1
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Joshi N, Alavala RR. Sulfonamido, amido heterocyclic adducts of tetrazole derivatives as BACE1 inhibitors: in silico exploration. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10792-7. [PMID: 38267751 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases and is accompanied by a high mortality rate in patients above 70 years of age. The formation of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a proteolytic enzyme involved in the degradation of amyloid precursor protein, which further degrades to form toxic amyloid-β fragments. Hence, inhibition of BACE1 was stated to be an effective strategy for Alzheimer's therapeutics. Keeping in mind the structures of different BACE1 inhibitors that had reached the clinical trials, we designed a library of compounds (total 164) based on a substituted 5-amino tetrazole scaffold which was an isosteric replacement of the cyclic amidine moiety, a common component of the BACE1 inhibitors which reached the clinical trials. The scaffold was linked to different structural moieties with the aid of an amide or sulfonamide bond to design some novel molecules. Molecular docking was initially performed and the top 5 molecules were selected based on docking scores and protein-ligand interactions. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations were performed for these molecules (3g, 7k, 8n, 9d, 9g) for 100 ns and MM-GBSA calculations were performed for each of these complexes. After critical evaluation of the obtained results, three potential molecules (9d, 8n, and 7k) were forwarded for prolonged stability studies by performing molecular dynamic simulations for 250 ns and simultaneous MM-GBSA calculations. It was observed that the compounds (9d, 8n, and 7k) were forming good interactions with the amino acid residues of the catalytic site of the enzyme with multiple non-covalent interactions. In MD simulations, the compounds have shown better stability and better binding energy throughout the runtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Joshi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V L Mehta Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V L Mehta Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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2
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Mendes GO, Pita SSDR, Carvalho PBD, Silva MPD, Taranto AG, Leite FHA. Molecular Multi-Target Approach for Human Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and β-Secretase 1: Next Generation for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:880. [PMID: 37375827 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive memory loss and other affected cognitive functions. Pharmacological therapy of AD relies on inhibitors of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), offering only a palliative effect and being incapable of stopping or reversing the neurodegenerative process. However, recent studies have shown that inhibiting the enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) may be able to stop neurodegeneration, making it a promising target. Considering these three enzymatic targets, it becomes feasible to apply computational techniques to guide the identification and planning of molecules capable of binding to all of them. After virtually screening 2119 molecules from a library, 13 hybrids were built and further screened by triple pharmacophoric model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (t = 200 ns). The selected hybrid G meets all stereo-electronic requirements to bind to AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 and offers a promising structure for future synthesis, enzymatic testing, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling (LaBiMM), Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Pires da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-1601, MG, Brazil
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Department of Informatics, Management and Design, R. Álvares de Azevedo, 400, Bela Vista, Divinópolis 35503-822, MG, Brazil
| | - Alex Gutterres Taranto
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-1601, MG, Brazil
| | - Franco Henrique Andrade Leite
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
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3
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Petrillo N, Dinh K, Vogt KA, Ma S. Catalytic Mechanism of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Protease Investigated by Combined QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37289654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the catalytic mechanism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) protease, a retroviral aspartic protease that is a potential therapeutic target for curing HTLV-1-associated diseases. To elucidate the proteolytic cleavage mechanism, we determined the two-dimensional free energy surfaces of the HTLV-1 protease-catalyzed reactions through various possible pathways. The free energy simulations suggest that the catalytic reactions of the HTLV-1 protease occur in the following sequential steps: (1) a proton is transferred from the lytic water to Asp32', followed by the nucleophilic addition of the resulting hydroxyl to the carbonyl carbon of the scissile bond, forming a tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate, and (2) a proton is transferred from Asp32 to the peptide nitrogen of the scissile bond, leading to the spontaneous breakage of the scissile bond. The rate-limiting step of this catalytic process is the proton transfer from Asp32 to the peptide nitrogen of the scissile bond, with a free energy of activation of 21.1 kcal/mol. This free energy barrier is close to the experimentally determined free energy of activation (16.3 kcal/mol) calculated from the measured catalytic rate constant (kcat). This mechanistic study provides detailed dynamic and structural information that will facilitate the design of mechanism-based inhibitors for the treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Petrillo
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kim Dinh
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kimberly A Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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4
