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Ivanov S, Chen H, Szurek M, Urazhdin S. Compact remanence-free permanent magnet-based variable magnetic field source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:035101. [PMID: 38426901 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple and compact variable magnetic field source based on the permanent cube magnet array approximating a Halbach cylinder. The large air gap area accommodates standard cryostat tails while providing a high uniformity and magnetic field stability of up to 0.5 T over regions of up to about a centimeter. It eliminates magnetic remanence effects and produces reproducible fields without the need for feedback. Thanks to the low cost and exceptional energy efficiency, it provides an accessible solution for modest magnetic field requirements in a wide range of research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ivanov
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - H Chen
- Westminster High School, Atlanta, Georgia 30327, USA
| | - M Szurek
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - S Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Blystone S, Nuixe M, Traoré AS, Cochard H, Picon-Cochard C, Pagés G. Towards portable MRI in the plant sciences. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:31. [PMID: 38369530 PMCID: PMC10874549 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Plant physiology and structure are constantly changing according to internal and external factors. The study of plant water dynamics can give information on these changes, as they are linked to numerous plant functions. Currently, most of the methods used to study plant water dynamics are either invasive, destructive, or not easily accessible. Portable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a field undergoing rapid expansion and which presents substantial advantages in the plant sciences. MRI permits the non-invasive study of plant water content, flow, structure, stress response, and other physiological processes, as a multitude of information can be obtained using the method, and portable devices make it possible to take these measurements in situ, in a plant's natural environment. In this work, we review the use of such devices applied to plants in climate chambers, greenhouses or in their natural environments. We also compare the use of portable MRI to other methods to obtain the same information and outline its advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan Blystone
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Magali Nuixe
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amidou Sissou Traoré
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Guilhem Pagés
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Coleman D, Windt CW, Buckley TN, Merchant A. Leaf relative water content at 50% stomatal conductance measured by noninvasive NMR is linked to climate of origin in nine species of eucalypt. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3791-3805. [PMID: 37641435 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are the gatekeepers of plant water use and must quickly respond to changes in plant water status to ensure plant survival under fluctuating environmental conditions. The mechanism for their closure is highly sensitive to disturbances in leaf water status, which makes isolating their response to declining water content difficult to characterise and to compare responses among species. Using a small-scale non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer as a leaf water content sensor, we measure the stomatal response to rapid induction of water deficit in the leaves of nine species of eucalypt from contrasting climates. We found a strong linear correlation between relative water content at 50% stomatal conductance (RWCgs50 ) and mean annual temperature at the climate of origin of each species. We also show evidence for stomata to maintain control over water loss well below turgor loss point in species adapted to warmer climates and secondary increases in stomatal conductance despite declining water content. We propose that RWCgs50 is a promising trait to guide future investigations comparing stomatal responses to water deficit. It may provide a useful phenotyping trait to delineate tolerance and adaption to hot temperatures and high leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coleman
- School of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew Merchant
- School of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute for Bio-Geosciences, Juelich, Germany
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Telfah A, Bahti A, Kaufmann K, Ebel E, Hergenröder R, Suter D. Low-field NMR with multilayer Halbach magnet and NMR selective excitation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21092. [PMID: 38036555 PMCID: PMC10689796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study introduces a low-field NMR spectrometer (LF-NMR) featuring a multilayer Halbach magnet supported by a combined mechanical and electrical shimming system. This setup offers improved field homogeneity and sensitivity compared to spectrometers relying on typical Halbach and dipole magnets. The multilayer Halbach magnet was designed and assembled using three nested cylindrical magnets, with an additional inner Halbach layer that can be rotated for mechanical shimming. The coils and shim-kernel of the electrical shimming system were constructed and coated with layers of zirconia, thermal epoxy, and silver-paste resin to facilitate passive heat dissipation and ensure mechanical and thermal stability. Furthermore, the 7-channel shim coils were divided into two parts connected in parallel, resulting in a reduction of joule heating temperatures from 96.2 to 32.6 °C. Without the shimming system, the Halbach magnet exhibits a field inhomogeneity of approximately 140 ppm over the sample volume. The probehead was designed to incorporate a solenoidal mini coil, integrated into a single planar board. This design choice aimed to enhance sensitivity, minimize [Formula: see text] inhomogeneity, and reduce impedance discrepancies, transmission loss, and signal reflections. Consequently, the resulting linewidth of water within a 3 mm length and 2.4 mm inner diameter sample volume was 4.5 Hz. To demonstrate the effectiveness of spectral editing in LF-NMR applications at 29.934 MHz, we selectively excited hydroxyl and/or methyl protons in neat acetic acid using optimal control pulses calculated through the Krotov algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Telfah
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Nanotechnology Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Ahmed Bahti
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
- Experimental Physics III, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Katharina Kaufmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Enno Ebel
- Fachhochschule Dortmund-University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Hergenröder
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dieter Suter
- Experimental Physics III, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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Wang Y, Liu T, Peng B, Yu P, Yang X, Xu Y. Research of integrated shimming Halbach magnet for High strength, compact Benchtop NMR device. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 355:107559. [PMID: 37776830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to production and assembly errors of magnets resulting in reduced magnetic field homogeneity, passive shimming (PS) is necessary when Halbach magnets are used in high-resolution Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (BNMR) spectrometer. The conventional PS technique, which places independent PS devices inside the magnet aperture, is no longer applicable to small-aperture compact high-field-strength Halbach magnet studies. In this paper, based on spherical harmonic function expansion, we improve the magnetic field homogeneity by optimizing the moving step of the magnet moving arrays composed of Halbach magnets to generate the corresponding harmonic terms to compensate for the magnetic field. With this approach, the homogeneity of a 1 T Halbach magnet was improved from the original 3913 ppm to 8 ppm in a L10 mm × R2.5 mm of 0.64% copper sulfate doped water sample. This work explores the PS mechanism based on the movement of magnetic blocks, which can be applied in BNMR and other compact high-field strength high-homogeneity Halbach magnets application circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China; School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Bowen Peng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China; School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China; School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yajie Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China.
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de Vos B, Remis RF, Webb AG. An integrated target field framework for point-of-care halbach array low-field MRI system design. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023:10.1007/s10334-023-01093-z. [PMID: 37208554 PMCID: PMC10386967 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-cost low-field point-of-care MRI systems are used in many different applications. System design has correspondingly different requirements in terms of imaging field-of-view, spatial resolution and magnetic field strength. In this work an iterative framework has been created to design a cylindrical Halbach-based magnet along with integrated gradient and RF coils that most efficiently fulfil a set of user-specified imaging requirements. METHODS For efficient integration, target field methods are used for each of the main hardware components. These have not been used previously in magnet design, and a new mathematical model was derived accordingly. These methods result in a framework which can design an entire low-field MRI system within minutes using standard computing hardware. RESULTS Two distinct point-of-care systems are designed using the described framework, one for neuroimaging and the other for extremity imaging. Input parameters are taken from literature and the resulting systems are discussed in detail. DISCUSSION The framework allows the designer to optimize the different hardware components with respect to the desired imaging parameters taking into account the interdependencies between these components and thus give insight into the influence of the design choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart de Vos
- C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Rob F Remis
- Signal Processing Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Andrew G Webb
- C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Signal Processing Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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Liang TO, Koh YH, Qiu T, Li E, Yu W, Huang SY. MagTetris: A simulator for fast magnetic field and force calculation for permanent magnet array designs. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 352:107463. [PMID: 37207466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simulator named "MagTetris" is proposed for fast magnetic field (B-field) and force calculation for permanent magnet arrays (PMAs) designs consisting of cuboid and arc-shaped magnets (approximated by cuboids) with arbitrary configurations. The proposed simulator can compute the B-field of a PMA on arbitrary observation planes and the magnetic force acting on any magnet/group of magnets. An accelerated calculation method for B-fields of PMAs is developed based on the current model of permanent magnet, which is further extended to magnetic force calculation. The proposed method and the associated codes were validated with numerical simulation and experimental results. The calculation speed of "MagTetris" is at least 500 times higher than that using finite-element method (FEM)-based software with uncompromised accuracy. Compared with a freeware in Python, Magpylib, "MagTetris" has a calculation acceleration of greater than 50% using the same language. "MagTetris" has a simple data structure, which can be easily migrated to other programming languages maintaining similar performances. This proposed simulator can accelerate a PMA design and/or allow designs with high flexibility considering the B-field and force simultaneously. It can facilitate and accelerate innovations of magnet designs to advance dedicated portable MRI in terms of compactness, weight, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ou Liang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore
| | - Yan Hao Koh
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore
| | - Tie Qiu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore
| | - Erping Li
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenwei Yu
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Inage Ku, Yayoi Cho, 1-33, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shao Ying Huang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, IE Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.
