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Song HS, Huh YH, Park CJ, Cho LR, Ko KH. Evaluation of shear bond strength based on substructure materials and ceramic veneering techniques. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38822528 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bilayered restorations have both the strength of the substructure material and the esthetics of the veneer material; however, they should have appropriate bonding between the two materials. This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) according to the substructure material and veneering technique used in bilayered restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental group was divided into four groups (n = 15 per group) based on the substructure materials (cobalt-chromium [Co-Cr] alloy and 3 mol% yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal [3Y-TZP]) and veneering techniques (pressing and layering). Veneering was performed with disk shape (diameter: 5 mm, height: 2 mm) on a substructure using each veneering technique. Shear stress was applied to the interface of the substructure and the veneering ceramic using a universal testing machine. The shear bond strength, according to the substructure and veneering technique, was analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with a post-hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference test. The failure mode was observed, and the surface was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. RESULTS The shSBS of the Co-Cr alloy and 3Y-TZP substructure was not different (p > 0.05); however, the pressing technique showed a higher SBS than the layering technique (p < 0.05). The SBS did not differ depending on the veneering technique in the Co-Cr alloys (p > 0.05), whereas the SBS in the pressing technique was higher than that in the layering technique for 3Y-TZP (p < 0.05). In the layering technique, the Co-Cr alloy showed a higher SBS than 3Y-TZP (p < 0.05). In the failure mode, mixed failure occurred most frequently in all groups. Extensive elemental interdiffusion was observed through the opaque layer in the Co-Cr alloy, regardless of the veneering technique. In 3Y-TZP, a wider range of elemental interdiffusion was observed in the pressing technique than in the layering technique. CONCLUSIONS In bilayered restorations with a 3Y-TZP substructure, the pressing technique yielded higher bonding strength than layering. Using the layering technique, 3Y-TZP showed a lower SBS than the Co-Cr alloy. In bilayered restorations using 3Y-TZP as a substructure, the veneering technique and thermal compatibility of the materials must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Song
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyuk Huh
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Jin Park
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Ra Cho
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Ko
- Department of Prosthodontics and Research Institute of Oral Science, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Yao X, Zhang R, Sun L, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Yan J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Li B. Recent advances in glass-ceramics: Performance and toughening mechanisms in restorative dentistry. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35334. [PMID: 37776023 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of glass-ceramics in the medical field has grown significantly since the 1980s. With excellent aesthetic properties, semi-translucency, outstanding mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and great biocompatibility and workability glass-ceramics is one of the most commonly used materials in restorative dentistry and is widely used in veneers, inlays, onlays, all-ceramic crowns, and implant abutments. This review provides an overview of the research progress of glass-ceramics in restorative dentistry, focusing on the classification, performance requirements, toughening mechanisms and their association with clinical performance, as well as the manufacturing and fabrication of glass-ceramics in restorative dentistry. Finally, the developments and prospects of glass-ceramics in restorative dentistry are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemin Yao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingxiang Sun
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zheyuan Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Research Institute of Photonics, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Effect of ZrO2 addition on the structure and the crystallization delay in lithium disilicate based glasses. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lin F, Wang B, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang Q, Xiao Y, Zuo Q. The effect of prolonged holding time on the mechanical property and microstructural property of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:69. [PMID: 36190565 PMCID: PMC9529710 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Repeat firing produces uncertainty about stabilizing lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDGC) material properties, even though prolonged holding time can enhance the mechanical property of LDGC during a single firing cycle. However, the effect of prolonged holding time and repeat firing on the mechanical property and microstructure of LDGC is not fully understood. In the present study, three groups of LDGC material were created: (i) extension of holding time (7 vs. 14 vs. 28 min) at 780-800 °C; (ii) holding time extension (7 vs. 14 min) and dual sintering at 800-820 °C, respectively; (iii) dual sintering with prolonged holding time (7 vs. 14 min) at 820-840 °C. The nano-indenter test revealed that prolonged holding time (14 and 28 min) promoted the enhancement of LDGC hardness and Young's modulus. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that prolonged holding time increased and stabilized LD phase in LDGC, as well as induced residual compressive stress. Scanning electron microscopy showed that prolonged holding time increased LD crystal grains homogeneously and facilitated LDGC to form dense interlocking structure without enlarging crystal size grains significantly. In contrast, LDGC that dual sintered alone at 820-840 °C possessed inferior mechanical properties, coupled with heterogeneous crystal phases, residual tensile stress, and melted crystals grains in the porous microstructure. Interestingly, these deteriorated properties of LDGC caused by dual sintering alone could be counteracted by prolonging the holding time. Nevertheless, the LDGC materials displayed an excellent biocompatibility throughout the study. This study identified that prolonged holding time during repeated firing cycles stabilized LD phase and crystal grain size of LDGC, thus enhanced the mechanical properties, which provided a new insight to extend the repeat fired restoration longevity of LDGC. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuigen Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Qiliang Zuo
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China.
