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Tani T. Immortalization of American miniature horse-derived fibroblast by cell cycle regulator with normal karyotype. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16832. [PMID: 38288466 PMCID: PMC10823992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cells serve as a crucial research tool that capitalizes on their robust proliferative properties for functional investigations of an organism. Establishing an immortalized American miniature horse cell line could yield valuable insights into these animals' genetic and physiological characteristics and susceptibility to health issues. To date, immortalized small horse cells with normal karyotypes have not been established. In this study, we successfully established primary and immortalized fibroblast cell lines through the combined expression of human-derived mutant cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4R24C), cyclin D1, and Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT), although CDK4R24C and cyclin D1, SV40T and TERT did not result in successful immortalization. Our comparison of the properties of these immortalized cells demonstrated that K4DT immortalized cells maintain a normal karyotype. Ultimately, our findings could pave the way for the development of targeted interventions to enhance the health and well-being of American miniature horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tani
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, Nara, Nara, Japan
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2
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Optimized Approaches for the Induction of Putative Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Old Fibroblasts Using Synthetic RNAs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101848. [PMID: 33050577 PMCID: PMC7601034 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A non-integrating and self-replicating Venezuelan equine encephalitis RNA replicon system can potentially make a great contribution to the generation of clinically applicable canine induced pluripotent stem cells. Our study shows a new method to utilize the synthetic RNA-based approach for canine somatic cell reprogramming regarding transfection and reprogramming efficiency. Abstract Canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) can provide great potential for regenerative veterinary medicine. Several reports have described the generation of canine somatic cell-derived iPSCs; however, none have described the canine somatic cell reprogramming using a non-integrating and self-replicating RNA transfection method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal strategy using this approach and characterize the transition stage of ciPSCs. In this study, fibroblasts obtained from a 13-year-old dog were reprogrammed using a non-integrating Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) RNA virus replicon, which has four reprogramming factors (collectively referred to as T7-VEE-OKS-iG and comprised of hOct4, hKlf4, hSox2, and hGlis1) and co-transfected with the T7-VEE-OKS-iG RNA and B18R mRNA for 4 h. One day after the final transfection, the cells were selected with puromycin (0.5 µg/mL) until day 10. After about 25 days, putative ciPSC colonies were identified showing TRA-1-60 expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. To determine the optimal culture conditions, the basic fibroblast growth factor in the culture medium was replaced with a modified medium supplemented with murine leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF) and two kinase inhibitors (2i), PD0325901(MEK1/2 inhibitor) and CHIR99021 (GSK3β inhibitor). The derived colonies showed resemblance to naïve iPSCs in their morphology (dome-shaped) and are dependent on mLIF and 2i condition to maintain an undifferentiated phenotype. The expression of endogenous pluripotency markers such as Oct4, Nanog, and Rex1 transcripts were confirmed, suggesting that induced ciPSCs were in the late intermediate stage of reprogramming. In conclusion, the non-integrating and self-replicating VEE RNA replicon system can potentially make a great contribution to the generation of clinically applicable ciPSCs, and the findings of this study suggest a new method to utilize the VEE RNA approach for canine somatic cell reprogramming.
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Petkov S, Kahland T, Shomroni O, Lingner T, Salinas G, Fuchs S, Debowski K, Behr R. Immortalization of common marmoset monkey fibroblasts by piggyBac transposition of hTERT. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204580. [PMID: 30261016 PMCID: PMC6160115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a certain type-specific number of mitotic divisions, terminally differentiated cells undergo proliferative senescence, thwarting efforts to expand different cell populations in vitro for the needs of scientific research or medical therapies. The primary cause of this phenomenon is the progressive shortening of the telomeres and the subsequent activation of cell cycle control pathways leading to a block of cell proliferation. Restoration of telomere length by transgenic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) usually results in bypassing of the replicative senescence and ultimately in cell immortalization. To date, there have not been any reports regarding immortalization of cells from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an important non-human primate model for various human diseases, with the use of exogenous human TERT (hTERT). In this study, marmoset fibroblasts were successfully immortalized with transposon-integrated transgenic hTERT and expanded in vitro for over 500 population doublings. Calculation of population doubling levels (PDL) showed that the derived hTERT-transgenic lines had significantly higher proliferation potential than the wild-type fibroblasts, which reached only a maximum of 46 doublings. However, the immortalized cells exhibited differences in the morphology compared with the control fibroblasts and transcriptome analysis also revealed changes in the gene expression patterns. Finally, the karyotypes of all hTERT-transgenic cell lines showed various aberrations such as presence of extra Chromosome 17, isochromosome 21q, or tetraploidy. By single-cell expansion of the least affected monoclonal immortalized line, one sub-clonal line with normal karyotype was established, suggesting the possibility to derive immortal marmoset cells with normal karyotypes. The results of this study are an important step towards the development and optimization of methods for the production of immortalized cells from common marmoset monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Petkov
