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Hervé PL, Dioszeghy V, Matthews K, Bee KJ, Campbell DE, Sampson HA. Recent advances in epicutaneous immunotherapy and potential applications in food allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1290003. [PMID: 37965375 PMCID: PMC10641725 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1290003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the potent immunological properties of the skin, epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) emerges as a promising treatment approach for inducing immune tolerance, particularly for food allergies. Targeting the highly immunocompetent, non-vascularized epidermis allows for the application of microgram amounts of allergen while significantly reducing the risk of allergen passage into the bloodstream, thus limiting systemic allergen exposure and distribution. This makes EPIT highly suitable for the treatment of potentially life-threatening allergies such as food allergies. Multiple approaches to EPIT are currently under investigation for the treatment of food allergy, and these include the use of allergen-coated microneedles, application of allergen on the skin pretreated by tape stripping, abrasion or laser-mediated microperforation, or the application of allergen on the intact skin using an occlusive epicutaneous system. To date, the most clinically advanced approach to EPIT is the Viaskin technology platform. Viaskin is an occlusive epicutaneous system (patch) containing dried native allergen extracts, without adjuvants, which relies on frequent application for the progressive passage of small amounts of allergen to the epidermis through occlusion of the intact skin. Numerous preclinical studies of Viaskin have demonstrated that this particular approach to EPIT can induce potent and long-lasting T-regulatory cells with broad homing capabilities, which can exert their suppressive effects in multiple organs and ameliorate immune responses from different routes of allergen exposure. Clinical trials of the Viaskin patch have studied the efficacy and safety for the treatment of life-threatening allergies in younger patients, at an age when allergic diseases start to occur. Moreover, this treatment approach is designed to provide a non-invasive therapy with no restrictions on daily activities. Taken together, the preclinical and clinical data on the use of EPIT support the continued investigation of this therapeutic approach to provide improved treatment options for patients with allergic disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dianne E. Campbell
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh A. Sampson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Strzępa A, Marcińska K, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with TNP-Ig antigen induces CD11c +IL-10 + dendritic cells that promote suppression of Th1-mediated contact hypersensitivity in humanized HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110281. [PMID: 37156033 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The contact hypersensitivity response (CHS) is a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis in humans. The reaction is classified as type IV hypersensitivity and underlies many autoimmune disorders. Experiments employing the CHS model in wild-type mice showed that the protein antigen applied to the skin in the form of a gauze patch one week before the induction of Th1-dependent CHS was an effective strategy to reduce the inflammatory response in the skin. The approach of epicutaneous (EC) immunization also effectively suppressed the inflammatory response in various mouse models of autoimmune diseases. To evaluate the potential of EC immunization to suppress T cell-dependent immune response in humans, we used HLA-DR4 tg mice, which express the human DRB1*0401 allele and lack all endogenous mouse MHC class II genes. Our data show that EC immunization with TNP-conjugated protein antigen followed by induction of CHS to trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB), effectively suppressed the CHS response as described by ear swelling, MPO activity in ear extracts, and the number of TCRβ+CD4+IFN-γ+ CHS T-effector cells in auxiliary and inguinal lymph nodes (ALN) and spleen (SPL) of HLA-DR4 tg mice. EC-induced suppression increases the frequency of CD11c+IL-10+ DCs in SPL. Their immunoregulatory role was confirmed by s.c. immunization with TNP-CD11c+DCs prior to CHS elicitation and induction. Our data in HLA-DR4 tg mice show that EC protein immunization induces IL-10-producing DCs, which suppress the development of CD4+IFN-γ+ T cell-dependent CHS, implying that EC protein immunization could be of therapeutic importance for T cell-mediated diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Michalowskiego 12, 33-332 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Strzępa
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 7A, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marcińska
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 7A, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 7A, 31-034 Krakow, Poland.
