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Bakacsy L, Kardos LV, Szepesi Á, Nagy KN, Vasas A, Feigl G. Investigation of the Allelopathic Effect of Two Invasive Plant Species in Rhizotron System. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:475. [PMID: 38672746 PMCID: PMC11051222 DOI: 10.3390/life14040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A key question in plant invasion biology is why invasive plants are more competitive in their introduced habitat than in their native habitat. Studies show that invasive species exhibit allelopathy, influencing other plants by releasing chemicals. Research on allelopathy uses in vitro tests, investigating effects on seed germination and seedling development. Although soil plays a role in modifying allelopathic effects, observations with soil are rare and almost nothing is known about the root development of test plants developing in soil and the effects of allelopathic compounds on root architecture. Our study evaluates the allelopathic effects of false indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa L.) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) on oilseed rape growth as a model plant. The rhizotron system was used to study the effect of morphology and root architecture. Leaf-soil mixtures at 0.5%, 1%, and 5% concentrations were used. Shoot and root development was strongly inhibited at 5%. But there was no difference between the allelopathy of the two species, and the application of lower concentrations did not show any effect, demonstrating that soil has a significant modifying effect on their allelopathy. Our results highlight that the development of roots growing in the soil is also worth investigating in connection with allelopathy, which can strengthen the ecological importance of allelochemicals during successful invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bakacsy
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.V.K.); (Á.S.); (K.N.N.)
| | - Luca Viktória Kardos
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.V.K.); (Á.S.); (K.N.N.)
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.V.K.); (Á.S.); (K.N.N.)
| | - Krisztina Napsugár Nagy
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.V.K.); (Á.S.); (K.N.N.)
- Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Vasas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Feigl
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (L.V.K.); (Á.S.); (K.N.N.)
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Lesmes-Vesga RA, Cano LM, Ritenour MA, Sarkhosh A, Chaparro JX, Rossi L. Variation in the Root System Architecture of Peach × (Peach × Almond) Backcrosses. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091874. [PMID: 37176932 PMCID: PMC10180898 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement and growth pattern of root systems, defined by the root system architecture (RSA), influences plant productivity and adaptation to soil environments, playing an important role in sustainable horticulture. Florida's peach production area covers contrasting soil types, making it necessary to identify rootstocks that exhibit soil-type-specific advantageous root traits. In this sense, the wide genetic diversity of the Prunus genus allows the breeding of rootstock genotypes with contrasting root traits. The evaluation of root traits expressed in young seedlings and plantlets facilitates the early selection of desirable phenotypes in rootstock breeding. Plantlets from three peach × (peach × almond) backcross populations were vegetatively propagated and grown in rhizoboxes. These backcross populations were identified as BC1251, BC1256, and BC1260 and studied in a completely randomized design. Scanned images of the entire root systems of the plantlets were analyzed for total root length distribution by diameter classes, root dry weight by depth horizons, root morphological components, structural root parameters, and root spreading angles. The BC1260 progeny presented a shallower root system and lower root growth. Backcross BC1251 progeny exhibited a more vigorous and deeper root system at narrower root angles, potentially allowing it to explore and exploit water and nutrients in deep sandy entisols from the Florida central ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Lesmes-Vesga
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Liliana M Cano
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Plant Pathology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Mark A Ritenour
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Josè X Chaparro
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Samejima H, Sugimoto Y. Phenotypic Diversity in Pre- and Post-Attachment Resistance to Striga hermonthica in a Core Collection of Rice Germplasms. Plants (Basel) 2022; 12:19. [PMID: 36616148 PMCID: PMC9824375 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, upland rice cultivation is expanding into rainfed areas endemic to the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. We evaluated the Striga resistance of 69 accessions from the World Rice Core Collection (WRC) to estimate the phenotypic diversity within the Oryza sativa species. Pre-attachment resistance was screened based on the germination-inducing activities of the root exudates, while post-attachment resistance was screened through rhizotron evaluation. The 69 WRC accessions showed a wide variation in both pre- and post-attachment resistance. Root exudates of one accession induced 0.04% germination, and those of some accessions displayed >80% germination. In the evaluation of post-attachment resistance, the successful parasitism percentages ranged from 1.3% to 60.7%. The results of these resistance evaluations were subjected to cluster analysis, which recognized five groups: group I of 27 accessions, with high pre- and post-attachment resistance; group II of 12 accessions, with high post-attachment resistance but moderate pre-attachment resistance; group III of 4 accessions, with low pre-attachment resistance; group IV of 13 accessions, with low post-attachment resistance; and group V of 13 accessions, with low pre- and post-attachment resistance. The wide variation found in the WRC accessions will help to elucidate the genetic factors underpinning pre- and post-attachment resistance.