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kahland
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Debowski
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Becker K, Cana A, Baumgärtner W, Spitzbarth I. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:786-801. [PMID: 29940812 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818781930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR is a major neurotrophin receptor involved in manifold and pleiotropic functions in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). Although known for decades, its entire functions are far from being fully elucidated. Depending on the complex interactions with other receptors and on the cellular context, p75NTR is capable of performing contradictory tasks such as mediating cell death as well as cell survival. In parallel, as a prototype marker for certain differentiation stages of Schwann cells and related CNS aldynoglial cells, p75NTR has recently gained increasing notice as a marker for cells with proposed regenerative potential in CNS diseases, such as demyelinating disease and traumatic CNS injury. Besides its pivotal role as a marker for transplantation candidate cells, recent studies in canine neuroinflammatory CNS conditions also highlight a spontaneous endogenous occurrence of p75NTR-positive glia, which potentially play a role in Schwann cell-mediated CNS remyelination. The aim of the present communication is to review the pleiotropic functions of p75NTR in the CNS with a special emphasis on its role as an immunohistochemical marker in neuropathology. Following a brief illustration of the expression of p75NTR in neurogenesis and in developed neuronal populations, the implications of p75NTR expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are addressed. A special focus is put on the role of p75NTR as a cell marker for specific differentiation stages of Schwann cells and a regeneration-promoting CNS population, collectively referred to as aldynoglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armend Cana
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Persistent Morbillivirus Infection Leads to Altered Cortactin Distribution in Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells with Decreased Cellular Migration Capacity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167517. [PMID: 27911942 PMCID: PMC5135102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcomas represent rare but fatal neoplasms in humans. Based on the absence of a commercially available human histiocytic sarcoma cell line the frequently affected dog displays a suitable translational model. Canine distemper virus, closely related to measles virus, is a highly promising candidate for oncolytic virotherapy. Therapeutic failures in patients are mostly associated with tumour invasion and metastasis often induced by misdirected cytoskeletal protein activities. Thus, the impact of persistent canine distemper virus infection on the cytoskeletal protein cortactin, which is frequently overexpressed in human cancers with poor prognosis, was investigated in vitro in a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (DH82). Though phagocytic activity, proliferation and apoptotic rate were unaltered, a significantly reduced migration activity compared to controls (6 hours and 1 day after seeding) accompanied by a decreased number of cortactin mRNA transcripts (1 day) was detected. Furthermore, persistently canine distemper virus infected DH82 cells showed a predominant diffuse intracytoplasmic cortactin distribution at 6 hours and 1 day compared to controls with a prominent membranous expression pattern (p ≤ 0.05). Summarized, persistent canine distemper virus infection induces reduced tumour cell migration associated with an altered intracellular cortactin distribution, indicating cytoskeletal changes as one of the major pathways of virus-associated inhibition of tumour spread.
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6
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Immortalization of human normal and NF1 neurofibroma Schwann cells. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1105-15. [PMID: 27617404 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromas, which are benign Schwann cell tumors, are the hallmark feature in the autosomal dominant condition neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and are associated with biallelic loss of NF1 gene function. There is a need for effective therapies for neurofibromas, particularly the larger, plexiform neurofibromas. Tissue culture is an important tool for research. However, it is difficult to derive enriched human Schwann cell cultures, and most enter replicative senescence after 6-10 passages, impeding cell-based research in NF1. Through exogenous expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase and murine cyclin-dependent kinase (mCdk4), normal (NF1 wild-type), neurofibroma-derived Schwann cells heterozygous for NF1 mutation, and neurofibroma-derived Schwann cells homozygous for NF1 mutation were immortalized, including some matched samples from the same NF1 patient. Initial experiments employed retroviral vectors, while subsequent work utilized lentiviral vectors carrying these genes because of improved efficiency. Expression of both transgenes was required for immortalization. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that these cell lines are of Schwann cell lineage and have a range of phenotypes, many of which are consistent with their primary cultures. This is the first report of immortalization and detailed characterization of multiple human NF1 normal nerve and neurofibroma-derived Schwann cell lines, which will be highly useful research tools to study NF1 and other Schwann tumor biology and conditions.
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Piewbang C, Rungsipipat A, Poovorawan Y, Techangamsuwan S. Development and application of multiplex PCR assays for detection of virus-induced respiratory disease complex in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1847-1854. [PMID: 27628592 PMCID: PMC5240764 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) viruses have been detected in dogs
with respiratory illness. Canine influenza virus (CIV), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV),
canine distemper virus (CDV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine adenovirus
type 2 (CAdV-2) and canine herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), are all associated with the CIRDC. To
allow diagnosis, two conventional multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were
developed to simultaneously identify four RNA and two DNA viruses associated with CIRDC.
