1
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Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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2
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Sandi D, Fricska-Nagy Z, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms of Silent Progression, Biomarkers and Neuroprotective Therapy-Kynurenines Are Important Players. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113423. [PMID: 34198750 PMCID: PMC8201043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is one of the driving forces behind the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Progression without activity, pathopsychological disturbances (cognitive impairment, depression, fatigue) and even optic neuropathy seems to be mainly routed in this mechanism. In this article, we aim to give a comprehensive review of the clinical aspects and symptomology, radiological and molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets of neurodegeneration in connection with MS. As the kynurenine pathway (KP) was evidenced to play an important role in the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative conditions (even implied to have a causative role in some of these diseases) and more and more recent evidence suggest the same central role in the neurodegenerative processes of MS as well, we pay special attention to the KP. Metabolites of the pathway are researched as biomarkers of the disease and new, promising data arising from clinical evaluations show the possible therapeutic capability of KP metabolites as neuroprotective drugs in MS. Our conclusion is that the kynurenine pathway is a highly important route of research both for diagnostic and for therapeutic values and is expected to yield concrete results for everyday medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Sandi
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsanett Fricska-Nagy
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.S.); (Z.F.-N.); (K.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-384; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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3
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Naffaa V, Laprévote O, Schang AL. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on myelin development and diseases. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:51-68. [PMID: 33352275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the central and peripheral nervous systems, myelin is essential for efficient conduction of action potentials. During development, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells differentiate and ensure axon myelination, and disruption of these processes can contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders. In adults, demyelination can lead to important disabilities, and recovery capacities by remyelination often decrease with disease progression. Among environmental chemical pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of major concern for human health and are notably suspected to participate in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have combined the current knowledge on EDCs impacts on myelin including several persistent organic pollutants, bisphenol A, triclosan, heavy metals, pesticides, and nicotine. Besides, we presented several other endocrine modulators, including pharmaceuticals and the phytoestrogen genistein, some of which are candidates for treating demyelinating conditions but could also be deleterious as contaminants. The direct impacts of EDCs on myelinating cells were considered as well as their indirect consequences on myelin, particularly on immune mechanisms associated with demyelinating conditions. More studies are needed to describe the effects of these compounds and to further understand the underlying mechanisms in relation to the potential for endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Naffaa
- Université de Paris, UMR 8038 (CiTCoM), CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Université de Paris, UMR 8038 (CiTCoM), CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Anne-Laure Schang
- Université de Paris, UMR 1153 (CRESS), Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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4
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Chapman NM, Shrestha S, Chi H. Metabolism in Immune Cell Differentiation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1011:1-85. [PMID: 28875486 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a central determinant of organismal health. Functional immune responses require quiescent immune cells to rapidly grow, proliferate, and acquire effector functions when they sense infectious agents or other insults. Specialized metabolic programs are critical regulators of immune responses, and alterations in immune metabolism can cause immunological disorders. There has thus been growing interest in understanding how metabolic processes control immune cell functions under normal and pathophysiological conditions. In this chapter, we summarize how metabolic programs are tuned and what the physiological consequences of metabolic reprogramming are as they relate to immune cell homeostasis, differentiation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sharad Shrestha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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5
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Fakan B, Szalardy L, Vecsei L. Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of Endogenous Immunomodulatory Systems in Multiple Sclerosis-Special Focus on the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and the Kynurenines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020426. [PMID: 30669473 PMCID: PMC6358998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelination attributable to a disturbed balance between encephalitic T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) and immunomodulatory regulatory T cell (Treg) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and an alternatively activated macrophage (M2) excess. Endogenous molecular systems regulating these inflammatory processes have recently been investigated to identify molecules that can potentially influence the course of the disease. These include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARγ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Although all PPARs ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), recent evidence suggests that PPARα, PPARβ/δ agonists have less pronounced immunomodulatory effects and, along with PGC-1α, are not biomarkers of neuroinflammation in contrast to PPARγ. Small clinical trials with PPARγ agonists have been published with positive results. Proposed as immunomodulatory and neuroprotective, the therapeutic use of PGC-1α activation needs to be assessed in EAE/MS. The activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, plays crucial immunomodulatory roles. Indeed, Trp metabolites have therapeutic relevance in EAE and drugs with structural analogy to kynurenines, such as teriflunomide, are already approved for MS. Further studies are required to gain deeper knowledge of such endogenous immunomodulatory pathways with potential therapeutic implications in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Fakan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
