1
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Bruce HA, Singer AU, Blazer LL, Luu K, Ploder L, Pavlenco A, Kurinov I, Adams JJ, Sidhu SS. Antigen-binding fragments with improved crystal lattice packing and enhanced conformational flexibility at the elbow region as crystallization chaperones. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5081. [PMID: 38924648 PMCID: PMC11201802 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that a set of three modifications-termed S1, Crystal Kappa, and elbow-act synergistically to improve the crystallizability of an antigen-binding fragment (Fab) framework. Here, we prepared a phage-displayed library and performed crystallization screenings to identify additional substitutions-located near the heavy-chain elbow region-which cooperate with the S1, Crystal Kappa, and elbow modifications to increase expression and improve crystallizability of the Fab framework even further. One substitution (K141Q) supports the signature Crystal Kappa-mediated Fab:Fab crystal lattice packing interaction. Another substitution (E172G) improves the compatibility of the elbow modification with the Fab framework by alleviating some of the strain incurred by the shortened and bulkier elbow linker region. A third substitution (F170W) generates a split-Fab conformation, resulting in a powerful crystal lattice packing interaction comprising the biological interaction interface between the variable heavy and light chain domains. In sum, we have used K141Q, E172G, and F170W substitutions-which complement the S1, Crystal Kappa, and elbow modifications-to generate a set of highly crystallizable Fab frameworks that can be used as chaperones to enable facile elucidation of Fab:antigen complex structures by x-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Levi L. Blazer
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Khanh Luu
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Lynda Ploder
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
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2
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Li J, Lyu C, An R, Wang D. Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit and Oyster Heat Shock Protein 70. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y. [PMID: 38635140 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminates the marine environment and is bioaccumulated in filter-feeding shellfish. Previous study shows the Pacific oyster tissues can bioaccumulate the SARS-CoV-2, and the oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP70) may play as the primary attachment receptor to bind SARS-CoV-2's recombinant spike protein S1 subunit (rS1). However, detailed information about the interaction between rS1 and oHSP70 is still unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the affinity of recombinant oHSP70 (roHSP70) for rS1 (KD = 20.4 nM) is comparable to the receptor-binding affinity of rACE2 for rS1 (KD = 16.7 nM) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based Biacore and further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three truncated proteins (roHSP70-N/C/M) and five mutated proteins (p.I229del, p.D457del, p.V491_K495del, p.K556I, and p.ΣroHSP70) were constructed according to the molecular docking results. All three truncated proteins have significantly lower affinity for rS1 than the full-length roHSP70, indicating that all three segments of roHSP70 are involved in binding to rS1. Further, the results of SPR and ELISA showed that all five mutant proteins had significantly lower affinity for rS1 than roHSP70, suggesting that amino acids at these sites are involved in binding to rS1. This study provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the bioaccumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in oyster tissues or using roHSP70 as the capture unit to selectively enrich virus particles for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Nantel S, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Chao GYC, Kurtesi A, Hu Q, Wood H, Colwill K, Li Z, Liu Y, Seifried L, Bourdin B, McGeer A, Hardy WR, Rojas OL, Al-Aubodah TA, Liu Z, Ostrowski MA, Brockman MA, Piccirillo CA, Quach C, Rini JM, Gingras AC, Decaluwe H, Gommerman JL. Comparison of Omicron breakthrough infection versus monovalent SARS-CoV-2 intramuscular booster reveals differences in mucosal and systemic humoral immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:201-210. [PMID: 38278415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the quality of cellular and humoral immunity conferred by COVID-19 vaccination alone versus vaccination plus SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough (BT) infection remains incomplete. While the current (2023) SARS-CoV-2 immune landscape of Canadians is complex, in late 2021 most Canadians had either just received a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine, or had received their two-dose primary series and then experienced an Omicron BT. Herein we took advantage of this coincident timing to contrast cellular and humoral immunity conferred by three doses of vaccine versus two doses plus BT. Our results show thatBT infection induces cell-mediated immune responses to variants comparable to an intramuscular vaccine booster dose. In contrast, BT subjects had higher salivary immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA levels against the Omicron spike and enhanced reactivity to the ancestral spike for the IgA isotype, which also reacted with SARS-CoV-1. Serumneutralizing antibody levels against the ancestral strain and the variants were also higher after BT infection. Our results support the need for the development of intranasal vaccines that could emulate the enhanced mucosal and humoral immunity induced by Omicron BT without exposing individuals to the risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabryna Nantel
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Gary Y C Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kurtesi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Queenie Hu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie Seifried
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoîte Bourdin
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William R Hardy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hélène Decaluwe
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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4