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Smith AG, Han E, Petersen J, Olsen NAF, Giese C, Athmann M, Dresbøll DB, Thorup‐Kristensen K. RootPainter: deep learning segmentation of biological images with corrective annotation. New Phytol 2022; 236:774-791. [PMID: 35851958 PMCID: PMC9804377 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a powerful tool for plant image analysis, but challenges remain in making them more accessible to researchers without a machine-learning background. We present RootPainter, an open-source graphical user interface based software tool for the rapid training of deep neural networks for use in biological image analysis. We evaluate RootPainter by training models for root length extraction from chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots in soil, biopore counting, and root nodule counting. We also compare dense annotations with corrective ones that are added during the training process based on the weaknesses of the current model. Five out of six times the models trained using RootPainter with corrective annotations created within 2 h produced measurements strongly correlating with manual measurements. Model accuracy had a significant correlation with annotation duration, indicating further improvements could be obtained with extended annotation. Our results show that a deep-learning model can be trained to a high accuracy for the three respective datasets of varying target objects, background, and image quality with < 2 h of annotation time. They indicate that, when using RootPainter, for many datasets it is possible to annotate, train, and complete data processing within 1 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham George Smith
- Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenHøjbakkegårds Alle 13Tåstrup2630Denmark
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 12100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Eusun Han
- Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenHøjbakkegårds Alle 13Tåstrup2630Denmark
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodPO Box 1700CanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Jens Petersen
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 12100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Niels Alvin Faircloth Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenHøjbakkegårds Alle 13Tåstrup2630Denmark
| | - Christian Giese
- Department of Agroecology and Organic FarmingUniversity of BonnRegina‐Pacis‐Weg 353113BonnGermany
| | - Miriam Athmann
- Department of Organic Farming and Plant ProductionUniversity of KasselNordbahnhofstr. 1aD‐37213WitzenhausenGermany
| | - Dorte Bodin Dresbøll
- Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenHøjbakkegårds Alle 13Tåstrup2630Denmark
| | - Kristian Thorup‐Kristensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenHøjbakkegårds Alle 13Tåstrup2630Denmark
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Mandizvo T, Odindo AO, Mashilo J, Sibiya J, Beck-Pay SL. Phenotypic Variability of Root System Architecture Traits for Drought Tolerance among Accessions of Citron Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey). Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2522. [PMID: 36235386 PMCID: PMC9573351 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) is a drought-tolerant cucurbit crop widely grown in sub-Saharan Africa in arid and semi-arid environments. The species is a C3 xerophyte used for multiple purposes, including intercropping with maize, and has a deep taproot system. The deep taproot system plays a key role in the species’ adaptation to dry conditions. Understanding the root system development of this crop could be useful to identify traits for breeding water-use efficient and drought-tolerant varieties. This study compared the root system architecture of citron watermelon accessions under water-stress conditions. Nine selected and drought-tolerant citron watermelon accessions were grown under non-stress (NS) and water stress (WS) conditions using the root rhizotron procedure in a glasshouse. The following root system architecture (RSA) traits were measured: root system width (RSW), root system depth (RSD), convex hull area (CHA), total root length (TRL), root branch count (RBC), total root volume (TRV), leaf area (LA), leaf number (LN), first seminal root length (FSRL), seminal root angle (SRA), root dry mass (RDM), shoot dry mass (SDM), root−shoot mass ratio (RSM), root mass ratio (RMR), shoot mass ratio (SMR) and root tissue density (RTD). The data collected on RSA traits were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and principal component analyses. ANOVA revealed a significant (p < 0.05) accession × water stress interaction effect for studied RSA traits. Under WS, RDM exhibited significant and positive correlations with RSM (r = 0.65), RMR (r = 0.66), RSD (r = 0.66), TRL (r = 0.60), RBC (r = 0.72), FSRL (r = 0.73) and LN (r = 0.70). The principal component analysis revealed high loading scores for the following RSA traits: RSW (0.89), RSD (0.97), TRL (0.99), TRV (0.90), TRL (0.99), RMR (0.96) and RDM (0.76). In conclusion, the study has shown that the identified RSA traits could be useful in crop improvement programmes for citron watermelon genotypes with enhanced drought adaptation for improved yield performance under drought-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takudzwa Mandizvo
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private BagX01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Alfred Oduor Odindo
