1
|
Zhou W, Graner M, Beseler C, Domashevich T, Selva S, Webster G, Ledreux A, Zizzo Z, Lundt M, Alvarez E, Yu X. Plasma IgG aggregates as biomarkers for multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2023; 256:109801. [PMID: 37816415 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that multiple sclerosis (MS) plasma contains IgG aggregates and induces complement-dependent neuronal cytotoxicity (Zhou et al., 2023). Using ELISA, we report herein that plasma IgG levels in the aggregates can be used as biomarkers for MS. We enriched the IgG aggregates from samples of two cohorts (190 MS and 160 controls) by collecting flow-through after plasma binding to Protein A followed by detection of IgG subclass. We show that there are significantly higher levels of IgG1, IgG3, and total IgG antibodies in MS IgG aggregates, with an AUC >90%; higher levels of IgG1 distinguish secondary progressive MS from relapsing-remitting MS (AUC = 91%). Significantly, we provided the biological rationale for MS plasma IgG biomarkers by demonstrating the strong correlation between IgG antibodies and IgG aggregate-induced neuronal cytotoxicity. These non-invasive, simple IgG-based blood ELISA assays can be adapted into clinical practice for diagnosing MS and SPMS and monitoring treatment responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Graner
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cheryl Beseler
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Timothy Domashevich
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sean Selva
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gill Webster
- Innate Immunotherapeutics Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aurelie Ledreux
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zoe Zizzo
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Max Lundt
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Departments of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Höftberger R, Lassmann H, Berger T, Reindl M. Pathogenic autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis - from a simple idea to a complex concept. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:681-688. [PMID: 35970870 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been enigmatic since the first description, many decades ago, of intrathecal immunoglobulin production in people with this condition. Some studies have indicated that MS pathology is heterogeneous, with an antibody-associated subtype - characterized by B cells (in varying quantities), antibodies and complement - existing alongside other subtypes with different pathologies. However, subsequent evidence suggested that some cases originally diagnosed as MS with autoantibody-mediated demyelination were more likely to be neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. These findings raise the important question of whether an autoantibody-mediated MS subtype exists and whether pathogenic MS-associated autoantibodies remain to be identified. Potential roles of autoantibodies in MS could range from specific antibodies defining the disease to a non-disease-specific amplification of cellular immune responses and other pathophysiological processes. In this Perspective, we review studies that have attempted to identify MS-associated autoantibodies and provide our opinions on their possible roles in the pathophysiology of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malinick AS, Lambert AS, Stuart DD, Li B, Puente E, Cheng Q. Detection of Multiple Sclerosis Biomarkers in Serum by Ganglioside Microarrays and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3617-3626. [PMID: 33115236 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheaths of nerve cells in the central nervous system. An individual suffering from MS produces increased levels of antibodies that target cell membrane components, such as phospholipids, gangliosides, and membrane proteins. Among them, anti-ganglioside antibodies are considered as important biomarkers to differentiate MS from other diseases that exhibit similar symptoms. We report here a label-free method for detecting a series of antibodies against gangliosides in serum by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) in combination with a carbohydrate microarray. The ganglioside array was fabricated with a plasmonically tuned, background-free biochip, and coated with a perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFDTS) layer for antigen attachment as a self-assembled pseudo-myelin sheath. The chip was characterized with AFM and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, demonstrating effective functionalization of the surface. SPRi measurements of patients' mimicking blood samples were conducted. A multiplexed detection of antibodies for anti-GT1b, anti-GM1, and anti-GA1 in serum was demonstrated, with a working range of 1 to 100 ng/mL, suggesting that it is well suited for clinical assessment of antibody abnormality in MS patients. Statistical analyses, including PLS-DA and PCA show the array allows comprehensive characterization of cross reactivity patterns between the MS specific antibodies and can generate a wide range of information compared to traditional end point assays. This work uses PFDTS surface functionalization and enables direct MS biomarker detection in serum, offering a powerful alternative for MS assessment and potentially improved patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Malinick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexander S. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Daniel D. Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bochao Li
- Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ellie Puente
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Armangue T, Capobianco M, de Chalus A, Laetitia G, Deiva K. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 3 - Biomarkers of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:22-31. [PMID: 33191096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A first episode of acquired demyelinating disorder (ADS) in children is a diagnostic challenge as different diseases can express similar clinical features. Recently, antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have emerged as a new ADS biomarker, which clearly allow the identification of monophasic and relapsing ADS forms different from MS predominantly in children. Due to the novelty of this antibody there are still challenges and controversies about its pathogenicity and best technique to detect it. In this manuscript we will discuss the recommendations and caveats on MOG antibody assays, role in the pathogenesis, and additionally discuss the usefulness of other potential new biomarkers in MOG-antibody associated disorders (MOGAD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Armangue
- Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Department of Neurology and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Aliénor de Chalus
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Giorgi Laetitia
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kharati M, Foroutanparsa S, Rabiee M, Salarian R, Rabiee N, Rabiee G. Early Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Based on Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors: Comprehensive Perspective. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180829111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated response in which
body’s immune system destructs the protective sheath (myelin). Part of the known MS biomarkers are
discovered in cerebrospinal fluid like oligoclonal lgG (OCGB), and also in blood like myelin Oligodendrocyte
Glycoprotein (MOG). The conventional MS diagnostic methods often fail to detect the
disease in early stages such as Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), which considered as a concerning
issue since CIS highlighted as a prognostic factor of MS development in most cases.