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Saravanan K, Sugarthi S, Suganya S, Kumaradhas P. Probing the intermolecular interactions, binding affinity, charge density distribution and dynamics of silibinin in dual targets AChE and BACE1: QTAIM and molecular dynamics perspective. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12880-12894. [PMID: 34637680 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1977699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the grievous neurodegenerative disorder. Reportedly, many enzymes are responsible for this disease, in which notably, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE1) are largely involved for AD. An experimental study reports that silibinin molecule inhibits both AChE and BACE1 enzymes. Present study aims to understand the dual binding mechanism of silibinin in the active site of AChE and BACE1 from the intermolecular interactions, conformational flexibility, charge density distribution, binding energy and the stability of molecule. To obtain the above information, the molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) and QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecules) calculations have been performed. The molecular docking reveals that silibinin molecule is forming strong and weak intermolecular interactions with the catalytic site of both enzymes. The QTAIM analysis for the binding pockets of both complexes shows the charge density distribution of intermolecular interactions. The electrostatic potential map displays the electronegative/positive regions at the interaction zone of silibinin with AChE and BACE1 complexes. The MD simulation confirms that the silibinin molecule is stable in the active site of AChE and BACE1 enzymes. The binding free energies of silibinin with both enzymes are more favorable to have the interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Srinivasan Sugarthi
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, India
| | - Suresh Suganya
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
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5
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do Bomfim MR, Barbosa DB, de Carvalho PB, da Silva AM, de Oliveira TA, Taranto AG, Leite FHA. Identification of potential human beta-secretase 1 inhibitors by hierarchical virtual screening and molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Ramos do Bomfim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Deyse Brito Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | | | - Alisson Marques da Silva
- Departamento de Informática, Gestão e Design, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Tiago Alves de Oliveira
- Departamento de Informática, Gestão e Design, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Alex Gutterres Taranto
- Departamento de Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
- Faculty of Computing, University of Latvia (UL), Riga, Latvia
| | - Franco Henrique Andrade Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
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6
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Fernandes HS, Sousa SF, Cerqueira NMFSA. New insights into the catalytic mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease: an ONIOM QM/MM approach. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1373-1381. [PMID: 34169450 PMCID: PMC8224256 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, also known as the main protease or 3C-like protease, is a key enzyme involved in the replication process of the virus that is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also the most promising antiviral drug target targeting SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this work, the catalytic mechanism of Mpro was studied using the full model of the enzyme and a computational QM/MM methodology with a 69/72-atoms QM region treated at DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p):AMBER level and including the catalytic important oxyanion-hole residues. The transition state of each step was fully characterized and described together with the related reactants and products. The rate-limiting step of the catalytic process is the hydrolysis of the thioester-enzyme adduct, and the calculated barrier closely agrees with the available kinetic data. The calculated Gibbs free energy profile, together with the full atomistic detail of the structures involved in catalysis, can now serve as valuable models for the rational drug design of transition state analogs as new inhibitors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique S Fernandes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Elsässer B, Goettig P. Mechanisms of Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibition in QM/MM Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3232. [PMID: 33810118 PMCID: PMC8004986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence for enzymatic mechanisms is often scarce, and in many cases inadvertently biased by the employed methods. Thus, apparently contradictory model mechanisms can result in decade long discussions about the correct interpretation of data and the true theory behind it. However, often such opposing views turn out to be special cases of a more comprehensive and superior concept. Molecular dynamics (MD) and the more advanced molecular mechanical and quantum mechanical approach (QM/MM) provide a relatively consistent framework to treat enzymatic mechanisms, in particular, the activity of proteolytic enzymes. In line with this, computational chemistry based on experimental structures came up with studies on all major protease classes in recent years; examples of aspartic, metallo-, cysteine, serine, and threonine protease mechanisms are well founded on corresponding standards. In addition, experimental evidence from enzyme kinetics, structural research, and various other methods supports the described calculated mechanisms. One step beyond is the application of this information to the design of new and powerful inhibitors of disease-related enzymes, such as the HIV protease. In this overview, a few examples demonstrate the high potential of the QM/MM approach for sophisticated pharmaceutical compound design and supporting functions in the analysis of biomolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Goettig
- Structural Biology Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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8
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Ugbaja SC, Sanusi ZK, Appiah-Kubi P, Lawal MM, Kumalo HM. Computational modelling of potent β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors towards Alzheimer's disease treatment. Biophys Chem 2020; 270:106536. [PMID: 33387910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have identified the β-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) in the multifactorial pathway of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a drug target. The design and development of molecules to inhibit BACE1 as a potential cure for AD thus remained significant. Herein, we simulated two potent BACE1 inhibitors (AM-6494 and CNP-520) to understand their binding affinity at the atomistic level. AM-6494 is a newly reported potent BACE1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM in vivo and now picked for preclinical considerations. Umibecestat (CNP-520), which was discontinued at human trials lately, was considered to enable a reasonable evaluation of our results. Using density functional theory (DFT) and Our Own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and Molecular Mechanics (ONIOM), we achieved the aim of this investigation. These computational approaches enabled the prediction of the electronic properties of AM-6494 and CNP-520 plus their binding energies when complexed with BACE1. For AM-6494 and CNP-520 interaction with protonated BACE1, the ONIOM calculation gave binding free energy of -62.849 and -33.463 kcal/mol, respectively. In the unprotonated model, we observed binding free energy of -59.758 kcal/mol in AM-6494. Taken together thermochemistry of the process and molecular interaction plot, AM-6494 is more favourable than CNP-520 towards the inhibition of BACE1. The protonated model gave slightly better binding energy than the unprotonated form. However, both models could sufficiently describe ligand binding to BACE1 at the atomistic level. Understanding the detailed molecular interaction of these inhibitors could serve as a basis for pharmacophore exploration towards improved inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Zainab K Sanusi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Patrick Appiah-Kubi