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Liu G, Liu M, Wang J, Mou Y, Che H. The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Epicutaneous Immunotherapy for Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660974. [PMID: 34305893 PMCID: PMC8297384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, a rapid increase in the prevalence of food allergies has led to extensive research on novel treatment strategies and their mechanisms. Mouse models have provided preliminary insights into the mechanism of epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT)-induced immune tolerance. In EPIT, antigen applied on the skin surface can be captured, processed, and presented in the lymph nodes (LNs) by Antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In the LNs, induction of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) requires both direct contact during antigen presentation and indirect mechanisms such as cytokines. Foxp3+CD62L+ Treg cells can exhibit the characteristics of hypomethylation of Foxp3 TSDR and Foxp3-LAP+ Treg cells, which increase the expression of surface tissue-specific homing molecules to exert further sustained systemic immune tolerance. Studies have shown that EPIT is a potential treatment for food allergies and can effectively induce immune tolerance, but its mechanism needs further exploration. Here, we review Treg cells' role in immune tolerance induced by EPIT and provide a theoretical basis for future research directions, such as the mechanism of EPIT and the development of more effective EPIT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Mou
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilian Che
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Koushki K, Varasteh AR, Shahbaz SK, Sadeghi M, Mashayekhi K, Ayati SH, Moghadam M, Sankian M. Dc-specific aptamer decorated gold nanoparticles: A new attractive insight into the nanocarriers for allergy epicutaneous immunotherapy. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119403. [PMID: 32387307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the main goal of many allergy epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) studies is to enhance the allergen delivery through the intact skin. Therefore, applying new strategies for tackling this issue are inevitable. For this purpose, ten groups of Che a 2-sensitized BALB/c mice were epicutaneously treated for a 6-week period with the rChe a 2-GNPs-Aptamer, rChe a 2-GNPs-Aptamer + skin-penetrating peptides (SPPs), rChe a 2-GNPs, rChe a 2, GNPs, and PBS. Afterward, the serum IgE and IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4, IL-17a cytokine production, NALF analysis, and lung/nasal histological examinations were performed. The present study results demonstrate that, EPIT in aptamer treated groups had a significant increase of IFN-γ, TGF-β, and IL-10 concentrations and a significant decrease of IgE, IL-4, and IL-17a concentrations as well as NALF infiltrated immune cell count compared to the non-targeted ones. In addition, SPPs led to more significant improvement of immunoregulatory parameters, especially IL-10 cytokine. Accordingly, the targeted-GNPs with DC-specific aptamers could act as an efficient approach for the improvement of EPIT efficacy compared to the free allergen. Moreover, the application of SPPs might be considered as a useful tool in achieving a successful EPIT with lower doses of allergen at a shorter duration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Koushki
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdol-Reza Varasteh
- Allergy Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Mashayekhi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hasan Ayati
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Moghadam
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Shakya AK, Nandakumar KS. Antigen-Specific Tolerization and Targeted Delivery as Therapeutic Strategies for Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:686-699. [PMID: 29588069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune disorders is increasing steadily and there is no permanent cure available. Immunomodulation through repeated exposure of antigens, known as antigen-specific immune tolerance or antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI), is a promising approach to treat or prevent autoimmune disorders. Different optimization protocols (immunization routes, delivery systems, and approaches) are being developed to implement ASI against self-proteins. Including appropriate adjuvants, altered peptide ligand, and using multipeptides are approaches that can be used to specifically target autoimmunity. This review explores various ASI application methods, including different routes of antigen-specific sensitization, delivery systems, immunomodulators containing specific antigens, and other targeted approaches that have been successfully demonstrated to have therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhao Z, Ukidve A, Dasgupta A, Mitragotri S. Transdermal immunomodulation: Principles, advances and perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 127:3-19. [PMID: 29604373 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation, manipulation of the immune responses towards an antigen, is a promising strategy to treat cancer, infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, among others. Unique features of the skin including the presence of tissue-resident immune cells, ease of access and connectivity to other organs makes it a unique target organ for immunomodulation. In this review, we summarize advances in transdermal delivery of agents for modulating the immune responses for vaccination as well as tolerization. The biological foundation of skin-based immunomodulation and challenges in its implementation are described. Technological approaches aimed at enhancing the delivery of immunomodulatory therapeutics into skin are also discussed in this review. Progress made in the treatment of several specific diseases including cancer, infections and allergy are discussed. Finally, this review discusses some practical considerations and offers some recommendations for future studies in the field of transdermal immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Anvay Ukidve
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Anshuman Dasgupta
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