Methods:
MS diagnostic techniques include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal
cord, lumbar puncture (or spinal tap) that evaluate cerebrospinal fluid, evoked potential testing revealing
abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord. These conventional diagnostic methods have some
negative points such as extensive processing time as well as restriction in the quantity of samples that
can be analyzed concurrently. Scientists have focused on developing the detection methods especially
early detection which belongs to ultra-sensitive, non-invasive and needed for the Point of Care (POC)
diagnosis because the situation was complicated by false positive or negative results.
Results:
As a result, biosensors are utilized and investigated since they could be ultra-sensitive to specific
compounds, cost effective devices, body-friendly and easy to implement. In addition, it has been
proved that the biosensors on physiological fluids (blood, serum, urine, saliva, milk etc.) have quick
response in a non-invasive rout. In general form, a biosensor system for diagnosis and early detection
process usually involves; biomarker (target molecule), bio receptor (recognition element) and compatible
bio transducer.
Conclusion:
Studies underlined that early treatment of patients with high possibility of MS can be advantageous
by postponing further abnormalities on MRI and subsequent attacks.
:
This Review highlights variable disease diagnosis approaches such as Surface Plasmon Resonance
(SPR), electrochemical biosensors, Microarrays and microbeads based Microarrays, which are considered
as promising methods for detection and early detection of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kharati
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanam Foroutanparsa
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Salarian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Maziar University, Noor, Royan, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
General Principles of Immunotherapy in Neurological Diseases. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Papais-Alvarenga RM, Neri VC, de Araújo e Araújo ACR, da Silva EB, Alvarenga MP, Pereira ABCNDG, Brandão AC, Alvarenga-Filho H, Guimarães MPM, Marignier R, Barros PO, Bento CM, Vasconcelos CCF. Lower frequency of antibodies to MOG in Brazilian patients with demyelinating diseases: An ethnicity influence? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Braganza CD, Santoso KT, Dangerfield EM, La Flamme AC, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Evaluation of anti α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28086-28093. [PMID: 35542693 PMCID: PMC9084297 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains challenging due to the complex pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of the disease. Consequently, there has been immense interest in finding a non-invasive diagnostic test for MS. Recent studies found that serum anti-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies were upregulated in MS patients, and this finding led to the development of a commercial diagnostic test (gMS® Dx test), although the test has poor selectivity and has not been independently validated. Herein, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the use and reliability of several anti-glucose IgM antibodies, including those against GAGA4, as diagnostic biomarkers for MS. In contrast to previous studies, our results show that serum anti-GAGA4 IgM antibody levels are not significantly higher in MS patients, which could potentially explain the poor selectivity of the commercial test. Anti-glucose IgM antibodies are not upregulated in RRMS patients and thus are not a suitable biomarker for MS.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Kristiana T. Santoso
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Emma M. Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Anne C. La Flamme
- Centre for Biodiscovery
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stimmer L, Fovet CM, Serguera C. Experimental Models of Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases in Nonhuman Primates. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:27-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDD) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune inflammatory and demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). These include multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic IIDD, but also rarer disorders such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Great efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of MS, leading to the development of a few effective treatments. Nonetheless, IIDD still require a better understanding of the causes and underlying mechanisms to implement more effective therapies and diagnostic methods. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model to study the pathophysiology of IIDD. EAE is principally induced through immunization with myelin antigens combined with immune-activating adjuvants. Nonhuman primates (NHP), the phylogenetically closest relatives of humans, challenged by similar microorganisms as other primates may recapitulate comparable immune responses to that of humans. In this review, the authors describe EAE models in 3 NHP species: rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis), and common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus), evaluating their respective contribution to the understanding of human IIDD. EAE in NHP is a heterogeneous disease, including acute monophasic and chronic polyphasic forms. This diversity makes it a versatile model to use in translational research. This clinical variability also creates an opportunity to explore multiple facets of immune-mediated mechanisms of neuro-inflammation and demyelination as well as intrinsic protective mechanisms. Here, the authors review current insights into the pathogenesis and immunopathological mechanisms implicated in the development of EAE in NHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Stimmer
- U1169/US27 Platform for experimental pathology, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Claire-Maëlle Fovet
- U1169/US27 Platform for general surgery, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ché Serguera
- US27, Molecular Imaging Research Center, INSERM-CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
D'Ambrosio A, Pontecorvo S, Colasanti T, Zamboni S, Francia A, Margutti P. Peripheral blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1097-110. [PMID: 26226413 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. The heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly variable course of the disease and unpredictable response to therapies. The major focus of the research on MS is the identification of biomarkers in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid or blood, to guide patient management reliably. Because of the difficulties in obtaining spinal fluid samples and the necessity for lumbar puncture to make a diagnosis has reduced, the research of blood-based biomarkers may provide increasingly important tools for clinical practice. However, currently there are no clearly established MS blood-based biomarkers. The availability of reliable biomarkers could radically alter the management of MS at critical phases of the disease spectrum, allowing for intervention strategies that may prevent evolution to long-term neurological disability. This article provides an overview of this research field and focuses on recent advances in blood-based biomarker research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D'Ambrosio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pontecorvo