The two multiplex PCR assays were then validated on 102 respiratory samples collected from
51 dogs with respiratory illness by sensitivity and specificity determination in
comparison to conventional simplex PCR and a rapid three-antigen test kit. All six viruses
were detected in either individual or multiple infections. The developed multiplex PCR
assays had a >87% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to their simplex
counterpart. Compared to the three-antigen test kit, the multiplex PCR assays yielded 100%
sensitivity and more than 83% specificity for detection of CAdV-2 and CDV, but not for
CIV. Therefore, the developed multiplex PCR modalities were able to simultaneously
diagnose a panel of CIRDC viruses and facilitated specimen collection through being
suitable for use of nasal or oral samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Banerjee A, Rapin N, Miller M, Griebel P, Zhou Y, Munster V, Misra V. Generation and Characterization of Eptesicus fuscus (Big brown bat) kidney cell lines immortalized using the Myotis polyomavirus large T-antigen. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:166-173. [PMID: 27639955 PMCID: PMC7113758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eptesicus fuscus kidney cells immortalized using Myotis polyomavirus T-antigen. E. fuscus interferon competent kidney cell line supports the growth of vesicular stomatitis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, herpes simplex virus and Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. All cell lines exhibit a marker for fibroblasts (vimentin), some also exhibit an epithelial marker (cytokeratin).
It is speculated that bats are important reservoir hosts for numerous viruses, with 27 viral families reportedly detected in bats. Majority of these viruses have not been isolated and there is little information regarding their biology in bats. Establishing a well-characterized bat cell line supporting the replication of bat-borne viruses would facilitate the analysis of virus-host interactions in an in vitro model. Currently, few bat cell lines have been developed and only Tb1-Lu, derived from Tadarida brasiliensis is commercially available. Here we describe a method to establish and immortalize big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) kidney (Efk3) cells using the Myotis polyomavirus T-antigen. Subclones of this cell line expressed both epithelial and fibroblast markers to varying extents. Cell clones expressed interferon beta in response to poly(I:C) stimulation and supported the replication of four different viruses, namely, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PED-CoV), Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). To our knowledge, this is the first bat cell line from a northern latitude insectivorous bat developed using a novel technology. The cell line has the potential to be used for isolation of bat viruses and for studying virus-bat interactions in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Noreen Rapin
- Department of Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Megan Miller
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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9
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Transesterification of waste cooking palm oil and palm oil to fatty acid methyl ester using cesium-modified silica catalyst. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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The Comparative Utility of Viromer RED and Lipofectamine for Transient Gene Introduction into Glial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:458624. [PMID: 26539498 PMCID: PMC4619820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of genes into glial cells for mechanistic studies of cell function and as a therapeutic for gene delivery is an expanding field. Though viral vector based systems do exhibit good delivery efficiency and long-term production of the transgene, the need for transient gene expression, broad and rapid gene setup methodologies, and safety concerns regarding in vivo application still incentivize research into the use of nonviral gene delivery methods. In the current study, aviral gene delivery vectors based upon cationic lipid (Lipofectamine 3000) lipoplex or polyethylenimine (Viromer RED) polyplex technologies were examined in cell lines and primary glial cells for their transfection efficiencies, gene expression levels, and toxicity. The transfection efficiencies of polyplex and lipoplex agents were found to be comparable in a limited, yet similar, transfection setting, with or without serum across a number of cell types. However, differential effects on cell-specific transgene expression and reduced viability with cargo loaded polyplex were observed. Overall, our data suggests that polyplex technology could perform comparably to the market dominant lipoplex technology in transfecting various cells lines including glial cells but also stress a need for further refinement of polyplex reagents to minimize their effects on cell viability.