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private BagX01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Jacob Mashilo
- Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Agriculture Regulatory and Technology Development, Directorate, Towoomba Research Centre, Private Bag X1615, Bela-Bela 0480, South Africa
| | - Julia Sibiya
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private BagX01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Sascha Lynn Beck-Pay
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private BagX01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Deja-Muylle A, Opdenacker D, Parizot B, Motte H, Lobet G, Storme V, Clauw P, Njo M, Beeckman T. Genetic Variability of Arabidopsis thaliana Mature Root System Architecture and Genome-Wide Association Study. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:814110. [PMID: 35154211 PMCID: PMC8831901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.814110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) has a direct influence on the efficiency of nutrient uptake and plant growth, but the genetics of RSA are often studied only at the seedling stage. To get an insight into the genetic blueprint of a more mature RSA, we exploited natural variation and performed a detailed in vitro study of 241 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions using large petri dishes. A comprehensive analysis of 17 RSA traits showed high variability among the different accessions, unveiling correlations between traits and conditions of the natural habitat of the plants. A sub-selection of these accessions was grown in water-limiting conditions in a rhizotron set-up, which revealed that especially the spatial distribution showed a high consistency between in vitro and ex vitro conditions, while in particular, a large root area in the lower zone favored drought tolerance. The collected RSA phenotype data were used to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which stands out from the previous studies by its exhaustive measurements of RSA traits on more mature Arabidopsis accessions used for GWAS. As a result, we found not only several genes involved in the lateral root (LR) development or auxin signaling pathways to be associated with RSA traits but also new candidate genes that are potentially involved in the adaptation to the natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Deja-Muylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davy Opdenacker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Motte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Lobet
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Clauw
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Valle SF, Giroto AS, Guimarães GGF, Nagel KA, Galinski A, Cohnen J, Jablonowski ND, Ribeiro C. Co-fertilization of Sulfur and Struvite-Phosphorus in a Slow-Release Fertilizer Improves Soybean Cultivation. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:861574. [PMID: 35620702 PMCID: PMC9127873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.861574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In face of the alarming world population growth predictions and its threat to food security, the development of sustainable fertilizer alternatives is urgent. Moreover, fertilizer performance should be assessed not only in terms of yield but also in root system development, as it impacts soil fertility and crop productivity. Fertilizers containing a polysulfide matrix (PS) with dispersed struvite (St) were studied for S and P nutrition due to their controlled-release behavior. Soybean cultivation in a closed system with St/PS composites provided superior biomass compared to a reference of triple superphosphate (TSP) with ammonium sulfate (AS), with up to 3 and 10 times higher mass of shoots and roots, respectively. Root system architectural changes may explain these results, with a higher proliferation of second order lateral roots in response to struvite ongoing P delivery. The total root length was between 1,942 and 4,291 cm for plants under St/PS composites and only 982 cm with TSP/AS. While phosphorus uptake efficiency was similar in all fertilized treatments (11-14%), St/PS achieved a 22% sulfur uptake efficiency against only 8% from TSP/AS. Overall, the composites showed great potential as efficient slow-release fertilizers for enhanced soybean productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella F. Valle
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Galinski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens Cohnen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nicolai D. Jablonowski,
| | - Caue Ribeiro
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, Brazil
- Caue Ribeiro,
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Kerstens M, Hesen V, Yalamanchili K, Bimbo A, Grigg S, Opdenacker D, Beeckman T, Heidstra R, Willemsen V. Nature and Nurture: Genotype-Dependent Differential Responses of Root Architecture to Agar and Soil Environments. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1028. [PMID: 34356045 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Root development is crucial for plant growth and therefore a key factor in plant performance and food production. Arabidopsis thaliana is the most commonly used system to study root system architecture (RSA). Growing plants on agar-based media has always been routine practice, but this approach poorly reflects the natural situation, which fact in recent years has led to a dramatic shift toward studying RSA in soil. Here, we directly compare RSA responses to agar-based medium (plates) and potting soil (rhizotrons) for a set of redundant loss-of-function plethora (plt) CRISPR mutants with variable degrees of secondary root defects. We demonstrate that plt3plt7 and plt3plt5plt7 plants, which produce only a handful of emerged secondary roots, can be distinguished from other genotypes based on both RSA shape and individual traits on plates and rhizotrons. However, in rhizotrons the secondary root density and the total contribution of the side root system to the RSA is increased in these two mutants, effectively rendering their phenotypes less distinct compared to WT. On the other hand, plt3, plt3plt5, and plt5plt7 mutants showed an opposite effect by having reduced secondary root density in rhizotrons. This leads us to believe that plate versus rhizotron responses are genotype dependent, and these differential responses were also observed in unrelated mutants short-root and scarecrow. Our study demonstrates that the type of growth system affects the RSA differently across genotypes, hence the optimal choice of growth conditions to analyze RSA phenotype is not predetermined.
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Krzyzaniak Y, Cointault F, Loupiac C, Bernaud E, Ott F, Salon C, Laybros A, Han S, Héloir MC, Adrian M, Trouvelot S. In situ Phenotyping of Grapevine Root System Architecture by 2D or 3D Imaging: Advantages and Limits of Three Cultivation Methods. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:638688. [PMID: 34267767 PMCID: PMC8276046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.638688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The root system plays an essential role in the development and physiology of the plant, as well as in its response to various stresses. However, it is often insufficiently studied, mainly because it is difficult to visualize. For grapevine, a plant of major economic interest, there is a growing need to study the root system, in particular to assess its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, understand the decline that may affect it, and identify new ecofriendly production systems. In this context, we have evaluated and compared three distinct growing methods (hydroponics, plane, and cylindric rhizotrons) in order to describe relevant architectural root traits of grapevine cuttings (mode of grapevine propagation), and also two 2D- (hydroponics and rhizotron) and one 3D- (neutron tomography) imaging techniques for visualization and quantification of roots. We observed that hydroponics tubes are a system easy to implement but do not allow the direct quantification of root traits over time, conversely to 2D imaging in rhizotron. We demonstrated that neutron tomography is relevant to quantify the root volume. We have also produced a new automated analysis method of digital photographs, adapted for identifying adventitious roots as a feature of root architecture in rhizotrons. This method integrates image segmentation, skeletonization, detection of adventitious root skeleton, and adventitious root reconstruction. Although this study was targeted to grapevine, most of the results obtained could be extended to other plants propagated by cuttings. Image analysis methods could also be adapted to characterization of the root system from seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Krzyzaniak
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Cointault
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Camille Loupiac
- UMR A 02-102 PAM Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Bernaud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Ott
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Salon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Anthony Laybros
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Simeng Han
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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10
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Tiziani R, Puschenreiter M, Smolders E, Mimmo T, Herrera JC, Cesco S, Santner J. Millimetre-resolution mapping of citrate exuded from soil-grown roots using a novel, low-invasive sampling technique. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:3513-3525. [PMID: 33744951 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reliable sampling of root exudates in soil-grown plants is experimentally challenging. This study aimed at developing a citrate sampling and mapping technique with millimetre-resolution using DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) ZrOH-binding gels. Citrate adsorption kinetics, DGT capacity, and stability of ZrOH gels were evaluated. ZrOH gels were applied to generate 2D maps of citrate exuded by white lupin roots grown in a rhizotron in a phosphorus-deficient soil. Citrate was adsorbed quantitatively and rapidly by the ZrOH gels; these gels can be stored after sampling for several weeks prior to analysis. The DGT capacity of the ZrOH gel for citrate depends on the ionic strength and the pH of the soil solution, but was suitable for citrate sampling. We generated for the first time 2D citrate maps of rhizotron-grown plants at a millimetre resolution to measure an illustrated plant response to phosphorus fertilization, demonstrating that DGT-based citrate sampling is suitable for studying root exudation in soil environments, at high spatial resolution. The change of binding material would also allow sampling of other exudate classes and exudation profiles of entire root systems. These aspects are crucial in cultivar breeding and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Tiziani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - José Carlos Herrera