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Francia
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Margutti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Berger T, Reindl M. Antibody biomarkers in CNS demyelinating diseases - a long and winding road. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22:1162-8. [PMID: 26010364 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over several decades, studies sought potential markers to diagnose and to predict the clinical course of central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorders, especially in multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Reliable biomarkers would ensure correct diagnoses, determine future disease evolvements, stratify patients for appropriate treatments and monitor disease activity and treatment effects - in summary, meet the longing for personalized medicine in these diseases. Out of a plethora of potential biomarker candidates antibodies have turned (again) into the scientific focus, due to pivotal immunological and neuropathological findings in the past 20 years. A major breakthrough and stimulus for further research was the identification of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. Various other myelin and non-myelin antigens were investigated in detail for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, such as antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein or to the potassium channel KIR4.1. Further, the use of biopharmaceutical treatments in multiple sclerosis led to intense research activities to identify anti-treatment neutralizing antibodies and their clinical consequences. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on antibodies in the diagnosis, prognosis, disease and treatment monitoring of CNS demyelinating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Identification of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of multiple sclerosis patients by immunoproteomics approach. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23269-82. [PMID: 25517032 PMCID: PMC4284765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. At present, the molecular mechanisms causing the initiation, development and progression of MS are poorly understood, and no reliable proteinaceous disease markers are available. In this study, we used an immunoproteomics approach to identify autoreactive antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients to use as candidate markers with potential diagnostic value. We identified an autoreactive anti-transferrin antibody that may have a potential link with the development and progression of MS. We found this antibody at high levels also in the serum of MS patients and created an immunoenzymatic assay to detect it. Because of the complexity and heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis, it is difficult to find a single marker for all of the processes involved in the origin and progression of the disease, so the development of a panel of biomarkers is desirable, and anti-transferrin antibody could be one of these.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hohmann C, Milles B, Schinke M, Schroeter M, Ulzheimer J, Kraft P, Kleinschnitz C, Lehmann PV, Kuerten S. Categorization of multiple sclerosis relapse subtypes by B cell profiling in the blood. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:138. [PMID: 25597707 PMCID: PMC4177072 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction B cells are attracting increasing attention in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). B cell-targeted therapies with monoclonal antibodies or plasmapheresis have been shown to be successful in a subset of patients. Here, patients with either relapsing-remitting (n = 24) or secondary progressive (n = 6) MS presenting with an acute clinical relapse were screened for their B cell reactivity to brain antigens and were re-tested three to nine months later. Enzyme-linked immunospot technique (ELISPOT) was used to identify brain-reactive B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) directly ex vivo and after 96 h of polyclonal stimulation. Clinical severity of symptoms was determined using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results Nine patients displayed B cells in the blood producing brain-specific antibodies directly ex vivo. Six patients were classified as B cell positive donors only after polyclonal B cell stimulation. In 15 patients a B cell response to brain antigens was absent. Based on the autoreactive B cell response we categorized MS relapses into three different patterns. Patients who displayed brain-reactive B cell responses both directly ex vivo and after polyclonal stimulation (pattern I) were significantly younger than patients in whom only memory B cell responses were detectable or entirely absent (patterns II and III; p = 0.003). In one patient a conversion to a positive B cell response as measured directly ex vivo and subsequently also after polyclonal stimulation was associated with the development of a clinical relapse. The evaluation of the predictive value of a brain antigen-specific B cell response showed that seven of eight patients (87.5%) with a pattern I response encountered a clinical relapse during the observation period of 10 months, compared to two of five patients (40%) with a pattern II and three of 14 patients (21.4%) with a pattern III response (p = 0.0005; hazard ratio 6.08 (95% confidence interval 1.87-19.77). Conclusions Our data indicate actively ongoing B cell-mediated immunity against brain antigens in a subset of MS patients that may be causative of clinical relapses and provide new diagnostic and therapeutic options for a subset of patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthes (Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis) appears to protect against the development or exacerbation of MS. Evidence supporting the ability of parasitic infections to protect against disease will be discussed along with a brief summary of a recent Phase I clinical trial testing the ability of Trichuris suis ova treatment to improve the clinical course of MS. A complex interaction between the CNS (including the blood-brain barrier), multiple infections with various infectious agents (occurring in the periphery or within the CNS), and the immune response to those various infections may have to be deciphered before the etiology of MS can be fully understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USAxs
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jørgensen KM, Frederiksen JL, Nielsen CT, Houen G. DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO THE 20S PROTEASOME BY ELISA. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2013; 34:384-92. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2012.755628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
16
|
