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Cukrovany AE, Wroblewski D, Wirth SE, Thompson LM, Saylors AL, Connors JA, Baker DJ, Dickinson MC, MacGowan CE, Vollmer C, Woods DT, Musser KA, Mingle LA. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Testing in New York 2011-2022 Reveals Increase in Non-O157 Identifications. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38452173 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are an important cause of bacterial enteric infection. STEC strains cause serious human gastrointestinal disease, which may result in life-threatening complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. They have the potential to impact public health due to diagnostic challenges of identifying non-O157 strains in the clinical laboratory. The Wadsworth Center (WC), the public health laboratory of the New York State Department of Health, has isolated and identified non-O157 STEC for decades. A shift from initially available enzyme immunoassay testing to culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs) has increased the uptake of testing at clinical microbiology laboratories. This testing change has resulted in an increased number of specimen submissions to WC. During a 12-year period between 2011 and 2022, WC received 5037 broths and/or stool specimens for STEC confirmation from clinical microbiology laboratories. Of these, 3992 were positive for Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and/or stx2) by real-time PCR. Furthermore, culture methods were utilized to isolate, identify, and characterize 2925 STEC from these primary specimens. Notably, WC observed a >200% increase in the number of STEC specimens received in 2021-2022 compared with 2011-2012 and an 18% increase in the number of non-O157 STEC identified using the same methodologies. During the past decade, the WC testing algorithm has been updated to manage the increase in specimens received, while also navigating the novel COVID-19 pandemic, which took priority over other testing for a period of time. This report summarizes updated methods for confirmation, surveillance, and outbreak detection of STEC and describes findings that may be related to our algorithm updates and the increased use of CIDTs, which is starting to elucidate the true incidence of non-O157 STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Cukrovany
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Danielle Wroblewski
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Samantha E Wirth
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Amy L Saylors
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Julia A Connors
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Deborah J Baker
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Charles E MacGowan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Cyndel Vollmer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Daniel T Woods
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kimberlee A Musser
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Lisa A Mingle
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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Engda T, Tessema B, Mesifin N, Nuru A, Belachew T, Moges F. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrheic patients and their cattle in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295266. [PMID: 38127993 PMCID: PMC10734908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157:H7) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and associated risk factors of STEC O157:H7 among diarrheic patients and their cattle. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among diarrheic patients and their cattle in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia from December- 2020 to June- 2022. A total of 1,149 diarrheic patients and 229 cattle were included in the study. STEC O157:H7 detection was done using culture, latex agglutination test, and polymerase chain reaction on diarrheic stool samples and recto-anal mucosal swabs of cattle. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion techniques. Risk factors association were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of STEC O157:H7 in diarrheic patients and their cattle was 11.1% (128/1149) and 14.4% (33/229) respectively. High percentage of the study subjects were found in under-five children (34.5%). Age less than 5 (AOR: 4.02, 95%CI:1.608-10.058,P = 0.003), and greater than 64 years old (AOR:3.36, 95% CI:1.254-8.986, P = 0.016), presence of diarrheic patient in the house (AOR:2.11, 95%CI:1.309-3.390, P = 0.002), availability of cattle in the house (AOR:2.52, 95%CI:1.261-5.049, P = 0.009), and habit of consuming raw foods (AOR:4.35, 95%CI:2.645-7.148, P = 0.000) were risk factors. Antibiotic resistance was shown in 109(85.2%), and 31(93.9%) isolates from diarrheic patients and their cattle respectively. The highest levels of antibiotic resistance were found to tetracycline (54.7%, 69.7%) in diarrheic patients and their cattle respectively. Multiple drug resistance was also observed among 56(43.8%) and 11(33.3%) isolates in diarrheic patients and their cattle respectively. CONCLUSION Our study showed high prevalence of STEC O157:H7 in diarrheic patients and their cattle. Therefore, health education should be given to the community on how to care for animals, proper sanitation, and the impact of raw food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Engda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nebiyu Mesifin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anwar Nuru
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Belachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Moges
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Chen Y, Li L, Wei X, Hu M, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Zhao M, Liu Z, Cai Y, Liu Y. Phage Tail Fiber Protein as a Specific Probe for Recognition of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O91, O103, and O111. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18407-18414. [PMID: 38053255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to quickly identify specific serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) could facilitate the monitoring and control of STEC pathogens. In this study, we identified the receptors and receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) of three novel phages (pO91, pO103, and pO111) isolated from hospital wastewater. Recombinant versions of these RBPs (pO91-ORF43, pO103-ORF42, and pO111-ORF8) fused to a fluorescent reporter protein were then constructed. Both fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that all three recombinant RBPs were bound to the bacterial surface. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to verify that each recombinant RBP bound specifically to E. coli O91, O103, or O111, but not to any of the 83 strains of E. coli with different O-antigens, nor to 10 other bacterial species that were tested. The recombinant RBPs adsorbed to their respective host bacteria within 10 min of incubation. The minimum concentration of bacteria required for detection by the recombinant RBPs was 33 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (range: 3.3 × 10 to 3.3 × 108 CFU/mL). Furthermore, each recombinant RBP was also able to detect bacteria in lettuce, chicken breast meat, and infected mice, indicating that their usage will facilitate the detection of STEC and may help to reduce the spread of STEC-related infections and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Chen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaotian Wei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