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Zheng L, Wang H, Liu X, Xu C, Tian M, Shi G, Bai C, Li Z, Wang J, Liu S. A panel of multivalent nanobodies broadly neutralizing Omicron subvariants and recombinant. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29528. [PMID: 38501378 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The emerging Omicron subvariants have a remarkable ability to spread and escape nearly all current monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments. Although the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 has now diminished, it remains a significant threat to public health due to its high transmissibility and susceptibility to mutation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop broad-acting and potent therapeutics targeting current and emerging Omicron variants. Here, we identified a panel of Omicron BA.1 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeted nanobodies (Nbs) from a naive alpaca VHH library. This panel of Nbs exhibited high binding affinity to the spike RBD of wild-type, Alpha B.1.1.7, Beta B.1.351, Delta plus, Omicron BA.1, and BA.2. Through multivalent Nb construction, we obtained a subpanel of ultrapotent neutralizing Nbs against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BF.7 and even emerging XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16 pseudoviruses. Protein structure prediction and docking analysis showed that Nb trimer 2F2E5 targets two independent RBD epitopes, thus minimizing viral escape. Taken together, we obtained a panel of broad and ultrapotent neutralizing Nbs against Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, BF.7, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16. These multivalent Nbs hold great promise for the treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection and could possess a superwide neutralizing breadth against novel omicron mutants or recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhai Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Chronic Diseases, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Assurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxiong Tian
- School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangwei Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongzhi Bai
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Assurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Bruce HA, Singer AU, Filippova EV, Blazer LL, Adams JJ, Enderle L, Ben‐David M, Radley EH, Mao DYL, Pau V, Orlicky S, Sicheri F, Kurinov I, Atwell S, Kossiakoff AA, Sidhu SS. Engineered antigen-binding fragments for enhanced crystallization of antibody:antigen complexes. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4824. [PMID: 37945533 PMCID: PMC10731619 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The atomic-resolution structural information that X-ray crystallography can provide on the binding interface between a Fab and its cognate antigen is highly valuable for understanding the mechanism of interaction. However, many Fab:antigen complexes are recalcitrant to crystallization, making the endeavor a considerable effort with no guarantee of success. Consequently, there have been significant steps taken to increase the likelihood of Fab:antigen complex crystallization by altering the Fab framework. In this investigation, we applied the surface entropy reduction strategy coupled with phage-display technology to identify a set of surface substitutions that improve the propensity of a human Fab framework to crystallize. In addition, we showed that combining these surface substitutions with previously reported Crystal Kappa and elbow substitutions results in an extraordinary improvement in Fab and Fab:antigen complex crystallizability, revealing a strong synergistic relationship between these sets of substitutions. Through comprehensive Fab and Fab:antigen complex crystallization screenings followed by structure determination and analysis, we defined the roles that each of these substitutions play in facilitating crystallization and how they complement each other in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Y. L. Mao
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteSinai Health SystemTorontoCanada
| | - Victor Pau
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteSinai Health SystemTorontoCanada
| | - Stephen Orlicky
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteSinai Health SystemTorontoCanada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteSinai Health SystemTorontoCanada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Anthony A. Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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6
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Sawula E, Miersch S, Jong ED, Li C, Chou FY, Tang JK, Saberianfar R, Harding J, Sidhu SS, Nagy A. Cell-based passive immunization for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:318. [PMID: 37932852 PMCID: PMC10629160 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunologically impaired individuals respond poorly to vaccines, highlighting the need for additional strategies to protect these vulnerable populations from COVID-19. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as promising tools to manage infectious diseases, the transient lifespan of neutralizing mAbs in patients limits their ability to confer lasting, passive prophylaxis from SARS-CoV-2. Here, we attempted to solve this problem by combining cell and mAb engineering in a way that provides durable immune protection against viral infection using safe and universal cell therapy. METHODS Mouse embryonic stem cells equipped with our FailSafe™ and induced allogeneic cell tolerance technologies were engineered to express factors that potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2, which we call 'neutralizing biologics' (nBios). We subcutaneously transplanted the transgenic cells into mice and longitudinally assessed the ability of the cells to deliver nBios into circulation. To do so, we quantified plasma nBio concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity over time in transplant recipients. Finally, using similar cell engineering strategies, we genetically modified FailSafe™ human-induced pluripotent stem cells to express SARS-CoV-2 nBios. RESULTS Transgenic mouse embryonic stem cells engineered for safety and allogeneic-acceptance can secrete functional and potent SARS-CoV-2 nBios. As a dormant, subcutaneous tissue, the transgenic cells and their differentiated derivatives long-term deliver a supply of protective nBio titers in vivo. Moving toward clinical relevance, we also show that human-induced pluripotent stem cells, similarly engineered for safety, can secrete highly potent nBios. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings show the promise and potential of using 'off-the-shelf' cell products that secrete neutralizing antibodies for sustained protective immunity against current and future viral pathogens of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Sawula