Bansal P, Khan T, Bussmeyer U, Challa DK, Swiercz R, Velmurugan R, Ober RJ, Ward ES. The Encephalitogenic, Human Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–Induced Antibody Repertoire Is Directed toward Multiple Epitopes in C57BL/6-Immunized Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1091-101. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Reindl M, Di Pauli F, Rostásy K, Berger T. The spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9:455-61. [PMID: 23797245 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has been identified as a target of demyelinating autoantibodies in animal models of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Numerous studies have aimed to establish a role for MOG antibodies in patients with MS, although the results have been controversial. Cell-based immunoassays using MOG expressed in mammalian cells have demonstrated the presence of high-titre MOG antibodies in paediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, MS, aquaporin-4-seronegative neuromyelitis optica, or isolated optic neuritis or transverse myelitis, but only rarely in adults with these disorders. These studies indicate that MOG antibodies could be associated with a broad spectrum of acquired human CNS demyelinating diseases. This Review article discusses the current literature on MOG antibodies, their potential clinical relevance, and their role in the pathogenesis of MOG antibody-associated demyelinating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fialová L, Bartos A, Švarcová J, Zimova D, Kotoucova J. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid heavy neurofilaments and antibodies against them in early multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 259:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Kuenz B, Deisenhammer F, Berger T, Reindl M. Diagnostic biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:225-33. [PMID: 23489309 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS and comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of disease subtypes. The distinctive variability of clinical presentations, histopathologic and immunologic patterns, as well as neuroradiologic phenotypes in MS poses a diagnostic challenge to the attending physician and claims a more differentiated typing of MS patients by diagnostic biomarkers in order to anticipate the expected disease course and to stratify patients for specifically tailored therapies. In this paper, the major biomarkers presently recommended in the diagnosis of MS are reviewed, including magnetic resonance imaging, the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid parameters and the diagnostic relevance of antibodies to aquaporin-4 water channels and myelin antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kuenz
- Innsbruck Medical University, Clinical Department of Neurology, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria +43 512/504 24363 ; +43 512/504 24266 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Ameling S, Herda LR, Hammer E, Steil L, Teumer A, Trimpert C, Dörr M, Kroemer HK, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Völker U, Felix SB. Myocardial gene expression profiles and cardiodepressant autoantibodies predict response of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy to immunoadsorption therapy. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:666-75. [PMID: 23100283 PMCID: PMC3584995 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Immunoadsorption with subsequent immunoglobulin G substitution (IA/IgG) represents a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) which leads to the improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, response to this therapeutic intervention shows wide inter-individual variability. In this pilot study, we tested the value of clinical, biochemical, and molecular parameters for the prediction of the response of patients with DCM to IA/IgG. Methods and results Forty DCM patients underwent endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) before IA/IgG. In eight patients with normal LVEF (controls), EMBs were obtained for clinical reasons. Clinical parameters, negative inotropic activity (NIA) of antibodies on isolated rat cardiomyocytes, and gene expression profiles of EMBs were analysed. Dilated cardiomyopathy patients displaying improvement of LVEF (≥20 relative and ≥5% absolute) 6 months after IA/IgG were considered responders. Compared with non-responders (n = 16), responders (n = 24) displayed shorter disease duration (P = 0.006), smaller LV internal diameter in diastole (P = 0.019), and stronger NIA of antibodies. Antibodies obtained from controls were devoid of NIA. Myocardial gene expression patterns were different in responders and non-responders for genes of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, hypertrophy, and ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. The integration of scores of NIA and expression levels of four genes allowed robust discrimination of responders from non-responders at baseline (BL) [sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 85.8–100%); specificity up to 100% (95% CI 79.4–100%); cut-off value: −0.28] and was superior to scores derived from antibodies, gene expression, or clinical parameters only. Conclusion Combined assessment of NIA of antibodies and gene expression patterns of DCM patients at BL predicts response to IA/IgG therapy and may enable appropriate selection of patients who benefit from this therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ameling
- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15a, Greifswald D - 17487, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cerebrospinal fluid anti-whole myelin antibodies are not correlated to magnetic resonance imaging activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 251:103-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Lee DH, Linker RA. The role of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in autoimmune demyelination: a target for multiple sclerosis therapy? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:451-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.677438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
24
|
Pikor N, Gommerman JL. B cells in MS: Why, where and how? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2012; 1:123-30. [PMID: 25877077 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which auto-aggressive lymphocytes participate in inflammation that causes myelin destruction. Although T lymphocytes have been viewed as important culprits in the inflammatory cascade that results in MS, clinical trial results and animal model data support a role for B lymphocytes in MS pathology. In spite of these encouraging results, the mechanism behind why B cell depletion might be effective for MS treatment remains unknown. Herein we summarize the state of our knowledge for how B cells and their antibody products may influence the initiation and or propagation of MS, drawing from human studies and animal model data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pikor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lass-Napiorkowska A, Heyduk E, Tian L, Heyduk T. Detection methodology based on target molecule-induced sequence-specific binding to a single-stranded oligonucleotide. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3382-9. [PMID: 22401560 DOI: 10.1021/ac3001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a mix-and-read format homogeneous antigen peptide based assay for detection of the antibodies (Tian, L.; Heyduk, T. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 5218-5225) that employed for target detection a simple biophysical mechanism of target antibody induced annealing between two complementary oligonucleotides attached to the antigen peptide. In this work, we propose and experimentally validate an alternative variant of this assay format in which target antibody binding to antigen peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate produces a complex with high sequence-specific binding affinity to a single-stranded capture oligonucleotide. This new assay format can be used for preparing various solid-surface based assays by immobilizing the capture oligonucleotide. This assay design is not limited to antibody detection. We demonstrate that it can also be employed for detecting proteins or pathogenic bacteria using oligonucleotide-labeled antibodies as target recognition elements. Preparation of these solid-surface based assays is simplified because all interactions with the solid surfaces are mediated by well-understood oligonucleotide-oligonucleotide interactions and because of the relative ease of immobilizing oligonucleotides on various solid surfaces. These unique aspects of the assay design also allow microarray-style multiplexing that could be most useful for multiplexed antibody profiling for diagnosis and analysis of cancer, autoimmune, and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lass-Napiorkowska