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8
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Ye D, Wu L, Li X, Atoba TO, Wu W, Weng H. A Synthetic Review of Various Dimensions of Non-Destructive Plant Stress Phenotyping. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1698. [PMID: 37111921 PMCID: PMC10146287 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive plant stress phenotyping begins with traditional one-dimensional (1D) spectroscopy, followed by two-dimensional (2D) imaging, three-dimensional (3D) or even temporal-three-dimensional (T-3D), spectral-three-dimensional (S-3D), and temporal-spectral-three-dimensional (TS-3D) phenotyping, all of which are aimed at observing subtle changes in plants under stress. However, a comprehensive review that covers all these dimensional types of phenotyping, ordered in a spatial arrangement from 1D to 3D, as well as temporal and spectral dimensions, is lacking. In this review, we look back to the development of data-acquiring techniques for various dimensions of plant stress phenotyping (1D spectroscopy, 2D imaging, 3D phenotyping), as well as their corresponding data-analyzing pipelines (mathematical analysis, machine learning, or deep learning), and look forward to the trends and challenges of high-performance multi-dimension (integrated spatial, temporal, and spectral) phenotyping demands. We hope this article can serve as a reference for implementing various dimensions of non-destructive plant stress phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ye
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Libin Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tolulope Opeyemi Atoba
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haiyong Weng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Schmid E, Rondeau S, Rudszuck T, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Inline NMR via a Dedicated V-Shaped Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2388. [PMID: 36904592 PMCID: PMC10007489 DOI: 10.3390/s23052388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Process monitoring and control require dedicated and reliable measures which reflect the status of the process under investigation. Although nuclear magnetic resonance is known to be a versatile analytical technique, it is only seldomly found in process monitoring. Single-sided nuclear magnetic resonance is one well known approach for being applied in process monitoring. The dedicated V-sensor is a recent approach that allows the inline investigation of materials in a pipe non-destructively and non-invasively. An open geometry of the radiofrequency unit is realized using a tailored coil, enabling the sensor to be applied for manifold mobile applications in in-line process monitoring. Stationary liquids were measured, and their properties were integrally quantified as the basis for successful process monitoring. The sensor, in its inline version, is presented along with its characteristics. An exemplary field of application is battery production in terms of anode slurries; thus, the first results on graphite slurries will demonstrate the added value of the sensor in process monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schmid
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simon Rondeau
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudszuck
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Xu W, Ren H, Qi X, Zhang S, Yu Z, Xie J. Conserved hierarchical gene regulatory networks for drought and cold stress response in Myrica rubra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155504. [PMID: 37123838 PMCID: PMC10140524 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress response in plant is regulated by a large number of genes co-operating in diverse networks that serve multiple adaptive process. To understand how gene regulatory networks (GRNs) modulating abiotic stress responses, we compare the GRNs underlying drought and cold stresses using samples collected at 4 or 6 h intervals within 48 h in Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra). We detected 7,583 and 8,840 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under drought and cold stress respectively, which might be responsive to environmental stresses. Drought- and cold-responsive GRNs, which have been built according to the timing of transcription under both abiotic stresses, have a conserved trans-regulator and a common regulatory network. In both GRNs, basic helix-loop-helix family transcription factor (bHLH) serve as central nodes. MrbHLHp10 transcripts exhibited continuous increase in the two abiotic stresses and acts upstream regulator of ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE (APX) gene. To examine the potential biological functions of MrbHLH10, we generated a transgenic Arabidopsis plant that constitutively overexpresses the MrbHLH10 gene. Compared to wild-type (WT) plants, overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants maintained higher APX activity and biomass accumulation under drought and cold stress. Consistently, RNAi plants had elevated susceptibility to both stresses. Taken together, these results suggested that MrbHLH10 mitigates abiotic stresses through the modulation of ROS scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Lab., Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haiying Ren, ; Jianbo Xie,
| | - Xingjiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou, China
- Xianghu Lab., Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheping Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Horticulture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Haiying Ren, ; Jianbo Xie,
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11
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Kumar R, Hosseinzadehtaher M, Hein N, Shadmand M, Jagadish SVK, Ghanbarian B. Challenges and advances in measuring sap flow in agriculture and agroforestry: A review with focus on nuclear magnetic resonance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1036078. [PMID: 36426161 PMCID: PMC9679431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1036078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sap flow measurement is one of the most effective methods for quantifying plant water use.A better understanding of sap flow dynamics can aid in more efficient water and crop management, particularly under unpredictable rainfall patterns and water scarcity resulting from climate change. In addition to detecting infected plants, sap flow measurement helps select plant species that could better cope with hotter and drier conditions. There exist multiple methods to measure sap flow including heat balance, dyes and radiolabeled tracers. Heat sensor-based techniques are the most popular and commercially available to study plant hydraulics, even though most of them are invasive and associated with multiple kinds of errors. Heat-based methods are prone to errors due to misalignment of probes and wounding, despite all the advances in this technology. Among existing methods for measuring sap flow, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an appropriate non-invasive approach. However, there are challenges associated with applications of NMR to measure sap flow in trees or field crops, such as producing homogeneous magnetic field, bulkiness and poor portable nature of the instruments, and operational complexity. Nonetheless, various advances have been recently made that allow the manufacture of portable NMR tools for measuring sap flow in plants. The basic concept of the portal NMR tool is based on an external magnetic field to measure the sap flow and hence advances in magnet types and magnet arrangements (e.g., C-type, U-type, and Halbach magnets) are critical components of NMR-based sap flow measuring tools. Developing a non-invasive, portable and inexpensive NMR tool that can be easily used under field conditions would significantly improve our ability to monitor vegetation responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Mohsen Hosseinzadehtaher
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nathan Hein
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Mohammad Shadmand
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Behzad Ghanbarian
- Porous Media Research Lab, Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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12
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Yu P, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Peng B, Wang F, Tang Y, Yang X. Theoretical foundation for designing multilayer Halbach array magnets for benchtop NMR and MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 344:107322. [PMID: 36332512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer Halbach array magnets support portable NMR and MRI, but optimizing their design to maximize performance and minimize the use of expensive magnet materials is challenging. This is partly because our theoretical understanding of such arrays is incomplete and computationally intensive. Here we provide a theoretical description of the magnetic field distribution and we demonstrate that inhomogeneity is greatest along the z axis in multilayer Halbach array magnets. This allows the configuration of the multilayer Halbach array magnets to be optimized in a way that takes into account homogeneity, magnet volume, and magnetic flux density. At the same time, our description simplifies the design of multilayer array magnets, while accommodating the possibility of different outer radii, lengths for each layer array, or the presence of separation between the rings. We validated the theoretical description in simulations of a three-layer Halbach array magnet, then with a prototype three-layer 1-T Halbach array magnet. After adjusting the position of magnet blocks in the neighboring rings, we achieved homogeneity of 220 ppm for a standard 5 mm NMR tube while the inner diameter of the magnet is 20 mm. Our work provides a theoretical foundation for designing multilayer Halbach array magnets to maximize homogeneity and minimize the use of magnet materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; Jinan Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ya Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yajie Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Bowen Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 130022 Changchun, China
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China.
