance to susceptibility, which were subsequently compared with a phylogenetic tree of the fungal kingdom. Several orders (Hypocreales, Microascales, and Mucorales) invariably showed resistance. Also the basidiomycetous orders Agaricales, Polyporales, Sporidiales, Tremellales, and Trichosporonales showed relatively high degrees of azole multi-resistance, while elsewhere in the fungal kingdom, including orders with numerous pathogenic and opportunistic species, that is, Onygenales, Chaetothyiales, Sordariales, and Malasseziales, in general were susceptible to azoles. In most cases, resistance vs susceptibility was consistently associated with phylogenetic distance, members of the same order showing similar behavior. IMPORTANCE A kingdom-wide the largest set of published wild-type antifungal data comparison were analyzed. Trends in resistance in taxonomic groups (monophyletic clades) can be compared with the phylogeny of the fungal kingdom, eventual relationships between fungus-drug interaction and evolution can be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Niu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Natural & Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Roxana G. Vitale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Parasitología, Sector Micología, Hospital J.M. Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah A. Ahmed
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingqian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Konkel Neabore L. Wake-up Call: Rapid Increase in Human Fungal Diseases under Climate Change. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:42001. [PMID: 38648197 PMCID: PMC11034633 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Rising temperatures and extreme weather are setting the stage for increases in fungal diseases. As new pathogenic fungi emerge and known threats spread and evolve, scientists and decision makers are responding.
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Puhlmann D, Bergmann D, Besier S, Hogardt M, Wichelhaus TA, Langhans S, Hack D, Reinheimer C, Vehreschild MJGT, Jung J, Kempf VAJ. Analysis of Mould Exposure of Immunosuppressed Patients at a German University Hospital. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2652. [PMID: 38004663 PMCID: PMC10672964 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Moulds are ubiquitous components of outdoor and indoor air and local conditions, temperature, humidity and season can influence their concentration in the air. The impact of these factors on mould exposure in hospitals and the resulting risk of infection for low to moderately immunocompromised patients is unclear. In the present retrospective analysis for the years 2018 to 2022, the monthly determined mould contamination of the outdoor and indoor air at the University Hospital Frankfurt am Main is compared with the average air temperature and the relative humidity. Mould infections (Aspergillus spp., Mucorales) of low to moderately immunosuppressed patients of a haematological-oncological normal ward were determined clinically according to the criteria of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC, Brussels, Belgium) and of the National Reference Centre for Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections (NRC-NI, Berlin, Germany). The data revealed that in the summer months (May-October), increased mould contamination was detectable in the outdoor and indoor air compared to the winter months (November-April). The mould levels in the patient rooms followed the detection rates of the outdoor air. Two nosocomial Aspergillus infections, one nosocomial Mucorales (Rhizopus spp.) infection (according to both NRC-NI and EORTC criteria) and five Aspergillus spp. infections (according to EORTC criteria) occurred in 4299 treated patients (resulting in 41,500 patient days). In our study, the incidence density rate of contracting a nosocomial mould infection (n = 3) was approximately 0.07 per 1000 patient days and appears to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Puhlmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominic Bergmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silke Besier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Hogardt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Wichelhaus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Langhans
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Hack
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Reinheimer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
- University Centre of Competence for Infection Control of the State of Hesse, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Centre for Infectious Diseases (UCI), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Jung
- Department 1—Finance and Patient Services, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.P.)