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University Medical School, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boronat A, Sepúlveda M, Llufriu S, Sabater L, Blanco Y, Gabilondo I, Solà N, Villoslada P, Dalmau J, Graus F, Saiz A. Analysis of antibodies to surface epitopes of contactin-2 in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 244:103-6. [PMID: 22245283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Contactin-2 was recently identified as an autoantigen targeted by T-cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we analyzed the frequency of antibodies to contactin-2 (contactin-2-ab) by a cell-based assay in the serum from 105 MS patients and at least 5 years of follow-up (19 clinically isolated syndromes, 51 relapsing-remitting, 20 secondary-progressive, and 15 primary-progressive). Contactin-2-ab were detected in 4 (7.8%) relapsing-remitting patients. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics were not significantly different from the rest of relapsing-remitting patients. In conclusion, contactin-2-ab are identified in a minority of MS patients but their presence is not associated with a particular clinical-radiological profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boronat
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d' Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Conformational epitopes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein are targets of potentially pathogenic antibody responses in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:161. [PMID: 22093619 PMCID: PMC3238300 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a putative autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Establishing the pathological relevance and validity of anti-MOG antibodies as biomarkers has yielded conflicting reports mainly due to different MOG isoforms used in different studies. Because epitope specificity may be a key factor determining anti-MOG reactivity we aimed at identifying a priori immunodominant MOG epitopes by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and at assessing clinical relevance of these epitopes in MS. Methods Sera of 325 MS patients, 69 patients with clinically isolated syndrome and 164 healthy controls were assayed by quantitative, high-throughput ELISA for reactivity to 3 different MOG isoforms, and quantitative titers correlated with clinical characteristics. mAbs defined unique immunodominant epitopes distinct to each of the isoforms. Results In the majority of human samples anti-MOG levels were skewed towards low titers. However, in 8.2% of samples high-titer anti-MOG antibodies were identified. In contrast to anti-MOG reactivity observed in a mouse model of MS, in patients with MS these never reacted with ubiquitously exposed epitopes. Moreover, in patients with relapsing-remitting MS high-titer anti-MOG IgG correlated with disability (EDSS; Spearman r = 0.574; p = 0.025). Conclusions Thus high-titer reactivity likely represents high-affinity antibodies against pathologically relevant MOG epitopes, that are only present in a small proportion of patients with MS. Our study provides valuable information about requirements of anti-MOG reactivity for being regarded as a prognostic biomarker in a subtype of MS.
Collapse
|
28
|
Eckstein C, Saidha S, Levy M. A differential diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: beyond multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2011; 259:801-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
29
|
Gabibov AG, Belogurov AA, Lomakin YA, Zakharova MY, Avakyan ME, Dubrovskaya VV, Smirnov IV, Ivanov AS, Molnar AA, Gurtsevitch VE, Diduk SV, Smirnova KV, Avalle B, Sharanova SN, Tramontano A, Friboulet A, Boyko AN, Ponomarenko NA, Tikunova NV. Combinatorial antibody library from multiple sclerosis patients reveals antibodies that cross-react with myelin basic protein and EBV antigen. FASEB J 2011; 25:4211-21. [PMID: 21859892 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-190769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a widespread neurodegenerative autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. It is increasingly evident that, together with pathogenic T cells, autoreactive B cells are among the major players in MS development. The analysis of myelin neuroantigen-specific antibody repertoires and their possible cross-reactivity against environmental antigens, including viral proteins, could shed light on the mechanism of MS induction and progression. A phage display library of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) was constructed from blood lymphocytes of patients with MS as a potential source of representative MS autoantibodies. Structural alignment of 13 clones selected toward myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the major myelin antigens, showed high homology within variable regions with cerebrospinal fluid MS-associated antibodies as well as with antibodies toward Epstein-Barr latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Three scFv clones showed pronounced specificity to MBP fragments 65-92 and 130-156, similar to the serum MS antibodies. One of these clones, designated E2, in both scFv and full-size human antibody constructs, was shown to react with both MBP and LMP1 proteins in vitro, suggesting natural cross-reactivity. Thus, antibodies induced against LMP1 during Epstein-Barr virus infection might act as inflammatory trigger by reacting with MBP, suggesting molecular mimicry in the mechanism of MS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Gabibov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
This review explores the principle features of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly relapsing-remitting MS. It highlights the emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of MS in the context of known features of pathology, including the characterization of cytokine networks promoting inflammatory damage of the central nervous system, B-cell involvement, and inflammatory damage of axons and neurons. This article preferentially focuses on MS rather than animal models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Identification of antibodies as biological markers in serum from multiple sclerosis patients by immunoproteomic approach. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 233:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Di Pauli F, Mader S, Rostasy K, Schanda K, Bajer-Kornek B, Ehling R, Deisenhammer F, Reindl M, Berger T. Temporal dynamics of anti-MOG antibodies in CNS demyelinating diseases. Clin Immunol 2011; 138:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