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13
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Bryden N, Antonacci M, Kelley M, Branca RT. An open-source, low-cost NMR spectrometer operating in the mT field regime. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 332:107076. [PMID: 34624719 PMCID: PMC9208334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, low field and ultra-low field NMR spectrometers have gained interest due to their portability, lower cost, and reduced subject-induced magnetic field inhomogeneities. Here, we describe the design of a low-cost multinuclear NMR spectrometer operating in the ultra-low field regime (ULF), which possesses high spectral resolution and enables arbitrary pulse programming. An inexpensive multifunction input/output (I/O) device is used to handle waveform generation and digitization in the kHz operating range. A home-built radio frequency (RF) mixing circuit is used to down-mix the NMR signals, allowing for the slower sampling rates and lower memory requirements needed to enable minute-long acquisitions using a standard Windows PC. The LabVIEW code, along with a bill of materials for all components used in the spectrometer, is included. As proof of concept, 1H relaxation measurements and the simultaneous detection of 1H with gas phase and dissolved 129Xe frequencies using the described low field NMR spectrometer are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bryden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Antonacci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michele Kelley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Magnetic Guiding with Permanent Magnets: Concept, Realization and Applications to Nanoparticles and Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102708. [PMID: 34685688 PMCID: PMC8535073 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of remote magnetic guiding is developed from the underlying physics of a concept that allows for bijective force generation over the inner volume of magnet systems. This concept can equally be implemented by electro- or permanent magnets. Here, permanent magnets are in the focus because they offer many advantages. The equations of magnetic fields and forces as well as velocities are derived in detail and physical limits are discussed. The special hydrodynamics of nanoparticle dispersions under these circumstances is reviewed and related to technical constraints. The possibility of 3D guiding and magnetic imaging techniques are discussed. Finally, the first results in guiding macroscopic objects, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, and cells with incorporated nanoparticles are presented. The constructed magnet systems allow for orientation, movement, and acceleration of magnetic objects and, in principle, can be scaled up to human size.
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15
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Silva P, Jouda M, Korvink J. Magnetostatic reciprocity for MR magnet design. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:607-617. [PMID: 37905211 PMCID: PMC10539805 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-607-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic reciprocity has long been a staple in magnetic resonance (MR) radio-frequency development, offering geometrical insights and a figure of merit for various resonator designs. In a similar manner, we use magnetostatic reciprocity to compute manufacturable solutions of complex magnet geometries, by establishing a quantitative metric for the placement and subsequent orientation of discrete pieces of permanent magnetic material. Based on magnetostatic theory and non-linear finite element modelling (FEM) simulations, it is shown how assembled permanent magnet setups perform in the embodiment of a variety of designs and how magnetostatic reciprocity is leveraged in the presence of difficulties associated with self-interactions, to fulfil various design objectives, including self-assembled micro-magnets, adjustable magnetic arrays, and an unbounded magnetic field intensity in a small volume, despite realistic saturation field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Freire Silva
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mazin Jouda
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Microstructure Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Rudszuck T, Zick K, Groß D, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Dedicated NMR sensor to analyze relaxation and diffusion in liquids and its application to characterize lubricants. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:825-834. [PMID: 33754398 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A dedicated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensor was designed for the analysis of liquids. The magnets are arranged in a V shape, creating a spatially dependent magnetic field in the gap. Measurements of samples with diverse diameters are possible underdefined magnetic field gradients at a given position. The magnet thus combines properties of single sided NMR with high static magnetic field gradients and classical time domain (TD) devices with lower to almost zero gradients. The sensor can easily be adapted to the requirements of the considered investigation; probes can be customized. On the example of lubricants and their aging, the added value and applicability of this sensor in quality control are highlighted in this publication. Relaxation and diffusion were measured by Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) while varying the echo time τe and quantified via numerical modeling. Especially, relaxation shows a high sensitivity towards aging of lubricants such as particulate abrasion and changes in molecular dynamics induced, for example, by additive depletion. The applicability of this NMR sensor in quality control is demonstrated on the example of engine and transmission oils as well as of lubrication greases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Zick
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Science and Technology, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Nuixe M, Traoré AS, Blystone S, Bonny JM, Falcimagne R, Pagès G, Picon-Cochard C. Circadian Variation of Root Water Status in Three Herbaceous Species Assessed by Portable NMR. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:782. [PMID: 33923406 PMCID: PMC8073897 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Roots are at the core of plant water dynamics. Nonetheless, root morphology and functioning are not easily assessable without destructive approaches. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and particularly low-field NMR (LF-NMR), is an interesting noninvasive method to study water in plants, as measurements can be performed outdoors and independent of sample size. However, as far as we know, there are no reported studies dealing with the water dynamics in plant roots using LF-NMR. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using LF-NMR to characterize root water status and water dynamics non-invasively. To achieve this goal, a proof-of-concept study was designed using well-controlled environmental conditions. NMR and ecophysiological measurements were performed continuously over one week on three herbaceous species grown in rhizotrons. The NMR parameters measured were either the total signal or the transverse relaxation time T2. We observed circadian variations of the total NMR signal in roots and in soil and of the root slow relaxing T2 value. These results were consistent with ecophysiological measurements, especially with the variation of fluxes between daytime and nighttime. This study assessed the feasibility of using LF-NMR to evaluate root water status in herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Nuixe
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Amidou Sissou Traoré
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Shannan Blystone
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jean-Marie Bonny
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Robert Falcimagne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Guilhem Pagès
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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18
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Keller T, Maly T. Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP)-enhanced two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy at low magnetic fields. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:117-128. [PMID: 35465650 PMCID: PMC9030190 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-117-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of low-field Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) experiments reported so far have been 1D NMR experiments to study molecular dynamics and in particular hydration dynamics. In this work, we demonstrate the application of ODNP-enhanced 2D J-resolved (JRES) spectroscopy to improve spectral resolution beyond the limit imposed by the line broadening introduced by the paramagnetic polarizing agent. Using this approach, we are able to separate the overlapping multiplets of ethyl crotonate into a second dimension and clearly identify each chemical site individually. Crucial to these experiments is interleaved spectral referencing, a method introduced to compensate for temperature-induced field drifts over the course of the NMR acquisition. This method does not require additional hardware such as a field-frequency lock, which is especially challenging when designing compact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Keller
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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19