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Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, Mimura LAN, Fraga-Silva TFC, Ishikawa LLW, França TGD, Sartori A. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Is Successfully Controlled by Epicutaneous Administration of MOG Plus Vitamin D Analog. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1198. [PMID: 29085356 PMCID: PMC5650696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been widely employed to evaluate new strategies to control MS, including procedures to induce immunological tolerance. Considering that skin exposure to protein antigens can induce tolerance and that vitamin D analogs conserve immunomodulatory potential and are less toxic, we investigated the efficacy of epicutaneous application of a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35–55) associated with paricalcitol (PARI) on EAE development. Three and 11 days after EAE induction, C57BL/6 mice were treated with an occlusive patch containing MOG plus PARI. Clinical parameters were daily assessed, whereas immunological and histological evaluations were performed during the acute EAE phase. MOG and MOG + PARI significantly controlled disease development reducing weight loss and clinical score. Moreover, MOG and MOG + PARI reduced the inflammatory process and preserved the myelin sheath in the CNS. High percentages of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and lower MHCII fluorescence intensity in dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes were concomitantly observed. MOG + PARI association was, however, more efficient being able to reduce disease incidence and clinical scores more significantly than MOG or PARI alone. This experimental group also displayed a higher ratio between mRNA expression for Foxp3 and RORc and a higher percentage of Foxp3+ cells in the CNS. Modulation of activation markers observed in microglial cells eluted from EAE treated mice were confirmed by in vitro studies with the BV-2 microglial cell line. The results show that MOG + PARI association applied by an epicutaneous route controlled EAE development. Protective involved mechanisms include mainly a higher proportion of Tregs and also a direct immunomodulatory effect of PARI on microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Thais Graziela Donegá França
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Multiple sclerosis: Skin-induced antigen-specific immune tolerance. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 311:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Szczepanik M, Majewska-Szczepanik M. Transdermal immunotherapy: Past, present and future. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhao X, Birchall JC, Coulman SA, Tatovic D, Singh RK, Wen L, Wong FS, Dayan CM, Hanna SJ. Microneedle delivery of autoantigen for immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes. J Control Release 2016; 223:178-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Marcińska K, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Lazar A, Kowalczyk P, Biała D, Woźniak D, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous (EC) immunization with type II collagen (COLL II) induces CD4(+) CD8(+) T suppressor cells that protect from collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:483-9. [PMID: 26922557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown previously that epicutaneous (EC) immunization with protein antigen induces T suppressor cells that alleviate inflammatory response in contact hypersensitivity reactions, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, and in TNBS-induced colitis. METHODS DBA/1 mice were EC immunized with type II collagen (COLL II) spread over a gauze patch on days 0 and 4. On day 7, patches were removed and mice were intradermally (id) immunized with COLL II in CFA to induce collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). RESULTS Our work shows that EC immunization with 100μg of COLL II prior to CIA induction reduces disease severity as determined by macroscopic evaluation. Reduced disease severity after EC immunization with COLL II correlates with milder histological changes found in joint sections. Experiments with the three non-cross-reacting antigens COLL II, ovalbumin (OVA) and myelin basic protein (MBP) showed that skin-induced suppression is antigen non-specific. Transfer experiments show that EC immunization with COLL II induces suppressor cells that belong to the population of CD4(+) CD8(+) double positive lymphocytes. Flow cytometry experiments showed increased percentage of CD4(+) CD8(+) RORγt(+) cells in axillary and inguinal lymph nodes isolated from mice patched with COLL II. CONCLUSION Maneuver of EC immunization with a protein antigen that induces suppressor cells to inhibit inflammatory responses may become an attractive, noninvasive, needle-free therapeutic method for different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marcińska
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agata Lazar
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dominika Biała
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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Alissafi T, Hatzioannou A, Ioannou M, Sparwasser T, Grün JR, Grützkau A, Verginis P. De novo-induced self-antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells impair the accumulation of inflammatory dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5812-24. [PMID: 25948818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy holds promise for autoimmune diseases. However, this effort has been hampered by major caveats, including the low frequency of autoantigen-specific Foxp3(+) Tregs and lack of understanding of their molecular and cellular targets, in an unmanipulated wild-type (WT) immune repertoire. In this study, we demonstrate that infusion of myelin in WT mice results in the de novo induction of myelin-specific Foxp3(+) Tregs in WT mice and amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Myelin-specific Foxp3(+) Tregs exerted their effect both by diminishing Ag-bearing inflammatory dendritic cell (iDC) recruitment to lymph nodes and by impairing their function. Transcriptome analysis of ex vivo-isolated Treg-exposed iDCs showed significant enrichment of transcripts involved in functional properties of iDCs, including chemotaxis-related genes. To this end, CCR7 expression by iDCs was significantly downregulated in tolerant mice and this was tightly regulated by the presence of IL-10. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel model for deciphering the Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Treg-mediated mechanisms of tolerance and delineate iDCs as a Foxp3(+) Treg cellular target in unmanipulated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis Alissafi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Greece; Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, University of Crete Medical School, 71300 Heraklion, Greece; Division of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Division of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Ioannou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71300 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Joachim R Grün