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Kihara Y. Systematic Understanding of Bioactive Lipids in Neuro-Immune Interactions: Lessons from an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:133-148. [PMID: 31562628 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids, or lipid mediators, are utilized for intercellular communications. They are rapidly produced in response to various stimuli and exported to extracellular spaces followed by binding to cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or nuclear receptors. Many drugs targeting lipid signaling such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), prostaglandins, and antagonists for lipid GPCRs are in use. For example, the sphingolipid analog, fingolimod (also known as FTY720), was the first oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), whose mechanisms of action (MOA) includes sequestration of pathogenic lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs, as well as astrocytic modulation, via down-regulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor, S1P1, by in vivo-phosphorylated fingolimod. Though the cause of MS is still under debate, MS is considered to be an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. This review summarizes the involvement of bioactive lipids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factors, lysophosphatidic acid, and S1P) in MS and the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic ablation, along with pharmacological inhibition, of lipid metabolic enzymes and lipid GPCRs revealed that each bioactive lipid has a unique role in regulating immune and neural functions, including helper T cell (TH1 and TH17) differentiation and proliferation, immune cell migration, astrocyte responses, endothelium function, and microglial phagocytosis. A systematic understanding of bioactive lipids in MS and EAE dredges up information about understudied lipid signaling pathways, which should be clarified in the near future to better understand MS pathology and to develop novel DMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Guillevin R, Lecarpentier Y. Interactions Between the Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway and PPAR Gamma on Neuroinflammation, Demyelination, and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:783-795. [PMID: 28905149 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is marked by neuroinflammation and demyelination with loss of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. The immune response is regulated by WNT/beta-catenin pathway in MS. Activated NF-kappaB, a major effector of neuroinflammation, and upregulated canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway positively regulate each other. Demyelinating events present an upregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway, whereas proper myelinating phases show a downregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway essential for the promotion of oligodendrocytes precursors cells proliferation and differentiation. The activation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway results in differentiation failure and impairment in remyelination. However, PI3K/Akt pathway and TCF7L2, two downstream targets of WNT/beta-catenin pathway, are upregulated and promote proper remyelination. The interactions of these signaling pathways remain unclear. PPAR gamma activation can inhibit NF-kappaB, and can also downregulate the WNT/beta-catenin pathway. PPAR gamma and canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway act in an opposite manner. PPAR gamma agonists appear as a promising treatment for the inhibition of demyelination and the promotion of proper remyelination through the control of both NF-kappaB activity and canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
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8
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Bansal A, Henao-Mejia J, Simmons RA. Immune System: An Emerging Player in Mediating Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Metabolic Health. Endocrinology 2018; 159:32-45. [PMID: 29145569 PMCID: PMC5761609 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity continues to increase. In addition to the well-known contributors to these disorders, such as food intake and sedentary lifestyle, recent research in the exposure science discipline provides evidence that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals like bisphenol A and phthalates via multiple routes (e.g., food, drink, skin contact) also contribute to the increased risk of metabolic disorders. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt any aspect of hormone action. It is becoming increasingly clear that EDCs not only affect endocrine function but also adversely affect immune system function. In this review, we focus on human, animal, and in vitro studies that demonstrate EDC exposure induces dysfunction of the immune system, which, in turn, has detrimental effects on metabolic health. These findings highlight how the immune system is emerging as a novel player by which EDCs may mediate their effects on metabolic health. We also discuss studies highlighting mechanisms by which EDCs affect the immune system. Finally, we consider that a better understanding of the immunomodulatory roles of EDCs will provide clues to enhance metabolic function and contribute toward the long-term goal of reducing the burden of environmentally induced diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s
Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- The Institute for Immunology, Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s
Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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9
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Khakzad MR, Ganji A, Ariabod V, Farahani I. Artemisinin therapeutic efficacy in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:348-353. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1379087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khakzad
- Innovative Medical Research Center, Department of Immunology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ganji
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Vahid Ariabod
- Department of Pathology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Farahani
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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10
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Vignali PDA, Barbi J, Pan F. Metabolic Regulation of T Cell Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1011:87-130. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Szalardy L, Zadori D, Bencsik K, Vecsei L, Klivenyi P. Unlike PPARgamma, neither other PPARs nor PGC-1alpha is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:128-133. [PMID: 28483651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Corroborating with prior experimental findings, we recently reported the pronounced elevation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), in association with neuroinflammatory markers and clinical severity. Based on subsequent reports on the possible involvement of other PPARs and PPARγ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) in neuroinflammation in MS, we analyzed the protein levels of PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PGC-1α in a subset of CSF samples from the same cohort of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Unlike PPARγ, none of these proteins were found elevated in MS patients (n=25) compared to non-inflammatory controls (n=16), with the levels of PPARα and PPARβ/δ found generally below the limit of detection, and that of PGC-1α being detectable but comparable in both groups. The clinical and laboratory associations previously reported with PPARγ were however significant even in this smaller subset. The potential underlying causes of these differential alterations are discussed. The findings suggest that despite their proposed involvement in the regulation of inflammatory processes in MS, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PGC-1α proteins are not potential biomarkers of neuroinflammation in MS, and indicate a preferential role of PPARγ in the endogenous regulation of autoimmune response in the human CNS within its receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Denes Zadori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
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12
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Wei J, Raynor J, Nguyen TLM, Chi H. Nutrient and Metabolic Sensing in T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 28337199 PMCID: PMC5343023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play pivotal roles in shaping host immune responses in infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. The activation of T cells requires immune and growth factor-derived signals. However, alterations in nutrients and metabolic signals tune T cell responses by impinging upon T cell fates and immune functions. In this review, we summarize how key nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and lipids, and their sensors and transporters shape T cell responses. We also briefly discuss regulation of T cell responses by oxygen and energy sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Jana Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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13