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Meixner M, Foerst P, Windt CW. Reduced spatial resolution MRI suffices to image and quantify drought induced embolism formation in trees. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:38. [PMID: 33823898 PMCID: PMC8025330 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is uniquely suited to non-invasively and continuously monitor embolism formation in trees. Depending on the MRI method used, quantitative parameter maps of water content and MRI signal relaxation behavior can be generated. The ability to measure dynamic differences in water content and relaxation behavior can be used to detect xylem embolism formation, even if xylem conduits are too small to be spatially resolved. This is especially advantageous when using affordable small-scale low-field MRI scanners. The amount of signal that can be obtained from an object strongly depends on the strength of the magnetic field of the imager's magnet. Imaging at lower resolutions thus would allow to reduce the cost, size and weight of the MRI scanner and to shorten image acquisition times. RESULTS We investigated how much spatial resolution can be sacrificed without losing the ability to monitor embolism formation in coniferous softwood (spruce, Picea abies) and diffuse porous beech (Fagus sylvatica). Saplings of both species were bench dehydrated, while they were continuously imaged at stepwise decreasing spatial resolutions. Imaging was done by means of a small-scale MRI device, utilizing image matrix sizes of 128 × 128, 64 × 64 and 32 × 32 pixels at a constant FOV of 19 and 23 mm, respectively. While images at the lowest resolutions (pixel sizes 0.59 × 0.59 mm and 0.72 × 0.72 mm) were no longer sufficient to resolve finer details of the stem anatomy, they did permit an approximate localization of embolism formation and the generation of accurate vulnerability curves. CONCLUSIONS When using MRI, spatial resolution can be sacrificed without losing the ability to visualize and quantify embolism formation. Imaging at lower spatial resolution to monitor embolism formation has two advantages. Firstly, the acquisition time per image can be reduced dramatically. This enables continuous imaging at high time resolution, which may be beneficial to monitor rapid dynamics of embolism formation. Secondly, if the requirements for spatial resolution are relaxed, much simpler MRI devices can be used. This has the potential to make non-invasive MR imaging of embolism formation much more affordable and more widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meixner
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Petra Foerst
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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20
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Mullen M, Garwood M. Dual polarity encoded MRI using high bandwidth radiofrequency pulses for robust imaging with large field inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:1271-1283. [PMID: 33780035 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability to use dual polarity encoded MRI with the missing pulse steady-state free precession (MP-SSFP) sequence is demonstrated to perform robust MRI with low radiofrequency (RF) amplitude, where the field is distorted by embedding metallic screws in an agar phantom. Image-based estimation of the 3D ΔB0 map and image distortion correction is shown to require ~1 minute to perform. THEORY AND METHODS Dual polarity encoded MP-SSFP was implemented at 1.5T and used to image agar phantoms with one stainless steel and one titanium screw embedded inside. A multispectral fast spin-echo acquisition was performed for comparison. Self-consistent ΔB0 estimation is performed iteratively using a 3D B-spline basis, which is compared to the ΔB0 estimate generated by the multispectral sequence. RESULTS Dual polarity encoded MP-SSFP yields image quality similar to the multispectral sequence used with substantially less imaging time, provided the MP-SSFP experimental parameters are chosen well. The multispectral sequence appears to visualize modestly closer in proximity to the metallic screws used, despite the spectral bins covering the same bandwidth as the pulses used in MP-SSFP. However, MP-SSFP avoids ripple artifacts characteristic of the multispectral sequence. The ΔB0 estimate generated by MP-SSFP is qualitatively similar to that generated by the multispectral sequence but larger in magnitude. CONCLUSION Despite longer processing time compared to multispectral imaging, MP-SSFP yields similar image quality with significantly lower acquisition times in the absence of parallel imaging. The work herein demonstrates the ability to perform 3D ΔB0 estimation and image correction within a reasonable amount of time, ~1 minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mullen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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21
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Windt CW, Nabel M, Kochs J, Jahnke S, Schurr U. A Mobile NMR Sensor and Relaxometric Method to Non-destructively Monitor Water and Dry Matter Content in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617768. [PMID: 33613603 PMCID: PMC7892787 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Water content (WC) and dry matter content (DMC) are some of the most basic parameters to describe plant growth and yield, but are exceptionally difficult to measure non-invasively. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry may fill this methodological gap. It allows non-invasive detection of protons in liquids and solids, and on the basis of these measures, can be used to quantify liquid and dry matter contents of seeds and plants. Unfortunately, most existing NMR relaxometers are large, unwieldy and not suitable to measure intact plants or to be used under field conditions. In addition, currently the appropriate NMR relaxometric methods are poorly suited for non-expert use. We here present a novel approach to overcome these drawbacks. We demonstrate that a basic NMR relaxometer with the capability to accept intact plants, in combination with straightforward NMR and data processing methods, can be used as an NMR plant sensor to continuously, quantitatively and non-invasively monitor changes in WC and DMC. This can be done in vivo, in situ, and with high temporal resolution. The method is validated by showing that measured liquid and solid proton densities accurately reflect WC and DMC of reference samples. The NMR plant sensor is demonstrated in an experimental context by monitoring WC of rice leaves under osmotic stress, and by measuring the dynamics of water and dry matter accumulation during seed filling in a developing wheat ear. It is further demonstrated how the method can be used to estimate leaf water potential on the basis of changes in leaf water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel W. Windt
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Moritz Nabel
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Kochs
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Siegfried Jahnke
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Biology Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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22
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Rudszuck T, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Perspectives in process analytics using low field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106897. [PMID: 33518174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low field NMR is a powerful analytical tool which creates an enormous added value in process analytics. Based on specific applications in process analytics and perspectives for low field NMR in form of spectroscopy, relaxation, diffusion, and imaging in quality control, diverse applications and technical realizations like spectrometers, time domain NMR, mobile NMR sensors and MRI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Science and Technology, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Meixner M, Kochs J, Foerst P, Windt CW. An integrated magnetic resonance plant imager for mobile use in greenhouse and field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106879. [PMID: 33422986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution we demonstrate a mobile, integrated MR plant imager that can be handled by one single person and used in the field. Key to the construction of it was a small and lightweight gradient amplifier, specifically tailored to our combination of magnet, gradient coils and the requirements of the desired pulse sequences. To allow imaging of branches and stems, an open C-shaped permanent magnet was used. In the design of the magnet, pole gap width, low weight and robustness were prioritized over homogeneity and field strength. To overcome the adverse effects of short T2*, multi-spin echo imaging was employed, using short echo times and high spectral widths. To achieve microscopic resolution under these constraints requires fast switching field gradients, driven by strong and fast gradient amplifiers. While small-scale spectrometers and RF amplifiers are readily available, appropriate small-scale gradient amplifiers or designs thereof currently are not. We thus constructed a small, 3-channel gradient amplifier on the basis of a conventional current-controlled AB amplifier design, using cheap and well-known parts. The finished device weighs 5 kg and is capable of delivering 40 A gradient pulses of >6 ms in duration. With all components built onto an aluminum hand trolley, the imaging setup weighs 45 kg and is small enough to fit into a car. We demonstrate the mobility and utility of the device imaging quantitative water content and T2, first of an apple tree in an orchard; second, of a beech tree during spring leaf flushing in a greenhouse. The latter experiment ran for a continuous period of 62 days, acquiring more than 6000 images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meixner
- Technical University Munich, SVT, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-2, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Kochs
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-2, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Petra Foerst
- Technical University Munich, SVT, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Carel W Windt
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-2, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany.