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Okumura T, Shimada Y, Sakurai T, Hori R, Nagata T, Sakai Y, Tsukada K. Abnormal cell proliferation in the p75NTR-positive basal cell compartment of the esophageal epithelium during squamous carcinogenesis. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28:634-43. [PMID: 24888722 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR is known to be expressed in the mitotically quiescent basal layer (BL) of the normal esophageal epithelium. The aim of the present study was to detect oncogenic changes in the p75NTR-positive BL during esophageal squamous carcinogenesis. The normal epithelium (NE), low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGN), high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGN), and esophageal squamous carcinoma (SCC), in which invasion was limited to the muscularis mucosa, were obtained from surgically removed esophagi. The expression of p75NTR, the proliferation marker ki67, hTERT, p53, and p63 was examined immunohistochemically. The expression of p75NTR was detected in these tissues with average staining indexes (number of stained cells/100 nucleated cells; SI) of 1.00, 0.99, 0.81, and 0.73, respectively. The expression of ki67 in the BL significantly increased with the progression from LGN to HGN. The expression of hTERT and p53 significantly increased with the progression from NE to LGN, and then increased in a stepwise manner in HGN and SCC, with SI (hTERT/p53) of 0.10/0.11, 0.32/0.45, 0.50/0.72, and 0.65/0.61, respectively. The expression of p63 showed no significant difference among NE, LGN, HGN, and SCC, with SI of 0.82, 0.77, 0.85, and 0.87, respectively. A correlation was observed between the expression of ki67 and p53 (P = 0.005), while a negative correlation was found between p75NTR and hTERT (P = 0.01). Our results demonstrated that phenotypic changes from quiescent to active proliferation in the p75NTR-positive BL occurred during the progression from LGN to HGN. The altered expression of hTERT and p53 in the BL was detected in LGN, which suggested that additional oncogenic events that disrupt mitotic regulation in the p75NTR-positive quiescent BL may play a crucial role in malignant transformation. Further investigations using the isolation and tracing of p75NTR-positive cells in precancerous epithelia may provide us with a better understanding of squamous carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Y Shimada
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R Hori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Pathology I, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - T Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Y Sakai
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Tsukada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Impaired telomerase activity hinders proliferation and in vitro transformation of Penaeus monodon lymphoid cells. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1301-14. [PMID: 26084784 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retaining terminal transferase activity of telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme which add telomeric repeats on chromosome end is thought to be required to prevent cellular ageing. Additionally, telomerase considered as a marker for cell proliferation and immortalization in eukaryotes. We examined telomerase activity in tissues and lymphoid cell culture of Penaeus monodon. Along with telomerase activity, telomere repeats and an attempt on identification of telomerase reverse transcriptase (PmTERT) were made. Telomeric repeat amplification protocol revealed that telomerase-dependent telomeric lengthening has been taking place in P. monodon and the adult tissues were retaining this capacity throughout their lifespan with the highest activity in ovary, testis and lymphoid organ. However, telomerase activity could not be detected in lymphoid cells in culture. The canonical telomeric repeats added by telomerase of lymphoid tissue extract were identified as TTAGG, but pentameric repeats GGTTA and AGGTT were also added by the telomerase. PmTERT protein sequence (partial) shared 100 % identity with the TERT sequence of Daphnia pulex, 27 % sequence identity with Purple sea urchin and 24-25 % with Zebra fish. Undetectable telomerase activity in lymphoid cell culture supports the hypothesis that the inadequate telomerase activity or gene expression may be a reason that prevents neoplastic transformation and spontaneous immortalization of the cells in vitro. Thus, it is envisaged that telomerase activation in lymphoid cells may surmount cellular ageing for in vitro transformation and cell line establishment.
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13
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Lazzari M, Bettini S, Franceschini V. Immunocytochemical characterisation of ensheathing glia in the olfactory and vomeronasal systems of Ambystoma mexicanum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:955-67. [PMID: 25433448 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory and vomeronasal systems of vertebrates are characterised by neurogenesis occurring throughout life. The regenerative ability of olfactory receptor neurons relies on specific glial cells, the olfactory and vomeronasal axon-surrounding cells. Numerous studies have examined mammalian olfactory ensheathing cells which are considered potential candidates for spinal cord injury repair using cell-based therapy. With regard to non-mammalian vertebrates, limited information is available on these glial cells in fish, and there is no information on them in terrestrial anamniotes, the amphibians. In the present research, we studied the immunocytochemical characteristics of axon-surrounding cells in Ambystoma mexicanum. Urodeles have relatively simple olfactory and vomeronasal systems, and represent a good model for studying ensheathing cells in extant representatives of basal tetrapods. Sections from the decalcified heads of A. mexicanum were immunocytochemically processed for the detection of proteins used in research on mammalian olfactory-ensheathing cells. S100, GFAP and NCAM were clearly observed. p75NTR, Gal-1 and PSA-NCAM showed weak staining. No vimentin immunopositivity was observed. The corresponding areas of the olfactory and vomeronasal pathways displayed the same staining characteristics, with the exception of Gal-1, p75NTR and PSA-NCAM in the mucosae. The degree of marker expression was not uniform throughout the sensory pathways. In contrast to fish, both olfactory and vomeronasal nerves displayed uniform staining intensity. This study showed that some markers for mammalian and fish-ensheathing glia are also applicable in urodeles. The olfactory systems of vertebrates show similarities, and also clear dissimilarities. Further investigations are required to ascertain the functional significance of these regional and interspecific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Lazzari