33
|
Lalive PH, Häusler MG, Maurey H, Mikaeloff Y, Tardieu M, Wiendl H, Schroeter M, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Menge T. Highly reactive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies differentiate demyelinating diseases from viral encephalitis in children. Mult Scler 2010; 17:297-302. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458510389220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) may be implicated in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) inducing demyelination in the animal model of MS. In adults reported anti-MOG antibody frequencies have been variable across a number of studies and can also be detected in controls. Objective: To measure antibodies against MOG in paediatric patients with demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system and in controls. Methods: Serum antibodies against MOG and myelin basic protein were measured by ELISA, flow cytometry (FACS) and in the liquid phase in 11 children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 22 children with MS, seven children with acute viral encephalitis and 13 healthy controls. The serostatus of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections were assessed. Results: Anti-MOG antibodies, measured either by ELISA or FACS were exclusively detected in children with demyelination. In ADEM these antibodies were highly reactive. Anti-MBP reactivity was detectable equally in all groups. The presence of either autoantibodies did not associate with EBV serostatus, age, gender or disease course. Conclusions: This study independently corroborates recently published results of seroprevalence and specificity of the assay. Due to their low sensitivity anti-MOG antibodies will not serve as disease-specific biomarkers, but could help to support the diagnosis of ADEM in difficult cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- PH Lalive
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medicine Service, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - MG Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuropediatric Section, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - H Maurey
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Y Mikaeloff
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - M Tardieu
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - H Wiendl
- Department of Neurology – Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - M Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - HP Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical School, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - BC Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical School, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Menge
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical School, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuerten S, Rottlaender A, Rodi M, Velasco VB, Schroeter M, Kaiser C, Addicks K, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV. The clinical course of EAE is reflected by the dynamics of the neuroantigen-specific T cell compartment in the blood. Clin Immunol 2010; 137:422-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
35
|
Lackner P, Kuenz B, Reindl M, Morandell M, Berger T, Schmutzhard E, Eggers C. Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder: a cross-sectional cohort study. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:79. [PMID: 21083890 PMCID: PMC2998475 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and demyelination have been suggested as mechanisms causing HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). This cross-sectional cohort study explores the potential role of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a putative autoantigen in multiple sclerosis, in the pathogenesis of HAND. Methods IgG antibodies against MOG were measured by ELISA in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 65 HIV-positive patients with HAND (n = 14), cerebral opportunistic infections (HIVOI, n = 25), primary HIV infection (HIVM, n = 5) and asymptomatic patients (HIVasy, n = 21). As control group HIV-negative patients with bacterial or viral CNS infections (OIND, n = 18) and other neurological diseases (OND, n = 22) were included. In a subset of HAND patients MOG antibodies were determined before and during antiviral therapy. Results In serum, significantly higher MOG antibody titers were observed in HAND compared to OND patients. In CSF, significantly higher antibody titers were observed in HAND and HIVOI patients compared to HIVasy and OND patients and in OIND compared to OND patients. CSF anti-MOG antibodies showed a high sensitivity and specificity (85.7% and 76.2%) for discriminating patients with active HAND from asymptomatic HIV patients. MOG immunopositive HAND patients performed significantly worse on the HIV dementia scale and showed higher viral load in CSF. In longitudinally studied HAND patients, sustained antibody response was noted despite successful clearance of viral RNA. Conclusions Persistence of MOG antibodies despite viral clearance in a high percentage of HAND patients suggests ongoing neuroinflammation, possibly preventing recovery from HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lackner
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Batoulis H, Addicks K, Kuerten S. Emerging concepts in autoimmune encephalomyelitis beyond the CD4/TH1 paradigm. Ann Anat 2010; 192:179-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Epstein-Barr virus latent infection and BAFF expression in B cells in the multiple sclerosis brain: implications for viral persistence and intrathecal B-cell activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:677-93. [PMID: 20535037 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181e332ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the persistent intrathecal synthesis of antibodies. Our previous finding that a large fraction of B cells infiltrating the MS brain are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) raises the possibility that this virus, because of its ability to establish a latent infection in B cells and interfere with their differentiation, contributes to B-cell dysregulation in MS. The aim of this study was to gain further insight into EBV latency programs and their relationship to B-cell activation in the MS brain. Immunohistochemical analysis of postmortem MS brain samples harboring large EBV deposits revealed that most B cells in white matter lesions, meninges, and ectopic B-cell follicles are CD27+ antigen-experienced cells and coexpress latent membrane protein 1 and latent membrane protein 2A, 2 EBV-encoded proteins that provide survival and maturation signals to B cells. By combining laser-capture microdissection with preamplification reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques, EBV latency transcripts (latent membrane protein 2A, EBV nuclear antigen 1) were detected in all MS brain samples analyzed. We also found that B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family is expressed in EBV-infected B cells in acute MS lesions and ectopic B-cell follicles. These findings support a role for EBV infection in B-cell activation in the MS brain and suggest that B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family produced by EBV-infected B cells may contribute to this process resulting in viral persistence and, possibly, disruption of B-cell tolerance.