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24
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Colnago LA, Wiesman Z, Pages G, Musse M, Monaretto T, Windt CW, Rondeau-Mouro C. Low field, time domain NMR in the agriculture and agrifood sectors: An overview of applications in plants, foods and biofuels. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106899. [PMID: 33518175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, a selective overview of low field, time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) applications in the agriculture and agrifood sectors is presented. The first applications of commercial TD-NMR instruments were in food and agriculture domains. Many of these earlier methods have now been recognized as standard methods by several international agencies. Since 2000, several new applications have been developed, using state of the art instruments, new pulse sequences and new signal processing methods. TD-NMR is expected, in the coming years, to become even more important in quality control of fresh food and agricultural products, as well as for a wide range of food-processed products. TD-NMR systems provide excellent means to collect data relevant for use in the agricultural environment and the bioenergy industry. Data and information collected by TD-NMR systems thus may support decision makers in business and public organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Zeev Wiesman
- Phyto-lipid Biotechnology Laboratory (PLBL), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Ber Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Guilhem Pages
- INRAE, UR QUAPA, F-63122 St Genès Champanelle, France; AgroResonance, INRAE, 2018. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility for Agronomy, Food and Health, France
| | - Maja Musse
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Tatiana Monaretto
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil; Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Str. 1, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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25
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Biller JR, McPeak JE. EPR Everywhere. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 52:1113-1139. [PMID: 33519097 PMCID: PMC7826499 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-020-01304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is inspired by the contributions from the University of Denver group to low-field EPR, in honor of Professor Gareth Eaton's 80th birthday. The goal is to capture the spirit of innovation behind the body of work, especially as it pertains to development of new EPR techniques. The spirit of the DU EPR laboratory is one that never sought to limit what an EPR experiment could be, or how it could be applied. The most well-known example of this is the development and recent commercialization of rapid-scan EPR. Both of the Eatons have made it a point to remain knowledgeable on the newest developments in electronics and instrument design. To that end, our review touches on the use of miniaturized electronics and applications of single-board spectrometers based on software-defined radio (SDR) implementations and single-chip voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) arrays. We also highlight several non-traditional approaches to the EPR experiment such as an EPR spectrometer with a "wand" form factor for analysis of the OxyChip, the EPR-MOUSE which enables non-destructive in situ analysis of many non-conforming samples, and interferometric EPR and frequency swept EPR as alternatives to classical high Q resonant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph E. McPeak
- University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210 USA
- Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory and EPR4Energy, Department Spins in Energy Conversion and Quantum Information Science (ASPINS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Wickenbrock A, Zheng H, Chatzidrosos G, Shaji Rebeirro J, Schneemann T, Blümler P. High homogeneity permanent magnet for diamond magnetometry. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 322:106867. [PMID: 33423759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halbach magnets are a source of homogeneous magnetic field in an enclosed volume while keeping stray fields at a minimum. Here, we present the design, construction, and characterization for a stack of two Halbach rings with 10 cm inner diameter providing a homogeneous (<100 ppm over 1.0×1.0×0.5cm3) magnetic field of around 105 mT, which will be used for a diamond based microwave-free widefield imaging setup. The final characterization is performed with a novel fiberized diamond-based sensor on a 3D translation stage documenting the high homogeneity of the constructed Halbach array and its suitability for the proposed use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wickenbrock
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institute of Physics, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Huijie Zheng
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institute of Physics, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Georgios Chatzidrosos
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institute of Physics, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Joseph Shaji Rebeirro
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institute of Physics, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tim Schneemann
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institute of Physics, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Peter Blümler
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institute of Physics, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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27
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Keller TJ, Maly T. Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP)-enhanced two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy at low magnetic fields. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021. [PMID: 35465650 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4479048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of low-field Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) experiments reported so far have been 1D NMR experiments to study molecular dynamics and in particular hydration dynamics. In this work, we demonstrate the application of ODNP-enhanced 2D J-resolved (JRES) spectroscopy to improve spectral resolution beyond the limit imposed by the line broadening introduced by the paramagnetic polarizing agent. Using this approach, we are able to separate the overlapping multiplets of ethyl crotonate into a second dimension and clearly identify each chemical site individually. Crucial to these experiments is interleaved spectral referencing, a method introduced to compensate for temperature-induced field drifts over the course of the NMR acquisition. This method does not require additional hardware such as a field-frequency lock, which is especially challenging when designing compact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Keller
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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28
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Mullen M, Garwood M. Contemporary approaches to high-field magnetic resonance imaging with large field inhomogeneity. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 120-121:95-108. [PMID: 33198970 PMCID: PMC7672259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance as a clinical imaging modality, magnetic resonance imaging remains inaccessible to most of the world's population due to its high cost and infrastructure requirements. Substantial effort is underway to develop portable, low-cost systems able to address MRI access inequality and to enable new uses of MRI such as bedside imaging. A key barrier to development of portable MRI systems is increased magnetic field inhomogeneity when using small polarizing magnets, which degrades image quality through distortions and signal dropout. Many approaches address field inhomogeneity by using a low polarizing field, approximately ten to hundreds of milli-Tesla. At low-field, even a large relative field inhomogeneity of several thousand parts-per-million (ppm) results in resonance frequency dispersion of only 1-2 kHz. Under these conditions, with necessarily wide pulse bandwidths, fast spin-echo sequences may be used at low field with negligible subject heating, and a broad range of other available imaging sequences can be implemented. However, high-field MRI, 1.5 T or greater, can provide substantially improved signal-to-noise ratio and image contrast, so that higher spatial resolution, clinical quality images may be acquired in significantly less time than is necessary at low-field. The challenge posed by small, high-field systems is that the relative field inhomogeneity, still thousands of ppm, becomes tens of kilohertz over the imaging volume. This article describes the physical consequences of field inhomogeneity on established gradient- and spin-echo MRI sequences, and suggests ways to reduce signal dropout and image distortion from field inhomogeneity. Finally, the practicality of currently available image contrasts is reviewed when imaging with a high magnetic field with large inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mullen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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29
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Bogaychuk A, Kuzmin V. Accounting for material imperfections in the design and optimization of low cost Halbach magnets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:103904. [PMID: 33138559 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an experimental method for the improvement of the magnetic field homogeneity in Halbach magnets by taking magnet material imperfection into account. This method relies on the determination of the magnetization magnitude only for individual magnet blocks based on nuclear magnetic resonance field measurements in a simplified system, which, in our case, consists of four blocks. Then, a set of configurations with highest homogeneities can be found from simplified field map simulations of all possible configurations or by applying sophisticated optimum search algorithms if the number of blocks is large. Finally, the residual effect of angular magnetization deviations can be reduced by the experimental selection of the best configuration from the set found on the simulation step. This selection strategy is based on the conclusions made from statistical analysis of simulated field maps. By applying the described method to our eight-element magnet, we experimentally achieved tenfold field homogeneity improvement. Thus, in the best configuration, we obtained an average value of the magnetic field of 598.0 mT and a half-width of 226.9 ppm for a sample with a diameter of 4 mm and a height of 10 mm. These parameters along with the compact magnet size (40 × 40 × 102 mm3) and weight (0.6 kg) provide reasonable magnet quality compared with analogous systems having more complex magnet arrangements and significantly higher costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogaychuk
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - V Kuzmin
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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30