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jakob Santner
- Institute of Agronomy, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
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Nuixe M, Traoré AS, Blystone S, Bonny JM, Falcimagne R, Pagès G, Picon-Cochard C. Circadian Variation of Root Water Status in Three Herbaceous Species Assessed by Portable NMR. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:782. [PMID: 33923406 PMCID: PMC8073897 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Roots are at the core of plant water dynamics. Nonetheless, root morphology and functioning are not easily assessable without destructive approaches. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and particularly low-field NMR (LF-NMR), is an interesting noninvasive method to study water in plants, as measurements can be performed outdoors and independent of sample size. However, as far as we know, there are no reported studies dealing with the water dynamics in plant roots using LF-NMR. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using LF-NMR to characterize root water status and water dynamics non-invasively. To achieve this goal, a proof-of-concept study was designed using well-controlled environmental conditions. NMR and ecophysiological measurements were performed continuously over one week on three herbaceous species grown in rhizotrons. The NMR parameters measured were either the total signal or the transverse relaxation time T2. We observed circadian variations of the total NMR signal in roots and in soil and of the root slow relaxing T2 value. These results were consistent with ecophysiological measurements, especially with the variation of fluxes between daytime and nighttime. This study assessed the feasibility of using LF-NMR to evaluate root water status in herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Nuixe
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Amidou Sissou Traoré
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Shannan Blystone
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jean-Marie Bonny
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Robert Falcimagne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Guilhem Pagès
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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12
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Canales FJ, Nagel KA, Müller C, Rispail N, Prats E. Deciphering Root Architectural Traits Involved to Cope With Water Deficit in Oat. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1558. [PMID: 31850037 PMCID: PMC6892839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought tolerance is a complex phenomenon comprising many physiological, biochemical and morphological changes at both aerial and below ground levels. We aim to reveal changes on root morphology that promote drought tolerance in oat in both seedling and adult plants. To this aim, we employed two oat genotypes, previously characterized as susceptible and tolerant to drought. Root phenotyping was carried out on young plants grown either in pots or in rhizotrons under controlled environments, and on adult plants grown in big containers under field conditions. Overall, the tolerant genotype showed an increased root length, branching rate, root surface, and length of fine roots, while coarse to fine ratio decreased as compared with the susceptible genotype. We also observed a high and significant correlation between various morphological root traits within and between experiments, identifying several of them as appropriate markers to identify drought tolerant oat genotypes. Stimulation of fine root growth was one of the most prominent responses to cope with gradual soil water depletion, in both seedlings and adult plants. Although seedling experiments did not exactly match the response of adult plants, they were similarly informative for discriminating between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. This might contribute to easier and faster phenotyping of large amount of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Canales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Carmen Müller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rispail
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Prats
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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Nabel M, Schrey SD, Poorter H, Koller R, Nagel KA, Temperton VM, Dietrich CC, Briese C, Jablonowski ND. Coming Late for Dinner: Localized Digestate Depot Fertilization for Extensive Cultivation of Marginal Soil With Sida hermaphrodita. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1095. [PMID: 30131816 PMCID: PMC6090160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving fertility of marginal soils for the sustainable production of biomass is a strategy for reducing land use conflicts between food and energy crops. Digestates can be used as fertilizer and for soil amelioration. In order to promote plant growth and reduce potential adverse effects on roots because of broadcast digestate fertilization, we propose to apply local digestate depots placed into the rhizosphere. We grew Sida hermaphrodita in large mesocosms outdoors for three growing seasons and in rhizotrons in the greenhouse for 3 months both filled with marginal substrate, including multiple sampling dates. We compared digestate broadcast application with digestate depot fertilization and a mineral fertilizer control. We show that depot fertilization promotes a deep reaching root system of S. hermaphrodita seedlings followed by the formation of a dense root cluster around the depot-fertilized zone, resulting in a fivefold increased biomass yield. Temporal adverse effects on root growth were linked to high initial concentrations of ammonium and nitrite in the rhizosphere in either fertilizer application, followed by a high biomass increase after its microbial conversion to nitrate. We conclude that digestate depot fertilization can contribute to an improved cultivation of perennial energy-crops on marginal soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Nabel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Silvia D. Schrey