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shane Miersch
- The Anvil Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Eric D Jong
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chengjin Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fang-Yu Chou
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Kit Tang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Saberianfar
- The Anvil Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Harding
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Anvil Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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7
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Gao ZZ, Jiao JY, Zhou YQ, Qi J, Zhu SS, Xu JY, Nie L, Wang HB. A novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv) 2 version shown enhanced neutralizing and Fc-mediated effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:283. [PMID: 37501919 PMCID: PMC10368608 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) have been proved to be effective therapeutics in treating coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To enhance the potency of nMAB 553-15, we generated a novel monospecific tetravalent IgG1-(scFv)2 version. This was achieved by covalently fusing two forms of 553-15-derived single chain variable fragments (scFv) to the C-terminus of the hIgG1 (human Immunoglobulin G1) Fc fragment. We found that the Fc-fused VL-linker-VH format achieved similar binding affinity and neutralizing behavior as 553-15. The tetravalent versions were constructed by fusing the scFv domains to the C-terminus of nMAB 553-15. As a result, the tetravalent version 55,315-VLVH exhibited significantly higher binding activity to target spike protein variants and enhanced neutralization against VOCs (variants of concern) pseudovirus compared to 553-15. We also measured the Fc effector responses of candidates using wild-type Spike-expressing CHOK1 cells. The 55,315-VLVH enhanced the function of ADCP (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis) but had similar IL-6 release levels compared to the bivalent 553-15. It seemed that the novel tetravalent version avoids the pro-inflammatory effect induced by macrophage activation. However, the 55,315-VLVH displayed slightly increased potency in ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), which might contribute to higher systemic inflammation. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the tetravalent version is beneficial to balance efficiency and safety against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-zhao Gao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-yu Jiao
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Ya-qiong Zhou
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jian Qi
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Shan-shan Zhu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Jing-ya Xu
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Lei Nie
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
| | - Hai-bin Wang
- BioRay Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311404 Zhejiang China
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8
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Brandimarte B, Di Rienzo Businco L, Cappello F, Fiore R, Bastone G, Gualdi G, Sollaku S, Casciani E, Tortorella F, Longo P, Centanini E, Pavaci S, Sangiuolo F, Patrizi MP, Miersch S, Sidhu SS, Sacchini V, Novelli G. Nebulization of pharmacological solutions with an innovative medical device based on microvaporization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14673. [PMID: 37020941 PMCID: PMC10068108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently available nebulization devices have a slow aerosol flow and produce vapor with large microdrops. Improved devices that achieve higher airflow and produce smaller microdrops are needed to improve the clinical care of patients. To address this critical need, we developed a novel system for the molecular vaporization of liquids. This device vaporizes an active pharmacological substance dissolved in water, alcohol, or a mixture of water and alcohol using two energy sources at the same time: high-frequency ultrasound and thermal induction. Application of energy to a solution contained in the device's tank allows, within tens of seconds, for the vaporization of the solution itself, with the generation of a vapor consisting of microdrops of very small diameter (0.2-0.3 μm). In this article, we illustrate the technology used, the main verification tests performed, and the primary fields of application for this device. In particular, the advantages of both the aerosol delivery system and the administration system are highlighted.
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9
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Pedenko B, Sulbaran G, Guilligay D, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W. SARS-CoV-2 S Glycoprotein Stabilization Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020558. [PMID: 36851772 PMCID: PMC9960574 DOI: 10.3390/v15020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has again shown that structural biology plays an important role in understanding biological mechanisms and exploiting structural data for therapeutic interventions. Notably, previous work on SARS-related glycoproteins has paved the way for the rapid structural determination of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, which is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, all vaccine approaches aimed to employ S as an immunogen to induce neutralizing antibodies. Like all enveloped virus glycoproteins, SARS-CoV-2 S native prefusion trimers are in a metastable conformation, which primes the glycoprotein for the entry process via membrane fusion. S-mediated entry is associated with major conformational changes in S, which can expose many off-target epitopes that deviate vaccination approaches from the major aim of inducing neutralizing antibodies, which mainly target the native prefusion trimer conformation. Here, we review the viral glycoprotein stabilization methods developed prior to SARS-CoV-2, and applied to SARS-CoV-2 S, in order to stabilize S in the prefusion conformation. The importance of structure-based approaches is highlighted by the benefits of employing stabilized S trimers versus non-stabilized S in vaccines with respect to their protective efficacy.