- Molecular Bio-computational and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monsurat M Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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9
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Sakata RP, Antoniolli G, Lancellotti M, Kawano DF, Guimarães Barbosa E, Almeida WP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-Aminochalcone: A multi-target approach to find drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104201. [PMID: 32890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process that compromises cognitive functions. The physiopathology of AD is multifactorial and is mainly supported by the cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses, which allows the identification the fundamental role of some markers, such as the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1), and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). In this work, we prepared a series of chalcones and 2'-aminochalcones, which were tested against AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and on the aggregation of Aβ. All compounds inhibited AChE activity with different potencies. We have found that the majority of chalcones having the amino group are able to inhibit BACE-1, which was not observed for chalcones without this group. The most active compound is the one derived from 2,3-dichlorobenzaldeyde, having an IC50 value of 2.71 μM. A molecular docking study supported this result, showing a good interaction of the amino group with aspartic acid residues of the catalytic diade of BACE-1. Thioflavin-T fluorescence emission is reduced in 30 - 40%, when Aβ42 is incubated in the presence of some chalcones under aggregation conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties were also conducted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Sakata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Porphirio da Paz High School, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fabio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Wanda P Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil.
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10
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Bobrovs R, Jaudzems K, Jirgensons A. Exploiting Structural Dynamics To Design Open-Flap Inhibitors of Malarial Aspartic Proteases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8931-8950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raitis Bobrovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV1006, Latvia
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11
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Acylguanidine-BACE1 complex: Insights of intermolecular interactions and dynamics. J Theor Biol 2019; 464:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Xu X, Lü P, Wang J, Xu F, Liang L, Wang C, Niu Y, Xu P. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4‐aminopyrimidine or 4,6‐diaminopyrimidine derivatives as beta amyloid cleaving enzyme‐1 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:926-933. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Peng Lü
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking University Health Science Center Beijing China
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13
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Saravanan K, Sivanandam M, Hunday G, Mathiyalagan L, Kumaradhas P. Investigation of intermolecular interactions and stability of verubecestat in the active site of BACE1: Development of first model from QM/MM-based charge density and MD analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2339-2354. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1479661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Magudeeswaran Sivanandam
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindasamy Hunday
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmanan Mathiyalagan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Gueto-Tettay C, Martinez-Consuegra A, Pelaez-Bedoya L, Drosos-Ramirez JC. G-score: A function to solve the puzzle of modeling the protonation states of β-secretase binding pocket. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 85:1-12. [PMID: 30053756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The population density concept has emerged as a proposal for the analysis of molecular dynamics results, the key characteristic of population density is the evaluation of the simultaneous occurrence of a set of relevant parameters for a system. However, despite its statistical strength, selection of the tolerance level for the comparison of different models may appear as arbitrary. This work introduces the G-score, a function which summarizes and categorizes the results of population density analysis. Additionally, it incorporates parameters based on rmsd and dihedral angles, besides the protein-protein and protein-ligand interatomic distances conventionally used, which complement each other to provide a better description of the behavior of the system. These newly-proposed tools were applied to determine the most probable protonation state of the aspartic dyad of BACE1, Asp93 and Asp289, in the presence of three types of transition state inhibitors namely: reduced amides, tertiary carbinamines and hydroxyethylamines. The results show a full agreement between G-score values and population density charts, with the advantage of allowing a quick and direct comparison among all the considered models. We anticipate that the simplicity of calculating the parameters employed in this study will permit the extensive use of population density and the G-score for other molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gueto-Tettay
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus San Pablo, 130015, Colombia; Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Consuegra
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus San Pablo, 130015, Colombia
| | - Luis Pelaez-Bedoya
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus San Pablo, 130015, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Drosos-Ramirez
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus San Pablo, 130015, Colombia.