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Bettini
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Franceschini
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia. Glia 2014; 62:1559-81. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Kegler K, Imbschweiler I, Ulrich R, Kovermann P, Fahlke C, Deschl U, Kalkuhl A, Baumgärnter W, Wewetzer K. CNS Schwann cells display oligodendrocyte precursor-like potassium channel activation and antigenic expression in vitro. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:569-81. [PMID: 24487976 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury triggers production of myelinating Schwann cells from endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs). These CNS Schwann cells may be attractive candidates for novel therapeutic strategies aiming to promote endogenous CNS repair. However, CNS Schwann cells have been so far mainly characterized in situ regarding morphology and marker expression, and it has remained enigmatic whether they display functional properties distinct from peripheral nervous system (PNS) Schwann cells. Potassium channels (K+) have been implicated in progenitor and glial cell proliferation after injury and may, therefore, represent a suitable pharmacological target. In the present study, we focused on the function and expression of voltage-gated K+ channels Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits in purified adult canine CNS and PNS Schwann cell cultures using electrophysiology and microarray analysis and characterized their antigenic phenotype. We show here that K+ channels differed significantly in both cell types. While CNS Schwann cells displayed prominent K D-mediated K+ currents, PNS Schwann cells elicited K(D-) and K(A-type) K+ currents. Inhibition of K+ currents by TEA and Ba2+ was more effective in CNS Schwann cells. These functional differences were not paralleled by differential mRNA expression of Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits. However, O4/A2B5 and GFAP expressions were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in CNS than in PNS Schwann cells. Taken together, this is the first evidence that CNS Schwann cells display specific properties not shared by their peripheral counterpart. Both Kv currents and increased O4/A2B5 expression were reminiscent of OLPs suggesting that CNS Schwann cells retain OLP features during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Rawji KS, Zhang SX, Tsai YY, Smithson LJ, Kawaja MD. Olfactory ensheathing cells of hamsters, rabbits, monkeys, and mice express α-smooth muscle actin. Brain Res 2013; 1521:31-50. [PMID: 23665391 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the chief glial population of the mammalian olfactory nervous system, residing in the olfactory mucosa and at the surface of the olfactory bulb. We investigated the neurochemical features of OECs in a variety of mammalian species (including adult hamsters, rabbits, monkeys, and mice, as well as fetal pigs) using three biomarkers: α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), S100β, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Mucosal and bulbar OECs from all five mammalian species express S100β. Both mucosal and bulbar OECs of monkeys express αSMA, yet only bulbar OECs of hamsters and only mucosal OECs of rabbits express αSMA as well. Mucosal OECs, but not bulbar OECs, also express GFAP in hamsters and monkeys; mice, by comparison, have only a sparse population of OECs expressing GFAP. Though αSMA immunostaining is not detected in OECs of adult mice, GFAP-expressing mucosal OECs isolated from adult mice do coexpress αSMA in vitro. Moreover, mucosal OECs from adult mutant mice lacking αSMA expression display perturbed cellular morphology (i.e., fewer cytoplasmic processes extending among the hundreds of olfactory axons in the olfactory nerve fascicles and nuclei having degenerative features). In sum, these findings highlight the efficacy of αSMA and S100β as biomarkers of OECs from a variety of mammalian species. These observations provide definitive evidence that mammalian OECs express the structural protein αSMA (at various levels of detection), which appears to play a pivotal role in their ensheathment of olfactory axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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The catalytic and the RNA subunits of human telomerase are required to immortalize equid primary fibroblasts. Chromosoma 2012; 121:475-88. [PMID: 22797876 PMCID: PMC3443485 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-012-0379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many human primary somatic cells can be immortalized by inducing telomerase activity through the exogenous expression of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT). This approach has been extended to the immortalization of cell lines from several mammals. Here, we show that hTERT expression is not sufficient to immortalize primary fibroblasts from three equid species, namely donkey, Burchelli’s zebra and Grevy’s zebra. In vitro analysis of a reconstituted telomerase composed by hTERT and an equid RNA component of telomerase (TERC) revealed a low activity of this enzyme compared to human telomerase, suggesting a low compatibility of equid and human telomerase subunits. This conclusion was also strengthened by comparison of human and equid TERC sequences, which revealed nucleotide differences in key regions for TERC and TERT interaction. We then succeeded in immortalizing equid fibroblasts by expressing hTERT and hTERC concomitantly. Expression of both human telomerase subunits led to telomerase activity and telomere elongation, indicating that human telomerase is compatible with the other equid telomerase subunits and proteins involved in telomere metabolism. The immortalization procedure described herein could be extended to primary cells from other mammals. The availability of immortal cells from endangered species could be particularly useful for obtaining new information on the organization and function of their genomes, which is relevant for their preservation.