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10
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Du W, Janssens R, Mykytyn AZ, Li W, Drabek D, van Haperen R, Chatziandreou M, Rissmann M, van der Lee J, van Dortmondt M, Martin IS, van Kuppeveld FJM, Hurdiss DL, Haagmans BL, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. Avidity engineering of human heavy-chain-only antibodies mitigates neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111385. [PMID: 36895554 PMCID: PMC9990171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have accrued mutations within the spike protein rendering most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 ineffective. Hence there is an unmet need for broad-spectrum mAb treatments for COVID-19 that are more resistant to antigenically drifted SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here we describe the design of a biparatopic heavy-chain-only antibody consisting of six antigen binding sites recognizing two distinct epitopes in the spike protein NTD and RBD. The hexavalent antibody showed potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern, including the Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, whereas the parental components had lost Omicron neutralization potency. We demonstrate that the tethered design mitigates the substantial decrease in spike trimer affinity seen for escape mutations for the hexamer components. The hexavalent antibody protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model. This work provides a framework for designing therapeutic antibodies to overcome antibody neutralization escape of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rick Janssens
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marianthi Chatziandreou
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joline van der Lee
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa van Dortmondt
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Itziar Serna Martin
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Engineering SARS-CoV-2 specific cocktail antibodies into a bispecific format improves neutralizing potency and breadth. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5552. [PMID: 36138032 PMCID: PMC9499943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One major limitation of neutralizing antibody-based COVID-19 therapy is the requirement of costly cocktails to reduce emergence of antibody resistance. Here we engineer two bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) using distinct designs and compared them with parental antibodies and their cocktail. Single molecules of both bsAbs block the two epitopes targeted by parental antibodies on the receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, bsAb with the IgG-(scFv)2 design (14-H-06) but not the CrossMAb design (14-crs-06) shows increased antigen-binding and virus-neutralizing activities against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as increased breadth of neutralizing activity compared to the cocktail. X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM reveal distinct binding models for individual cocktail antibodies, and computational simulations suggest higher inter-spike crosslinking potentials by 14-H-06 than 14-crs-06. In mouse models of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and multiple variants, 14-H-06 exhibits higher or equivalent therapeutic efficacy than the cocktail. Rationally engineered bsAbs represent a cost-effective alternative to antibody cocktails and a promising strategy to improve potency and breadth.
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12
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Wade J, Rimbault C, Ali H, Ledsgaard L, Rivera-de-Torre E, Abou Hachem M, Boddum K, Mirza N, Bohn MF, Sakya SA, Ruso-Julve F, Andersen JT, Laustsen AH. Generation of Multivalent Nanobody-Based Proteins with Improved Neutralization of Long α-Neurotoxins from Elapid Snakes. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1494-1504. [PMID: 35875886 PMCID: PMC9389527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recombinantly produced biotherapeutics hold promise for
improving
the current standard of care for snakebite envenoming over conventional
serotherapy. Nanobodies have performed well in the clinic, and in
the context of antivenom, they have shown the ability to neutralize
long α-neurotoxins in vivo. Here, we showcase
a protein engineering approach to increase the valence and hydrodynamic
size of neutralizing nanobodies raised against a long α-neurotoxin
(α-cobratoxin) from the venom of the monocled cobraNaja kaouthia. Based on the p53 tetramerization domain,
a panel of anti-α-cobratoxin nanobody-p53 fusion proteins, termed
Quads, were produced with different valences, inclusion or exclusion
of Fc regions for endosomal recycling purposes, hydrodynamic sizes,
and spatial arrangements, comprising up to 16 binding sites. Measurements
of binding affinity and stoichiometry showed that the nanobody binding
affinity was retained when incorporated into the Quad scaffold, and
all nanobody domains were accessible for toxin binding, subsequently
displaying increased blocking potency in vitro compared
to the monomeric format. Moreover, functional assessment using automated
patch-clamp assays demonstrated that the nanobody and Quads displayed
neutralizing effects against long α-neurotoxins from both N. kaouthia and the forest cobra N.