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Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Mirshafiee A, Parastouei K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Yekaninejad S, Soleymani F, Chahardoli R, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. A Novel Combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Reduces T-Bet Gene Expression, Serum Interferon Gamma, and Clinical Scores but Promotes PPARγ Gene Expression in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:498-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Qiu W, Chen J, Li Y, Chen Z, Jiang L, Yang M, Wu M. Oxidative stress and immune disturbance after long-term exposure to bisphenol A in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 130:93-102. [PMID: 27088622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, which poses an ecotoxicological risk to the health of aquatic organisms. However, the immunotoxic effects of its long-term exposure on fish have received limited attention. We examined a number of typical immune-related parameters and oxidative stress indices in the liver and blood serum of the red common carp (Cyprinus carpio), following a 30-day exposure to five different concentrations of BPA (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000μg/L). A significant increase in the hepato somatic index was observed in fish upon exposure to 1000µg/L BPA, which correlated strongly with the accumulated BPA concentrations in fish bile. Induced oxidative stress was also apparent in the exposed fish liver, based on the enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation and inhibited activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Serum lysozyme and C-reaction protein levels increased at low concentrations of exposure; however, they were significantly suppressed upon exposure to high concentrations. A significant increase was observed in the levels of immunoglobulin M, complement component 3, and alkaline phosphatase, in both fish liver and serum at low doses of 0.1 and 1μg/L. This suggests that long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA (even as low as 0.1μg/L) could significantly disturb the immune response of fish. Moreover, RXRα expression in the liver was significantly altered upon BPA exposure and the trend underlying this change correlated closely with those of the most immune-related parameters, implying the involvement of the PPARγ/RXRα signaling pathway in regulating the immune response of fish upon long-term BPA exposure. In short, our results demonstrate the susceptibility of fish immune system to long-term BPA exposure. Therefore, the immunotoxicity of EDCs in aquatic organisms should not have been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yijie Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Lihui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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15
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Qian Y, Yin J, Hong J, Li G, Zhang B, Liu G, Wan Q, Chen L. Neuronal seipin knockout facilitates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity via reduction of PPARγ in hippocampus of mouse. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:145. [PMID: 27287266 PMCID: PMC4902906 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A characteristic phenotype of congenital generalized lipodystrophy 2 (CGL2) that is caused by loss-of-function of seipin gene is mental retardation. Seipin is highly expressed in hippocampal pyramidal cells and astrocytes. Neuronal knockout of seipin in mice (seipin-KO mice) reduces the hippocampal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) level without the loss of pyramidal cells. The down-regulation of PPARγ has gained increasing attention in neuroinflammation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, the present study focused on exploring the influence of seipin depletion on β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ neurotoxicity. Methods Adult male seipin-KO mice were treated with a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ25–35 (1.2 nmol/mouse) or Aβ1–42 (0.1 nmol/mouse), generally a non-neurotoxic dose in wild-type (WT) mice. Spatial cognitive behaviors were assessed by Morris water maze and Y-maze tests, and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and inflammatory responses were examined. Results The Aβ25–35/1–42 injection in the seipin-KO mice caused approximately 30–35 % death of pyramidal cells and production of Hoechst-positive cells with the impairment of spatial memory. In comparison with the WT mice, the number of astrocytes and microglia in the seipin-KO mice had no significant difference, whereas the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were slightly increased. Similarly, the Aβ25–35/1–42 injection in the seipin-KO mice rather than the WT mice could stimulate the activation of astrocytes or microglia and further elevated the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Treatment of the seipin-KO mice with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (rosi) could prevent Aβ25–35/1–42-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, which was blocked by the PPARγ antagonist GW9962. In the seipin-KO mice, the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation at Tyr216 was elevated, while at Ser9, it was reduced compared to the WT mice, which were corrected by the rosi treatment but were unaffected by the Aβ25–35 injection. Conclusions Seipin deficiency in astrocytes increases GSK3β activity and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α through reducing PPARγ, which can facilitate Aβ25–35/1–42-induced neuroinflammation to cause the death of neuronal cells and cognitive deficits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0598-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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16
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Thompson PA, Khatami M, Baglole CJ, Sun J, Harris SA, Moon EY, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Brown DG, Colacci A, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Hamid RA, Lowe L, Guarnieri T, Bisson WH. Environmental immune disruptors, inflammation and cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S232-53. [PMID: 26106141 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging area in environmental toxicology is the role that chemicals and chemical mixtures have on the cells of the human immune system. This is an important area of research that has been most widely pursued in relation to autoimmune diseases and allergy/asthma as opposed to cancer causation. This is despite the well-recognized role that innate and adaptive immunity play as essential factors in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the role that the innate immune cells of inflammatory responses play in tumorigenesis. Focus is placed on the molecules and pathways that have been mechanistically linked with tumor-associated inflammation. Within the context of chemically induced disturbances in immune function as co-factors in carcinogenesis, the evidence linking environmental toxicant exposures with perturbation in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is reviewed. Reported effects of bisphenol A, atrazine, phthalates and other common toxicants on molecular and cellular targets involved in tumor-associated inflammation (e.g. cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor kappa B, nitric oxide synthesis, cytokines and chemokines) are presented as example chemically mediated target molecule perturbations relevant to cancer. Commentary on areas of additional research including the need for innovation and integration of systems biology approaches to the study of environmental exposures and cancer causation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medical School, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Retired), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada, Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2L3, Canada, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of South Korea, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy, The Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA, Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur St, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy Center for Appl
| | - Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Retired), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2L3, Canada
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of South Korea
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- The Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- The Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Room 229A, 36 Arthur St, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Tiziana Guarnieri
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti, 9, 40126 Bologna, Italy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d' Oro, 305, 00136 Roma, Italy and
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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17
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Mounsey RB, Martin HL, Nelson MC, Evans RM, Teismann P. The effect of neuronal conditional knock-out of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 300:576-84. [PMID: 26028469 PMCID: PMC4512257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), namely PPARγ and PPARδ, has been shown to provide neuroprotection in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD). The observed neuroprotective effects in experimental models of PD have been linked to anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. This study aimed to analyze the full influence of these receptors in neuroprotection by generating a nerve cell-specific conditional knock-out of these receptors and subjecting these genetically modified mice to the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin to model dopaminergic degeneration. Mice null for both receptors show the lowest levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell bodies following MPTP administration. Presence of one or both these receptors show a trend toward protection against this degeneration, as higher dopaminergic cell immunoreactivity and striatal monoamine levels are evident. These data supplement recent studies that have elected to use agonists of the receptors to regulate immune responses. The results place further importance on the activation of PPARs and the neuroprotective roles these have in inflammatory processes linked to neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mounsey
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - H L Martin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M C Nelson
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Teismann
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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18
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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19
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Szalardy L, Zadori D, Tanczos E, Simu M, Bencsik K, Vecsei L, Klivenyi P. Elevated levels of PPAR-gamma in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:131-4. [PMID: 24021801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcriptional factor involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, has gained interest as a potential therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis (MS) due to its potent immunoregulatory properties and the therapeutic efficacy of its ligands in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Elevated expression of PPARγ has been observed in the spinal cord of EAE mice and in an in vitro model of antigen-induced demyelination; however, no reports have yet been available on the PPARγ status in the central nervous system of human individuals with MS. Aiming to identify a possible alteration, the present study assessed the levels of PPARγ protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients via ELISA technique. We report a pronounced elevation in the CSF levels of PPARγ in MS patients (n=35) compared to non-inflammatory controls (n=22). This elevation was independent of blood-CSF barrier integrity, but correlated with CSF white blood cell count and IgG index, associating the observed elevation with neuroinflammation. Controlling for potential confounders, the CSF levels of PPARγ further displayed a moderate but significant association with clinical severity. Corroborating with prior experimental findings, these results may contribute to our understanding about the role of PPARγ in MS, and may implicate this protein as a potential CSF biomarker of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Abstract
The interplay of the immune system with other aspects of physiology is continually being revealed and in some cases studied in considerable mechanistic detail. A prime example is the influence of metabolic cues on immune responses. It is well appreciated that upon activation, T cells take on a metabolic profile profoundly distinct from that of their quiescent and anergic counterparts; however, a number of recent breakthroughs have greatly expanded our knowledge of how aspects of cellular metabolism can shape a T-cell response. Particularly important are findings that certain environmental cues can tilt the delicate balance between inflammation and immune tolerance by skewing T-cell fate decisions toward either the T-helper 17 (Th17) or T-regulatory (Treg) cell lineage. Recognizing the unappreciated immune-modifying potential of metabolic factors and particularly those involved in the generation of these functionally opposing T-cell subsets will likely add new and potent therapies to our repertoire for treating immune mediated pathologies. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent findings linking certain metabolic pathways, enzymes, and by-products to shifts in the balance between Th17 and Treg cell populations. These advances highlight numerous opportunities for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barbi
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Rogers JA, Metz L, Yong VW. Review: Endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune responses: A focus on bisphenol-A and its potential mechanisms. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:421-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Jaudszus A, Jahreis G, Schlörmann W, Fischer J, Kramer R, Degen C, Rohrer C, Roth A, Gabriel H, Barz D, Gruen M. Vaccenic acid-mediated reduction in cytokine production is independent of c9,t11-CLA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1316-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Martin HL, Mounsey RB, Mustafa S, Sathe K, Teismann P. Pharmacological manipulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) reveals a role for anti-oxidant protection in a model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:528-38. [PMID: 22417924 PMCID: PMC3350857 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists have been shown to provide neuroprotection in a number of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. These protective effects are primarily considered to result from the anti-inflammatory actions of PPARγ, however, there is increasing evidence that anti-oxidant mechanisms may also contribute. This study explored the impact of the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 in the MPP(+)/MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) model of Parkinson's disease, focussing on oxidative stress mechanisms. Rosiglitazone attenuated reactive oxygen species formation induced by MPP(+) in SH-SY5Y cells concurrent with an upregulation of glutathione-S-transferase activity, but not superoxide dismutase activity. These responses were not attenuated by cotreatment with GW9662 suggesting that PPARγ activation is not required. The localisation of PPARγ in vivo to dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) was established by immunohistochemistry and PPARγ levels were found to be upregulated 7 days after MPTP treatment. The importance of PPARγ in protecting against MPTP toxicity was confirmed by treating C57BL6 mice with GW9662. Treatment with GW9662 increased MPTP-induced neuronal loss in the SNpc whilst not affecting MPTP-induced reductions in striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihdroxyphenylacetic acid. GW9662 also caused neuronal loss in the SNpc of saline-treated mice. The evidence presented here supports the role of anti-oxidant mechanisms in the protective effects of PPARγ agonists in neurodegenerative diseases, but indicates that these effects may be independent of PPARγ activation. It also demonstrates the importance of PPARγ activity for neuronal survival within the SNpc.