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Division of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Marcińska K, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Maresz KZ, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous Immunization with Collagen Induces TCRαβ Suppressor T Cells That Inhibit Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 166:121-34. [PMID: 25824601 DOI: 10.1159/000375404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown previously, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis and in TNBS-induced colitis, that epicutaneous (EC) immunization with protein antigen induces T suppressor cells that strongly inhibit the inflammatory response in contact hypersensitivity reactions. METHODS EC immunization was performed by applying to the shaved skin of the mouse dorsum a gauze patch soaked with a solution containing various amounts of type II collagen (COLL II) in a volume of 100 µl of PBS on days 0 and 4. On day 7 the patches were removed and mice were intradermally (i.d.) immunized with COLL II to induce collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). RESULTS Our study shows that EC immunization with 100 or 30 μg of COLL II reduces disease severity, whereas lower doses (10 or 3 μg) do not affect CIA. Decreased disease severity observed after EC immunization with COLL II correlates with reduced myeloperoxidase activity in joint tissue and with reduced production of anti-citrullinated protein and anti-COLL II IgG2a antibodies. Transfer experiments show that EC immunization with COLL II induces suppressor cells that belong to the population of TCRαβ lymphocytes and that EC-induced suppression declines with time. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that IL-17A plays an important role in EC-induced suppression of CIA. EC application of COLL II at the first signs of CIA also results in disease suppression. CONCLUSIONS The suppression of inflammatory responses by T suppressor cells induced through EC immunization of a protein antigen may become an attractive noninvasive therapeutic method for a variety of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marcińska
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Strzepa A, Marcińska K, Wen L, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with TNP-Ig and Zymosan induces TCRαβ+ CD4+ contrasuppressor cells that reverse skin-induced suppression via IL-17A. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164:122-36. [PMID: 24993442 DOI: 10.1159/000363446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous work showed that epicutaneous (EC) immunization with protein antigen e.g. TNP-conjugated mouse immunoglobulin (TNP-Ig) in the form of a patch prior to hapten sensitization inhibits Th1-mediated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice. We also found that suppression of CHS was mediated by TCRαβ+ CD4+ CD8+ T suppressor cells producing TGF-β. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of innate immunity in the suppression of CHS. METHODS Mice were immunized by applying gauze patches containing protein antigen alone or in the presence of zymosan, and were then tested for the CHS response. Adoptive cell transfer experiments were used to study the mechanisms involved in the reversal of skin-induced suppression. The influence of EC immunization on cytokine production by lymph node cells was measured by ELISA. RESULTS We found that EC immunization with TNP-Ig and zymosan before trinitrophenyl chloride sensitization reverses skin-induced suppression, demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. The reversal of skin-induced suppression was transferable by antigen-specific TCRαβ+ CD4+ T contrasuppressor cells. Furthermore, we showed that the contrasuppression was IL-17A-dependent and TLR2- and MyD88-independent. CONCLUSIONS Our work strongly suggests that EC immunization with protein antigen and zymosan reverses skin-induced suppression and that this approach may be a potential tool to increase the immunogenicity of weakly immunogenic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
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Szczepanik M. Skin-induced tolerance as a new needle free therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:192-7. [PMID: 24911069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes current knowledge about a new subject called "skin induced tolerance". Suppression is induced via epicutaneous (EC) immunization with a protein antigen and is described in Th1, Tc1 and NK mediated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions. The subject of skin-induced suppression is also described in the regulation of experimental models of autoimmune diseases like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), collagen induced arthritis (CIA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and finally in an animal model of graft rejection. The potential clinical use of this approach to regulate human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland.
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Dorożyńska I, Strzępa A, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with protein antigen TNP-Ig and NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) reverses skin-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zemelka-Wiącek M, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Ptak W, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with protein antigen induces antigen-non-specific suppression of CD8 T cell mediated contact sensitivity. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1485-96. [PMID: 23406759 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from exposure to low molecular weight chemicals is a common clinical condition in industrialized countries and can be mediated by either Th1 or Tc1 lymphocytes. The animal model of contact sensitivity (CS) is commonly used to study ACD in mice and helps to test new therapeutics. We have previously shown that epicutaneous (EC) immunization with TNP-Ig prior to hapten sensitization inhibits Th1-mediated CS and observed that the suppression is mediated by TCRαβ(+) CD4(+) CD8(+) cells and is TGF-β dependent. More recently we have shown that EC immunization with DNP-BSA induces TCRαβ(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells that suppress Tc1-mediated CS. METHODS Animal model of contact sensitivity was used to study skin-induced suppression. RESULTS Current work employing Tc1-mediated CS shows that skin-induced suppression is dose-dependent and declines with time. Experiments with the four non-cross-reacting antigens 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA), ovalbumin (OVA), myelin basic protein (MBP) and immunoglobulins conjugated with oxazolone (OX-Ig) employing models of active suppression, "transfer in" and "transfer out" protocols showed that EC immunization with any tested protein antigen inhibits CS response suggesting lack of antigen-specificity of the investigated phenomenon. CONCLUSION The ease of EC generation of antigen-non-specific regulatory cells may have important implications for designing therapeutic schemes aimed at modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zemelka-Wiącek
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kopernika 7, PL 31-034 Kraków, Poland