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Jiang H, Qu W, Han F, Liu D, Zhang W. Establishment of immortalized Schwann cells derived from rat embryo dorsal root ganglia. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:480-6. [PMID: 22684116 PMCID: PMC3573738 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) play an important role in the development, function and regeneration of peripheral nerves. They can enhance both peripheral and central nerve regeneration by providing a supportive environment for neurite outgrowth through the release of neurotrophic factors. However, use of primary SCs for in vitro models is limited because these cells are difficult to prepare and maintain in high yield and purity under common cell culture conditions. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression induces immortalization of various cell types without substantial alterations of their phenotypes. Therefore, in this study we transfected SCs with hTERT to establish a reliable cell source and observed the effect of hTERT on SCs. In order to accomplish this, SCs were isolated from rat embryo dorsal root ganglions, transfected with hTERT at early passage (passage 3). SCs passage 4, 8, 12 and 30 after transfection (hTERT-SCs) were used for immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and western blotting. Results showed that all the early (passage 4) and late (passage 30) passage hTERT-SCs expressed hTERT mRNA and gained full telomerase activity. The transfection did not alter the mRNA expression of senescence-associated genes, such as p53 and p16. The expression of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) was significantly decreased as cell passage increased, compared to the untransfected control. On the other hand, the expression of NGF (nerve growth factor ) was elevated at early passages (passages 4 and 8) and decreased at late passages (12 and 30). These data indicate that the use of specific immortalization techniques can establish SC lines that retain characteristics of typical primary SCs, and different mechanisms responsible for regulating NGF and BDNF expression. This is the first report regarding the immortalization of SCs derived from rat embryo dorsal root ganglions. These cells are useful in studies investigating the cellular mechanisms and regenerative processes of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
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Immunocytochemical characterization of olfactory ensheathing cells in fish. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:539-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kim J, Eskiocak U, Stadler G, Lou Z, Kuro-o M, Shay JW, Wright WE. Short hairpin RNA screen indicates that Klotho beta/FGF19 protein overcomes stasis in human colonic epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43294-300. [PMID: 22020932 PMCID: PMC3234855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal human colonic epithelial cells (HCECs) are not immortalized by telomerase alone but also require CDK4. Some human cell types growth-arrest due to stress- or aberrant signaling-induced senescence (stasis). Stasis represents the consequences of growth conditions culture that are inadequate to maintain long-term proliferation. Overexpressed CDK4 titers out p16 and allows cells to ignore the growth arrest signals produced by stasis. To identify factors contributing to the inadequate culture environment, we used a 62,000-member shRNA library to knock down factors cooperating with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in the immortalization of HCECs. Knockdown of Klotho gamma (KLG; also known as KLPH and LCTL) allowed hTERT to immortalize HCECs. KLG is one isoform of the Klotho family of factors that coordinate interaction between different FGF ligands and the FGF receptor. We also found that knockdown of KLG induced another member of the Klotho family, Klotho beta (KLB). Induction of KLB was maintained and could activate ERK1/2 in immortalized cells. Supplementation of the culture medium with the KLB ligand FGF19 had a similar effect on hTERT-expressing HCECs as knockdown of KLG regarding both immortalization and down-regulation of the tumor suppressor Klotho alpha. Together, these data suggest that KLB is an important regulator in the immortalization of HCECs by facilitating FGF19 growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Kuro-o
- Pathology,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9039
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Ramón-Cueto A, Muñoz-Quiles C. Clinical application of adult olfactory bulb ensheathing glia for nervous system repair. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wewetzer K, Radtke C, Kocsis J, Baumgärtner W. Species-specific control of cellular proliferation and the impact of large animal models for the use of olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells in spinal cord repair. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Defining the morphological phenotype: 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is a novel marker for in situ detection of canine but not rat olfactory ensheathing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:391-405. [PMID: 21519895 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the non-myelinating glial cells of the olfactory nerves and bulb. The fragmentary characterization of OECs in situ during normal development may be due to their small size requiring intricate ultrastructural analysis and to the fact that available markers for in situ detection are either expressed only by OEC subpopulations or lost during development. In the present study, we searched for markers with stable expression in OECs and investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of CNPase, an early oligodendrocyte/Schwann cell marker, in comparison with the prototype marker p75(NTR). Anti-CNPase antibodies labeled canine but not rat OECs in situ, while Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes were positive in both species. CNPase immunoreactivity in the dog was confined to all OECs throughout the postnatal development and associated with the entire cell body, including its finest processes, while p75(NTR) was mainly detected in perineural cells and only in some neonatal OECs. Adult olfactory bulb slices displayed CNPase expression after 4 and 10 days, while p75(NTR) was detectable only after 10 days in vitro. Finally, treatment of purified adult canine OECs with fibroblast growth factor-2 significantly reduced CNPase expression at the protein and mRNA level. Taken together, we conclude that CNPase but not p75(NTR) is a stable marker suitable for in situ visualization of OECs that will facilitate their light-microscopic characterization and challenge our general view of OEC marker expression in situ. The fact that canine but not rat OECs expressed CNPase supports the idea that glia from large animals differs substantially from rodents.