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Shoaib M, He Z, Geng X, Tang M, Hao R, Wang S, Shang R, Wang X, Zhang H, Pu W. The emergence of multi-drug resistant and virulence gene carrying Escherichia coli strains in the dairy environment: a rising threat to the environment, animal, and public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197579. [PMID: 37520353 PMCID: PMC10382034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of the intestinal microbiota and is responsible for udder infection in dairy cattle and gastro-urinary tract infections in humans. We isolated E. coli strains from a dairy farm environment in Xinjiang, China, and investigated their epidemiological characteristics, phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antimicrobials, virulence-associated genes, and phylogenetic relationship. A total of 209 samples were collected from different sources (feces, slurry, water, milk, soil) and cultured on differential and selective agar media (MAC and EMB). The presumptive identification was done by the VITEK2 system and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene amplification by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by micro-dilution assay, and genomic characterization was done by simple and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 338 E. coli strains were identified from 141/209 (67.5%) of the samples. Most of the E. coli strains were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (62.43%), followed by cefotaxime (44.08%), ampicillin (33.73%), ciprofloxacin (31.36%), tetracycline (28.99%), and a lesser extent to florfenicol (7.99%), gentamicin (4.44%), amikacin (1.77%), and fosfomycin (1.18%). All of the strains were susceptible to meropenem, tigecycline, and colistin sulfate. Among the resistant strains, 44.4% were identified as multi-drug resistant (MDR) showing resistance to at least one antibiotic from ≥3 classes of antibiotics. Eighteen out of 20 antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) were detected with sul2 (67.3%), blaTEM (56.3%), gyrA (73.6%), tet(B) (70.4%), aph(3)-I (85.7%), floR (44.4%), and fosA3 (100%, 1/1) being the predominant genes among different classes of antibiotics. Among the virulence-associated genes (VAGs), ompA was the most prevalent (86.69%) followed by ibeB (85.0%), traT (84.91%), ompT (73.96%), fyuA (23.1%), iroN (23.1%), and irp2 gene (21.9%). Most of the E. coli strains were classified under phylogenetic group B1 (75.45%), followed by A (18.34%), C (2.96%), D (1.18%), E (1.18%), and F (0.30%). The present study identified MDR E. coli strains carrying widely distributed ARGs and VAGs from the dairy environment. The findings suggested that the dairy farm environment may serve as a source of mastitis-causing pathogens in animals and horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes carrying bacterial strains to humans via contaminated milk and meat, surface water and agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wanxia Pu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
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Lin CH, Shyu CL, Wu ZY, Wang CM, Chiou SH, Chen JY, Tseng SY, Lin TE, Yuan YP, Ho SP, Tung KC, Mao FC, Lee HJ, Tu WC. Antimicrobial Peptide Mastoparan-AF Kills Multi-Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 via Multiple Membrane Disruption Patterns and Likely by Adopting 3-11 Amphipathic Helices to Favor Membrane Interaction. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:251. [PMID: 36837754 PMCID: PMC9961542 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antimicrobial activity and membrane disruption modes of the antimicrobial peptide mastoparan-AF against hemolytic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Based on the physicochemical properties, mastoparan-AF may potentially adopt a 3-11 amphipathic helix-type structure, with five to seven nonpolar or hydrophobic amino acid residues forming the hydrophobic face. E. coli O157:H7 and two diarrheagenic E. coli veterinary clinical isolates, which are highly resistant to multiple antibiotics, are sensitive to mastoparan-AF, with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) ranging from 16 to 32 μg mL-1 for E. coli O157:H7 and four to eight μg mL-1 for the latter two isolates. Mastoparan-AF treatment, which correlates proportionally with membrane permeabilization of the bacteria, may lead to abnormal dents, large perforations or full opening at apical ends (hollow tubes), vesicle budding, and membrane corrugation and invagination forming irregular pits or pores on E. coli O157:H7 surface. In addition, mRNAs of prepromastoparan-AF and prepromastoparan-B share a 5'-poly(A) leader sequence at the 5'-UTR known for the advantage in cap-independent translation. This is the first report about the 3-11 amphipathic helix structure of mastoparans to facilitate membrane interaction. Mastoparan-AF could potentially be employed to combat multiple antibiotic-resistant hemolytic E. coli O157:H7 and other pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lin Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Yen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Her Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Yeu Chen
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Tseng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Er Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Po Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Peng Ho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kwong-Chung Tung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Frank Chiahung Mao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 801301, Taiwan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
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Wu J, Zeng H, Qian X, Li Y, Xue F, Ren J, Dai J, Tang F. Pre-treatment with phages achieved greater protection of mice against infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli than post-treatment. Res Vet Sci 2022; 150:72-78. [PMID: 35809415 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a group of pathogen that can cause various diseases in both humans and animals, such as watery diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and uremia syndrome. Due to the serious situation of antibiotic resistance, phage therapy is considered to have a great potential in combating bacterial diseases. In this study, three phages (NJ-10, NJ-20, and NJ-38) with strong abilities to lyse virulent STEC strain CVCC193 cells in vitro were isolated. Subsequently, the therapeutic effects of the three phages were investigated in mice infected with CVCC193 cells. The results showed that the survival rates of mice injected with the phages at 3 h after challenge with CVCC193 cells were 40%-50%, while the survival rates of mice injected with the phages at 24 h before challenge were 80%-100%, indicating that pre-treatment with phages had better therapeutic effects than post-treatment. Pathological changes, bacterial loads in different organs, and serum levels of inflammatory factors of the infected mice were also detected. The results showed that the mice injected with the phages at 3 h after or 24 h before challenge with CVCC193 cells had significantly decreased organ lesions, bacterial loads, and serum levels of inflammatory factors as compared to infected mice without phage treatment. These results suggested that phages NJ-10, NJ-20, and NJ-38 can potentially protect against STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoling Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinjie Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihao Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Mavrouli M, Mavroulis S, Lekkas E, Tsakris A. Infectious Diseases Associated with Hydrometeorological Hazards in Europe: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Climate Crisis and the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10206. [PMID: 36011854 PMCID: PMC9408126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrometeorological hazards comprise a wide range of events, mainly floods, storms, droughts, and temperature extremes. Floods account for the majority of the related disasters in both developed and developing countries. Flooding alters the natural balance of the environment and frequently establish a favorable habitat for pathogens and vectors to thrive. Diseases caused by pathogens that require vehicle transmission from host to host (waterborne) or a host/vector as part of their life cycle (vector-borne) are those most likely to be affected by flooding. Considering the most notable recent destructive floods events of July 2021 that affected several Central Europe countries, we conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify documented sporadic cases and outbreaks of infectious diseases in humans in Europe, where hydrometeorological hazards, mainly floods, were thought to have been involved. The occurrence of water-, rodent-, and vector-borne diseases in several European countries is highlighted, as flooding and the harsh post-flood conditions favor their emergence and transmission. In this context, strategies for prevention and management of infectious disease outbreaks in flood-prone and flood-affected areas are also proposed and comprise pre- and post-flood prevention measures, pre- and post-outbreak prevention measures, as well as mitigation actions when an infectious disease outbreak finally occurs. Emphasis is also placed on the collision of floods, flood-related infectious disease outbreaks, and the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in unprecedented multi-hazard conditions and requires a multi-hazard approach for the effective disaster management and risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Mavroulis
- Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Lekkas
- Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Zhang S, Bai Z, Wang Z, Wang X, Wang W, Li H, Dong Q. Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli derived from cattle farm. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:950065. [PMID: 35992646 PMCID: PMC9386476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.950065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important food-borne pathogen, which can cause diseases such as diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Twelve STEC isolates were collected from beeves and feces of commercial animals in China between 2019 and 2020 for this study. In addition to the determination of serotype and Shiga toxin subtype, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used for determining phylogenetic relationships, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence genes, and sequence type (ST) of isolates. A total of 27 AMR genes were detected, and each STEC isolate carried more than 10 AMR genes. Eight STEC isolates from ground beef and four STEC isolated from feces were screened. A total of seven serotypes were identified, and one isolate ONT:H10 was undetermined by SeroTypeFinder. Three O157:H7 strains were confirmed and the remaining five serogroups were confirmed as O26:H11, O81:H31, O105:H8, O178:H19, and O136:H12. The phylogenetic analysis showed that STEC isolates of the same serotype or ST were clustered together based on cgMLST. The comparison of the genomes of 157 STEC reference isolates worldwide with our local STEC isolates showed that STEC isolates screened in China represented various collections and could not form a separate cluster but were interspersed among the STEC reference collection, which suggested that several STEC isolates shared a common ancestor irrespective of STEC serotype isolates. cgMLST revealed that isolates of the same O serotype clustered irrespective of their H type. Further investigation is required to determine the pathogenic potential of other serotypes of STEC, particularly in regard to these rare serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiye Bai
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, MOA Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Hangzhou), Institute of Quality and Standard of Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Li
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Qingli Dong
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Virulence Genes of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151959. [PMID: 35953948 PMCID: PMC9367424 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Escherichia coli is a commensal of the intestinal tract of humans and animals, but some pathotypes can cause severe infections. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are the pathotypes most frequently involved in enteric disorders observed in people and domestic animals. Wildlife may harbor and excrete these pathotypes too, therefore, they may be source of infections for humans and domestic animals. Vulpes vulpes seem to be involved in the epidemiology of pathogenic E. coli strains, and thus they could be a relevant threat mainly when they invade human settlements in rural and urban areas. Abstract Different pathotypes of Escherichia coli can cause severe diseases in animals and humans. Wildlife may contribute to the circulation of pathogenic pathotypes, including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). This study analyzed 109 DNA samples previously extracted from fecal specimens collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to detect E. coli virulence genes eaeA, hlyA, stx1, and stx2, that characterize the EPEC, STEC, and EHEC strains. Thirty-one (28.4%) samples were positive for at least one investigated virulence gene: eaeA gene was detected in 21 (19.2%) samples, hlyA in 10 (9.1%), stx1 in 6 (5.5%), and stx2 in 4 (3.6%). Nine DNA samples resulted positive for two or three virulence genes: five (4.6%) samples were positive for eaeA and hlyA genes, two (1.8%) for eaeA and stx1, one (0.9%) for hlyA and stx1, one (0.9%) for eaeA, hlyA and stx2. Red foxes seem to be involved in the epidemiology of these infections and their role could be relevant because they may be source of pathogenic E. coli for other wild animals, as well as domestic animals and humans.
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Glassman H, Ferrato C, Chui L. Epidemiology of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Province of Alberta, Canada, from 2018 to 2021. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040814. [PMID: 35456864 PMCID: PMC9026152 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 serogroups contribute significantly to the burden of disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and have been underrecognized by traditional detection algorithms. We described the epidemiology of non-O157 STEC in Alberta, Canada for the period of 2018 to 2021. All non-O157 STEC isolated from clinical samples were submitted for serotyping and qPCR targeting the stx1 and stx2 genes. A total of 729 isolates were identified. Increased detection occurred over the summer months, peaking in July. Patients 18 years and younger made up 42.4% of cases, with 31.1% in those 0–9 years of age. There was a slight female predominance (399/729, 54.7%) A total of 50 different serogroups were detected; the most common were O26 (30.3%), O103 (15.9%), O111 (12.8%), O121 (11.0%), O118 (3.3%) and O71 (2.9%). These six serogroups made up 76.2% of all isolates. In total, 567 (77.8%) were positive for stx1, 114 (15.6%) were positive for stx2 and 48 (6.6%) were positive for both stx1 and stx2. A wide variety of non-O157 serogroups have been detected in Alberta, with the most frequent serogroups differing from other locations. These results highlight the need for further characterization of their virulence factors and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Glassman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Christina Ferrato
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Calgary, AB T2N 4W4, Canada;
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-407-8951
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11
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Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) Analysis for Detecting Shiga-Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli, also referred to as Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), can be transmitted to humans through person-to-person contact, consumption of contaminated food or water, or by direct contact with animals. Its clinical and economic consequences have prompted the development of alternative approaches to the official method of analysis “UNI CEN ISO/TS 13136: 2012”, which describes the identification of STEC through the detection of its main virulence genes. Recently, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been proposed as a technique for the sequence-specific detection and direct quantification of nucleic acids. The present study aimed to investigate if ddPCR could be able to detect STEC in less time than that required by the official method. This study consisted of the ddPCR of slices of beef contaminated with STEC and of the sponges used for beef official control at the slaughter stage. The results showed the ability of ddPCR to detect STEC in slices of beef already after sample incubation for 7 h at 37 °C while, in the case of sponges used for official controls, 9 h at 37 °C was needed. In this way, the ddPCR could represent an efficient method for detecting STEC and providing results in less time than the official method.