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China.
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Flexural strengths, failure load, and hardness of glass-ceramics for dental applications. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 128:512.e1-512.e9. [PMID: 35989200 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Glass-ceramics are often selected for use in dental restorations based upon advertised flexural strengths obtained from standardized tests on prefabricated specimens (bars and disks); these may not accurately reflect their performance in dental applications. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine and compare 4-point flexural strength, biaxial flexural strength, hardness, and crown failure loads for 3 commercially available glass-ceramics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specimens were pressed and prepared from 3 brands of glass-ceramics: Celtra (CEL), IPS e.max (EMA), and Lisi (LIS). Rectangular bars, circular disks, and fully contoured crowns were created (n=15 specimens per glass-ceramic, 45 specimens per geometry, totaling 135 specimens). Disks were tested for biaxial flexural strength by using a piston-on-3-ball (POB) test, while bars were tested for 4-point flexural strength by using 4-point bending (4PB) and Vickers hardness (VH) tests. Crown failure loads were assessed in "crunch-the-crown" (CTC) tests. The results were analyzed by using general linear modeling, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and Weibull analysis. RESULTS The general linear modeling revealed significant differences (P<.05) in the failure load for crown specimens (EMA>LIS>CEL), the 4-point flexural strength (EMA>LIS>CEL), and the biaxial flexural strength (EMA>LIS=CEL). The disk specimens had higher flexural strengths than the bar specimens for CEL and EMA materials. LIS had a higher Weibull modulus than EMA and CEL for bar and crown specimens. CEL had a higher Weibull modulus than LIS and EMA for disk specimens. There was no correlation among the VH (R2=0.86 and P=.24), biaxial flexural strength (R2=0.84 and P=.26), and crown failure load. However, there was a high correlation between the failure load (crown specimens) and 4-point flexural strength (bar specimens) (R2=0.99 and P=.03). CONCLUSIONS The 4-point flexural strength correlated significantly with crown failure load.
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Kolay S, Singh A, Varghese A, Bhargava P. Mechanical properties and machinability of lithium silicate glass-ceramics with varying MgO content. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 132:105296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Flexural Strength of Vitreous Ceramics Based on Lithium Disilicate and Lithium Silicate Reinforced with Zirconia for CAD/CAM. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:5896511. [PMID: 35154328 PMCID: PMC8828337 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5896511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dental prosthesis market is rapidly evolving to meet patient and clinical demands. These new materials must have good flexural strength, toughness, aesthetic properties, and reliability in performance for structural applications. The present work aimed to compare the bending strength of 4 types of chairside lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) glass-ceramics used for dental prosthesis and to analyze the influence of heat treatment on the transformation of lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) into lithium disilicate. The three-ball test for the biaxial flexion test (B3B) was used. Weibull statistical analysis was used, and it showed that samples with a higher percentage of zirconia have a greater tendency to fail. The flexion tests showed that the addition of more than 10% of zirconia reduced the flexural strength. The heat treatment process improves and provides greater mechanical strength. The XRD results indicated that the samples with the lowest percentage of zirconia exhibited greater crystallinity and corroborated the microstructural analysis. SEM analyses showed a greater amount and elongated crystals of lithium disilicate when comparing samples with a higher percentage of zirconia. Therefore, samples with lower zirconia showed greater flexural strength than samples with higher additions of zirconia.