melanoleuca. This engineering approach offers a means
of altering the valence, endosomal recyclability, and hydrodynamic
size of existing nanobody-based therapeutics in a simple plug-and-play
fashion and can thus serve as a technology for researchers tailoring
therapeutic properties for improved neutralization of soluble targets
such as snake toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wade
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Rimbault
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanif Ali
- Quadrucept Bio Ltd., Kemp House, 152 City Road, London EC1V 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Boddum
- Sophion Bioscience, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Nadia Mirza
- Fida Biosystems ApS, DK-2860 Søborg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Siri A. Sakya
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fulgencio Ruso-Julve
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Labriola JM, Miersch S, Chen G, Chen C, Pavlenco A, Saberianfar R, Caccuri F, Zani A, Sharma N, Feng A, Leung DW, Caruso A, Novelli G, Amarasinghe GK, Sidhu SS. Peptide-Antibody Fusions Engineered by Phage Display Exhibit an Ultrapotent and Broad Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1978-1988. [PMID: 35731947 PMCID: PMC9236212 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has been exacerbated by the emergence of variants of concern (VoC). Many VoC contain mutations in the spike protein (S-protein) and are implicated in infection and response to therapeutics. Bivalent neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) targeting the S-protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) are promising therapeutics for COVID-19, but they are limited by low potency and vulnerability to RBD mutations in VoC. To address these issues, we used naïve phage-displayed peptide libraries to isolate and optimize 16-residue peptides that bind to the RBD or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S-protein. We fused these peptides to the N-terminus of a moderate-affinity nAb to generate tetravalent peptide-IgG fusions, and we showed that both classes of peptides were able to improve affinities for the S-protein trimer by >100-fold (apparent KD < 1 pM). Critically, cell-based infection assays with a panel of six SARS-CoV-2 variants demonstrated that an RBD-binding peptide was able to enhance the neutralization potency of a high-affinity nAb >100-fold. Moreover, this peptide-IgG was able to neutralize variants that were resistant to the same nAb in the bivalent IgG format, including the dominant B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant that is resistant to most clinically approved therapeutic nAbs. To show that this approach is general, we fused the same peptide to a clinically approved nAb drug and showed that it enabled the neutralization of a resistant variant. Taken together, these results establish minimal peptide fusions as a modular means to greatly enhance affinities, potencies, and breadth of coverage of nAbs as therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Labriola
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane Miersch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Alevtina Pavlenco
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Saberianfar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School,
25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School,
25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St
Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Annie Feng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St
Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken
Department of Medicine, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, John T. Milliken
Department of Medicine, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United
States
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and
Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School,
25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention,
University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133
Rome, Italy
- Italy 6 IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli
(IS) 86077, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,
University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United
States
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St
Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The
Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., M5S 3E1 Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
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14
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Kangro K, Kurašin M, Gildemann K, Sankovski E, Žusinaite E, Lello LS, Pert R, Kavak A, Poikalainen V, Lepasalu L, Kuusk M, Pau R, Piiskop S, Rom S, Oltjer R, Tiirik K, Kogermann K, Plaas M, Tiirats T, Aasmäe B, Plaas M, Mumm K, Krinka D, Talpsep E, Kadaja M, Gerhold JM, Planken A, Tover A, Merits A, Männik A, Ustav M, Ustav M. Bovine colostrum-derived antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 show great potential to serve as prophylactic agents. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268806. [PMID: 35687549 PMCID: PMC9187060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to impose a serious burden on health systems globally. Despite worldwide vaccination, social distancing and wearing masks, the spread of the virus is ongoing. One of the mechanisms by which neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) block virus entry into cells encompasses interaction inhibition between the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb development can be induced in the blood of cattle. Pregnant cows produce NAbs upon immunization, and antibodies move into the colostrum immediately before calving. Here, we immunized cows with SARS-CoV-2 S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) protein in proper adjuvant solutions, followed by one boost with SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S protein and purified immunoglobulins from colostrum. We demonstrate that this preparation indeed blocks the interaction between the trimeric S protein and ACE2 in different in vitro assays. Moreover, we describe the formulation of purified immunoglobulin preparation into a nasal spray. When administered to human subjects, the formulation persisted on the nasal mucosa for at least 4 hours, as determined by a clinical study. Therefore, we are presenting a solution that shows great potential to serve as a prophylactic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection as an additional measure to vaccination and wearing masks. Moreover, our technology allows for rapid and versatile adaptation for preparing prophylactic treatments against other diseases using the defined characteristics of antibody movement into the colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Kangro