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Tabaran A, Soulageon V, Chirila F, Reget OL, Mihaiu M, Borzan M, Dan SD. Pathogenic E. coli from Cattle as a Reservoir of Resistance Genes to Various Groups of Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030404. [PMID: 35326867 PMCID: PMC8944818 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide concern in all public health domains and reducing the spread has become a global priority. Pathogenic E. coli is responsible for a number of illnesses in humans and outbreaks in the past have been correlated with the consumption of contaminated bovine products. This is why surveillance in all the steps of production is essential. This study focused on identifying the pathogenic strains of E. coli in two large bovine abattoirs from Romania and France, and on associating them with the antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 250 samples from intestinal content were aseptically collected during the evisceration step of the cattle slaughtering process, from which 242 E. coli strains were isolated. Seventeen percent of all samples tested positive to at least one E. coli isolate carrying eaeA, stx1 and stx2 genes. The most prevalent genetic profile found in the E. coli strains tested was Stx1-positive and Stx2/eaeA-negative. More than 68% of the pathogenic E. coli isolated in Romania showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) and in France, the percentage was significantly lower (38%). The MDR profiles showed a high gene diversity for antibiotic resistance, which represents a great risk for environmental spread and human health. Our results indicate that in Romania, bovines can represent a reservoir for MDR E. coli and, hence, a surveillance system for antimicrobials usage in farm animals is highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tabaran
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Virginie Soulageon
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Flore Chirila
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Oana Lucia Reget
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Mihai Borzan
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
| | - Sorin Daniel Dan
- Animal Breeding and Food Safety Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (V.S.); (O.L.R.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.D.D.)
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Dias D, Costa S, Fonseca C, Baraúna R, Caetano T, Mendo S. Pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from wildlife: Should we care? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152324. [PMID: 34915011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is one of the most frequent bacterial agents associated with food-borne outbreaks in Europe. In humans, the infection can lead to life-threatening diseases. Domestic and wild animals can harbor STEC, and ruminants are the main STEC reservoirs, although asymptomatic. In the present study we have characterized STEC from wildlife (wild boar (n = 56), red deer (n = 101), red fox (n = 37) and otter (n = 92)). Cultivable STEC (n = 52) were isolated from 17% (n = 49) of the faecal samples. All the isolates were non-O157 STEC encoding stx1 (n = 2; 4%) and/or stx2 genes (n = 51; 98%). Only one strain (2%) isolated from red fox had an antibiotic resistant phenotype. However, when the normalized resistance interpretation of epidemiological cutoffs (NRI ECOFFs) were used, 23% (n = 12) of the strains were non-wildtype to at least one of the antibiotics tested. After analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 20 strains were selected for whole genome sequencing and belonged to the following serotypes: O27:H30 (n = 15), O146:H28 (n = 2), O146:H21 (n = 1), O178:H19 (n = 1), and O103:H2 (n = 1). In addition to stx, all strains encode several virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, fimbriae and secretion systems, among others. All sequenced genomes carried several mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as prophages and/or plasmids. The core genome and the phylogenetic analysis showed close evolutionary relationships between some of the STEC recovered from wildlife and strains of clinical origin, highlighting their pathogenic potential. Overall, our results show the zoonotic potential of STEC strains originating from wildlife, highlighting the importance of monitoring their genomic characteristics following a One Health perspective, in which the health of humans is related to the health of animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dias
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sávio Costa
- Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafael Baraúna
- Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Tânia Caetano
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Hasan H, Nasirudeen NA, Ruzlan MAF, Mohd Jamil MA, Ismail NAS, Wahab AA, Ali A. Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis: The Causative Agents, Omics-Based Detection of Antigens and Novel Biomarkers. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:1112. [PMID: 34943308 PMCID: PMC8700514 DOI: 10.3390/children8121112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute infectious gastroenteritis (AGE) is among the leading causes of mortality in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. There are many causative agents that lead to this infection, with rotavirus being the commonest pathogen in the past decade. However, this trend is now being progressively replaced by another agent, which is the norovirus. Apart from the viruses, bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli and parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica also contribute to AGE. These agents can be recognised by their respective biological markers, which are mainly the specific antigens or genes to determine the causative pathogen. In conjunction to that, omics technologies are currently providing crucial insights into the diagnosis of acute infectious gastroenteritis at the molecular level. Recent advancement in omics technologies could be an important tool to further elucidate the potential causative agents for AGE. This review will explore the current available biomarkers and antigens available for the diagnosis and management of the different causative agents of AGE. Despite the high-priced multi-omics approaches, the idea for utilization of these technologies is to allow more robust discovery of novel antigens and biomarkers related to management AGE, which eventually can be developed using easier and cheaper detection methods for future clinical setting. Thus, prediction of prognosis, virulence and drug susceptibility for active infections can be obtained. Case management, risk prediction for hospital-acquired infections, outbreak detection, and antimicrobial accountability are aimed for further improvement by integrating these capabilities into a new clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haziqah Hasan
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Nor Ashika Nasirudeen
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Muhammad Alif Farhan Ruzlan
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Muhammad Aiman Mohd Jamil
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
| | - Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Asrul Abdul Wahab
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (H.H.); (N.A.N.); (M.A.F.R.); (M.A.M.J.)