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Busse F, Rehorn C, Küppers M, Ruiz N, Stege H, Blümich B. NMR relaxometry of oil paint binders. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:830-839. [PMID: 32182381 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mobile nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a flexible technique for nondestructive characterization of water in plants, the physical properties of polymers, moisture in porous walls, or the binder in paintings by relaxation measurements. NMR relaxation data report material properties and therefore can also help to characterize the state of tangible cultural heritage. In this work, we discuss the relaxation behavior in two series of naturally aged paint mock-up samples. First, paints with different pigment concentrations were prepared and investigated in terms of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation-time distributions. We document the evolution of both relaxation-time distributions during the initial drying stage and demonstrate the heightened importance of transverse over longitudinal relaxation measurements. Second, we observe nonlinear dependences of the relaxation times on the pigment concentration in a typical oil binder. Third, in a study of naturally aged paint samples prepared in the years between 1914 and 1951 and subsequently aged under controlled conditions, we explore the possibility of determining the age of paintings using partial least square regression (PLS) by fitting T1 -T2 data with the sample age. Our results suggest some correlation, albeit with significant scatter. Estimating the age of a painting stored under unknown conditions from NMR relaxation data is therefore not feasible, as the cumulative effects of light irradiation, humidity, and biological degradation further obfuscate the chemical and physical impact of aging on the relaxation times in addition to the impact of pigment concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Busse
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Rehorn
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Küppers
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Naira Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdades Católicas, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heike Stege
- Scientific Department, Doerner Institut, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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31
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Vennemann B, Obrist D, Rösgen T. A smartphone-enabled wireless and batteryless implantable blood flow sensor for remote monitoring of prosthetic heart valve function. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227372. [PMID: 31935231 PMCID: PMC6959614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease is one of the leading forms of complications in the cardiovascular system. The failing native aortic valve is routinely surgically replaced with a bioprosthesis. However, insufficient durability of bioprosthetic heart valves often requires reintervention. Valve degradation can be assessed by an analysis of the blood flow characteristics downstream of the valve. This is cost and labor intensive using clinical methodologies and is performed infrequently. The integration of consumer smartphones and implantable blood flow sensors into the data acquisition chain facilitates remote management of patients that is not limited by access to clinical facilities. This article describes the characteristics of an implantable magnetic blood flow sensor which was optimized for small size and low power consumption to allow for batteryless operation. The data is wirelessly transmitted to the patient's smartphone for in-depth processing. Tests using three different experimental setups confirmed that wireless and batteryless blood flow recording using a magnetic flow meter technique is feasible and that the sensor system is capable of monitoring the characteristic flow downstream of the valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Vennemann
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Obrist
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rösgen
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Cooley CZ, Stockmann JP, Witzel T, LaPierre C, Mareyam A, Jia F, Zaitsev M, Wenhui Y, Zheng W, Stang P, Scott G, Adalsteinsson E, White JK, Wald LL. Design and implementation of a low-cost, tabletop MRI scanner for education and research prototyping. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 310:106625. [PMID: 31765969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While access to a laboratory MRI system is ideal for teaching MR physics as well as many aspects of signal processing, providing multiple MRI scanners can be prohibitively expensive for educational settings. To address this need, we developed a small, low-cost, open-interface tabletop MRI scanner for academic use. We constructed and tested 20 of these scanners for parallel use by teams of 2-3 students in a teaching laboratory. With simplification and down-scaling to a 1 cm FOV, fully-functional scanners were achieved within a budget of $10,000 USD each. The design was successful for teaching MR principles and basic signal processing skills and serves as an accessible testbed for more advanced MR research projects. Customizable GUIs, pulse sequences, and reconstruction code accessible to the students facilitated tailoring the scanner to the needs of laboratory exercise. The scanners have been used by >800 students in 6 different courses and all designs, schematics, sequences, GUIs, and reconstruction code is open-source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Zimmerman Cooley
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jason P Stockmann
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Witzel
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cris LaPierre
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Azma Mareyam
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Feng Jia
- Dept. of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Zaitsev
- Dept. of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yang Wenhui
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pascal Stang
- Procyon Engineering, San Jose, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Greig Scott
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elfar Adalsteinsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob K White
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence L Wald
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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33
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O'Reilly T, Teeuwisse WM, Webb AG. Three-dimensional MRI in a homogenous 27 cm diameter bore Halbach array magnet. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 307:106578. [PMID: 31470234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern clinical MRI systems utilise very high magnetic fields strengths to produce high resolution images of the human body. The high up-front and maintenance cost of these systems means that much of the world lacks access to this technology. In this paper we propose a low cost, head-only, homogenous Halbach magnet array with the potential for paediatric neuroimaging in low-resource settings. The homogeneity of the Halbach array is improved by allowing the diameter of the Halbach array to vary along its length, and also adding smaller internal shim magnets. The constructed magnet has a bore diameter of 27 cm, mean B0 field strength of 50.4 mT and a homogeneity of 2400 ppm over a 20 cm diameter spherical volume. The level of homogeneity of the system means that coil-based gradients can be used for spatial encoding which greatly increases the flexibility in image acquisition. 3D images of a "brain phantom" were acquired over a 22 × 22 × 22 cm field of view with a 3.5 mm isotropic resolution using a spin-echo sequence. Future development of a low-cost gradient amplifier and an open-source spectrometer has the potential of offering a fully open-source, low-cost MRI system for paediatric neuroimaging in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O'Reilly
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W M Teeuwisse
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A G Webb
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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34
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Blümich B. Low-field and benchtop NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:27-35. [PMID: 31311709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
NMR started at low field. Important discoveries like the first observation of NMR in condensed matter, the spin echo, NMR for chemical analysis, Fourier NMR spectroscopy, 2D NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging happened at field strengths considered low today. With time the footprint of the NMR instruments at these field strengths shrunk from the laboratory floor to the tabletop. The first commercial tabletop NMR instruments were compact relaxometers for food analysis followed by mobile relaxometers for materials testing and oil-well exploration culminating in tabletop spectrometers for chemical analysis, capable of performing nearly the whole methodical portfolio of today's high-field instruments. The increasing sensitivity afforded by the lower noise of modern electronics and the unfolding richness of hyperpolarization scenarios along with detection schemes alternative to nuclear induction enable NMR at ultra-low field strengths down to zero applied field, where spin-spin couplings in local fields dominate the residual Zeeman interaction. Miniaturization and cost-reduction of NMR instruments outline current development goals along with the development of smart-phone-like apps to conduct standard NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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35
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Hesse L, Bunk K, Leupold J, Speck T, Masselter T. Structural and functional imaging of large and opaque plant specimens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3659-3678. [PMID: 31188449 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Three- and four-dimensional imaging techniques are a prerequisite for spatially resolving the form-structure-function relationships in plants. However, choosing the right imaging method is a difficult and time-consuming process as the imaging principles, advantages and limitations, as well as the appropriate fields of application first need to be compared. The present study aims to provide an overview of three imaging methods that allow for imaging opaque, large and thick (>5 mm, up to several centimeters), hierarchically organized plant samples that can have complex geometries. We compare light microscopy of serial thin sections followed by 3D reconstruction (LMTS3D) as an optical imaging technique, micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) based on ionizing radiation, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which uses the natural magnetic properties of a sample for image acquisition. We discuss the most important imaging principles, advantages, and limitations, and suggest fields of application for each imaging technique (LMTS, µ-CT, and MRI) with regard to static (at a given time; 3D) and dynamic (at different time points; quasi 4D) structural and functional plant imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Hesse
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bunk
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Leupold