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Martins C, Piontkivska D, Mil-Homens D, Guedes P, Jorge JMP, Brinco J, Bárria C, Santos ACF, Barras R, Arraiano C, Fialho A, Goldman GH, Silva Pereira C. Increased Production of Pathogenic, Airborne Fungal Spores upon Exposure of a Soil Mycobiota to Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutants. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0066723. [PMID: 37284774 PMCID: PMC10434042 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00667-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic pollutants are omnipresent and can penetrate all environmental niches. We evaluated the hypothesis that short-term (acute) exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants could increase the potential for fungal virulence. Specifically, we analyzed whether pentachlorophenol and triclosan pollution results in the production of airborne fungal spores with greater virulence than those derived from an unpolluted (Control) condition. Each pollutant altered the composition of the community of airborne spores compared to the control, favoring an increase in strains with in vivo infection capacity (the wax moth Galleria mellonella was used as an infection model). Fungi subsisting inside larvae at 72 h postinjection with airborne spore inocula collected in polluted and unpolluted conditions exhibited comparable diversity (mainly within Aspergillus fumigatus). Several virulent Aspergillus strains were isolated from larvae infected with the airborne spores produced in a polluted environment. Meanwhile, strains isolated from larvae injected with spores from the control, including one A. fumigatus strain, showed no virulence. Potential pathogenicity increased when two Aspergillus virulent strains were assembled, suggesting the existence of synergisms that impact pathogenicity. None of the observed taxonomic or functional traits could separate the virulent from the avirulent strains. Our study emphasizes pollution stress as a possible driver of phenotypic adaptations that increase Aspergillus pathogenicity, as well as the need to better understand the interplay between pollution and fungal virulence. IMPORTANCE Fungi colonizing soil and organic pollutants often meet. The consequences of this encounter constitute an outstanding question. We scrutinized the potential for virulence of airborne fungal spores produced under unpolluted and polluted scenarios. The airborne spores showed increased diversity of strains with higher infection capacity in Galleria mellonella whenever pollution is present. Inside the larvae injected with either airborne spore community, the surviving fungi demonstrated a similar diversity, mainly within Aspergillus fumigatus. However, the isolated Aspergillus strains greatly differ since virulence was only observed for those associated with a polluted environment. The interplay between pollution and fungal virulence still hides many unresolved questions, but the encounter is costly: pollution stress promotes phenotypic adaptations that may increase Aspergillus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daryna Piontkivska
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dalila Mil-Homens
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- CENSE (Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research)/CHANGE (Global Change and Sustainability Institute), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João M. P. Jorge
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brinco
- CENSE (Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research)/CHANGE (Global Change and Sustainability Institute), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cátia Bárria
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ariana C. F. Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Barras
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cecília Arraiano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Arsénio Fialho
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Nualmalang R, Thanomsridetchai N, Teethaisong Y, Sukphopetch P, Tangwattanachuleeporn M. Identification of Pathogenic and Opportunistic Yeasts in Pigeon Excreta by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Their Prevalence in Chon Buri Province, Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3191. [PMID: 36833884 PMCID: PMC9967633 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pigeon excreta can cause environmental and public health issues, particularly in urban and public areas. They are reservoirs of several human pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Epidemiological data of pathogenic and opportunistic yeasts in pigeon droppings in Chon Buri, one of the most reputable tourist cities of Thailand, are scarce. The present study aimed to identify yeasts in pigeon droppings by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and to study their prevalence in Chon Buri, Thailand. A total of 200 pigeon fecal samples were collected randomly from all 11 districts of Chon Buri. A sum of 393 yeast-like colonies were isolated on Sabourand's dextrose agar and CHROMagar media. These isolates were further confirmed for their species by MALDI-TOF MS. Twenty-four yeast species belonging to 11 different genera were identified in pigeon fecal samples. Candida spp., predominantly C. krusei (14.32%), were the most prevalent yeast species. Other yeast species, including C. glabrata (12.73%), C. metapsilosis (11.93%), Lodderomyces elongisporus (10.87%), C. tropicalis (7.16%), C. albicans (5.83%), and Cryptococcus neoformans (4.77%) were identified. This study provides valuable epidemiological data and diversity of yeasts in pigeon droppings in Chon Buri, Thailand, and also supports the use of MALDI-TOF MS for yeast identification and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Nualmalang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Natthapaninee Thanomsridetchai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Yothin Teethaisong
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Sensor Innovation (RUSI), Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Marut Tangwattanachuleeporn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Sensor Innovation (RUSI), Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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6