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Moeinirad M, Douraghi M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Sanikhani R, Soltan Dallal MM. Molecular characterization and prevalence of virulence factor genes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from diarrheic children. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Pozuelo KC, Vega D, Habib K, Najar-Villarreal F, Kang Q, Trinetta V, O'Quinn TG, Phebus RK, Gragg SE. Validation of post-harvest antimicrobial interventions to control Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on market hog carcass surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 358:109421. [PMID: 34600270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although swine are less associated with STEC foodborne disease outbreaks, the potential for swine to serve as a source of STEC infections in human beings cannot be disregarded. This study compared eight USDA-approved antimicrobial intervention technologies to quantify their ability to reduce STEC contamination on market hog carcasses. Hogs were harvested to provide skin-on carcass sides, and eight sides (per three replications) were inoculated with a 7-strain STEC cocktail (ca. 5 log CFU/cm2 across all external and body cavity surfaces). Each side was randomly assigned to a final pre-chill wash treatment administered in a commercial Chad carcass cabinet using a low-volume spray [3% lactic acid (lLA; 130 °F), 400 ppm peracetic acid (lPAA), or acidified 400 ppm peracetic acid (laPAA)] or a high-volume wash [ambient water (hAW), 400 ppm PAA (hPAA), 400 or 600 ppm hypobromous acid (hDBDMH), or 71 °C water (hHW)] treatment according to a randomized complete block study design. Post-treatment (after a 10-min hanging drip) and post-chilling (18 h at 2 °C) STEC reductions were compared for external skin-on surfaces and internal body cavity lean surface tissue. Post-treatment color changes were determined for lean, adipose, and skin carcass surfaces before and after chilling. When applied to the external, skin-on surface, the hHW, hPAA, and hDBDMH600 deluge washes were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more effective than the other intervention technologies, achieving STEC reductions of 3.8, 3.4, and 3.2 log CFU/cm2, respectively. In comparison, the hAW control reduced STEC by 1.7-log CFU/cm2 on the external, skin-on surface. The carcass interventions were less effective at reducing STEC populations attached to interior body cavity (diaphragm region), with post-chill populations reduced by 0.9-2.2 log cycles, while the hAW control wash achieved a 0.6-log reduction. None of the treatments negatively impacted instrumental carcass color. While all market hog carcass interventions reduced STEC populations, larger reductions were observed when applied to the external, skin-on surface, with the largest reductions achieved by the hHW, hPAA, and hDBDMH600 deluge washes. These data equip pork processors with the information necessary to support decision-making when selecting an intervention technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Pozuelo
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel Vega
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kellen Habib
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Travis G O'Quinn
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara E Gragg
- Animal Sciences and Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Unruh DA, Uhl BC, Phebus RK, Gragg SE. Attachment of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to Pre-Chill and Post-Chill Beef Brisket Tissue. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112320. [PMID: 34835446 PMCID: PMC8618168 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has caused numerous foodborne illness outbreaks where beef was implicated as the contaminated food source. Understanding how STEC attach to beef surfaces may inform effective intervention applications at the abattoir. This simulated meat processing conditions to measure STEC attachment to adipose and lean beef tissue. Beef brisket samples were warmed to a surface temperature of 30 °C (warm carcass), while the remaining samples were maintained at 4 °C (cold carcass), prior to surface inoculation with an STEC cocktail (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157:H7). Cocktails were grown in either tryptic soy broth (TSB) or M9 minimal nutrient medium. Loosely and firmly attached cells were measured at 0, 3, 5, and 20 min and 1, 3, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. TSB-grown STEC cells became more firmly attached throughout storage and a difference in loosely versus firmly attached populations on lean and adipose tissues was observed. M9-grown STEC demonstrated a 0.2 log10 CFU/cm2 difference in attachment to lean versus adipose tissue and variability in populations was recorded throughout sampling. Future research should investigate whether a decrease in intervention efficacy correlates to an increase in firmly attached STEC cells on chilled carcasses and/or subprimals, which has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara E. Gragg
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-1306; Fax: +1-785-532-5861
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Galarce N, Sánchez F, Escobar B, Lapierre L, Cornejo J, Alegría-Morán R, Neira V, Martínez V, Johnson T, Fuentes-Castillo D, Sano E, Lincopan N. Genomic Epidemiology of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from the Livestock-Food-Human Interface in South America. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071845. [PMID: 34206206 PMCID: PMC8300192 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic pathogens that cause food-borne diseases in humans, where cattle and derived products play a key role as reservoirs and vehicles. We analyzed the genomic data of STEC strains circulating at the livestock-food-human interface in South America, extracting clinically and epidemiologically relevant information (serotypes, virulome, resistance genes, sequence types, and phylogenomics). This study included 130 STEC genomes obtained from cattle (n = 51), beef (n = 48), and human (n = 31) samples. The successful expansion of O157:H7 (ST11) and non-O157 (ST16, ST21, ST223, ST443, ST677, ST679, ST2388) clones is highlighted, suggesting common activities, such as multilateral trade and travel. Circulating STEC strains analyzed exhibit high genomic diversity and harbor several genetic determinants associated with severe illness in humans, highlighting the need to establish official surveillance of this pathogen that should be focused on detecting molecular determinants of virulence and clonal relatedness, in the whole beef production chain. Abstract Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic pathogens responsible for causing food-borne diseases in humans. While South America has the highest incidence of human STEC infections, information about the genomic characteristics of the circulating strains is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze genomic data of STEC strains isolated in South America from cattle, beef, and humans; predicting the antibiotic resistome, serotypes, sequence types (STs), clonal complexes (CCs) and phylogenomic backgrounds. A total of 130 whole genome sequences of STEC strains were analyzed, where 39.2% were isolated from cattle, 36.9% from beef, and 23.8% from humans. The ST11 was the most predicted (20.8%) and included O-:H7 (10.8%) and O157:H7 (10%) serotypes. The successful expansion of non-O157 clones such as ST16/CC29-O111:H8 and ST21/CC29-O26:H11 is highlighted, suggesting multilateral trade and travel. Virulome analyses showed that the predominant stx subtype was stx2a (54.6%); most strains carried ehaA (96.2%), iha (91.5%) and lpfA (77.7%) genes. We present genomic data that can be used to support the surveillance of STEC strains circulating at the livestock-food-human interface in South America, in order to control the spread of critical clones “from farm to table”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Galarce
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernando Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago 8370007, Chile
| | - Víctor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile; (F.S.); (B.E.); (L.L.); (J.C.); (R.A.-M.); (V.N.)
| | - Víctor Martínez
- Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Departamento de Patología, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Elder Sano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.S.); (N.L.)