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Radtke C, Wewetzer K, Reimers K, Vogt PM. Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells as Adjunct Cell Therapy for Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:145-52. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x522081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic events, such as work place trauma or motor vehicle accident violence, result in a significant number of severe peripheral nerve lesions, including nerve crush and nerve disruption defects. Transplantation of myelin-forming cells, such as Schwann cells (SCs) or olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), may be beneficial to the regenerative process because the applied cells could mediate neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects by secretion of chemokines. Moreover, myelin-forming cells are capable of bridging the repair site by establishing an environment permissive to axonal regeneration. The cell types that are subject to intense investigation include SCs and OECs either derived from the olfactory bulb or the olfactory mucosa, stromal cells from bone marrow (mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs), and adipose tissue-derived cells. OECs reside in the peripheral and central nervous system and have been suggested to display unique regenerative properties. However, so far OECs were mainly used in experimental studies to foster central regeneration and it was not until recently that their regeneration-promoting activity for the peripheral nervous system was recognized. In the present review, we summarize recent experimental evidence regarding the regenerative effects of OECs applied to the peripheral nervous system that may be relevant to design novel autologous cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wewetzer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reimers
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter M. Vogt
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Telomerase protects adult rodent olfactory ensheathing glia from early senescence. Exp Neurol 2010; 229:54-64. [PMID: 20736004 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult olfactory bulb ensheathing glia (OB-OEG) promote the repair of acute, subacute, and chronic spinal cord injuries and autologous transplantation is a feasible approach. There are interspecies differences between adult rodent and primate OB-OEG related to their longevity in culture. Whereas primate OB-OEG exhibit a relatively long life span, under the same culture conditions rodent OB-OEG divide just three to four times, are sensitive to oxidative stress and become senescent after the third week in vitro. Telomerase is a "physiological key regulator" of the life span of normal somatic cells and also has extratelomeric functions such as increased resistance to oxidative stress. To elucidate whether telomerase has a role in the senescence of rodent OB-OEG, we have introduced the catalytic subunit of telomerase mTERT into cultures of these cells by retroviral infection. Native and modified adult rat OB-OEG behaved as telomerase-competent cells as they divided while expressing mTERT but entered senescence once the gene switched off. After ectopic expression of mTERT, OB-OEG resumed division at a nonsenescent rate, expressed p75 and other OEG markers, and exhibited the morphology of nonsenescent OB-OEG. The nonsenescent period of mTERT-OEG lasted 9weeks and then ectopic mTERT switched off and cells entered senescence again. Our results suggest a role of telomerase in early senescence of adult rodent OB-OEG cultures and a protection from oxidative damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Baumer Y, Funk D, Schlosshauer B. Does telomerase reverse transcriptase induce functional de-differentiation of human endothelial cells? Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2451-65. [PMID: 20352467 PMCID: PMC11115536 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By counteracting the shortening of chromosome telomeres, telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) prevents senescence and age-related cell death. Embryonic cells display a high telomerase activity that declines rapidly with cell differentiation. Conversely, de-differentiated tumor cells tend to re-express telomerase. In view of the controversial data on the reciprocal correlation between cell proliferation and differentiation, we questioned whether telomerase overexpression and the resulting immortalization would affect the functional phenotype of human endothelial cells. Our comparative analysis addressed (1) distinct cell adhesion to different ECM-proteins analyzed on miniaturized multisubstrate arrays (MSA), (2) protein expression of diverse markers, (3) the uptake of DiI-Ac-LDL, (4) the inflammatory response based on upregulation of ICAM-1, (5) tube formation, and (6) the barrier properties of cell monolayers in transfilter cultures. Our results, based on some 40 data sets, demonstrate that immortalization of primary endothelial cells by hTERT maintains the typical endothelial characteristics without any sign of functional de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Funk
- NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schlosshauer
- NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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27
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Radtke C, Lankford KL, Wewetzer K, Imaizumi T, Fodor WL, Kocsis JD. Impaired spinal cord remyelination by long-term cultured adult porcine olfactory ensheathing cells correlates with altered in vitro phenotypic properties. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:71-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Crameri G, Todd S, Grimley S, McEachern JA, Marsh GA, Smith C, Tachedjian M, De Jong C, Virtue ER, Yu M, Bulach D, Liu JP, Michalski WP, Middleton D, Field HE, Wang LF. Establishment, immortalisation and characterisation of pteropid bat cell lines. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8266. [PMID: 20011515 PMCID: PMC2788226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are the suspected natural reservoir hosts for a number of new and emerging zoonotic viruses including Nipah virus, Hendra virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Ebola virus. Since the discovery of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese horseshoe bats, attempts to isolate a SL-CoV from bats have failed and attempts to isolate other bat-borne viruses in various mammalian cell lines have been similarly unsuccessful. New stable bat cell lines are needed to help with these investigations and as tools to assist in the study of bat immunology and virus-host interactions. Methodology/Findings Black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto) were captured from the wild and transported live to the laboratory for primary cell culture preparation using a variety of different methods and culture media. Primary cells were successfully cultured from 20 different organs. Cell immortalisation can occur spontaneously, however we used a retroviral system to immortalise cells via the transfer and stable production of the Simian virus 40 Large T antigen and the human telomerase reverse transcriptase protein. Initial infection experiments with both cloned and uncloned cell lines using Hendra and Nipah viruses demonstrated varying degrees of infection efficiency between the different cell lines, although it was possible to infect cells in all tissue types. Conclusions/Significance The approaches developed and optimised in this study should be applicable to bats of other species. We are in the process of generating further cell lines from a number of different bat species using the methodology established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shawn Todd