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Lubauer J, Hurle K, Cicconi MR, Petschelt A, Peterlik H, Lohbauer U, Belli R. Toughening by revitrification of Li 2SiO 3 crystals in Obsidian® dental glass-ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104739. [PMID: 34488173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a predominantly lithium-metasilicate-containing glass-ceramic, Obsidian® (Glidewell Laboratories, USA) has a peculiar composition and microstructure among other dental lithium silicates, warranting an evaluation of the crystallization process to establish relationships between microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. Blocks of the pre-crystallized material were processed into slices measuring 12 × 12 × 1.5 mm3 and subjected to the mandatory crystallization firing by interruption the heating ramp at temperatures between 700 °C and 820 °C (dwell time between 0 min and 10 min). The crystallization peaks of the base and the pre-crystallized glass were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coefficient of thermal expansion and the glass transition temperature were derived from differential thermal analysis (DTA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to quantify and characterize the crystal phase fraction, whose microstructural changes were visualised using FE-SEM. The ball-on-three-balls surface crack in flexure method was used to track the evolution of fracture toughness. The microstructural evolution during crystallization firing was characterized by two regimes of growth: (i) the progressive revitrification (dissolution) of the 5 μm-sized Li2SiO3 polycrystals manifested at the boundaries of nanometric single coherent scattering domains (CSDs); (ii) the non-isothermal period is marked by an Ostwald ripening process characterized by the growth of the single crystalline structures into 0.5 μm polycrystals. The decrease in the crystal fraction of Li2SiO3 crystals from 41 vol.% to 37 vol.% is accompanied by the formation of a small amount of Li3PO4 (6 vol.%), maintaining the total crystal phase fraction mostly constant. The KIc accompanied the reverse trend of crystallinity, departing from 1.63 ± 0.02 MPa√m at the pre-crystallized stage to 1.84 ± 0.06 MPa√m after 10 min at 820 °C in a linear trend. Toughening appeared counter-intuitive in view of the decreasing crystal fraction and size, to rather relate to the relaxation of the residual stresses in the interstitial glass due to the spheroidization of the initially anisotropic, elongated Li2SiO3 crystals into round, nearly equiaxed particles, as let suggest from the disappearance of the extensive microcracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lubauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für Dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Hurle
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Mineralogy, Schlossgarten 5a, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Rita Cicconi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department Werkstoffwissenschaften, Institut für Glas und Keramik, Martenstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm Petschelt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für Dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Lohbauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für Dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Renan Belli
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für Dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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de Carvalho ABG, Dal Piva AMDO, Tribst JPM, Werner A, Saavedra GDSFA, Kleverlaan CJ. Effect of microwave crystallization on the wear resistance of reinforced glass-ceramics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 111:104009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Diniz V, Condé Oliveira Prado PH, Meireles Rodrigues JV, Monteiro JB, Zucuni C, Valandro LF, Melo RM. Ceramic firing protocols and thermocycling: effects on the load-bearing capacity under fatigue of a bonded zirconia lithium silicate glass-ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rizo-Gorrita M, Herráez-Galindo C, Torres-Lagares D, Serrera-Figallo MÁ, Gutiérre-Pérez JL. Biocompatibility of Polymer and Ceramic CAD/CAM Materials with Human Gingival Fibroblasts (HGFs). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091446. [PMID: 31484458 PMCID: PMC6780389 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Four polymer and ceramic computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials from different manufacturers (VITA CAD-Temp (polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA), Celtra Duo (zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic, ZLS), IPS e.max CAD (lithium disilicate (LS2)), and VITA YZ (yttrium-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal, Y-TZP)) were tested to evaluate the cytotoxic effects and collagen type I secretions on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). A total of 160 disc-shaped samples (Ø: 10 ± 2 mm; h: 2 mm) were milled from commercial blanks and blocks. Direct-contact cytotoxicity assays were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h, and collagen type I (COL1) secretions were analysed by cell-based ELISA at 24 and 72 h. Both experiments revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). At 24 and 48 h of contact, cytotoxic potential was observed for all materials. Later, at 72 h, all groups reached biologically acceptable levels. LS2 showed the best results regarding cell viability and collagen secretion in all of the time evaluations, while Y-TZP and ZLS revealed intermediate results, and PMMA exhibited the lowest values in both experiments. At 72 h, all groups showed sharp decreases in COL1 secretion regarding the 24-h values. According to the results obtained and the limitations of the present in vitro study, it may be concluded that the ceramic materials revealed a better cell response than the polymers. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to consolidate these findings and thus extrapolate the results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rizo-Gorrita
- Department of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, Seville University, Calle de Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | - Cristina Herráez-Galindo
- Department of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, Seville University, Calle de Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | - Daniel Torres-Lagares
- Department of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, Seville University, Calle de Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain.
| | | | - José-Luis Gutiérre-Pérez
- Department of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, Seville University, Calle de Avicena, s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain.
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