Collapse
|
38
|
The antibody response to oligodendrocyte specific protein in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 221:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
39
|
Abstract
Increasing research activities on humoral immune responses involved in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) led to a revival of the importance of B cells and antibodies in MS. B cells seem now to play various immunopathogenetic roles in the initiation and propagation of inflammatory demyelinating processes at different disease stages of MS. The biological activities of antibodies in MS is, in general, still less known, although it emerges that antibodies are specifically involved in demyelination or, at least, mirror tissue destruction in the central nervous system. Finally, there is growing evidence that treatments, which specifically target B cells and/or antibodies, are effective in MS and its variants neuromyelitis optica (NMO). This chapter therefore aims to summarize the present knowledge and to outline future directions about the role of B cells and antibodies in research and therapy of MS and NMO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reindl
- Neuroimmunological and Multiple Sclerosis Clinic and Research Unit, Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Podbielska M, Hogan EL. Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2009; 15:1011-29. [PMID: 19692432 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin lipids have long been thought to play intriguing roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular basis of MS with emphasis on the: (i.) physico-chemical properties, organization and accessibility of the lipids and their distribution within the myelin multilayer; (ii.) characterization of myelin lipid structures, and structure-function relationships relevant to MS mechanisms, and; (iii.) immunogenic and other features of lipids in MS including molecular mimicry, lipid enzyme genetic knockouts, glycolipid-reactive NKT cells, and monoclonal antibody-induced remyelination. New findings associate anti-lipid antibodies with pathophysiological biomarkers and suggest clinical utility. The structure of CD1d-lipid complexed with the lipophilic invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) may be crucial to understanding MS pathogenesis, and design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics. Novel immuno-modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including MS in which there is both constraint of inflammation and stimulation of remyelination are now emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Podbielska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Somers K, Govarts C, Stinissen P, Somers V. Multiplexing approaches for autoantibody profiling in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:573-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
42
|
Fraussen J, Vrolix K, Martinez-Martinez P, Losen M, De Baets M, Stinissen P, Somers V. B cell characterization and reactivity analysis in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:654-8. [PMID: 19239929 PMCID: PMC7185554 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B cells are one of the key players in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The peripheral B cell distributions are similar in healthy persons and MS patients. In healthy controls, B cells are rarely present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) while in MS patients, a clonally expanded B cell population is detected. This consists of memory B cells, centroblasts and antibody-secreting plasma blasts and plasma cells that are responsible for intrathecal immunoglobulin G production and oligoclonal band formation in more than 90% of MS patients. Unfortunately, the targets of the autoreactive B cells and antibodies remain largely unknown. Various candidate antigens have been identified but often their involvement in the disease process is still unclear. Most studies characterizing these target antigens examined autoantibodies by analyzing sera or CSF of MS patients. An alternative approach is focusing on the clonally expanded B cells. In this way B cells directed against myelin, astroglia and axons have been denoted in MS patients. B cell immortalization, that is based on the antibody-producing potential of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) transformed B cells, can be used to expand B cells from MS patients for the production of antibodies, that ultimately can be analysed for target identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fraussen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Belgium
| | - K. Vrolix
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - P. Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - M. Losen
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - M.H. De Baets
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - P. Stinissen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Belgium
| | - V. Somers
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. Tel.: +32 11269202; fax: +32 11269299.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Butts BD, Houde C, Mehmet H. Maturation-dependent sensitivity of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to apoptosis: implications for normal development and disease. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1178-86. [PMID: 18483490 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in brain development by ensuring that only appropriately growing, migrating, and synapse-forming neurons and their associated glial cells survive. This process involves an intimate relationship between cell-cell interactions and developmental cues and is further impacted by environmental stress during neurogenesis and disease. Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the major myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system, largely form after this wave of neurogenesis but also show a selective vulnerability to cell death stimuli depending on their stage of development. This can affect not only embryonic and early postnatal brain formation but also the response to demyelinating pathologies. In the present review, we discuss the stage-specific sensitivity of OL lineage cells to damage-induced death and how this might impact myelin survival and regeneration during injury or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Butts
- Apoptosis Research Group, Merck Research Laboratories, RY80Y-215, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Characteristics of Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica) in Mexico. J Neurol 2008; 255:710-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
45
|
Menge T, von Büdingen HC, Lalive PH, Genain CP. Relevant antibody subsets against MOG recognize conformational epitopes exclusively exposed in solid-phase ELISA. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3229-39. [PMID: 17918203 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A pathogenic role for circulating anti-myelin antibodies is difficult to establish in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we unravel a broad heterogeneity within the anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in humans and non-human primates, and demonstrate that detection of important epitopes of MOG within the pathogenic repertoire is exclusively dependent on presentation on a solid-phase MOG conformer. Results of ELISA and those of a liquid-phase assay were compared using a MOG protein with identical sequence but different conformations. We tested sera from 50 human subjects, plasma of Callithrix jacchus marmosets known to contain antibodies reactive to either conformational or linearized MOG, and monoclonal, conformation-dependent anti-MOG antibodies. We have found no antibody reactivity against the soluble MOG conformer in human serum, and show that this lack of detection is not due to technical artifacts. Rather, dominant epitopes of MOG are not displayed in soluble phase, as shown by a complete lack of binding of conformation-dependent mAb. In MP4-immune marmosets that exhibit demyelinating pathology due to spreading of antibody determinants to myelin-embedded MOG, only ELISA can detect pathogenic circulating anti-MOG antibodies. Thus, the accurate detection of important subsets of pathogenic anti-MOG antibodies requires methods in which MOG is displayed similarly to its natural conformation in myelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Til Menge