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Sánchez F, Fuenzalida V, Ramos R, Escobar B, Neira V, Borie C, Lapierre L, López P, Venegas L, Dettleff P, Johnson T, Fuentes-Castillo D, Lincopan N, Galarce N. Genomic features and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from food in Chile. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:226-238. [PMID: 33619864 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe illness in humans, often associated with foodborne outbreaks. Antimicrobial resistance among foodborne E. coli has increased over the last decades becoming a public health issue. In this study, the presence and features of STEC were investigated in samples of meat, seafood, vegetables and ready-to-eat street-vended food collected in Chile, using a genomic and microbiological approach. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined, and serotype, phylogroup, sequence type (ST) and phylogenomics were predicted using bioinformatic tools. Three thousand three hundred samples collected in 2019 were screened, of which 18 were positive for STEC strains (0.5%), with stx2a (61.1%) being the predominant stx subtype. The presence of the virulence genes lpfA (100%), iha and ehaA (94.4%), and ehxA, hlyA and saa (83.3%) was confirmed among the STEC strains; the Locus of adhesion and autoaggregation (LAA) was predicted in 14 (77.8%) strains. Strains displayed resistance to colistin (100%), and intermediate resistance to enrofloxacin (11.1%) and chloramphenicol (5.6%). In this regard, mutations in the two-component regulatory system genes pmrA (S29G), pmrB (D283G) and phoP (I44L), and the presence of the qnrB19 gene were confirmed. STEC strains belonged to ST11231 (38.9%), ST297 and ST58 (16.7% each), and ST1635, ST11232, ST446, ST442 and ST54 (5.6% each), and the most frequently detected serotypes were O113:H21 (44.4%), O130:H11 and O116:H21 (16.7% each), and O174:H21 (11.1%). Strains belonging to the international ST58 showed genomic relatedness with worldwide strains from human and non-human sources. Our study reports for the first time the genomic profile of STEC strains isolated from food in Chile, highlighting the presence of international clones and sequence types commonly associated with human infections in different geographical regions, as well as the convergence of virulence and resistance in STEC lineages circulating in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Animales y Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Fuenzalida
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Borie
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina López
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas Venegas
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- Laboratorio FAVET-INBIOGEN, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MI, USA
| | - Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patología, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Galarce
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Virulence Characteristics and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Diverse Sources. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090587. [PMID: 32911679 PMCID: PMC7559023 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an enteric pathogen that causes several gastrointestinal ailments in humans across the world. STEC’s ability to cause ailment is attributed to the presence of a broad range of known and putative virulence factors (VFs) including those that encode Shiga toxins. A total of 51 E. coli strains belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O113, O121, O145, and O157 were tested for the presence of nine VFs via PCR and for their susceptibility to 17 frequently used antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The isolates belonged to eight different serotypes, including eight O serogroups and 12 H types. The frequency of the presence of key VFs were stx1 (76.47%), stx2 (86.27%), eae (100%), ehxA (98.03%), nleA (100%), ureC (94.11%), iha (96.07%), subA (9.80%), and saa (94.11%) in the E. coli strains. All E. coli strains carried seven or more distinct VFs and, among these, four isolates harbored all tested VFs. In addition, all E. coli strains had a high degree of antibiotic resistance and were multidrug resistant (MDR). These results show a high incidence frequency of VFs and heterogeneity of VFs and MDR profiles of E. coli strains. Moreover, half of the E. coli isolates (74.5%) were resistant to > 9 classes of antibiotics (more than 50% of the tested antibiotics). Thus, our findings highlight the importance of appropriate epidemiological and microbiological surveillance and control measures to prevent STEC disease in humans worldwide.
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Costa M, Londero A, Brusa V, Galli L, Van Der Ploeg C, Roge A, Leotta GA. Characterization and molecular subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in provincial abattoirs from the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during 2016-2018. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105133. [PMID: 32979660 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We characterized Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 (n = 20) and non-O157 (n = 68) isolated from carcasses (n = 54), the environment (n = 20), head meat (n = 3) and viscera washing and chilling water (n = 11) in provincial abattoirs before and after implementing improvement actions. The strains were tested for eae, saa, ehxA and fliCH7 genes. Variants stx1 and stx2 were also determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out with restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI. All twenty O157 STEC strains [H7; H21; HNM] carried genes rfbO157 and ehxA; 90.0 % were positive for eae and 15.0 % were negative for fliCH7 and positive for saa. Results of PFGE showed 17 XbaI patterns, of which 14 were unique and three formed clusters. From the 68 non-O157 STEC strains, 66.2 %, 55.9 % and 2.9 % were positive for ehxA, saa and eae genes, respectively. Fifty-three XbaI patterns were obtained (49 unique and four forming clusters). Cross-contamination between products and between the environment and products was confirmed in all abattoirs. While the proposed improvements reduced the risk of contamination, Good Hygiene Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices should be implemented in provincial abattoirs, stressing the importance of having a uniform national food safety standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra Londero
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Van Der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, (1282), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Roge
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, (1282), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pasquali F, Schinzari M, Lucchi A, Mandrioli M, Toschi TG, De Cesare A, Manfreda G. Preliminary data on the antimicrobial effect of Cannabis sativa L. variety Futura 75 against food-borne pathogens in vitro as well as against naturally occurring microbial populations on minced meat during storage. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8581. [PMID: 32913724 PMCID: PMC7459756 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Cannabis sativa Futura 75 was evaluated both in vitro against foodborne bacterial pathogens, and on food against naturally occurring microbial groups of minced meat stored for 8 days at 4°C. Ethanol extraction was performed on the grind of the inflorescence. After extraction, ethanol was completely evaporated and substituted by water. Serial dilutions of the extract, the grind and cannabidiol 99% were added to Nutrient Agar and spotted with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Regarding the evaluation on food, 50 mL of extract, characterised by CBD at concentration of 322,70 μg/mL, were added to 2.5 kg of minced beef meat. Meat was divided into aliquots and stored for 8 days at 4°C. At 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 days, aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria, coliforms and E. coli were enumerated. All tested products were efficient against Gram +. In particular, extract corresponding to CBD concentration of 0.017 and 0.3 mg/mL were effective against L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus spp. respectively. After 8 days of storage at 4°C, treated minced meat showed a bright red colour in comparison to a brownish control meat. Moreover, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms were significantly reduced of 2.3 log CFU/g and 1.6 log CFU/g respectively in treated meat in comparison to the control. Although preliminary, the present study suggests the antimicrobial properties of the extract of Cannabis sativa both in vitro and in minced meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Schinzari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Lucchi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Mandrioli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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Nouws S, Bogaerts B, Verhaegen B, Denayer S, Crombé F, De Rauw K, Piérard D, Marchal K, Vanneste K, Roosens NHC, De Keersmaecker SCJ. The Benefits of Whole Genome Sequencing for Foodborne Outbreak Investigation from the Perspective of a National Reference Laboratory in a Smaller Country. Foods 2020; 9:E1030. [PMID: 32752159 PMCID: PMC7466227 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradually, conventional methods for foodborne pathogen typing are replaced by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Despite studies describing the overall benefits, National Reference Laboratories of smaller countries often show slower uptake of WGS, mainly because of significant investments required to generate and analyze data of a limited amount