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert Koller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte C. Dietrich
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Briese
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Clarke CK, Gregory PJ, Lukac M, Burridge AJ, Allen AM, Edwards KJ, Gooding MJ. Quantifying rooting at depth in a wheat doubled haploid population with introgression from wild emmer. Ann Bot 2017; 120:457-470. [PMID: 28911016 PMCID: PMC5591426 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The genetic basis of increased rooting below the plough layer, post-anthesis in the field, of an elite wheat line (Triticum aestivum 'Shamrock') with recent introgression from wild emmer (T. dicoccoides), is investigated. Shamrock has a non-glaucous canopy phenotype mapped to the short arm of chromosome 2B (2BS), derived from the wild emmer. A secondary aim was to determine whether genetic effects found in the field could have been predicted by other assessment methods. Methods Roots of doubled haploid (DH) lines from a winter wheat ('Shamrock' × 'Shango') population were assessed using a seedling screen in moist paper rolls, in rhizotrons to the end of tillering, and in the field post-anthesis. A linkage map was produced using single nucleotide polymorphism markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for rooting traits. Key Results Shamrock had greater root length density (RLD) at depth than Shango, in the field and within the rhizotrons. The DH population exhibited diversity for rooting traits within the three environments studied. QTLs were identified on chromosomes 5D, 6B and 7B, explaining variation in RLD post-anthesis in the field. Effects associated with the non-glaucous trait on RLD interacted significantly with depth in the field, and some of this interaction mapped to 2BS. The effect of genotype was strongly influenced by the method of root assessment, e.g. glaucousness expressed in the field was negatively associated with root length in the rhizotrons, but positively associated with length in the seedling screen. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify QTLs for rooting at depth in field-grown wheat at mature growth stages. Within the population studied here, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that some of the variation in rooting is associated with recent introgression from wild emmer. The expression of genetic effects differed between the methods of root assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Clarke
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Peter J Gregory
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Martin Lukac
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
- Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Keith J Edwards
- Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon BS8 1TQ, UK and
| | - Mike J Gooding
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, UK
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15
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Bourceret A, Leyval C, Thomas F, Cébron A. Rhizosphere effect is stronger than PAH concentration on shaping spatial bacterial assemblages along centimetre-scale depth gradients. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:881-893. [PMID: 28841396 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At centimetre scale, soil bacterial assemblages are shaped by both abiotic (edaphic characteristics and pollutants) and biotic parameters. In a rhizobox experiment carried out on planted industrial soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we previously showed that pollution was distributed randomly with hot and cold spots. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of this patchy PAH distribution on the bacterial community assemblage and compared it with that of root depth gradients found in the rhizosphere of either alfalfa or ryegrass. Sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons revealed a higher bacterial diversity in ryegrass rhizosphere and enrichment in specific taxa by the 2 plant species. Indeed, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria were globally favored in alfalfa, whereas Acidimicrobiia, Chloroflexi, Alpha-, and Betaproteobacteria were globally favored in ryegrass rhizosphere. The presence of alfalfa created depth gradients of root biomass, carbohydrate, and pH, and actually shaped the bacterial assemblage, favoring Actinobacteria near the surface and Gemmatimonadetes and Proteobacteria at greater depths. Contrarily, the bacterial assemblage was homogeneous all along depths of the ryegrass root system. With both plant species, the PAH content and random distribution had no significant effect on bacterial assemblage. Globally, at centimeter scale, bacterial community assemblages were mostly shaped by soil physical and chemical depth gradients induced by root growth but not by patchy PAH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Bourceret
