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Tamrazi B, Almast J. Your Brain on Drugs: Imaging of Drug-related Changes in the Central Nervous System. Radiographics 2012; 32:701-19. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.323115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rivera-Amill V, Silverstein PS, Noel RJ, Kumar S, Kumar A. Morphine and rapid disease progression in nonhuman primate model of AIDS: inverse correlation between disease progression and virus evolution. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:122-32. [PMID: 20013315 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have a formidable capacity for mutation and adaptation, a characteristic that has contributed to the extensive genetic variability. Evolutionary pressures imposed within the host and the viral capacity to mutate lead to the generation of such variants. To date, very little information is available regarding the evolution of HIV with drug abuse as a cofounding factor. Using our macaque model of drug dependency and AIDS, we have investigated the dynamics of SIV mutations in the genes tat, vpr, envelope, and nef. The results presented in this review, from our laboratory and others, contribute to the overall understanding of how drugs of abuse might influence immune selective pressure contribution to variation in different SIV genes. Additionally, the studies presented could help enlighten the development of HIV vaccines that take into consideration viral diversity.
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Riazi M, Marcario JK, Samson FK, Kenjale H, Adany I, Staggs V, Ledford E, Marquis J, Narayan O, Cheney PD. Rhesus macaque model of chronic opiate dependence and neuro-AIDS: longitudinal assessment of auditory brainstem responses and visual evoked potentials. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:260-75. [PMID: 19283490 PMCID: PMC3713620 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our work characterizes the effects of opiate (morphine) dependence on auditory brainstem and visual evoked responses in a rhesus macaque model of neuro-AIDS utilizing a chronic continuous drug delivery paradigm. The goal of this study was to clarify whether morphine is protective, or if it exacerbates simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-related systemic and neurological disease. Our model employs a macrophage tropic CD4/CCR5 coreceptor virus, SIV(mac)239 (R71/E17), which crosses the blood-brain barrier shortly after inoculation and closely mimics the natural disease course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The cohort was divided into three groups: morphine only, SIV only, and SIV + morphine. Evoked potential (EP) abnormalities in subclinically infected macaques were evident as early as 8 weeks postinoculation. Prolongations in EP latencies were observed in SIV-infected macaques across all modalities. Animals with the highest cerebrospinal fluid viral loads and clinical disease showed more abnormalities than those with subclinical disease, confirming our previous work (Raymond et al., J Neurovirol 4:512-520, 1998; J Neurovirol 5:217-231, 1999; AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1163-1173, 2000). Although some differences were observed in auditory and visual evoked potentials in morphine-treated compared to morphine-untreated SIV-infected animals, the effects were relatively small and not consistent across evoked potential type. However, morphine-treated animals with subclinical disease had a clear tendency toward higher virus loads in peripheral and central nervous system tissues (Marcario et al., J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3:12-25, 2008) suggesting that if had been possible to follow all animals to end-stage disease, a clearer pattern of evoked potential abnormality might have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Riazi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Joanne K Marcario
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Frank K. Samson
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Himanshu Kenjale
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Istvan Adany
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vincent Staggs
- Research Design & Analysis Unit of the Schiefelbusch Institute for Lifespan Studies, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Emily Ledford
- Research Design & Analysis Unit of the Schiefelbusch Institute for Lifespan Studies, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Janet Marquis
- Research Design & Analysis Unit of the Schiefelbusch Institute for Lifespan Studies, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Opendra Narayan
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Paul D. Cheney
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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Hauser KF, El-Hage N, Stiene-Martin A, Maragos WF, Nath A, Persidsky Y, Volsky DJ, Knapp PE. HIV-1 neuropathogenesis: glial mechanisms revealed through substance abuse. J Neurochem 2006; 100:567-86. [PMID: 17173547 PMCID: PMC4305441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction and degeneration are ultimately responsible for the neurocognitive impairment and dementia manifest in neuroAIDS. Despite overt neuronal pathology, HIV-1 does not directly infect neurons; rather, neuronal dysfunction or death is largely an indirect consequence of disrupted glial function and the cellular and viral toxins released by infected glia. A role for glia in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis is revealed in experimental and clinical studies examining substance abuse-HIV-1 interactions. Current evidence suggests that glia are direct targets of substance abuse and that glia contribute markedly to the accelerated neurodegeneration seen with substance abuse in HIV-1 infected individuals. Moreover, maladaptive neuroplastic responses to chronic drug abuse might create a latent susceptibility to CNS disorders such as HIV-1. In this review, we consider astroglial and microglial interactions and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and examine how drug actions in glia contribute to neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Anne Stiene-Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - William F. Maragos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of, Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Avindra Nath