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Hussain MK, Ahmed S, Khan A, Siddiqui AJ, Khatoon S, Jahan S. Mucormycosis: A hidden mystery of fungal infection, possible diagnosis, treatment and development of new therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:115010. [PMID: 36566630 PMCID: PMC9734071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a fungal infection which got worsens with time if not diagnosed and treated. The current COVID-19 pandemic has association with fungal infection specifically with mucormycosis. Already immunocompromised patients are easy target for COVID-19 and mucormycosis as well. COVID-19 infection imparts in weak immune system so chances of infection is comparatively high in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, diabetes, corticosteroid medicines, and a weakened immune system are the most prevalent risk factors for this infection as we discussed in case studies here. The steroid therapy for COVID-19 patients sometimes have negative impact on the patient health and this state encounters many infections including mucormycosis. There are treatments available but less promising and less effective. So, researchers are focusing on the promising agents against mucormycosis. It is reported that early treatment with liposomal amphotericin B (AmB), manogepix, echinocandins isavuconazole, posacanazole and other promising therapeutic agents have overcome the burden of mucormycosis. Lipid formulations of AmB have become the standard treatment for mucormycosis due to their greater safety and efficacy. In this review article, we have discussed case studies with the infection of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we focused on anti-mucormycosis agents with mechanism of action of various therapeutics, including coverage of new antifungal agents being investigated as part of the urgent global response to control and combat this lethal infection, especially those with established risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Kamil Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Raza PG College, Rampur, 244901, India,M.J.P. Rohil Khand University, Bareilly, India
| | - Shaista Ahmed
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
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7
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Earp E, Gordon PM, Tan A, Page I, Thum CK, Mackenzie AI, Johnson E, Biswas A. Disseminated Mucocutaneous Histoplasmosis Diagnosed in the United Kingdom, Presumably as a Result of Recrudescence Decades After Primary Infection Following Immunosuppressive Treatment of Its Mimic, Sarcoidosis: A Multidisciplinary Cautionary Tale. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:984-988. [PMID: 36197058 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Histoplasmosis is a dimorphic fungal infection, which is rare outside endemic pockets in North, Central, and South America, Asia, and Africa. Herein, we describe a woman in her 80s living in the Scottish Borders region of the United Kingdom with a recent diagnosis of granulomatous rosacea, who on receiving escalating immunosuppression for suspected sarcoidosis, and long-standing rheumatoid arthritis developed a striking eruption involving her eyelids along with painful ulceration of the oral and nasal mucosa. Histopathologic examination of the skin and mucosal lesions demonstrated granulomatous inflammation with numerous yeast forms of fungal organisms with morphological characteristics of Histoplasma species. This was confirmed to be H. capsulatum on fungal culture and direct panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay. Although the patient had not left the United Kingdom for more than 20 years, she gave a travel history involving multiple trips to countries where histoplasmosis is known to occur, before that. This case exemplifies the challenges involved in making a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in nonendemic regions for both clinicians and pathologists alike. In this particular patient, the diagnostic difficulties were compounded by the clinicopathological overlap with other cutaneous and systemic granulomatous disorders like granulomatous rosacea and suspected sarcoidosis and also the exceptionally long latency period between the purported historical primary infection and recent recrudescence. We highlight this unusual case to increase an awareness of histoplasmosis, which is very rare in nonendemic regions like the United Kingdom and involves cases acquired during residence in or travel to endemic areas, to ensure its prompt recognition and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Earp
- Department of Dermatology, Lauriston Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian Tan
- Rheumatology, Borders General Hospital, Melrose, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Page
- Regional Infectious Disease Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chee K Thum
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth Johnson
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency-South West, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom; and
| | - Asok Biswas
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital and The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Recent Advances in the Allergic Cross-Reactivity between Fungi and Foods. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7583400. [PMID: 36249419 PMCID: PMC9568318 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7583400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne fungi are one of the most ubiquitous kinds of inhalant allergens which can result in allergic diseases. Fungi tend to grow in warm and humid environments with regional and seasonal variations. Their nomenclature and taxonomy are related to the sensitization of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Allergic cross-reactivity among different fungal species appears to be widely existing. Fungus-related foods, such as edible mushrooms, mycoprotein, and fermented foods by fungi, can often induce to fungus food allergy syndrome (FFAS) by allergic cross-reactivity with airborne fungi. FFAS may involve one or more target organs, including the oral mucosa, the skin, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and the cardiovascular system, with various allergic symptoms ranging from oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to severe anaphylaxis. This article reviews the current knowledge on the field of allergic cross-reactivity between fungal allergens and related foods, as well as the diagnosis and treatment on FFAS.