- a CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,b Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Corinne Leyval
- a CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,b Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - François Thomas
- a CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,b Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Cébron
- a CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,b Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, boulevard des Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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16
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Avramova V, Nagel KA, AbdElgawad H, Bustos D, DuPlessis M, Fiorani F, Beemster GTS. Screening for drought tolerance of maize hybrids by multi-scale analysis of root and shoot traits at the seedling stage. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2453-66. [PMID: 26889006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied the drought response of eight commercial hybrid maize lines with contrasting drought sensitivity together with the reference inbred line B73 using a non-invasive platform for root and shoot phenotyping and a kinematics approach to quantify cell level responses in the leaf. Drought treatments strongly reduced leaf growth parameters including projected leaf area, elongation rate, final length and width of the fourth and fifth leaf. Physiological measurements including water use efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis were also significantly affected. By performing a kinematic analysis, we show that leaf growth reduction in response to drought is mainly due to a decrease in cell division rate, whereas a marked reduction in cell expansion rate is compensated by increased duration of cell expansion. Detailed analysis of root growth in rhizotrons under drought conditions revealed a strong reduction in total root length as well as rooting depth and width. This was reflected by corresponding decreases in fresh and dry weight of the root system. We show that phenotypic differences between lines differing in geographic origin (African vs. European) and in drought tolerance under field conditions can already be identified at the seedling stage by measurements of total root length and shoot dry weight of the plants. Moreover, we propose a list of candidate traits that could potentially serve as traits for future screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Avramova
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kerstin A Nagel
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Dolores Bustos
- Instituto de Investgatión de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), X5020ICA Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Magdeleen DuPlessis
- Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Samejima H, Babiker AG, Mustafa A, Sugimoto Y. Identification of Striga hermonthica-Resistant Upland Rice Varieties in Sudan and Their Resistance Phenotypes. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:634. [PMID: 27242837 PMCID: PMC4865650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice has become a major staple cereal in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, upland rice cultivation is expanding particularly in rainfed areas where the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica, a major constraint to cereal production, is endemic. Laboratory, pot, and semi-controlled open air experiments were performed to evaluate resistance of selected rice varieties in Sudan to a resident S. hermonthica population. In the laboratory, 27 varieties were screened for post-attachment resistance using the rhizotron technique. Varieties displaying high post-attachment resistance, Umgar, NERICA5, and NERICA13 together with NERICA4, NERICA18, and Nipponbare, a lowland rice variety, were further evaluated for performance and Striga resistance in pot and semi-controlled open air experiments and for germination inducing activity in a laboratory. In addition, comparative studies on reaction of Umgar, Kosti1 and Kosti2, released varieties for commercial production in Sudan, to the parasite were performed in two pot experiments. In the pot experiments Umgar and NERICA5, consistently, sustained the lowest Striga emergence (<2.2 Striga plants per pot), while NERICA13 and NERICA4 supported 1.8-5.7 and 8.7-16.4 Striga plants per pot, respectively. In an artificially Striga-infested field, number of emergent Striga plants per 10 rice hills, at harvest, was 2.0, 2.0, 4.8, 13.5, 13.3, and 18.3 on Umgar, NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA4, NERICA18, and Nipponbare, respectively. Striga had no adverse effects on total above-ground parts and panicle dry weight in Umgar and NERICA5. Germination-inducing activity of root exudates, at 14 days after sowing onward, was markedly lower for Umgar than for NERICA5, NERICA13, NERICA4, and NERICA18. Based on these findings, Umgar has both pre and post-attachment resistance to a resident Striga population in Sudan. Kosti1 and Kosti2 did not exhibit Striga-resistance at the same level as Umgar. Further the resistance of NERICA5, a variety reported to be endowed with a broad spectrum resistance to Striga species and ecotypes, at least to one resident Striga population in Sudan was clearly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Samejima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobe, Japan
