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Guan G, Liu A, Wu X, Zheng C, Liu Z, Zheng K, Pi M, Yan G, Zheng J, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Near-Infrared Off-Axis Cavity-Enhanced Optical Frequency Comb Spectroscopy for CO 2/CO Dual-Gas Detection Assisted by Machine Learning. ACS Sens 2024; 9:820-829. [PMID: 38288631 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy (CE-DFCS) is widely used as a highly sensitive gas sensing technology in various gas detection fields. For the on-axis coupling incidence scheme, the detection accuracy and stability are seriously affected by the cavity-mode noise, and therefore, stable operation inevitably requires external electronic mode-locking and sweeping devices, substantially increasing system complexity. To address this issue, we propose off-axis cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy from both theoretical and experimental aspects, which is applied to the detection of single- and dual-gas of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the near-infrared. An erbium-doped fiber frequency comb with a repetition frequency of ∼41.709 MHz is coupled into a resonant cavity with a length of ∼360 mm in an off-axis manner, exciting numerous high-order modes to effectively suppress cavity-mode noise. The performance of multiple machine learning models is compared for the inversion of a single/dual gas concentration. A few absorbance spectra are collected to build a sample data set, which is then utilized for model training and learning. The results demonstrate that the Particle Swarm Optimization Support Vector Machine (PSO-SVM) model achieves the highest predictive accuracy for gas concentration and is ultimately applied to the detection system. Based on Allan deviation, the detection limit for CO in single-gas detection can reach 8.247 parts per million by volume (ppmv) by averaging 87 spectra. Meanwhile, for simultaneous CO2/CO measurement with highly overlapping absorbance spectra, the LoD can be reduced to 13.196 and 4.658 ppmv, respectively. The proposed optical gas sensing technique indicates the potential for the development of a field-deployable and intelligent sensor system capable of simultaneous detection of multiple gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Research Center for Optical Fiber Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyuan Zheng
- Photonics Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - Mingquan Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Yan
- Research Center for Optical Fiber Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Frank K Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Lisak D, Charczun D, Nishiyama A, Voumard T, Wildi T, Kowzan G, Brasch V, Herr T, Fleisher AJ, Hodges JT, Ciuryło R, Cygan A, Masłowski P. Dual-comb cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2377. [PMID: 35149716 PMCID: PMC8837621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is a ubiquitous optical method used to study light-matter interactions with high resolution, sensitivity and accuracy. However, it has never been performed with the multiplexing advantages of direct frequency comb spectroscopy without significantly compromising spectral resolution. We present dual-comb cavity ring-down spectroscopy (DC-CRDS) based on the parallel heterodyne detection of ring-down signals with a local oscillator comb to yield absorption and dispersion spectra. These spectra are obtained from widths and positions of cavity modes. We present two approaches which leverage the dynamic cavity response to coherently or randomly driven changes in the amplitude or frequency of the probe field. Both techniques yield accurate spectra of methane-an important greenhouse gas and breath biomarker. When combined with broadband frequency combs, the high sensitivity, spectral resolution and accuracy of our DC-CRDS technique shows promise for applications like studies of the structure and dynamics of large molecules, multispecies trace gas detection and isotopic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lisak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Dominik Charczun
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan
| | - Thibault Voumard
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Wildi
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Kowzan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Victor Brasch
- CSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Herr
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Physics Department, Universität Hamburg UHH, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- Optical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Joseph T Hodges
- Optical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Roman Ciuryło
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agata Cygan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Masłowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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LONG DAVIDA, RESCHOVSKY BENJAMINJ. Electro-optic frequency combs generated via direct digital synthesis applied to sub-Doppler spectroscopy. OSA CONTINUUM 2019; 2:https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.2.003576. [PMID: 32856019 PMCID: PMC7448616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct digital synthesis in concert with an electro-optic phase modulator was employed to generate optical frequency combs with tooth spacings as low as 100 Hz. These combs were utilized to probe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and hyperfine pumping in potassium vapor cells. Long-term coherent averaging was demonstrated with performance similar to that achieved with a vastly more expensive arbitrary waveform generator. From the potassium EIT transition we were able to determine the ground state hyperfine splitting with a fit uncertainty of 80 Hz. Importantly, because of the mutual coherence between the control and probe beams, which originate from a single laser, features with linewidths several orders-of-magnitude narrower than the laser linewidth could be observed in a multiplexed fashion. This approach removes the need for slow scanning of a traditional cw laser or mode-locked-laser-based optical frequency comb.
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