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Huber C, Goertler M, Abert C, Bruckner F, Groenefeld M, Teliban I, Suess D. Additive Manufactured and Topology Optimized Passive Shimming Elements for Permanent Magnetic Systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14651. [PMID: 30279477 PMCID: PMC6168460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to create a highly homogeneous magnetic field by applying topology optimized, additively manufactured passive shimming elements is investigated. The topology optimization algorithm can calculate a suitable permanent and nonlinear soft magnetic design that fulfills the desired field properties. The permanent magnetic particles are bonded in a polyamide matrix and they are manufactured with a low-cost, end-user 3D printer. Stray field measurements and an inverse stray field simulation framework can determine printing and magnetization errors. The customized shimming elements are manufactured by a selective melting process which produces completely dense soft magnetic metal parts. The methodology is demonstrated on a simple example of two axial symmetric cylindrical magnets, which generates a high inhomogeneous magnetic field. In this case, the maximum magnetic field density is 25 mT and the the homogeneity can be increased by a factor of 35 or down to 6‰. Simulation and measurement results point out a good conformity. Additional topology optimizations of more than one shimming element layer show the opportunity to make the manufactured magnetic system even more homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Huber
- Physics of Functional Materials, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Magnetic Sensing and Materials, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Goertler
- Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft GmbH, 8712, Niklasdorf, Austria
| | - Claas Abert
- Physics of Functional Materials, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Magnetic Sensing and Materials, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Bruckner
- Physics of Functional Materials, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Magnetic Sensing and Materials, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Dieter Suess
- Physics of Functional Materials, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Magnetic Sensing and Materials, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Yu P, Xu Y, Wu Z, Chang Y, Chen Q, Yang X. A low-cost home-built NMR using Halbach magnet. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:162-168. [PMID: 30055440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to develop a low-cost compact desktop NMR system based on Halbach magnets with the advantages of small size and ability to generate relatively high field strength. Considering the cost of manufacturing and assembling the magnetic blocks, the system utilized a 3-layer Halbach magnet and a wedge-shaped mechanical structure, which was designed for magnet rapid assembling. The comparison between simulation and calculation results of the initial magnetic field strength distribution showed that design theory and practice were in accordance. The initial homogeneity was 576 ppm in a square with a length of 5 mm. After passive shimming with two magnetic blocks and steel pieces, the uniformity reached 120 ppm in the same area. We developed and tested a compact single board spectrometer with digital modulation and demodulation in order to enhance the system mobility and improve the SNR. A self-made probe was used to carry out experiments with the spectrometer, and the spectral width at half-height reached 20 ppm in a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5 mm and a length of 1 mm. Compact structure and low cost of the system will facilitate and extend the application of desktop NMR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajie Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoyan Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China.
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Glickstein J, Mandal S. An automated instrument for polarization-enhanced broadband nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093106. [PMID: 30278773 DOI: 10.1063/1.5041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An automated instrument for improving the sensitivity of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy is presented. The device is capable of pre-polarizing samples within a custom Halbach-type permanent magnet and then moving them into an external probe for zero-field NQR detection. Polarization transfer between protons and nitrogen (14N) nuclei in the sample occurs during demagnetization, thus increasing the amplitude of the detected NQR signals. The sample motion profile is completely programmable, thus providing a high level of control over the sample position and velocity for optimizing the polarization transfer process for various samples. Moreover, the magnet and motion controller are combined with a shielded sample probe and ultra-broadband front-end electronics (both designed in-house) to realize a complete scientific instrument for 14N NQR experiments. Compared with previous work in the field, the system is designed to be programmable, robust, and easy to use. Experimental results from several samples are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Glickstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Blümich B, Rehorn C, Zia W. Magnets for Small-Scale and Portable NMR. MICRO AND NANO SCALE NMR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527697281.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Rehorn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Wasif Zia
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center, University of Nottingham; United Kingdom
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40
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Sensing Technologies for Precision Phenotyping in Vegetable Crops: Current Status and Future Challenges. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Cooley CZ, Haskell MW, Cauley SF, Sappo C, Lapierre CD, Ha CG, Stockmann JP, Wald LL. Design of sparse Halbach magnet arrays for portable MRI using a genetic algorithm. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2018; 54:5100112. [PMID: 29749974 PMCID: PMC5937527 DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2017.2751001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Permanent magnet arrays offer several attributes attractive for the development of a low-cost portable MRI scanner for brain imaging. They offer the potential for a relatively lightweight, low to mid-field system with no cryogenics, a small fringe field, and no electrical power requirements or heat dissipation needs. The cylindrical Halbach array, however, requires external shimming or mechanical adjustments to produce B0 fields with standard MRI homogeneity levels (e.g., 0.1 ppm over FOV), particularly when constrained or truncated geometries are needed, such as a head-only magnet where the magnet length is constrained by the shoulders. For portable scanners using rotation of the magnet for spatial encoding with generalized projections, the spatial pattern of the field is important since it acts as the encoding field. In either a static or rotating magnet, it will be important to be able to optimize the field pattern of cylindrical Halbach arrays in a way that retains construction simplicity. To achieve this, we present a method for designing an optimized cylindrical Halbach magnet using the genetic algorithm to achieve either homogeneity (for standard MRI applications) or a favorable spatial encoding field pattern (for rotational spatial encoding applications). We compare the chosen designs against a standard, fully populated sparse Halbach design, and evaluate optimized spatial encoding fields using point-spread-function and image simulations. We validate the calculations by comparing to the measured field of a constructed magnet. The experimentally implemented design produced fields in good agreement with the predicted fields, and the genetic algorithm was successful in improving the chosen metrics. For the uniform target field, an order of magnitude homogeneity improvement was achieved compared to the un-optimized, fully populated design. For the rotational encoding design the resolution uniformity is improved by 95% compared to a uniformly populated design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Zimmerman Cooley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa W Haskell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen F Cauley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Sappo
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cristen D Lapierre
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Christopher G Ha
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jason P Stockmann
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence L Wald
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Blümich B, Singh K. Desktop NMR and Its Applications From Materials Science To Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:6996-7010. [PMID: 29230908 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is an indispensable method of analysis in chemistry, which until recently suffered from high demands for space, high costs for acquisition and maintenance, and operational complexity. This has changed with the introduction of compact NMR spectrometers suitable for small-molecule analysis on the chemical workbench. These spectrometers contain permanent magnets giving rise to proton NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz. The enabling technology is to make small permanent magnets with homogeneous fields. Tabletop instruments with inhomogeneous fields have been in use for over 40 years for characterizing food and hydrogen-containing materials by relaxation and diffusion measurements. Related NMR instruments measure these parameters in the stray field outside the magnet. They are used to inspect the borehole walls of oil wells and to test objects nondestructively. The state-of-the-art of NMR spectroscopy, imaging and relaxometry with compact instruments is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Blümich B, Singh K. NMR mit Tischgeräten und deren Anwendungen von der Materialwissenschaft bis zur organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
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Musse M, Leport L, Cambert M, Debrandt W, Sorin C, Bouchereau A, Mariette F. A mobile NMR lab for leaf phenotyping in the field. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:53. [PMID: 28670331 PMCID: PMC5490084 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low field NMR has been used to investigate water status in various plant tissues. In plants grown in controlled conditions, the method was shown to be able to monitor leaf development as it could detect slight variations in senescence associated with structural modifications in leaf tissues. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the potential of NMR to provide robust indicators of the leaf development stage in plants grown in the field, where leaves may develop less evenly due to environmental fluctuations. The study was largely motivated by the need to extend phenotyping investigations from laboratory experiments to plants in their natural environment. METHODS The mobile NMR laboratory was developed, enabling characterization of oilseed rape leaves throughout the canopy without uprooting the plant. The measurements made on the leaves of plants grown and analyzed in the field were compared to the measurements on plants grown in controlled conditions and analyzed in the laboratory. RESULTS The approach demonstrated the potential of the method to assess the physiological status of leaves of plants in their natural environment. Comparing changes in the patterns of NMR signal evolution in plants grown under well-controlled laboratory conditions and in plants grown in the field shows that NMR is an appropriate method to detect structural modifications in leaf tissues during senescence progress despite plant heterogeneity in natural conditions. Moreover, the specific effects of the environmental factors on the structural modifications were revealed. CONCLUSION The present study is an important step toward the selection of genotypes with high tolerance to water or nitrogen depletion that will be enabled by further field applications of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Musse