of samples. To facilitate this process and incite policy makers to support its implementation, a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 (stx1+, stx2+, eae+) outbreak (2012) and a STEC O157:H7 (stx2+, eae+) outbreak (2013) were retrospectively analyzed using WGS and compared with their conventional investigations. The corresponding results were obtained, with WGS delivering even more information, e.g., on virulence and antimicrobial resistance genotypes. Besides a universal, all-in-one workflow with less hands-on-time (five versus seven actual working days for WGS versus conventional), WGS-based cgMLST-typing demonstrated increased resolution. This enabled an accurate cluster definition, which remained unsolved for the 2013 outbreak, partly due to scarce epidemiological linking with the suspect source. Moreover, it allowed detecting two and one earlier circulating STEC O157:H7 (stx1+, stx2+, eae+) and STEC O157:H7 (stx2+, eae+) strains as closely related to the 2012 and 2013 outbreaks, respectively, which might have further directed epidemiological investigation initially. Although some bottlenecks concerning centralized data-sharing, sampling strategies, and perceived costs should be considered, we delivered a proof-of-concept that even in smaller countries, WGS offers benefits for outbreak investigation, if a sufficient budget is available to ensure its implementation in surveillance. Indeed, applying a database with background isolates is critical in interpreting isolate relationships to outbreaks, and leveraging the true benefit of WGS in outbreak investigation and/or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Nouws
- Department of Expertise and service provision, Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.N.); (B.B.); (K.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
- Department of Information Technology, IDLab, imec, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bert Bogaerts
- Department of Expertise and service provision, Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.N.); (B.B.); (K.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
- Department of Information Technology, IDLab, imec, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Bavo Verhaegen
- National Reference Laboratory for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (NRL-STEC), National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Outbreaks (NRL-FBO), Department of Infectious diseases in humans, Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (B.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Sarah Denayer
- National Reference Laboratory for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (NRL-STEC), National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Outbreaks (NRL-FBO), Department of Infectious diseases in humans, Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (B.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Florence Crombé
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, National Reference Center for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (NRC-STEC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (F.C.); (K.D.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Klara De Rauw
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, National Reference Center for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (NRC-STEC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (F.C.); (K.D.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, National Reference Center for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (NRC-STEC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (F.C.); (K.D.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Information Technology, IDLab, imec, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa
| | - Kevin Vanneste
- Department of Expertise and service provision, Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.N.); (B.B.); (K.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Nancy H. C. Roosens
- Department of Expertise and service provision, Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.N.); (B.B.); (K.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Sigrid C. J. De Keersmaecker
- Department of Expertise and service provision, Transversal activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.N.); (B.B.); (K.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
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Sapountzis P, Segura A, Desvaux M, Forano E. An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060877. [PMID: 32531983 PMCID: PMC7355788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For approximately 10,000 years, cattle have been our major source of meat and dairy. However, cattle are also a major reservoir for dangerous foodborne pathogens that belong to the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) group. Even though STEC infections in humans are rare, they are often lethal, as treatment options are limited. In cattle, STEC infections are typically asymptomatic and STEC is able to survive and persist in the cattle GIT by escaping the immune defenses of the host. Interactions with members of the native gut microbiota can favor or inhibit its persistence in cattle, but research in this direction is still in its infancy. Diet, temperature and season but also industrialized animal husbandry practices have a profound effect on STEC prevalence and the native gut microbiota composition. Thus, exploring the native cattle gut microbiota in depth, its interactions with STEC and the factors that affect them could offer viable solutions against STEC carriage in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sapountzis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
- Chr. Hansen Animal Health & Nutrition, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
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Vélez MV, Colello R, Etcheverría AI, Vidal RM, Montero DA, Acuña P, Guillén Fretes RM, Toro M, Padola NL. Distribution of Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation and hes Gene in STEC Strains from Countries of Latin America. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2111-2117. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Baba H, Kanamori H, Kudo H, Kuroki Y, Higashi S, Oka K, Takahashi M, Yoshida M, Oshima K, Aoyagi T, Tokuda K, Kaku M. Genomic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from patients and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225340. [PMID: 31743366 PMCID: PMC6863542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe gastrointestinal disease and colonization among food handlers. In Japan, STEC infection is a notifiable disease, and food handlers are required to undergo routine stool examination for STEC. However, the molecular epidemiology of STEC is not entirely known. We investigated the genomic characteristics of STEC from patients and asymptomatic food handlers in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 65 STEC isolates obtained from 38 patients and 27 food handlers by public health surveillance in Miyagi Prefecture between April 2016 and March 2017. Isolates of O157:H7 ST11 and O26:H11 ST21 were predominant (n = 19, 29%, respectively). Non-O157 isolates accounted for 69% (n = 45) of all isolates. Among 48 isolates with serotypes found in the patients (serotype O157:H7 and 5 non-O157 serotypes, O26:H11, O103:H2, O103:H8, O121:H19 and O145:H28), adhesion genes eae, tir, and espB, and type III secretion system genes espA, espJ, nleA, nleB, and nleC were detected in 41 to 47 isolates (85–98%), whereas isolates with other serotypes found only in food handlers were negative for all of these genes. Non-O157 isolates were especially prevalent among patients younger than 5 years old. Shiga-toxin gene stx1a, adhesion gene efa1, secretion system genes espF and cif, and fimbrial gene lpfA were significantly more frequent among non-O157 isolates from patients than among O157 isolates from patients. The most prevalent resistance genes among our STEC isolates were aminoglycoside resistance genes, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistance genes. WGS revealed that 20 isolates were divided into 9 indistinguishable core genomes (<5 SNPs), demonstrating clonal expansion of these STEC strains in our region, including an O26:H11 strain with stx1a+stx2a. Non-O157 STEC with multiple virulence genes were prevalent among both patients and food handlers in our region of Japan, highlighting the importance of monitoring the genomic characteristics of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Baba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hajime Kanamori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hayami Kudo
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Seiya Higashi
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Makiko Yoshida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kengo Oshima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Aoyagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichi Tokuda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kaku
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Sobur MA, Sabuj AAM, Sarker R, Rahman AMMT, Kabir SML, Rahman MT. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance. Vet World 2019; 12:984-993. [PMID: 31528022 PMCID: PMC6702575 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.984-993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung – 15, milk – 10, milkers’ hand wash – 10, soil – 10 water – 5, and vegetables – 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR.The pathogenic strains of E. colistx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR. Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%). Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ripon Sarker