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15
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Structure Related Inhibition of Enzyme Systems in Cholinesterases and BACE1 In Vitro by Naturally Occurring Naphthopyrone and Its Glycosides Isolated from Cassia obtusifolia. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010069. [PMID: 29283428 PMCID: PMC6017707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassia obtusifolia Linn. have been used to improve vision, inflammatory diseases, and as hepatoprotective agents and to promote urination from ancient times. In the present study, we investigated the influence of glycosylation of components of C. obtusifolia and structure-activity relationships (SARs) with respect to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which are related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). All six C. obtusifolia-derived compounds, rubrofusarin (1), rubrofusarin 6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), rubrofusarin 6-O-β-d-gentiobioside (3), nor-rubrofusarin 6-O-β-d-glucoside (4), isorubrofusarin 10-O-β-d-gentiobioside (5), and rubrofusarin 6-O-β-d-triglucoside (6) showed promising inhibitory activity against AChE/BACE1. Compounds 3 and 4 showed most significant inhibition against AChE and BACE1, respectively. The SARs results emphasized the importance of gentiobiosyl moiety in the rubrofusarin for AChE inhibition, whereas the presence of hydroxyl group at C-8 and the glucosyl moiety at the C-6 position in the nor-rubrofusarin appeared to largely determine BACE1 inhibition. Kinetics and docking studies showed the lowest binding energy and highest affinity for mixed-type inhibitors, 3 and 4. Hydrophobic bonds interactions and the number of hydrogen bonds determined the strength of the protein-inhibitor interaction. These results suggest that C. obtusifolia and its constituents have therapeutic potential, and that the SARs of its active components are further explored with a view towards developing a treatment for AD.
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16
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Gueto-Tettay C, Pelaez-Bedoya L, Drosos-Ramirez JC. Population density analysis for determining the protonation state of the catalytic dyad in BACE1-tertiary carbinamine-based inhibitor complex. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3557-3574. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1393461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gueto-Tettay
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Luis Pelaez-Bedoya
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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17
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Huang J, Sun B, Yao Y, Liu J. Fast and Reliable Thermodynamic Approach for Determining the Protonation State of the Asp Dyad. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:2273-2280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huang
- School
of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- School
of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yao
- MIIT
Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion
and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 Xidazhi Street, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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18
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Gueto-Tettay C, Martinez-Consuegra A, Zuchniarz J, Gueto-Tettay LR, Drosos-Ramírez JC. A PM7 dynamic residue-ligand interactions energy landscape of the BACE1 inhibitory pathway by hydroxyethylamine compounds. Part I: The flap closure process. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:274-288. [PMID: 28746905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 is an enzyme of scientific interest because it participates in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Hydroxyethylamines (HEAs) are a family of compounds which exhibit inhibitory activity toward BACE1 at a nanomolar level, favorable pharmacokinetic properties and oral bioavailability. The first step in the inhibition of BACE1 by HEAs consists of their entrance into the protease active site and the resultant conformational change in the protein, from Apo to closed form. These two conformations differ in the position of an antiparallel loop (called the flap) which covers the entrance to the catalytic site. For BACE1, closure of this flap is vital to its catalytic activity and to inhibition of the enzyme due to the new interactions thereby formed with the ligand. In the present study a dynamic energy landscape of residue-ligand interaction energies (ReLIE) measured for 112 amino acids in the BACE1 active site and its immediate vicinity during the closure of the flap induced by 8 HEAs of different inhibitory power is presented. A total of 6.272 million ReLIE calculations, based on the PM7 semiempirical method, provided a deep and quantitative view of the first step in the inhibition of the aspartyl protease. The information suggests that residues Asp93, Asp289, Thr292, Thr293, Asn294 and Arg296 are anchor points for the ligand, accounting for approximately 45% of the total protein-ligand interaction. Additionally, flap closure improved the BACE1-HEA interaction by around 25%. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of HEAs could be related to the capacity of these ligands to form said anchor point interactions and maintain them over time: the lack of some of these anchor interactions delayed flap closure or impeded it completely, or even caused the flap to reopen. The methodology employed here could be used as a tool to evaluate future structural modifications which lead to improvements in the favorability and stability of BACE1-HEA ReLIEs, aiding in the design of better inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gueto-Tettay
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Consuegra
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Joshua Zuchniarz
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Luis Roberto Gueto-Tettay
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Drosos-Ramírez
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
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19