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Mihhail Kurašin
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Kiira Gildemann
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Eve Sankovski
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Raini Pert
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Ants Kavak
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Marilin Kuusk
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Robin Pau
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | | | - Siimu Rom
- Chemi-Pharm AS, Tänassilma, Harjumaa, Estonia
| | - Ruth Oltjer
- Chemi-Pharm AS, Tänassilma, Harjumaa, Estonia
| | - Kairi Tiirik
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Laboratory Animal Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Tiirats
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Birgit Aasmäe
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Plaas
- Ear Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Mumm
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Dagni Krinka
- Icosagen AS, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Ene Talpsep
- Icosagen AS, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Meelis Kadaja
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | | | - Anu Planken
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
- North-Estonian Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andres Tover
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Männik
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Mart Ustav
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
- * E-mail: (MU); (MUJ)
| | - Mart Ustav
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Õssu, Kambja vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
- * E-mail: (MU); (MUJ)
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15
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Miersch S, Sharma N, Saberianfar R, Chen C, Caccuri F, Zani A, Caruso A, Case JB, Diamond MS, Amarasinghe GK, Novelli G, Sidhu SS. Ultrapotent and broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by modular, tetravalent, bi-paratopic antibodies. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110905. [PMID: 35617963 PMCID: PMC9108025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have received emergency use approval for treatment of COVID-19. However, with the emergence of variants of concern, there is a need for new treatment options. We report a format that enables modular assembly of bi-paratopic tetravalent nAbs with antigen-binding sites from two distinct nAbs. The tetravalent nAb purifies in high yield and exhibits biophysical characteristics that are comparable to those of clinically used therapeutic antibodies. The tetravalent nAb binds to the spike protein trimer at least 100-fold more tightly than bivalent IgGs (apparent KD < 1 pM) and neutralizes a broad array of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, chimeric viruses, and authentic viral variants with high potency. Together, these results establish the tetravalent diabody-Fc-Fab as a robust, modular platform for rapid production of drug-grade nAbs with potencies and breadth of coverage that greatly exceed those of conventional bivalent IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Chao Chen
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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17
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Two Different Therapeutic Approaches for SARS-CoV-2 in hiPSCs-Derived Lung Organoids. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071235. [PMID: 35406799 PMCID: PMC8997767 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health emergency for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) created an urgent need to develop new treatments and therapeutic drugs. In this study, we tested, for the first time on human cells, a new tetravalent neutralizing antibody (15033-7) targeting Spike protein and a synthetic peptide homologous to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) receptor on host cells. Both could represent powerful immunotherapeutic candidates for COVID-19 treatment. The infection begins in the proximal airways, namely the alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells of the distal lung, which express both ACE2 and DPP4 receptors. Thus, to evaluate the efficacy of both approaches, we developed three-dimensional (3D) complex lung organoid structures (hLORGs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and resembling the in vivo organ. Afterward, hLORGs were infected by different SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirus variants and treated by the Ab15033-7 or DPP4 peptide. Using both approaches, we observed a significant reduction of viral entry and a modulation of the expression of genes implicated in innate immunity and inflammatory response. These data demonstrate the efficacy of such approaches in strongly reducing the infection efficiency in vitro and, importantly, provide proof-of-principle evidence that hiPSC-derived hLORGs represent an ideal in vitro system for testing both therapeutic and preventive modalities against COVID-19.
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18
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Sankar K, Trainor K, Blazer L, Adams J, Sidhu S, Day T, Meiering E, Maier J. A Descriptor set for Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Prediction in Biologics. Mol Inform 2022; 41:e2100240. [PMID: 35277930 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to attaining the desired binding to their targets, a crucial aspect in the development of biotherapeutics is 'developability', which includes several desirable properties such as high solubility, low viscosity and aggregation, physico-chemical stability and low immunogenicity. The lack of any of these properties can lead to significant obstacles in advancing them to clinic; thus in silico methods capable of raising warning flags in earlier stages of development are highly beneficial. We have developed a computational framework based on a large and diverse set of protein specific descriptors ideal for making liability predictions using a machine-learning approach. This set offers a high degree of feature diversity classifiable by sequence, structure and surface patches. We assess the sensitivity and applicability of these descriptors in four dedicated case studies that are believed to be representative of biophysical characterizations commonly employed during the development process. In addition to data sets obtained from public sources, we have validated the descriptors on novel experimental data sets in order to address antibody developability and to generate prospective predictions on Adnectins. The results demonstrate that the descriptors are well suited to assist in the improvement of properties of systems that exhibit poor solubility or aggregation.