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - S M Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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Abdalhamid B, Mccutchen EL, Bouska AC, Weiwei Z, Loeck B, Hinrichs SH, Iwen PC. Whole genome sequencing to characterize shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26 in a public health setting. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:884-889. [PMID: 31229413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26:H11 is the second most common cause of severe diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. The implementation of whole genome sequencing (WGS) enhances the detection and in-depth characterization of these non-O157 STEC strains. The aim of this study was to compare WGS to phenotypic serotyping and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for characterization of STECO26 strains following a zoonotic outbreak from cattle to humans. METHODS AND RESULTS This study evaluated seven E. coli strains; two strains isolated from two children with gastrointestinal symptoms and five strains from five calves suspected as the source of infection. Six of these isolates were serotyped phenotypically and by WGS as E. coli O26:H11 while one bovine isolate could be serotyped only by WGS as E. coli O182:H25. Stx1 was detected in two human- and two bovine-isolates using PCR and WGS. Using WGS, all four STECO26 isolates belong to sequence type (ST) 21 while the two stx1 negative E. coli O26 were ST29. All four STECO26 isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE. However, the data generated by WGS linked the two human STECO26 isolates to only one bovine STECO26 strain by having identical high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (hqSNPs) and identical virulence factor profiles while the remaining bovine STECO26 isolate differed by 7 hqSNPs and lacked virulence factor toxB. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that WGS provided significant information beyond traditional epidemiological tools allowing for comprehensive characterization of the STEC. Using this approach, WGS was able to identify the specific source of infection in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baha Abdalhamid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Emily L Mccutchen
- Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Alyssa C Bouska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Zhang Weiwei
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Brianna Loeck
- Division of Public Health - Epidemiology and Informatics Unit, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Steven H Hinrichs
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Peter C Iwen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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29
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Pasquali F, Palma F, Trevisani M, Parisi A, Lucchi A, Cesare AD, Manfreda G. Whole genome sequencing based typing and characterisation of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli strains belonging to O157 and O26 serotypes and isolated in dairy farms. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7673. [PMID: 30854339 PMCID: PMC6379698 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the genetic relationships as well as the virulome and resistome of newly sequenced O26 and O157 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) isolates, collected from dairy farms in Italy, were investigated in comparison to publicly available genomes collected worldwide. The whole genome of Italian isolates was sequenced on Illumina MiSeq Platform. Reads quality control, de novo draft genome assembly, species confirmation and the 7- loci Multi-Locus Sequence Type assignment were performed using INNUca pipeline. Reference-based SNPs calling was performed on O157 and O26 genomes, separately, mapping contigs to high-quality finished genomes. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants were detected in silico using the tool ABRicate. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that genomes clustered mainly based on their 7-loci MLST type. The virulome of tested genomes included 190 determinants. O157 genomes carried chu genes associated to heme mediated iron uptake, whereas O26 genomes harboured genes ybt associated to siderophore mediated iron uptake. Resistome analysis showed the presence of tet(34) on all but one O157 genomes and on only one O26 genomes. Only 4 genomes carried genes associated to multiresistance. In the present study, the genes chu and ybt were identified as potential biomarker for the differentiation of O157 and O26 serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Pasquali
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Federica Palma
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Bari, Italy
| | - Alex Lucchi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna
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Dextran Sulfate Sodium Colitis Facilitates Colonization with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli: a Novel Murine Model for the Study of Shiga Toxicosis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00530-18. [PMID: 30150257 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00530-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria are globally important gastrointestinal pathogens causing hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with variable progression to potentially fatal Shiga toxicosis. Little is known about the potential effects of E. coli-derived Shiga-like toxins (STXs) on host gastrointestinal immune responses during infection, in part due to the lack of a reproducible immunocompetent-animal model of STEC infection without depleting the commensal microbiota. Here, we describe a novel and reproducible murine model utilizing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis to induce susceptibility to colonization with clinical-isolate STEC strains. After exposure to DSS and subsequent oral STEC challenge, all the mice were colonized, and 66% of STEC-infected mice required early euthanasia. Morbidity during STEC infection, but not infection with an isogenic STEC mutant with toxin deleted, was associated with increased renal transcripts of the injury markers KIM1 and NGAL, histological evidence of renal tubular injury, and increased renal interleukin 6 gene (IL-6) and CXCL1 inflammatory transcripts. Interestingly, the intestinal burden of STEC during infection was increased compared to its isogenic Shiga toxin deletion strain. Increased bacterial burdens during Shiga toxin production coincided with decreased induction of colonic IL-23 axis transcripts known to be critical for clearance of similar gastrointestinal pathogens in mice, suggesting a previously undescribed role for STEC Shiga toxins in suppressing host immune responses during STEC infection and survival. The DSS+STEC model establishes infection with clinical-isolate strains of STEC in immunocompetent mice without depleting the gastrointestinal microbiota, enabling characterization of the effects of STXs on the IL-23 axis and other gastrointestinal pathogen-host interactions.
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Gupta MD, Sen A, Das A. Occurrence of Escherichia coli carrying Shiga toxin-producing genes in buffaloes on smallholdings in Bangladesh. Vet World 2018; 11:1454-1458. [PMID: 30532501 PMCID: PMC6247868 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1454-1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has emerged as significant foodborne pathogens. Ruminants are the primary reservoir of the zoonotic STEC. In Bangladesh, previous studies reported the presence of STEC in cattle, goat, and sheep; however, there is little information about STEC carriage by buffaloes. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of STEC in healthy (absence of clinical signs and symptoms) buffaloes on smallholdings in Bangladesh and to assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of identified STEC isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 rectal swab samples were obtained from randomly selected buffaloes on 40 smallholdings in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. Samples were subjected to bacteriological screening to identify E. coli. All E. coli isolates were examined for the presence of the Shiga toxin-producing genes - Shiga toxin 1 (stx1) and Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) using polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial susceptibility of identified STEC isolates was tested using the disk diffusion method. Results: Results show that 71 fecal samples were positive for E. coli in bacteriological screening. The proportion of buffaloes harboring STEC isolates was 11% (11/100) (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-18.8], of which 7% (7/100) (95% CI 3.2-13.9) and 4% (4/100) (95% CI 1.2-10.2) carried stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively. Antibiogram revealed that 91% (10/11), 73% (8/11), 55% (6/11), and 55% (6/11) STEC isolates were resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, and ampicillin, respectively. In contrast, 91% (10/11) STEC isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin, whereas 73% (8/11) isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: This study highlights, for the first time, a significant proportion of fecal samples from healthy buffaloes on smallholdings in Bangladesh harboring antimicrobial-resistant STEC. Transmission of antimicrobial-resistant STEC from buffaloes to humans could pose an added risk to public health in rural Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Das Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Arup Sen
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Ashutosh Das
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
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