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Key Words
- bso, buthionine-sulfoximine
- dcf, 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein
- dcf-da, 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- dopac, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid
- gfap, glial fibrillary acid protein
- gst, glutathione-s-transferase
- iba1, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- mpp+, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- mptp, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- mtt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthizol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- pd, parkinson's disease
- pparγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- snpc, substantia nigra pars compacta
- sod, superoxide dismutase
- th, tyrosine hydroxylase
- parkinson's disease
- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- mptp
- mpp+
- neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Martin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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24
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PPAR-gamma: Therapeutic Potential for Multiple Sclerosis. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:627463. [PMID: 18604287 PMCID: PMC2441778 DOI: 10.1155/2008/627463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in altering lipid and glucose metabolism is well established. More recent studies indicate that PPARs also play critical roles in controlling immune responses. We and others have previously demonstrated that PPAR-γ agonists modulate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these agonists are believed to modulate disease. The therapeutic potential of PPAR-γ agonists in the treatment of multiple sclerosis will also be considered.
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25
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Potential Therapeutic Targets for PPARgamma after Spinal Cord Injury. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:517162. [PMID: 18401444 PMCID: PMC2288640 DOI: 10.1155/2008/517162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the spinal cord results in multiple anatomical, physiological, and functional deficits as a result of local neuronal and glial cell death as well as loss of descending and ascending axons traversing the injury site. The many different mechanisms thought to contribute to protracted secondary cell death and dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI) are potential therapeutic targets. Agents that bind and activate the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) show great promise for minimizing or preventing these deleterious cascades in other models of CNS disorders. This review will summarize the major secondary injury cascades occurring after SCI and discuss data from experimental CNS injury and disease models showing the exciting potential for PPARγ therapies after SCI.
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26
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PPARδ deficient mice develop elevated Th1/Th17 responses and prolonged experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2010; 1376:101-12. [PMID: 21192919 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that affects more than a million people worldwide. The etiology of MS is not known and there is no medical treatment that can cure MS. Earlier studies have shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) agonists ameliorate MS-like disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study we have used PPARδ deficient mice to determine its physiological role in the regulation of CNS EAE and MS. We found that PPARδ(-/-) mice develop EAE with similar day of onset and disease incidence compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. Interestingly, both male and female PPARδ(-/-) mice showed prolonged EAE with resistance to remission and recovery. PPARδ(-/-) mice with EAE expressed elevated levels of IFNγ and IL-17 along with IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 in the brain and spleen. PPARδ(-/-) mice also developed augmented neural antigen-specific Th1/Th17 responses and impaired Th2/Treg responses compared to wild type mice. These findings indicate that PPARδ(-/-) mice develop prolonged EAE in association with augmented Th1/Th17 responses, suggesting a critical physiological role for PPARδ in the remission and recovery of EAE.