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Liu A, Li Z, Su G, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liang J, Cheng X, Wang X, Li Y, Ye F. Mycotic infection as a risk factor for COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:943234. [PMID: 36159283 PMCID: PMC9489839 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.943234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 405 million people have contracted coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide, and mycotic infection may be related to COVID-19 development. There are a large number of reports showing that COVID-19 patients with mycotic infection have an increased risk of mortality. However, whether mycotic infection can be considered a risk factor for COVID-19 remains unknown. We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published from inception to December 27, 2021. Pooled effect sizes were calculated according to a random-effects model or fixed-effect model, depending on heterogeneity. We also performed subgroup analyses to identify differences in mortality rates between continents and fungal species. A total of 20 articles were included in this study. Compared with the controls, patients with mycotic infection had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.69 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.22-3.26] for mortality and an OR of 2.28 (95% CI: 1.65-3.16) for renal replacement therapy (RRT). We also conducted two subgroup analyses based on continent and fungal species, and we found that Europe and Asia had the highest ORs, while Candida was the most dangerous strain of fungi. We performed Egger's test and Begg's test to evaluate the publication bias of the included articles, and the p-value was 0.423, which indicated no significant bias. Mycotic infection can be regarded as a risk factor for COVID-19, and decision makers should be made aware of this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanshan School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengtu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guansheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanshan School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanshan School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinkai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanshan School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Nanshan School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Feng Ye ;
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Aasa A, Fru F, Adelusi O, Oyeyinka S, Njobeh P. A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Aasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - F.F. Fru
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - O.A. Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - S.A. Oyeyinka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - P.B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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van der Torre MH, Andrews RA, Hooker EL, Rankin A, Dodd S. Systematic review on Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex infections with recommendations for practice in health and care settings. CLINICAL INFECTION IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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12
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Considerations about the Geographic Distribution of Histoplasma Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0201021. [PMID: 35262368 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02010-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a mycotic infection principally affecting pulmonary tissue; sometimes, histoplasmosis can progress into a systemic disease. This infection involves immunocompetent and immunosuppressed human and other mammalian hosts, depending on particular circumstances. Histoplasmosis infection has been documented worldwide. The infection is acquired by inhaling infective mycelial propagules of the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. New reports of clinical cases of histoplasmosis in extreme latitudes could be related to human social adaptations and climate changes in the world, which are creating new favorable environments for this fungus and for bats, its major natural reservoirs and dispersers. Histoplasma has been isolated from most continents, and it is considered a complex of cryptic species, consisting of various groups of isolates that differ genetically and correlate with a particular geographic distribution. Based on updated studies, Histoplasma taxonomy is adjusting to new genetic data. Here, we have suggested that Histoplasma has at least 14 phylogenetic species distributed worldwide and new genotypes that could be under deliberation. Histoplasma's geographic radiation began in South America millions of years ago when the continents were joined and the climate was favorable. For fungal spreading, the role of bats and some birds is crucial, although other natural factors could also participate.