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19
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An ultrapotent RBD-targeted biparatopic nanobody neutralizes broad SARS-CoV-2 variants. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 35140196 PMCID: PMC8828845 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide transmission and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 have led to the rapid accumulation of mutations, posing significant challenges to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Although several neutralizing antibodies were authorized for emergency clinical use, convalescent patients derived natural antibodies are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation. Here, we describe the screen of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted nanobodies (Nbs) from a synthetic library and the design of a biparatopic Nb, named Nb1–Nb2, with tight affinity and super-wide neutralization breadth against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Deep-mutational scanning experiments identify the potential binding epitopes of the Nbs on the RBD and demonstrate that biparatopic Nb1–Nb2 has a strong escape-resistant feature against more than 60 tested RBD amino acid substitutions. Using pseudovirion-based and trans-complementation SARS-CoV-2 tools, we determine that the Nb1–Nb2 broadly neutralizes multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants at sub-nanomolar levels, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Lambda (C.37), Kappa (B.1.617.1), and Mu (B.1.621). Furthermore, a heavy-chain antibody is constructed by fusing the human IgG1 Fc to Nb1–Nb2 (designated as Nb1–Nb2-Fc) to improve its neutralization potency, yield, stability, and potential half-life extension. For the new Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) that harbors unprecedented multiple RBD mutations, Nb1–Nb2-Fc keeps a firm affinity (KD < 1.0 × 10−12 M) and strong neutralizing activity (IC50 = 1.46 nM for authentic Omicron virus). Together, we developed a tetravalent biparatopic human heavy-chain antibody with ultrapotent and broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity which highlights the potential clinical applications.
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20
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Ku Z, Xie X, Lin J, Gao P, El Sahili A, Su H, Liu Y, Ye X, Li X, Fan X, Goh BC, Xiong W, Boyd H, Muruato AE, Deng H, Xia H, Jing Z, Kalveram BK, Menachery VD, Zhang N, Lescar J, Shi PY, An Z. Engineering SARS-CoV-2 cocktail antibodies into a bispecific format improves neutralizing potency and breadth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022. [PMID: 35132410 PMCID: PMC8820655 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.01.478504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One major limitation of neutralizing antibody-based COVID-19 therapy is the requirement of costly cocktails to reduce antibody resistance. We engineered two bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) using distinct designs and compared them with parental antibodies and their cocktail. Single molecules of both bsAbs block the two epitopes targeted by parental antibodies on the receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, bsAb with the IgG-(scFv)2 design (14-H-06) but not the CrossMAb design (14-crs-06) increases antigen-binding and virus-neutralizing activities and spectrum against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including the Omicron, than the cocktail. X-ray crystallography and computational simulations reveal distinct neutralizing mechanisms for individual cocktail antibodies and suggest higher inter-spike crosslinking potentials by 14-H-06 than 14-crs-06. In mouse models of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and the Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, 14-H-06 exhibits higher or equivalent therapeutic efficacy than the cocktail. Rationally engineered bsAbs represent a cost-effective alternative to antibody cocktails and a promising strategy to improve potency and breadth.
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21
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Abstract
The spike protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2, the protein that enables the virus to infect human cells, is the basis for many vaccines and a hotspot of concerning virus evolution. Here, we discuss the outstanding progress in structural characterization of the S-protein and how these structures facilitate analysis of virus function and evolution. We emphasize the differences in reported structures and that analysis of structure-function relationships is sensitive to the structure used. We show that the average residue solvent exposure in nearly complete structures is a good descriptor of open vs closed conformation states. Because of structural heterogeneity of functionally important surface-exposed residues, we recommend using averages of a group of high-quality protein structures rather than a single structure before reaching conclusions on specific structure-function relationships. To illustrate these points, we analyze some significant chemical tendencies of prominent S-protein mutations in the context of the available structures. In the discussion of new variants, we emphasize the selectivity of binding to ACE2 vs prominent antibodies rather than simply the antibody escape or ACE2 affinity separately. We note that larger chemical changes, in particular increased electrostatic charge or side-chain volume of exposed surface residues, are recurring in mutations of concern, plausibly related to adaptation to the negative surface potential of human ACE2. We also find indications that the fixated mutations of the S-protein in the main variants are less destabilizing than would be expected on average, possibly pointing toward a selection pressure on the S-protein. The richness of available structures for all of these situations provides an enormously valuable basis for future research into these structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmankesh Mehra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology Bhilai, Sejbahar, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh,
India
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of
Denmark, Building 206, 2800 Kongens Lyngby,
Denmark
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22
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Emerging mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 variants and their role in antibody escape to small molecule-based therapeutic resistance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 62:64-73. [PMID: 34920267 PMCID: PMC8606259 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several clinical trials started during the COVID-19 pandemic to discover effective therapeutics led to identify a few candidates from the major clinical trials. However, in the past several months, quite a few SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged with significant mutations. Major mutations in the S-glycoprotein and other parts of the genome have led to the antibody's escape to small molecule-based therapeutic resistance. The mutations in S-glycoprotein trigger the antibody escape/resistance, and mutations in RdRp might cause remdesivir resistance. The article illustrates emerging mutations that have resulted in antibody escape to therapeutics resistance. In this direction, the article illustrates presently developed neutralizing antibodies (with their preclinical, clinical stages) and antibody escapes and associated mutations. Finally, owing to the RdRp mutations, the antiviral small molecules resistance is illustrated.