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurology, San Francisco CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Franciotta D, Magliozzi R, Reynolds R, Cinque P, Andreoni L, Trivedi P, Salvetti M, Faggioni A, Aloisi F. Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2899-912. [PMID: 17984305 PMCID: PMC2118531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous B-lymphotropic herpesvirus, has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), but direct proof of its involvement in the disease is still missing. To test the idea that MS might result from perturbed EBV infection in the CNS, we investigated expression of EBV markers in postmortem brain tissue from MS cases with different clinical courses. Contrary to previous studies, we found evidence of EBV infection in a substantial proportion of brain-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in nearly 100% of the MS cases examined (21 of 22), but not in other inflammatory neurological diseases. Ectopic B cell follicles forming in the cerebral meninges of some cases with secondary progressive MS were identified as major sites of EBV persistence. Expression of viral latent proteins was regularly observed in MS brains, whereas viral reactivation appeared restricted to ectopic B cell follicles and acute lesions. Activation of CD8+ T cells with signs of cytotoxicity toward plasma cells was also noted at sites of major accumulations of EBV-infected cells. Whether homing of EBV-infected B cells to the CNS is a primary event in MS development or the consequence of a still unknown disease-related process, we interpret these findings as evidence that EBV persistence and reactivation in the CNS play an important role in MS immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Serafini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Myelination is critical for the normal functioning of the vertebrate nervous system. In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, and the loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin results in severe functional impairment. Although spontaneous remyelination occurs in chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, the repair process eventually fails, often resulting in long-term disability. Two distinct general approaches can be considered to promote myelin repair. In one the target is stimulation of the endogenous myelin repair process through delivery of growth factors, and in the second the target is augmentation of the repair process through the delivery of exogenous cells with myelination potential. In both cases, effective treatment of diseases such as multiple sclerosis requires modulation of the immune system, since demyelination is associated with specific immunological activation. Recent studies have shown that some populations of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity of promoting endogenous myelin repair and modulating the immune response, prompting an assessment of their use as therapy in demyelinating diseases such as MS. Other types of demyelinating disorders, such as the leukodystrophies, may require multiple repair strategies including both replacement of dysfunctional cells and delivery or supplementation of growth factors, immune modulators or metabolic enzymes. Here we discuss the use of stem cells for the treatment of demyelinating diseases. While the current number of stem cell-based clinical trials for demyelinating diseases is limited, this is likely to increase significantly in the next few years, and a clear understanding of the applicability, limitations and underlying mechanisms mediating stem cell repair is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Miller
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Eichler F, Van Haren K. Immune response in leukodystrophies. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37:235-44. [PMID: 17903666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the genetics and biochemistry of leukodystrophies have been extensively explored, the immune response in these disorders has received relatively little attention. Both the disease course and its response to treatment may be highly dependent on the immune system. In this review, we compare three common leukodystrophies, each with a different immune response: (1) X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, which demonstrates a severe, lymphocytic inflammatory response; (2) metachromatic leukodystrophy, which yields a histiocytic response; and (3) vanishing white-matter disease, in which no inflammation is typically seen. We highlight the biochemical, pathologic, and clinical differences, while focusing on the immune response in each disease. We also review the response of leukodystrophies to immunomodulatory therapies and interventions such as hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Future studies may delineate specific inflammatory markers as possible candidates for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tschernatsch M, Gross O, Kneifel N, Krasenbrink I, Gerriets T, Kaps M, Blaes F. Autoantibodies against glial antigens in paraneoplastic neurological diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1107:104-10. [PMID: 17804537 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1381.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are clinically heterogeneous manifestations of cancer, but are not caused by the tumor or its metastases. Because autoantibodies reacting with tumor and nervous system tissue have been described, an autoimmune pathogenesis is suspected. Most autoantibodies are directed against neuronal proteins. Here, we describe the impact of antiglial autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Anti-CRMP5 and antiglial nuclear antibody both can be associated with different paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tschernatsch
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Am Steg 14, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fiorini M, Zanusso G, Benedetti MD, Righetti PG, Monaco S. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in clinically isolated syndromes and multiple sclerosis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:963-71. [PMID: 21136750 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A panel of three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers for clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) and multiple sclerosis (MS), based on SDS-PAGE, 2-D maps, and immunoblot results, is here proposed. No individual marker has any specificity, though, since they appear in a number of other neurological diseases. However the set of three, with the respective modulation sign (up-regulated or maintained at constant level), appears to be unique for MS. These proteins are: tau protein (levels remaining constant and undistinguishable from controls, contrary to up- and downregulation in other neurological disorders); 14-3-3 protein (strong upregulation of distinct isoforms) and cystatin C (changing in accordance to disease stage and progression). As an additional evidence, one can rely in the pattern of isoforms of 14-3-3, as obtained by 2-D maps and Western blot analysis: this pattern further distinguishes the variation of this protein from other neurological syndromes, notably sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), motor neuron diseases and other dementias. In contrast, a similar qualitative and quantitative upregulation of 14-3-3 is observed in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a demyelinating condition affecting the peripheral nervous system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in which such a panel of biomarkers is reported in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fiorini
- Section of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological and Visual Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|