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Gueto-Tettay C, Pestana-Nobles R, Drosos-Ramirez JC. Determination of the protonation state for the catalytic dyad in β-secretase when bound to hydroxyethylamine transition state analogue inhibitors: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 66:155-67. [PMID: 27111489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 is an aspartyl protease of pharmacological interest for its direct participation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through β-amyloid peptide production. Two aspartic acid residues are present in the BACE1 catalytic region which can adopt multiple protonation states depending on the chemical nature of its inhibitors, i.e., monoprotonated, diprotonated and di-deprotonated states. In the present study a series of protein-ligand molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was carried out to identify the most feasible protonation state adopted by the catalytic dyad in the presence of hydroxyethylamine transition state analogue inhibitors. The MD trajectories revealed that the di-deprotonated state is most prefered in the presence of hydroxyethilamine (HEA) family inhibitors. This appears as a result after evaluating, for all 9 protonation state configurations during the simulation time, the deviations of a set of distances and dihedral angles measured on the ligand, protein and protein-ligand complex with reference to an X-ray experimental BACE1/HEA crystallographic structure. These results will help to clarify the phenomena related to the HEAs inhibitory pathway, and improve HEAs databases' virtual screening and ligand design processes targeting β-secretase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gueto-Tettay
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Roberto Pestana-Nobles
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Drosos-Ramirez
- Grupo de Química Bioorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia.
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20
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Paul TJ, Barman A, Ozbil M, Bora RP, Zhang T, Sharma G, Hoffmann Z, Prabhakar R. Mechanisms of peptide hydrolysis by aspartyl and metalloproteases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24790-24801. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02097f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hydrolysis has been involved in a wide range of biological, biotechnological, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | - Arghya Barman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | - Mehmet Ozbil
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | | | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
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21
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Chung LW, Sameera WMC, Ramozzi R, Page AJ, Hatanaka M, Petrova GP, Harris TV, Li X, Ke Z, Liu F, Li HB, Ding L, Morokuma K. The ONIOM Method and Its Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5678-796. [PMID: 25853797 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung Wa Chung
- †Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - W M C Sameera
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Romain Ramozzi
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Alister J Page
- §Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Galina P Petrova
- ∥Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Bulgaria Boulevard James Bourchier 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Travis V Harris
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,⊥Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
| | - Xin Li
- #State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- ∇School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- ○Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- ■School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lina Ding
- ▲School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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22
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Calixto AR, Brás NF, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Reaction Mechanism of Human Renin Studied by Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) Calculations. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500497f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Calixto
- REQUIMTE/Departamento
de
Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia F. Brás
- REQUIMTE/Departamento
de
Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/Departamento
de
Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE/Departamento
de
Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Barman A, Prabhakar R. Computational Insights into Substrate and Site Specificities, Catalytic Mechanism, and Protonation States of the Catalytic Asp Dyad of β -Secretase. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:598728. [PMID: 25309776 PMCID: PMC4189502 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review, information regarding substrate and site specificities, catalytic mechanism, and protonation states of the catalytic Asp dyad of β-secretase (BACE1) derived from computational studies has been discussed. BACE1 catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the generation of Alzheimer amyloid beta peptide through the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Due to its biological functioning, this enzyme has been considered as one of the most important targets for finding the cure for Alzheimer's disease. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that structural differences in the key regions (inserts A, D, and F and the 10s loop) of the enzyme are responsible for the observed difference in its activities towards the WT- and SW-substrates. The modifications in the flap, third strand, and insert F regions were found to be involved in the alteration in the site specificity of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol bound form of BACE1. Our QM and QM/MM calculations suggested that BACE1 hydrolyzed the SW-substrate more efficiently than the WT-substrate and that cleavage of the peptide bond occurred in the rate-determining step. The results from molecular docking studies showed that the information concerning a single protonation state of the Asp dyad is not enough to run an in silico screening campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Barman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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24
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A QM/MM study of the catalytic mechanism of aspartate ammonia lyase. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 51:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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