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23
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Colona VL, Vasiliou V, Watt J, Novelli G, Reichardt JKV. Update on human genetic susceptibility to COVID-19: susceptibility to virus and response. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:57. [PMID: 34429158 PMCID: PMC8384585 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Luigi Colona
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Jessica Watt
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
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24
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Structure-based Design of a Specific, Homogeneous Luminescence Enzyme Reporter Assay for SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166983. [PMID: 33839165 PMCID: PMC8028696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies (Abs) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus hold promise for treatment of COVID-19 and high sensitivity and specific diagnostic assays. Here, we report engineering principles and realization of a Protein-fragment Complementation Assay (PCA) detector of SARS-CoV-2 antigen by coupling two Abs to complementary N- and C-terminal fragments of the reporter enzyme Gaussia luciferase (Gluc). Both Abs display comparably high affinities for distinct epitopes of viral Spike (S)-protein trimers. Gluc activity is reconstituted when the Abs are simultaneously bound to S-protein bringing the Ab-fused N- and C-terminal fragments close enough together (8 nm) to fold. We thus achieve high specificity both by requirement of simultaneous binding of the two Abs to the S-protein and also, in a steric configuration in which the two Gluc complementary fragments can fold and thus reconstitute catalytic activity. Gluc activity can also be reconstituted with virus-like particles that express surface S-protein with detectable signal over background within 5 min of incubation. Design principles presented here can be readily applied to develop reporters to virtually any protein with sufficient available structural details. Thus, our results present a general framework to develop reporter assays for COVID-19, and the strategy can be readily deployed in response to existing and future pathogenic threats and other diseases.
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25
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Novelli G, Biancolella M, Mehrian-Shai R, Colona VL, Brito AF, Grubaugh ND, Vasiliou V, Luzzatto L, Reichardt JKV. COVID-19 one year into the pandemic: from genetics and genomics to therapy, vaccination, and policy. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:27. [PMID: 33966626 PMCID: PMC8107019 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has engulfed the world and it will accompany us all for some time to come. Here, we review the current state at the milestone of 1 year into the pandemic, as declared by the WHO (World Health Organization). We review several aspects of the on-going pandemic, focusing first on two major topics: viral variants and the human genetic susceptibility to disease severity. We then consider recent and exciting new developments in therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, and in prevention strategies, such as vaccines. We also briefly discuss how advances in basic science and in biotechnology, under the threat of a worldwide emergency, have accelerated to an unprecedented degree of the transition from the laboratory to clinical applications. While every day we acquire more and more tools to deal with the on-going pandemic, we are aware that the path will be arduous and it will require all of us being community-minded. In this respect, we lament past delays in timely full investigations, and we call for bypassing local politics in the interest of humankind on all continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | | | - Ruty Mehrian-Shai
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Vito Luigi Colona
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anderson F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Lucio Luzzatto
- Haematology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, 4878, Australia
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26
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Park G, Hwang BH. SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Mutations and Effective Changes. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021; 26:859-870. [PMID: 34975266 PMCID: PMC8713537 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary threats to the goal of controlling and eventually defeating SARS-CoV-2 is that of mutation. Recognizing this, a great amount of effort and dedicated study is being given to the matter. Due to the novel coronavirus's general prevalence and rate of mutation, this is an extremely dynamic area with constant new developments. Therefore, understanding the virus's pathogenesis and how mutations affect it is crucial. This review attempts to aid in understanding the currently most important strains and what primary changes they entail in connection to more specific mutations, and how they each affect infectivity, antigen resistance, and other properties. In an attempt to maintain relevance to the time at which this paper will be published, priority has been given to variants classified by the WHO and the CDC as of Sep. 23, 2021, as "Variants of Concern". Of particular interest in B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, P.1 are the mutations affecting the Spike protein and Receptor Binding Domain, as they directly affect infectivity and susceptibility to neutralization. Certain mutations (D614G, E484K, N501Y, K417N, L452R and P681R) have appeared across several different strains, often accompanied by others that may be complementary working together to confer increased infectivity, fitness, or resistance to neutralization. We anticipate that the understanding of such COVID-19 mutations will, in the near future, prove important for diagnosis, treatment development, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Park
- Whitmore School, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Byeong Hee Hwang
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Korea
- Department of Bio·nanobioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012 Korea
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