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27
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Regulation of Immune Responses and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by PPARs. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:104705. [PMID: 21234105 PMCID: PMC3014678 DOI: 10.1155/2010/104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily and play an important role in regulating inflammation as well as lipid metabolism. The PPAR subfamily has been defined as PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, each with different ligands, target genes, and biological roles. PPARs regulate the expression of target inflammatory genes through mechanisms involving both transactivation and transrepression. The anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR agonists have led to the investigation of PPAR functions in regulating autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This paper will summarize some of the general mechanisms by which PPARs regulate inflammatory gene expression and focus on the recent advances of PPAR regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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28
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Walline CC, Kanakasabai S, Bright JJ. IL-7Rα confers susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Genes Immun 2010; 12:1-14. [PMID: 20861865 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes paralysis in young adults and affects women more frequently than men. The etiology of MS is not known, but it is generally viewed as an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies have identified interleukin-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) as a risk factor for MS. But the role of IL-7Rα in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS is not known. In this study we demonstrate that IL-7Rα-deficient (IL-7Rα(-/-)) mice remain resistant to MOGp35-55-induced EAE. When compared with C57BL/6 wild-type mice, IL-7Rα(-/-) mice showed less severe inflammation and demyelination in the CNS. The attenuation of EAE in IL-7Rα(-/-) mice was associated with a decrease in T-helper (Th) 1 and Th17 responses in the CNS and lymphoid organs. IL-7Rα(-/-) mice also showed an increase in Th2 response and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. These findings highlight that IL-7Rα confers susceptibility by influencing autoimmune Th1/Th17 responses in EAE model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Walline
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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29
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Kanakasabai S, Chearwae W, Walline CC, Iams W, Adams SM, Bright JJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists inhibit T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Immunology 2010; 130:572-88. [PMID: 20406305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that affects more than a million people world-wide. The aetiology of MS is not known and there is no medical treatment available that can cure MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of MS. The pathogenesis of EAE/MS is a complex process involving activation of immune cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines and destruction of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptor transcription factors that regulate cell growth, differentiation and homeostasis. PPAR agonists have been used in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, cancer and inflammation. We and others have shown that PPARgamma, alpha and delta agonists inhibit CNS inflammation and demyelination in the EAE model of MS. In this study we show that the PPARdelta agonists GW501516 and L165041 ameliorate MOGp35-55-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice by blocking interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 production by T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. The inhibition of EAE by PPARdelta agonists was also associated with a decrease in IL-12 and IL-23 and an increase in IL-4 and IL-10 expression in the CNS and lymphoid organs. These findings indicate that PPARdelta agonists modulate Th1 and Th17 responses in EAE and suggest their use in the treatment of MS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kanakasabai
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Mo C, Chearwae W, Bright JJ. PPARγ regulates LIF-induced growth and self-renewal of mouse ES cells through Tyk2-Stat3 pathway. Cell Signal 2010; 22:495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A pilot test of pioglitazone as an add-on in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 211:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bright JJ, Walline CC, Kanakasabai S, Chakraborty S. Targeting PPAR as a therapy to treat multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1565-75. [PMID: 19007323 DOI: 10.1517/14728220802515400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes chronic paralysis and immense socio-economic problem among young adults. The etiology of MS is not known but it is generally viewed as an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS. Over the past decade, several anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to control MS symptoms but there is no medical cure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use and mechanism of action of agonists of PPAR, a family of nuclear receptor transcription factors that regulate inflammation, in treatment of MS. METHODS There are several reports showing beneficial effects of PPAR agonists in treating MS-like disease in animal models. We review recent advances in this field. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS PPAR agonists regulate MS-like disease in animal models by blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, suggesting their use in treatment of MS. Current human trials are likely to confirm the safety and efficacy of PPAR agonists for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Bright
- Methodist Research Institute, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, 1800 N Capitol Avenue, Noyes Bldg E-504C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Brown JS. Effects of bisphenol-A and other endocrine disruptors compared with abnormalities of schizophrenia: an endocrine-disruption theory of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35:256-78. [PMID: 18245062 PMCID: PMC2643957 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous substances have been identified as so-called "endocrine disruptors" because exposure to them results in disruption of normal endocrine function with possible adverse health outcomes. The pathologic and behavioral abnormalities attributed to exposure to endocrine disruptors like bisphenol-A (BPA) have been studied in animals. Mental conditions ranging from cognitive impairment to autism have been linked to BPA exposure by more than one investigation. Concurrent with these developments in BPA research, schizophrenia research has continued to find evidence of possible endocrine or neuroendocrine involvement in the disease. Sufficient information now exists for a comparison of the neurotoxicological and behavioral pathology associated with exposure to BPA and other endocrine disruptors to the abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. This review summarizes these findings and proposes a theory of endocrine disruption, like that observed from BPA exposure, as a pathway of schizophrenia pathogenesis. The review shows similarities exist between the effects of exposure to BPA and other related chemicals with schizophrenia. These similarities can be observed in 11 broad categories of abnormality: physical development, brain anatomy, cellular anatomy, hormone function, neurotransmitters and receptors, proteins and factors, processes and substances, immunology, sexual development, social behaviors or physiological responses, and other behaviors. Some of these similarities are sexually dimorphic and support theories that sexual dimorphisms may be important to schizophrenia pathogenesis. Research recommendations for further elaboration of the theory are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Mestre L, Docagne F, Correa F, Loría F, Hernangómez M, Borrell J, Guaza C. A cannabinoid agonist interferes with the progression of a chronic model of multiple sclerosis by downregulating adhesion molecules. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 40:258-66. [PMID: 19059482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are critical players in the regulation of transmigration of blood leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis (MS). Cannabinoids (CBs) are potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of MS, but the mechanisms involved are only partially known. Using a viral model of MS we observed that the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 administered at the time of virus infection suppresses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in brain endothelium, together with a reduction in perivascular CD4+ T lymphocytes infiltrates and microglial responses. WIN55,212-2 also interferes with later progression of the disease by reducing symptomatology and neuroinflammation. In vitro data from brain endothelial cell cultures, provide the first evidence of a role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARgamma) in WIN55,212-2-induced downregulation of VCAM-1. This study highlights that inhibition of brain adhesion molecules by WIN55,212-2 might underline its therapeutic effects in MS models by targeting PPAR-gamma receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mestre
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Av. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Mo C, Chearwae W, O'Malley JT, Adams SM, Kanakasabai S, Walline CC, Stritesky GL, Good SR, Perumal NB, Kaplan MH, Bright JJ. Stat4 isoforms differentially regulate inflammation and demyelination in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5681-90. [PMID: 18832727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (Stat4) is a transcription factor activated by IL-12 and IL-23, two cytokines known to play important roles in the pathogenesis of EAE by inducing T cells to secrete IFN-gamma and IL-17, respectively. We and others have previously shown that therapeutic intervention or targeted disruption of Stat4 was effective in ameliorating EAE. Recently, a splice variant of Stat4 termed Stat4beta has been characterized that lacks 44 amino acids at the C terminus of the full-length Stat4alpha. In this study we examined whether T cells expressing either isoform could affect the pathogenesis of EAE. We found that transgenic mice expressing Stat4beta on a Stat4-deficient background develop an exacerbated EAE compared with wild-type mice following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55, while Stat4alpha transgenic mice have greatly attenuated disease. The differential development of EAE in transgenic mice correlates with increased IFN-gamma and IL-17 in Stat4beta-expressing cells in situ, contrasting increased IL-10 production by Stat4alpha-expressing cells. This study demonstrates that Stat4 isoforms differentially regulate inflammatory cytokines in association with distinct effects on the onset and severity of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Mo
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Szanto A, Nagy L. The many faces of PPARgamma: anti-inflammatory by any means? Immunobiology 2008; 213:789-803. [PMID: 18926294 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, a group of transcription factors that regulate expression of their target genes upon ligand binding. As endogenous ligands, oxidized fatty acids and prostanoids can bind to and activate the receptor. Natural and synthetic PPARgamma activators have been studied extensively in many inflammatory settings and in most instances they have been shown to be anti-inflammatory. In this review we give an overview of the different molecular mechanisms how PPARgamma and its agonists exert their anti-inflammatory effects both at the cellular level and the level of the organism. The action of PPARgamma in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and disease models will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Life Science Building, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Chearwae W, Bright JJ. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) and curcumin modulate the expression of toll-like receptors 4 and 9 in autoimmune T lymphocyte. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:558-70. [PMID: 18463970 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease model for multiple sclerosis (MS). We have shown earlier that 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and curcumin ameliorate EAE by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed primarily in innate immune cells, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of EAE. T lymphocytes also express TLRs and function as costimulatory receptors to upregulate proliferation and cytokine production in response to specific agonists. DISCUSSION In this study, we show that naïve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells express detectable levels of TLR4 and TLR9 and that increase after the induction of EAE in SJL/J and C57BL/6 mice by immunization with PLPp139-151 and MOGp35-55 antigen, respectively. It is interesting to note that in vivo treatment with 15d-PGJ2 or curcumin results in a significant decrease in TLR4 and TLR9 expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in association with the amelioration of EAE. CONCLUSION Although the exact mechanisms are not known, the modulation of TLR expression in T lymphocytes by 15d-PGJ(2) and curcumin suggests new therapeutic targets in the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Chearwae
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute at Clarian Health, 1800 North Capitol Avenue, Noyes Building E-504C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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van Neerven S, Kampmann E, Mey J. RAR/RXR and PPAR/RXR signaling in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:433-51. [PMID: 18554773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are important signals in brain development. They regulate gene transcription by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and, as was discovered recently, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Traditional ligands of PPAR are best known for their functions in lipid metabolism and inflammation. RAR and PPAR are ligand-activated transcription factors, which share members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) family as heterodimeric partners. Both signal transduction pathways have recently been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Since inflammatory processes contribute to various neurodegenerative diseases, the anti-inflammatory activity of retinoids and PPARgamma agonists recommends them as potential therapeutic targets. In addition, genetic linkage studies, transgenic mouse models and experiments with vitamin A deprivation provide evidence that retinoic acid signaling is directly involved in physiology and pathology of motoneurons, of the basal ganglia and of cognitive functions. The activation of PPAR/RXR and RAR/RXR transcription factors has therefore been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in disorders of the central nervous system.