- International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroaki Samejima,
| | - Abdel G. Babiker
- College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and TechnologyKhartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Mustafa
- Gezira Research Station, Agricultural Research CorporationWad Madani, Sudan
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Zamani J, Hajabbasi MA, Alaie E, Sepehri M, Leuchtmann A, Schulin R. The effect of Piriformospora indica on the root development of maize (Zea mays L.) and remediation of petroleum contaminated soil. Int J Phytoremediation 2016; 18:278-87. [PMID: 26366627 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1085831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As the depth of soil petroleum contamination can vary substantially under field conditions, a rhizotron experiment was performed to investigate the influence of endophyte, P. indica, on maize growth and degradation of petroleum components in a shallow and a deep-reaching subsurface layer of a soil. For control, a treatment without soil contamination was also included. The degree in contamination and the depth to which it extended had a strong effect on the growth of the plant roots. Contaminated soil layers severely inhibited root growth thus many roots preferred to bypass the shallow contaminated layer and grow in the uncontaminated soil. While the length and branching pattern of these roots were similar to those of uncontaminated treatment. Inoculation of maize with P. indica could improve root distribution and root and shoot growth in all three contamination treatments. This inoculation also enhanced petroleum degradation in soil, especially in the treatment with deep-reaching contamination, consequently the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the plant tissues were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Zamani
- a Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture , Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Hajabbasi
- a Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture , Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Ebrahim Alaie
- b N.I.O.C Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mozhgan Sepehri
- c Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | | | - Rainer Schulin
- d Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) , Zürich , Switzerland
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Contador ML, Comas LH, Metcalf SG, Stewart WL, Porris Gomez I, Negron C, Lampinen BD. Root growth dynamics linked to above-ground growth in walnut (Juglans regia). Ann Bot 2015; 116:49-60. [PMID: 26002255 PMCID: PMC4479751 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Examination of plant growth below ground is relatively scant compared with that above ground, and is needed to understand whole-plant responses to the environment. This study examines whether the seasonal timing of fine root growth and the spatial distribution of this growth through the soil profile varies in response to canopy manipulation and soil temperature. METHODS Plasticity in the seasonal timing and vertical distribution of root production in response to canopy and soil water manipulation was analysed in field-grown walnut (Juglans regia 'Chandler') using minirhizotron techniques. KEY RESULTS Root production in walnuts followed a unimodal curve, with one marked flush of root growth starting in mid-May, with a peak in mid-June. Root production declined later in the season, corresponding to increased soil temperature, as well as to the period of major carbohydrate allocation to reproduction. Canopy and soil moisture manipulation did not influence the timing of root production, but did influence the vertical distribution of roots through the soil profile. Water deficit appeared to promote root production in deeper soil layers for mining soil water. Canopy removal appeared to promote shallow root production. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study add to growing evidence that root growth in many ecosystems follows a unimodal curve with one marked flush of root growth in coordination with the initial leaf flush of the season. Root vertical distribution appeared to have greater plasticity than timing of root production in this system, with temperature and/or carbohydrate competition constraining the timing of root growth. Effects on root distribution can have serious impacts on trees, with shallow rooting having negative impacts in years with limited soil water or positive impacts in years with wet springs, and deep rooting having positive impacts on soil water mining from deeper soil layers but negative impacts in years with wet springs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Loreto Contador
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Louise H Comas
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Samuel G Metcalf
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - William L Stewart
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Ignacio Porris Gomez
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Claudia Negron
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Bruce D Lampinen
- University of California, Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA and USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich Zobel
- USDA-ARS-AFSRC, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver WV 25813, USA (email )
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