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins, University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68198
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10019
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
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El-Hage N, Wu G, Wang J, Ambati J, Knapp PE, Reed JL, Bruce-Keller AJ, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and opiate-induced changes in astrocytes promote chemotaxis of microglia through the expression of MCP-1 and alternative chemokines. Glia 2006; 53:132-46. [PMID: 16206161 PMCID: PMC3077280 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Opiates exacerbate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat(1-72)-induced release of key proinflammatory cytokines by astrocytes, which may accelerate HIV neuropathogenesis in opiate abusers. The release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2), in particular, is potentiated by opiate-HIV Tat interactions in vitro. Although MCP-1 draws monocytes/macrophages to sites of CNS infection, and activated monocytes/microglia release factors that can damage bystander neurons, the role of MCP-1 in neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (neuroAIDS) progression in opiate abusers, or nonabusers, is uncertain. Using a chemotaxis assay, N9 microglial cell migration was found to be significantly greater in conditioned medium from mouse striatal astrocytes exposed to morphine and/or Tat(1-72) than in vehicle-, mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist-, or inactive, mutant Tat(delta31-61)-treated controls. Conditioned medium from astrocytes treated with morphine and Tat caused the greatest increase in motility. The response was attenuated using conditioned medium immunoneutralized with MCP-1 antibodies, or medium from MCP-1(-/-) astrocytes. In the presence of morphine (time-release, subcutaneous implant), intrastriatal Tat increased the proportion of neural cells that were astroglia and F4/80+ macrophages at 7 days post-injection. This was not seen after treatment with Tat alone, or with morphine plus inactive Tat(delta31-61) or naltrexone. Glia displayed increased MOR and MCP-1 immunoreactivity after morphine and/or Tat exposure. The findings indicate that MCP-1 underlies most of the response of microglia, suggesting that one way in which opiates exacerbate neuroAIDS is by increasing astroglial-derived proinflammatory chemokines at focal sites of CNS infection and promoting macrophage entry and local microglial activation. Importantly, increased glial expression of MOR can trigger an opiate-driven amplification/positive feedback of MCP-1 production and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Guanghan Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Janelle L. Reed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536
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Hauser KF, El-Hage N, Buch S, Berger JR, Tyor WR, Nath A, Bruce-Keller AJ, Knapp PE. Molecular targets of opiate drug abuse in neuroAIDS. Neurotox Res 2005; 8:63-80. [PMID: 16260386 PMCID: PMC4306668 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opiate drug abuse, through selective actions at mu-opioid receptors (MOR), exacerbates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the CNS by disrupting glial homeostasis, increasing inflammation, and decreasing the threshold for pro-apoptotic events in neurons. Neurons are affected directly and indirectly by opiate-HIV interactions. Although most opiates drugs have some affinity for kappa (KOR) and/or delta (DOR) opioid receptors, their neurotoxic effects are largely mediated through MOR. Besides direct actions on the neurons themselves, opiates directly affect MOR-expressing astrocytes and microglia. Because of their broad-reaching actions in glia, opiate abuse causes widespread metabolic derangement, inflammation, and the disruption of neuron-glial relationships, which likely contribute to neuronal dysfunction, death, and HIV encephalitis. In addition to direct actions on neural cells, opioids modulate inflammation and disrupt normal intercellular interactions among immunocytes (macrophages and lymphocytes), which on balance further promote neuronal dysfunction and death. The neural pathways involved in opiate enhancement of HIV-induced inflammation and cell death, appear to involve MOR activation with downstream effects through PI3-kinase/Akt and/or MAPK signaling, which suggests possible targets for therapeutic intervention in neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Kapadia F, Vlahov D, Donahoe RM, Friedland G. The role of substance abuse in HIV disease progression: reconciling differences from laboratory and epidemiologic investigations. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1027-34. [PMID: 16142670 DOI: 10.1086/433175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
From the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the use of licit and illicit drugs has been investigated for its potential impact on HIV disease progression. Findings from a large number of laboratory-based studies indicate that drug abuse may exacerbate HIV disease progression; however, epidemiological studies have shown mixed results. This article presents a review of findings from both laboratory-based and epidemiologic investigations. In addition, we provide a careful evaluation of methodological strengths and limitations inherent to both study designs in order to provide a more nuanced understanding of how these findings may complement one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Kapadia
- Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York 10029, USA.
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