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Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases are rare in individuals with intact immunity. This, together with the fact that there are only a few species that account for most mycotic diseases, implies a remarkable natural resistance to pathogenic fungi. Mammalian immunity to fungi rests on two pillars, powerful immune mechanisms and elevated temperatures that create a thermal restriction zone for most fungal species. Conditions associated with increased susceptibility generally reflect major disturbances of immune function involving both the cellular and humoral innate and adaptive arms, which implies considerable redundancy in host defense mechanisms against fungi. In general, tissue fungal invasion is controlled through either neutrophil or granulomatous inflammation, depending on the fungal species. Neutrophils are critical against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. while macrophages are essential for controlling mycoses due to Cryptococcus spp., Histoplasma spp., and other fungi. The increasing number of immunocompromised patients together with climate change could significantly increase the prevalence of fungal diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Challenges and Opportunities in Understanding Genetics of Fungal Diseases: Towards a Functional Genomics Approach. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0000521. [PMID: 34031131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00005-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and human pathogens have long been recognized as one of the main sources of evolutionary pressure, resulting in a high variable genetic background in immune-related genes. The study of the genetic contribution to infectious diseases has undergone tremendous advances over the last decades. Here, focusing on genetic predisposition to fungal diseases, we provide an overview of the available approaches for studying human genetic susceptibility to infections, reviewing current methodological and practical limitations. We describe how the classical methods available, such as family-based studies and candidate gene studies, have contributed to the discovery of crucial susceptibility factors for fungal infections. We will also discuss the contribution of novel unbiased approaches to the field, highlighting their success but also their limitations for the fungal immunology field. Finally, we show how a systems genomics approach can overcome those limitations and can lead to efficient prioritization and identification of genes and pathways with a critical role in susceptibility to fungal diseases. This knowledge will help to stratify at-risk patient groups and, subsequently, develop early appropriate prophylactic and treatment strategies.
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Cogliati M. Global warming impact on the expansion of fundamental niche of Cryptococcus gattii VGI in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:375-383. [PMID: 33945219 PMCID: PMC8251527 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we analysed how geographical distribution of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii VGI in Europe and Mediterranean area has evolved in the last four decades based on the climatic changes, and we tried to predict the scenario for the next decade. Niche modelling by Maxent analysis showed that recent climate changes have significantly affected the distribution of the fungus revealing a gradual expansion of the fundamental niche from 1980 to 2009 followed by an impressive increase in the last decade (2010-2019) during which the environmental surface suitable for the fungal survival was more than doubled. In the next decade, our model predicted an increase in the area of distribution of C. gattii VGI from the coasts of the Mediterranean basin towards the more internal sub-continental areas. On the basis of these predictions, an increase of cases of cryptococcosis due to C. gattii VGI is expected in the next decade and a constant monitoring of the epidemiology of this fungal pathogen represents a crucial strategy to detect the onset of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cogliati
- Lab. Medical Mycology, Dip. Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
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16
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Mead HL, Hamm PS, Shaffer IN, Teixeira MDM, Wendel CS, Wiederhold NP, Thompson GR, Muñiz-Salazar R, Castañón-Olivares LR, Keim P, Plude C, Terriquez J, Galgiani JN, Orbach MJ, Barker BM. Differential Thermotolerance Adaptation between Species of Coccidioides. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E366. [PMID: 33327629 PMCID: PMC7765126 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is caused by two species of dimorphic fungi. Based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, the genus Coccidioides contains two reciprocally monophyletic species: C. immitis and C. posadasii. However, phenotypic variation between species has not been deeply investigated. We therefore explored differences in growth rate under various conditions. A collection of 39 C. posadasii and 46 C. immitis isolates, representing the full geographical range of the two species, was screened for mycelial growth rate at 37 °C and 28 °C on solid media. The radial growth rate was measured for 16 days on yeast extract agar. A linear mixed effect model was used to compare the growth rate of C. posadasii and C. immitis at 37 °C and 28 °C, respectively. C. posadasii grew significantly faster at 37 °C, when compared to C. immitis; whereas both species had similar growth rates at 28 °C. These results indicate thermotolerance differs between these two species. As the ecological niche has not been well-described for Coccidioides spp., and disease variability between species has not been shown, the evolutionary pressure underlying the adaptation is unclear. However, this research reveals the first significant phenotypic difference between the two species that directly applies to ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Mead
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (H.L.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Paris S. Hamm
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Isaac N. Shaffer
- School of Informatics, Computers, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
| | | | | | - Nathan P. Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA;
| | - George R. Thompson
- Departments of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Raquel Muñiz-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Epidemiología y Ecología Molecular, Escuela Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Unidad Valle Dorado, Ensenada 22890, Mexico;
| | - Laura Rosio Castañón-Olivares
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (H.L.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Carmel Plude
- Northern Arizona Healthcare, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; (C.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Joel Terriquez
- Northern Arizona Healthcare, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA; (C.P.); (J.T.)
| | - John N. Galgiani
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Marc J. Orbach
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bridget M. Barker
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; (H.L.M.); (P.K.)