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Góralska M, Marcińska K, Zemelka-Wiącek M, Strzępa A, Dorożyńska I, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with protein antigen TNP-Ig alleviates TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:1497-504. [PMID: 23406760 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with limited treatment modalities. The animal model of colitis induced by treatment with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS-colitis) is commonly used to test new therapies of this disease. In our previous work we found that epicutaneous (EC) immunization with protein antigen induced a state of profound immunosuppression that inhibited inflammatory response in contact sensitivity, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in allogeneic skin graft rejection. METHODS TNBS-induced colitis was used as an experimental model. RESULTS In our current work, we showed that EC immunization with TNP-conjugated mouse immunoglobulin (TNP-Ig) prior to induction of TNBS-colitis alleviates disease severity what was determined by the body weight, the length and the weight of the colon, the histological activity index (HAI) and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). Observed amelioration of the disease in TNP-Ig patched mice was accompanied with decreased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A by splenocytes. Additionally, spleen cells isolated from mice EC immunized with TNP-Ig prior to colitis induction showed increased production of IL-10 suggesting that this cytokine might be involved in inhibiting inflammatory response in the colon. CONCLUSION This work shows that EC immunization with protein antigen prior to TNBS-colitis induction ameliorates disease and observed suppression of inflammatory response in the colon might be mediated by IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kopernika 7, PL 31-034 Kraków, Poland
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Strzępa A, Drożyńska I, Motyl S, Banach T, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous immunization with hapten-conjugated protein antigen alleviates contact sensitivity mediated by three different types of effector cells. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:919-26. [PMID: 23087144 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common clinical condition in industrialized countries and often causes occupational diseases. Animal model of contact sensitivity (CS) is commonly used to study ACD in mice and can be induced by skin application of haptens. It has been previously shown that CS is mediated by CD4(+) or CD(8+) T effector cells. More recently it was found that also liver NK cells can play a role of CS effector cells in mice. METHODS The aim of the present study was to test whether skin-induced suppression could inhibit CS response in vivo. RESULTS Here we show that EC immunization of normal mice with hapten conjugated protein antigen prior to hapten sensitization suppresses Th1, Tc1 and NK mediated CS responses. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest that maneuver of EC immunization may have important implications for designing therapeutic schemes aimed at modulating unwanted immune responses in contact hypersensitivity.
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Badawi AH, Siahaan TJ. Immune modulating peptides for the treatment and suppression of multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:127-38. [PMID: 22722227 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the immune system recognizes proteins of the myelin sheath as antigenic, thus initiating an inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system. This leads to demyelination of the axons, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and lesion formation. Current therapies for the treatment of MS are generally non-specific and weaken the global immune system, thus making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections. Antigenic peptides and their derivatives are becoming more prevalent for investigation as therapeutic agents for MS because they possess immune-specific characteristics. In addition, other peptides that target vital components of the inflammatory immune response have also been developed. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to (a) summarize the immunological basis for the development of MS, (b) discuss specific and non-specific peptides tested in EAE and in humans, and (c) briefly address some problems and potential solutions with these novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Badawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Lutz MB. Therapeutic potential of semi-mature dendritic cells for tolerance induction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:123. [PMID: 22629255 PMCID: PMC3355325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major players in the control of adaptive tolerance and immunity. Therefore, their specific generation and adoptive transfer into patients or their in vivo targeting is attractive for clinical applications. While injections of mature immunogenic DCs are tested in clinical trials, tolerogenic DCs still are awaiting this step. Besides the tolerogenic potential of immature DCs, also semi-mature DCs can show tolerogenic activity but both types also bear unfavorable features. Optimal tolerogenic DCs, their molecular tool bar, and their use for specific diseases still have to be defined. Here, the usefulness of in vitro generated and adoptively transferred semi-mature DCs for tolerance induction is outlined. The in vivo targeting of semi-mature DCs as represented by steady state migratory DCs are discussed for treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies. First clinical trials with transcutaneous allergen application may point to their therapeutic use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany
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Epicutaneous immunization with DNP-BSA induces CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells that inhibit Tc1-mediated CS. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:784-95. [PMID: 22290507 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As we have shown previously that protein antigen applied epicutaneously (EC) in mice inhibits TNP-specific Th1-mediated contact sensitivity (CS), we postulated that the maneuver of EC immunization might also suppress Tc1-dependent CS response. Here we showed that EC immunization of normal mice with 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) applied on the skin in the form of a patch induces a state of subsequent unresponsiveness due to regulatory T cells (Treg) that inhibited sensitization and elicitation of effector T-cell responses. Suppression is transferable in vivo by TCRαβ(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) lymphocytes harvested from lymph nodes (LNs) of skin-patched animals. Flow cytometry revealed that EC immunization with DNP-BSA increased TCRαβ(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) lymphocytes in subcutaneous LNs, suggesting that observed suppression was mediated by Treg cells. Further, in vitro experiments showed that EC immunization with DNP-BSA prior to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzen sensitization suppressed LN cell proliferation and inhibited production of TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ. Using a transwell system or anti-CTLA-4 mAb, we found that EC induced suppression required direct Treg-effector cell contact and is CTLA-4-dependent.