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Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is without adjuvant effect in mice on ovalbumin. Toxicology 2008; 244:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wang ZJ, Liang CL, Li GM, Yu CY, Yin M. Stearic acid protects primary cultured cortical neurons against oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:315-26. [PMID: 17302992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the effects of stearic acid against oxidative stress in primary cultured cortical neurons. METHODS Cortical neurons were exposed to glutamate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or NaN3 insult in the presence or absence of stearic acid. Cell viability of cortical neurons was determined by MTT assay and LDH release. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes activity[superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation in cultured cortical neurons were evaluated using commercial kits. {3-[1(p-chlorobenzyl)- 5-(isopropyl)-3-t-butylthiondol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, Na} [MK886; 5 micromol/L; a noncompetitive inhibitor of proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha], bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE; 100 micromol/L; an antagonist of PPAR gamma), and cycloheximide (CHX; 30 micromol/L, an inhibitor of protein synthesis) were tested for their effects on the neuroprotection afforded by stearic acid. Western blotting was used to determine the PPAR gamma protein level in cortical neurons. RESULTS Stearic acid dose-dependently protected cortical neurons against glutamate or H2O2 injury and increased glutamate uptake in cultured neurons. This protection was concomitant to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to the promotion activity of Cu/Zn SOD and CAT in cultured cortical neurons. Its neuroprotective effects were completely blocked by BADGE and CHX. After incubation with H2O2 for 24 h, the expression of the PPAR gamma protein decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on the expression of PPAR gamma can be attenuated by stearic acid. CONCLUSION Stearic acid can protect cortical neurons against oxidative stress by boosting the internal antioxidant enzymes. Its neuroprotective effect may be mainly mediated by the activation of PPAR gamma and new protein synthesis in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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Becker J, Delayre-Orthez C, Frossard N, Pons F. Regulation of inflammation by PPARs: a future approach to treat lung inflammatory diseases? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2007; 20:429-47. [PMID: 16968414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung inflammatory diseases, such as acute lung injury (ALI), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung fibrosis, represent a major health problem worldwide. Although glucocorticoids are the most potent anti-inflammatory drug in asthma, they exhibit major side effects and have poor activity in lung inflammatory disorders such as ALI or COPD. Therefore, there is growing need for the development of alternative or new therapies to treat inflammation in the lung. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), including the three isotypes PPARalpha, PPARbeta (or PPARdelta) and PPARgamma, are transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARs, and in particular PPARalpha and PPARgamma, are well known for their critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling expression of a variety of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Synthetic ligands of the two receptor isotypes, the fibrates and the thiazolidinediones, are clinically used to treat dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Recently however, PPARalpha and PPARgamma have been shown to exert a potent anti-inflammatory activity, mainly through their ability to downregulate pro-inflammatory gene expression and inflammatory cell functions. The present article reviews the current knowledge of the role of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in controlling inflammation, and presents different findings suggesting that PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators may be helpful in the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Becker
- EA 3771 Inflammation et environnement dans l'asthme, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, Illkirch, France
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Raikwar HP, Muthian G, Rajasingh J, Johnson CN, Bright JJ. PPARgamma antagonists reverse the inhibition of neural antigen-specific Th1 response and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by Ciglitazone and 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:76-86. [PMID: 16844232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates cell growth, differentiation and homeostasis. PPARgamma agonists have been used to treat obesity, diabetes, cancer and inflammation and recent studies have shown the protective effects of PPARgamma agonists on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune disease model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our studies have further demonstrated that the PPARgamma agonists, 15d-PGJ2 and Ciglitazone, inhibit EAE through blocking IL-12 signaling leading to Th1 differentiation and the PPARgamma deficient heterozygous mice (PPARgamma+/-) or those treated with PPARgamma antagonists develop an exacerbated EAE in association with an augmented Th1 response. In this study, we show that the PPARgamma antagonists, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-(4-pyridyl)benzamide (T0070907), reverse the inhibition of EAE by the PPARgamma agonists, Ciglitazone and 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-Prostaglandin J2, in C57BL/6 wild-type and PPARgamma+/- mice. The reversal of EAE by BADGE and T0070907 was associated with restoration of neural antigen-induced T cell proliferation, IFNgamma production and Th1 differentiation inhibited by Ciglitazone and 15d-PGJ2. These results suggest that Ciglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 ameliorate EAE through PPARgamma-dependent mechanisms and further confirm a physiological role for PPARgamma in the regulation of CNS inflammation and demyelination in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe the recent findings regarding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and their translation to new therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Basic research is providing new insights into the immune elements involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, both in the periphery as well as in the central nervous system. Unveiling the complex interplay of the molecules involved in the immunological cascade of the disease supplies new targets for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. Similarly, clinical studies and identification of distinct subgroups of patients based on their responsiveness to immunotherapies provides support for the existence of immunopathological disease subtypes that seem to require different therapeutic approaches. These studies extend the theoretical basis that facilitates development of neuroprotective and repair-promoting therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY The application of novel and cutting-edge technologies in the fields of genomics and proteomics is providing a better understanding of the genetic and environmental factors involved in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression, as well as the detection of biomarkers for disease activity and response to therapy. Implementation of these facilitates identification of new targets for therapy towards tailoring treatment to the individual patient with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fontoura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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