- IRSTEA, OPAALE, 17, avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Leport
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
- INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR INRA – Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Mireille Cambert
- IRSTEA, OPAALE, 17, avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - William Debrandt
- IRSTEA, OPAALE, 17, avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
- INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR INRA – Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Clément Sorin
- IRSTEA, OPAALE, 17, avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
- INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR INRA – Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
- INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP-Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR INRA – Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - François Mariette
- IRSTEA, OPAALE, 17, avenue de Cucillé, 35044 Rennes Cedex, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
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Wang Q, Gao R, Liu S. Topology optimization based design of unilateral NMR for generating a remote homogeneous field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 279:51-59. [PMID: 28463746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a topology optimization based design method for the design of unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), with which a remote homogeneous field can be obtained. The topology optimization is actualized by seeking out the optimal layout of ferromagnetic materials within a given design domain. The design objective is defined as generating a sensitive magnetic field with optimal homogeneity and maximal field strength within a required region of interest (ROI). The sensitivity of the objective function with respect to the design variables is derived and the method for solving the optimization problem is presented. A design example is provided to illustrate the utility of the design method, specifically the ability to improve the quality of the magnetic field over the required ROI by determining the optimal structural topology for the ferromagnetic poles. Both in simulations and experiments, the sensitive region of the magnetic field achieves about 2 times larger than that of the reference design, validating validates the feasibility of the design method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Renjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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46
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Oligschläger D, Rehorn C, Lehmkuhl S, Adams M, Adams A, Blümich B. A size-adjustable radiofrequency coil for investigating plants in a Halbach magnet. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 278:80-87. [PMID: 28388497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A radio-frequency coil with adjustable distance has been developed and tested for in-situ examination of growing plants. The Helmholtz-based coil design reduces laborious tuning and matching efforts encountered with solenoids wound around a growing stem or branch. Relaxation experiments were performed on tomato plants and winter wheat under controlled light irradiation. Changes in signal amplitude and in relaxation times T2 were recorded over day and night cycles. Peaks in distributions of relaxation times were attributed to different tissue components of two different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Oligschläger
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Rehorn
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sören Lehmkuhl
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Tayler MCD, Sakellariou D. Low-cost, pseudo-Halbach dipole magnets for NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 277:143-148. [PMID: 28285144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present designs for compact, inexpensive and strong dipole permanent magnets aimed primarily at magnetic resonance applications where prepolarization and detection occur at different locations. Low-homogeneity magnets with a 7.5mm bore size and field up to nearly 2T are constructed using low-cost starting materials, standard workshop tools and only few hours of labor - an achievable project for a student or postdoc with spare time. As an application example we show how our magnet was used to polarize the nuclear spins in approximately 1mL of pure [13C]-methanol prior to detection of its high-resolution NMR spectrum at zero field (measurement field below 10-10T), where signals appear at multiples of the carbon-hydrogen spin-spin coupling frequency 1JCH=140.7(1)Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C D Tayler
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Sakellariou
- NIMBE, CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Zhang Y, Keller M. Discharge of surplus phloem water may be required for normal grape ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:585-595. [PMID: 28082510 PMCID: PMC5444433 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
At the onset of ripening, some fleshy fruits shift the dominant water import pathway from the xylem to the phloem, but the cause for the decline in xylem inflow remains obscure. This study found that xylem-mobile dye movement into grape berries decreased despite transient increases in berry growth and transpiration during early ripening, whereas outward dye movement continued unless the roots were pressurized. Modeling berry vascular flows using measurements of pedicel phloem sap sugar concentration, berry growth, solute accumulation, and transpiration showed that a fraction of phloem-derived water was used for berry growth and transpiration; the surplus was recirculated via the xylem. Changing phloem sap sugar concentration to a much higher published value led to model simulations predicting xylem inflow or backflow depending on the developmental stage and genotype. Mathematically preventing net xylem flow resulted in large variations in phloem sap sugar concentration in pedicels serving neighboring berries on the same fruit cluster. Moreover, restricting water discharge via the xylem and/or across the skin impaired berry solute accumulation and color change. Collectively, these results indicate that discharge of surplus phloem water via berry transpiration and/or xylem backflow may be necessary to facilitate normal grape ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA, USA
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Lechthaler S, Robert EMR, Tonné N, Prusova A, Gerkema E, Van As H, Koedam N, Windt CW. Rhizophoraceae Mangrove Saplings Use Hypocotyl and Leaf Water Storage Capacity to Cope with Soil Water Salinity Changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:895. [PMID: 27446125 PMCID: PMC4921503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most striking features of Rhizophoraceae mangrove saplings are their voluminous cylinder-shaped hypocotyls and thickened leaves. The hypocotyls are known to serve as floats during seed dispersal (hydrochory) and store nutrients that allow the seedling to root and settle. In this study we investigate to what degree the hypocotyls and leaves can serve as water reservoirs once seedlings have settled, helping the plant to buffer the rapid water potential changes that are typical for the mangrove environment. We exposed saplings of two Rhizophoraceae species to three levels of salinity (15, 30, and 0-5‰, in that sequence) while non-invasively monitoring changes in hypocotyl and leaf water content by means of mobile NMR sensors. As a proxy for water content, changes in hypocotyl diameter and leaf thickness were monitored by means of dendrometers. Hypocotyl diameter variations were also monitored in the field on a Rhizophora species. The saplings were able to buffer rapid rhizosphere salinity changes using water stored in hypocotyls and leaves, but the largest water storage capacity was found in the leaves. We conclude that in Rhizophora and Bruguiera the hypocotyl offers the bulk of water buffering capacity during the dispersal phase and directly after settlement when only few leaves are present. As saplings develop more leaves, the significance of the leaves as a water storage organ becomes larger than that of the hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lechthaler
- Department of Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, PadovaItaly
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BrusselsBelgium
| | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BrusselsBelgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Department of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central AfricaTervuren, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Tonné
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BrusselsBelgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Department of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central AfricaTervuren, Belgium
| | - Alena Prusova
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
| | - Edo Gerkema
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Wageningen University, WageningenNetherlands
| | - Nico Koedam
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BrusselsBelgium
| | - Carel W. Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, JülichGermany
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Nagata A, Kose K, Terada Y. Development of an outdoor MRI system for measuring flow in a living tree. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 265:129-38. [PMID: 26896868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An outdoor MRI system for noninvasive, long-term measurements of sap flow in a living tree in its natural environment has been developed. An open-access, 0.2 T permanent magnet with a 160 mm gap was combined with a radiofrequency probe, planar gradient coils, electromagnetic shielding, several electrical units, and a waterproofing box. Two-dimensional cross-sectional images were acquired for a ring-porous tree, and the anatomical structures, including xylem and phloem, were identified. The MRI flow measurements demonstrated the diurnal changes in flow velocity in the stem on a per-pixel basis. These results demonstrate that our outdoor MRI system is a powerful tool for studies of water transport in outdoor trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Nagata
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kose
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Terada
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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