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Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Dhelft V, Ligouis M, Puteaux E, Benhamou PH, Dupont C. Epicutaneous Immunotherapy Results in Rapid Allergen Uptake by Dendritic Cells through Intact Skin and Downregulates the Allergen-Specific Response in Sensitized Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5629-37. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Flood PM, Qian L, Peterson LJ, Zhang F, Shi JS, Gao HM, Hong JS. Transcriptional Factor NF-κB as a Target for Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:216298. [PMID: 21603248 PMCID: PMC3095232 DOI: 10.4061/2011/216298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by chronic inflammation. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a family of inducible transcription factors that are expressed in a wide variety of cells and tissues, including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, and the classical NF-κB pathway plays a key role in the activation and regulation of inflammatory mediator production during inflammation. Activation of the classical NF-κB pathway is mediated through the activity of the IKK kinase complex, which consists of a heterotrimer of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ subunits. Targeting NF-κB has been proposed as an approach to the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, and the use of inhibitors specific for either IKKβ or IKKγ has now been found to inhibit neurodegeneration of TH+ DA-producing neurons in murine and primate models of Parkinson's disease. These studies suggest that targeting the classical pathway of NF-κB through the inhibition of the IKK complex can serve as a useful therapeutic approach to the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Flood
- Department of Periodontology and the Comprehensive Center for Inflammatory Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7454, USA
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Juryńczyk M, Walczak A, Jurewicz A, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Szczepanik M, Selmaj K. Immune regulation of multiple sclerosis by transdermally applied myelin peptides. Ann Neurol 2010; 68:593-601. [PMID: 21031576 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antigen-specific therapy targeting selective inhibition of autoreactive responses holds promise for controlling multiple sclerosis (MS) without disturbing homeostasis of the whole immune system. Key autoantigens in MS include myelin proteins, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). In this study, we examined the effect of transdermal therapy with myelin peptides on immune responses in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood immune cells of MS patients. METHODS In a 1-year placebo-controlled study, 30 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were treated transdermally with a mixture of 3 myelin peptides: MBP85-99, PLP139-151, and MOG35-55, or placebo. The phenotype of immune cells in the skin was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Cell populations in lymph nodes were analyzed using flow cytometry. In peripheral blood immune cells, cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and myelin-specific proliferation was examined by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based assay. RESULTS We found that myelin peptides applied transdermally to MS patients activated dendritic Langerhans cells in the skin at the site of immunization and induced a unique population of granular dendritic cells in local lymph nodes. In the periphery, transdermal immunization with myelin peptides resulted in the generation of type 1, interleukin-10-producing regulatory T cells, suppression of specific autoreactive proliferative responses, and suppression of interferon-γ and transforming growth factor-β production. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate for the first time the immunoregulatory potential of transdermal immunization with myelin peptides in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Juryńczyk
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Qian L, Flood PM, Hong JS. Neuroinflammation is a key player in Parkinson's disease and a prime target for therapy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:971-9. [PMID: 20571837 PMCID: PMC3392895 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which lead to pathological and clinical abnormalities. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that inflammation is the fundamental process contributing to neuron death in PD. Neuroinflammation, which is characterized by activated microglia and infiltrating T cells at sites of neuronal injury, is a prominent contributor to the pathogenesis of progressive PD. Microglia play a critical role in forming a self-propelling cycle leading to sustained chronic neuroinflammation and driving the progressive neurodegeneration in PD. This activation depends heavily on the respiratory burst within the microglia, which in turn regulates a number of downstream pro-inflammatory activities. On the other hand, the adaptive immune responses, most notably T cells, are now emerging as important components of the inflammatory response that contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. This review paper focus on the understanding of the inflammatory etiology of PD, as well as the molecular signaling involved in this inflammatory response, with the aim to provide more effective treatments to slow down or halt the progression of chronic inflammation-induced CNS disorders, such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Comprehensive Center for Inflammatory Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Role of TLR ligands in epicutaneously induced contrasuppression. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:539-49. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation mediated by microglial cells is the fundamental process contributing to the death of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in the brain. Production of inflammatory products by these microglial cells characterizes the slow destructive process in Parkinson's disease (PD). The activation of microglial cells and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that characterize PD are mediated by several different signaling pathways, with the activation of the respiratory burst by microglial cells being a critical event in the ultimate toxicity of DA-neurons. The work on our lab is concerned with understanding the mechanisms of activation, response, and therapeutic targets of microglial cells, with the aim to provide more effective treatments for PD and other inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Department of Microbiology, The University of North Carolina Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA
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Ptak W, Majewska M, Bryniarski K, Ptak M, Lobo FM, Zając K, Askenase PW, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous Immunization with Protein Antigen in the Presence of TLR4 Ligand Induces TCRαβ+CD4+ T Contrasuppressor Cells That Reverse Skin-Induced Suppression of Th1-Mediated Contact Sensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:837-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Qian L, Wei SJ, Zhang D, Hu X, Xu Z, Wilson B, El-Benna J, Hong JS, Flood PM. Potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of TGF-beta1 are mediated through the inhibition of ERK and p47phox-Ser345 phosphorylation and translocation in microglia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:660-8. [PMID: 18566433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is one of the most potent endogenous immune modulators of inflammation. The molecular mechanism of its anti-inflammatory effect on the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB has been well-studied; however, the potential effects of TGF-beta1 on other proinflammatory signaling pathways is less clear. In this study, using the well-established LPS and the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-mediated models of Parkinson's disease, we demonstrate that TGF-beta1 exerts significant neuroprotection in both models via its anti-inflammatory properties. The neuroprotective effects of TGF-beta1 are mainly attributed to its ability to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species from microglia during their activation or reactivation. Moreover, we demonstrate that TGF-beta1 inhibited LPS-induced NADPH oxidase (PHOX) subunit p47phox translocation from the cytosol to the membrane in microglia within 10 min. Mechanistic studies show that TGF-beta1 fails to protect dopaminergic neurons in cultures from PHOX knockout mice, and significantly reduced LPS-induced translocation of the PHOX cytosolic subunit p47phox to the cell membrane. In addition, LPS-induced ERK phosphorylation and subsequent Ser345 phosphorylation on p47phox were significantly inhibited by TGF-beta1 pretreatment. Taken together, our results show that TGF-beta1 exerted potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, either through the prevention of the direct activation of microglia by LPS, or indirectly through the inhibition of reactive microgliosis elicited by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. The molecular mechanisms of TGF-beta1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties is through the inhibition of PHOX activity by preventing the ERK-dependent phosphorylation of Ser345 on p47phox in microglia to reduce oxidase activities induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Comprehensive Center for Inflammatory Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA
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Das L, Levine AD. TGF-beta inhibits IL-2 production and promotes cell cycle arrest in TCR-activated effector/memory T cells in the presence of sustained TCR signal transduction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1490-8. [PMID: 18209044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta signaling is critical for controlling naive T cell homeostasis and differentiation; however, the biological and biochemical changes induced by TGF-beta in effector/memory T cells are poorly defined. We show that although TGF-beta inhibits effector/memory peripheral blood T lymphoblast proliferation and IL-2 production, the intensity and kinetics for TCR-induced global tyrosine phosphorylation are markedly increased compared with that in untreated cells or naive T cells. After TCR ligation, tyrosine phosphorylation of proximal tyrosine kinases and docking proteins like linker for activation of T cells is maintained for >30 min in TGF-beta-primed cells compared with untreated cells where phosphorylation of these targets returned to basal levels by 10 min. Extended phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells in treated peripheral blood T selectively prolongs ERK 1/2 signaling and phospholipase C-gamma1 activation leading to increased Ca(2+) flux. A kinase/phosphatase imbalance could not account for extended phosphorylation as CD45R, SHP-1, and SHP-2 expression remains unaltered. The contradiction between prolonged signal transduction and inhibition of proliferation is partially explained by the observation that TGF-beta priming results in ERK 1/2-independent p21 induction and decreased cyclin D1 expression leading to accumulation of T cells in G(0)/G(1) phases of the cell cycle and cell cycle arrest. Despite inhibition of T cell function by TGF-beta priming, TCR and cytokine signaling pathways are intact and selectively extended, suggesting that suppression in the effector/memory T cell is mediated by reprogramming signal transduction, rather than its inhibition as in the naive T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Das
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Bynoe MS, Bonorino P, Viret C. Control of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by CD4+ suppressor T cells: peripheral versus in situ immunoregulation. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 191:61-9. [PMID: 17900707 PMCID: PMC2117378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be efficiently kept under control by specialized subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes able to negatively regulate the function of T cells with encephalitogenic potential. A number of observations support a role for such suppressor T cells in controlling early phases of disease development at the level of peripheral lymphoid organs but there is also evidence suggesting immunoregulation within the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment itself. This review evaluates the sites of regulation based on available data from distinct experimental models. We then discuss these aspects with reference to suppressor CD4+ T cells induced through the epicutaneous application of pure CNS antigens that confer long term protection against EAE. Finally, we give an overview of genes recently discovered to be important in regulation of the immune system that may also prove to be key players in the modulation of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Bynoe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