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Samantha Grimley
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. McEachern
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Craig Smith
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carol De Jong
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elena R. Virtue
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meng Yu
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wojtek P. Michalski
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Hume E. Field
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Bock P, Rohn K, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Wewetzer K. Site-specific population dynamics and variable olfactory marker protein expression in the postnatal canine olfactory epithelium. J Anat 2009; 215:522-35. [PMID: 19788548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium that displays neurogenesis over the course of a lifetime. New olfactory neurons arise basally and are transferred to the middle third of the epithelium during maturation. It is generally believed that this pattern is present throughout the olfactory area. In the present study, we show that the postnatal canine olfactory epithelium is composed of two distinct types of epithelium, designated A and B, which not only differ in olfactory neuron morphology, marker expression and basal cell proliferation but also display a patchy distribution and preferential localization within the nasal cavity. Type A epithelium, abundant in the caudal part of the olfactory area, contains well-differentiated olfactory neurons positive for olfactory marker protein but low numbers of immature neurons and proliferating basal cells, as visualized by TrkB/Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) glyco-epitope and Ki-67 immunostaining, respectively. In contrast, type B epithelium is mainly found in the rostral part and contains smaller and elongated neurons that display increased levels of TrkB/Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) glyco-epitope immunoreactivity and a higher number of Ki-67-positive basal cells but lower and variable levels of olfactory marker protein. The vomeronasal organ displays a uniform distribution of molecular markers and proliferating basal cells. The observation that olfactory marker protein in type A and B epithelium is preferentially localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, implies correlation between subcellular localization and olfactory neuron maturation and may indicate distinct functional roles of olfactory marker protein. Whether the site-specific population dynamics in the postnatal canine olfactory epithelium revealed in the present study are modulated by physiological parameters, such as airflow, has to be clarified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bock
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Smithson LJ, Kawaja MD. A comparative examination of biomarkers for olfactory ensheathing cells in cats and guinea pigs. Brain Res 2009; 1284:41-53. [PMID: 19524557 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neurochemical characteristics of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in adult cats and in adult guinea pigs. Three conventional biomarkers for OECs, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), S100, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as two recently identified biomarkers, smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and calponin, were used. We found that 1) antibodies against SMA and S100 yielded positive immunostaining of mucosal and bulbar OECs in cats and guinea pigs; 2) antibodies against GFAP gave positive immunostaining of mucosal and bulbar OECs in cats; and 3) antibodies against calponin yielded positive immunostaining of bulbar OECs in adult cats. Unexpectedly, antibodies against p75NTR failed to positively stain mucosal and bulbar OECs in cats and guinea pigs, and antibodies against GFAP and calponin failed to positively stain mucosal and bulbar OECs in guinea pigs. These findings show the importance for empirical testing of all biomarkers for OECs among different mammalian species when attempting to identify these cells in vivo, in vitro, and following intraspinal implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Smithson
- Centre For Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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Techangamsuwan S, Haas L, Rohn K, Baumgärtner W, Wewetzer K. Distinct cell tropism of canine distemper virus strains to adult olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells in vitro. Virus Res 2009; 144:195-201. [PMID: 19433119 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) can enter the brain via infection of olfactory neurons. Whether olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are also infected by CDV, and if yes, how they respond to the virus has remained enigmatic. Here, we exposed adult canine OECs in vitro to several attenuated (CDV-2544, CDV-R252, CDV-Ond, CDV-OndeGFP) and one virulent CDV strain (CDV-5804PeGFP) and studied their susceptibility compared to Schwann cells, a closely related cell type sharing the phagocytizing activity. We show that OECs and Schwann cells were infected by CDV strains albeit to different levels. Ten days post-infection (dpi), a mild to severe cytopathic effect ranging from single cell necrosis to layer detachment was noted. The percentage of infection increased during 10 dpi and viral progenies were detected in each culture using virus titration. Interestingly, CDV-2544, CDV-OndeGFP, and CDV-5804PeGFP predominantly infected OECs, while CDV-Ond targeted Schwann cells. No significant differences were found between the virulent and attenuated CDV strains. The observation of a CDV strain-specific cell tropism is evidence for significant molecular differences between OECs and Schwann cells. Whether these differences are either related to strain-specific distemper pathogenesis or support a role of OECs during CDV infection and virus spread needs to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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