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (J.N.G.); (M.J.O.)
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17
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Incorporation of 2-amino-thiophene derivative in nanoparticles: enhancement of antifungal activity. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:647-655. [PMID: 32141030 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules) of the promising antifungal 2-amino-thiophene (6CN10) and 6CN10 complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (6CN10:HP-β-CD) in vitro and compared with free drug against Candida and Cryptococcus, using a microdilution method to measure susceptibility. The Candida and Cryptococcus clinical strains were identified using phenotypic methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). To measure in vitro antifungal susceptibility, we used microdilution trials. Serial drug or nanoparticle dilutions were prepared according to the CLSI M27-A3 guidelines. Anti-biofilm activity was verified for Cryptococcus neoformans. All Candida isolates were sensitive to the free drug (MIC = 41.66-333.33 μg/mL) and were able to grow even at the higher concentration tested for all 6CN10 nanoparticles. However, the Cryptococcus neoformans strains presented MIC values of 0.32-83.33 μg/mL for 6CN10 nanoparticles, and MIC values of 0.1-0.2 μg/mL for 6CN10:HP-β-CD nanoparticles, i.e., 3333 times more active than the free drug (MIC values 166.66-333.33 μg/mL), and presenting activity greater than that of the reference drug amphotericin B (MIC = 0.5-0.125 μg/mL). 6CN10:HP-β-CD nanosphere also showed high anti-biofilm potential. The in vitro study showed that the nanoparticles allowed better drug efficiency against Cryptococcus than did the free drug. These results suggest that 6CN10-loaded nanoparticles may become a future alternative for cryptococcosis and candidiasis therapy. In vivo experiments are essential prior to clinical use.
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Boniche C, Rossi SA, Kischkel B, Vieira Barbalho F, Nogueira D’Aurea Moura Á, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Pelleschi Taborda C. Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010031. [PMID: 32121415 PMCID: PMC7151209 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence in systemic fungal infections in humans has increased focus for the development of fungal vaccines and use of monoclonal antibodies. Invasive mycoses are generally difficult to treat, as most occur in vulnerable individuals, with compromised innate and adaptive immune responses. Mortality rates in the setting of our current antifungal drugs remain excessively high. Moreover, systemic mycoses require prolonged durations of antifungal treatment and side effects frequently occur, particularly drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. The use of monoclonal antibodies with or without concomitant administration of antifungal drugs emerges as a potentially efficient treatment modality to improve outcomes and reduce chemotherapy toxicities. In this review, we focus on the use of monoclonal antibodies with experimental evidence on the reduction of fungal burden and prolongation of survival in in vivo disease models. Presently, there are no licensed monoclonal antibodies for use in the treatment of systemic mycoses, although the potential of such a vaccine is very high as indicated by the substantial promising results from several experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Suélen Andreia Rossi
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Ágata Nogueira D’Aurea Moura
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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Chung KY, Brown JCS. Biology and function of exo-polysaccharides from human fungal pathogens. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:1-11. [PMID: 33042730 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Environmental fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus must survive many different and changing environments as they transition from their environmental niches to human lungs and other organs. Fungi alter their cell surfaces and secreted macromolecules to respond to and manipulate their surroundings. Recent findings This review focuses on exo-polysaccharides, chains of sugars that transported out of the cell and spread to the local environment. Major exo-polysaccharides for C. neoformans and A. fumigatus are glucuronylxylomannan (GXM) and galactosaminogalactan (GAG), respectively, which accumulate at high concentrations in growth medium and infected patients. Summary Here we discuss GXM and GAG synthesis and export, their immunomodulatory properties, and their roles in biofilm formation. We also propose areas of future research to address outstanding questions in the field that could facilitate development of new disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Y Chung
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jessica C S Brown
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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21
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Brannon JR, Mulvey MA. Jekyll and Hyde: Bugs with Double Personalities that Muddle the Distinction between Commensal and Pathogen. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2911-2913. [PMID: 31226308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Matthew A Mulvey
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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