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Strid J, Tan LA, Strobel S, Londei M, Callard R. Epicutaneous immunization with type II collagen inhibits both onset and progression of chronic collagen-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2007; 2:e387. [PMID: 17440622 PMCID: PMC1849892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epicutaneous immunization is a potential non-invasive technique for antigen-specific immune-modulation. Topical application of protein antigens to barrier-disrupted skin induces potent antigen-specific immunity with a strong Th2-bias. In this study, we investigate whether the autoimmune inflammatory response of chronic collagen-induced arthritis (CCIA) in DBA/1-TCR-β Tg mice can be modified by epicutaneous immunization. We show that epicutaneous immunization with type II collagen (CII) inhibited development and progression of CCIA and, importantly, also ameliorated ongoing disease as indicated by clinical scores of disease severity, paw swelling and joints histology. Treated mice show reduced CII-driven T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, as well as significantly lower levels of CII-specific IgG2a serum antibodies. In contrast, CII-driven IL-4 production and IgE antibody levels were increased consistent with skewing of the CII response from Th1 to Th2 in treated mice. IL-4 production in treated mice was inversely correlated with disease severity. Moreover, T cells from treated mice inhibited proliferation and IFN-γ production by T cells from CCIA mice, suggesting induction of regulatory T cells that actively inhibit effector responses in arthritic mice. The levels of CD4+CD25+ T cells were however not increased following epicutaneous CII treatment. Together, these results suggest that epicutaneous immunization may be used as an immune-modulating procedure to actively re-programme pathogenic Th1 responses, and could have potential as a novel specific and simple treatment for chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Strid
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Tutaj M, Szczepanik M. Epicutaneous (EC) immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) induces TCRalphabeta+ CD4+ CD8+ double positive suppressor cells that protect from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Autoimmun 2007; 28:208-15. [PMID: 17442539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with limited treatment modalities. Oral tolerance is one of the experimental methods that protects from autoimmune diseases. However, this method failed to be therapeutic in clinical trials. In our previous work we found that epicutaneous (EC) immunization with protein antigen induced a state of profound immunosuppression that inhibited inflammatory response in contact sensitivity, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in allogeneic skin graft rejection. In our current work, we precisely determined the phenotype of EC induced T suppressor (Ts) cells that reduce the progress of EAE. Employing TCRdelta-/-, CD1d-/- mice, we showed that EC induced Ts cells do not belong either to the population of TCRgammadelta cells or CD1d restricted NKT cells. Moreover, we noticed that a lack of CD1d-/- restricted NKT lymphocytes resulted in the induction of much stronger suppression of EAE than in wild type mice. This might suggest that NKT cells could interfere with the induction of Ts cells. Using beta2m-/- mice, negative selection and positive selection of EC induced Ts cells, we showed that Ts cells protecting from EAE belong to the population of TCRalphabeta+ CD4+ CD8+ double positive lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Immunization
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Skin Transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tutaj
- Department of Human Developmental Biology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, ul. Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
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Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Flavell RA, Stockinger B. Signals mediated by transforming growth factor-beta initiate autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but chronic inflammation is needed to sustain disease. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1151-6. [PMID: 16998492 DOI: 10.1038/ni1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether TGF-beta, a critical differentiation factor for T cells producing interleukin 17 (T(H)-17 cells), is required for the initiation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo. Here we show that mice whose T cells cannot respond to TGF-beta signaling lack T(H)-17 cells and do not develop EAE despite the presence of T helper cell type 1 infiltrates in the spinal cord. Local but not systemic antibody blockade of TGF-beta prevented T(H)-17 cell differentiation and the onset of EAE. The pathogen stimulus zymosan, like mycobacterium, induced T(H)-17 cells and initiated EAE, but the disease was transient and correlated with reduced production of interleukin 23. These data show that TGF-beta is essential for the initiation of EAE and suggest that disease progression may require ongoing chronic inflammation and production of interleukin 23.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Inflammation/immunology
- Interleukin-23/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-23/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Veldhoen
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Ptak W, Bryniarski K, Ptak M, Majewska M, Gamian A, Lobo FM, Szczepanik M. Toll-like receptor ligands reverse suppression of contact hypersensitivity reactions induced by epicutaneous immunization with protein antigen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 139:188-200. [PMID: 16439857 DOI: 10.1159/000091164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicutaneous (EC) immunization with protein antigens has been shown to induce antigen nonspecific suppression of subsequent T cell-dependent contact hypersensitivity (CS) reactions after active immunization. The aim of this work was to test if EC application of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands together with protein antigen could reverse suppression of CS. METHODS Mice were EC immunized by applying gauze patches soaked with a solution of protein antigen alone or in the presence of crude bacterial material (bacterial lysates or heat-killed bacteria) or purified TLR ligands and then tested for CS response. To test if reversal of EC-induced suppression is antigen-specific, mice were patched with TNP- or OX-substituted mouse Ig alone or together with LPS and then tested for CS with corresponding or non-cross-reacting hapten. Influence of EC immunization on cytokine production by lymph node cells was measured by ELISA. RESULTS EC immunization with protein antigen induces antigen nonspecific suppression that can be reversed by crude bacterial material as well as purified TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-9 ligands. The effect of TLR-4 ligand LPS was not observed in the Tlr-4 mutant C3H/HeJ mouse, indicating that this effect was dependent upon intact TLR-4 signaling. Unlike the antigen nonspecific suppression of CS by EC immunization with antigen alone, the reversal of suppression by TLR ligands was specific for the protein antigen applied in the EC protocol. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that EC immunization with protein antigen together with TLR ligands induces a particular antigen-specific cell population, akin to previously described contrasuppressor cells, which protects immune cells against the action of suppressor cells but have no direct influence on antigen nonspecific suppressor cells induced by antigen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Ptak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
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