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Jin Y, Chen M, Chen F, Gao Z, Li X, Hu L, Cai D, Zhao S, Song Z. AK7-deficiency reversal inhibits ccRCC progression and boosts anti-PD1 immunotherapy sensitivity. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:11072-11089. [PMID: 38970774 PMCID: PMC11272107 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common kidney cancer with subtle early symptoms, high recurrence rates, and low sensitivity to traditional treatments like radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Identifying novel therapeutic targets is critical. The expression level of adenylate kinases 7 (AK7) in ccRCC was examined by the TCGAportal and UALCAN databases. The effect of AK7 on proliferation, invasion and migration of ccRCC cell lines was evaluated by cell assay. The correlation between AK7 expression and prognosis, as well as its direct relationship with immunotherapy efficacy, was analyzed using CANCERTOOL and Kaplan-Meier plotter data. Moreover, the TISIDB database was used to study the relationship between AK7 and immune markers. The effect of overexpressed AK7 combined with PD1 monoclonal antibody on ccRCC was evaluated in animal experiments. The results showed that low level of AK7 expression was observed in ccRCC tissues. The expression of AK7 can regulate the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human ccRCC cell lines. The level of AK7 expression was associated with OS of ccRCC patients. This was potentially due to the negative connection between AK7 expression and CD8+ T cell depletion, indicating that immunotherapy might be less effective in individuals with low AK7 expression. Conversely, augmenting AK7 demonstrated an enhanced effectiveness of anti-PD1 therapy. The findings of our research strongly indicated that AK7 could serve as both a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for patients with ccRCC. Moreover, the overexpression of AK7 combined with anti-PD1 held promising potential as a therapeutic approach for treating ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaofeng Gao
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Cai
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengwei Song
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Gilligan M, Lesnick CE, Guo Y, Bradshaw MJ, Ladha SS, Nowak M, Shah MP, Wittenborn JR, Basal E, Hinson S, Yang B, Dubey D, Mills JR, Pittock SJ, Zekeridou A, McKeon A. Paraneoplastic Calmodulin Kinase-Like Vesicle-Associated Protein (CAMKV) Autoimmune Encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:21-33. [PMID: 38634529 PMCID: PMC11186719 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report an autoimmune paraneoplastic encephalitis characterized by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody targeting synaptic protein calmodulin kinase-like vesicle-associated (CAMKV). METHODS Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples harboring unclassified antibodies on murine brain-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were screened by human protein microarray. In 5 patients with identical cerebral IFA staining, CAMKV was identified as top-ranking candidate antigen. Western blots, confocal microscopy, immune-absorption, and mass spectrometry were performed to substantiate CAMKV specificity. Recombinant CAMKV-specific assays (cell-based [fixed and live] and Western blot) provided additional confirmation. RESULTS Of 5 CAMKV-IgG positive patients, 3 were women (median symptom-onset age was 59 years; range, 53-74). Encephalitis-onset was subacute (4) or acute (1) and manifested with: altered mental status (all), seizures (4), hyperkinetic movements (4), psychiatric features (3), memory loss (2), and insomnia (2). Paraclinical testing revealed CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis (all 4 tested), electrographic seizures (3 of 4 tested), and striking MRI abnormalities in all (mesial temporal lobe T2 hyperintensities [all patients], caudate head T2 hyperintensities [3], and cortical diffusion weighted hyperintensities [2]). None had post-gadolinium enhancement. Cancers were uterine adenocarcinoma (3 patients: poorly differentiated or neuroendocrine-differentiated in 2, both demonstrated CAMKV immunoreactivity), bladder urothelial carcinoma (1), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1). Two patients developed encephalitis following immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer therapy (atezolizumab [1], pembrolizumab [1]). All treated patients (4) demonstrated an initial response to immunotherapy (corticosteroids [4], IVIG [2]), though 3 died from cancer. INTERPRETATION CAMKV-IgG is a biomarker of immunotherapy-responsive paraneoplastic encephalitis with temporal and extratemporal features and uterine cancer as a prominent oncologic association. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:21-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gilligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University College Dublin, St Vincent's Hospital Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Connie E Lesnick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington and Billings Clinic, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Shafeeq S Ladha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mihaela Nowak
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Hospital, Jefferson Hills, PA, USA
| | - Maulik P Shah
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John R Wittenborn
- Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eati Basal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shannon Hinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Binxia Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John R Mills
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sean J Pittock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anastasia Zekeridou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew McKeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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3
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Li EC, Lai QL, Cai MT, Fang GL, Shen CH, Ding MP, Zhang YX. Anti-adenylate kinase 5 encephalitis: Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of this rare entity. J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 7:100218. [PMID: 37859804 PMCID: PMC10582738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum and understanding of antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis (AE) have expanded over the past few decades. In 2007, a rare subtype of AE known as anti-adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) encephalitis, was first reported. This disease is more common in elderly males, with limbic encephalitis as the core phenotype (characterized by subacute anterograde amnesia, sometimes with psychiatric symptoms, and rarely with seizures). Brain magnetic resonance imaging typically demonstrated initial temporal lobe T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities, and subsequent atrophy. No concomitant tumors have been found yet. AK5 antibody, targeting the intracellular antigen, is a biomarker for a non-paraneoplastic T-cell autoimmunity response, and can be detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid using tissue-based and cell-based assays. Cytotoxic T-cell-mediating neuronal injury and loss play a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of anti-AK5 encephalitis. Patients mostly show poor response to immunotherapy and thus a poor prognosis in the long run. Herein, we review the literature and provide updated knowledge of this less-known entity, focusing on clinical characteristics, paraclinical findings, diagnosis process, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Chuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Neurology, Taikang Ningbo Hospital, Ningbo, 315042, China
| | - Qi-Lun Lai
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Meng-Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Gao-Li Fang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chun-Hong Shen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mei-Ping Ding
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yin-Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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4
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Guillaume C, Saguin E, Peroux E, Balcerac A, Ricard D. Anti-AK5 encephalitis: subacute anterograde amnesia is not the only clinical presentation. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:299-301. [PMID: 35040073 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Guillaume
- Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Bégin, Service de Santé des Armées, Saint-Mandé, France
| | - E Saguin
- Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Bégin, Service de Santé des Armées, Saint-Mandé, France.
- VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique) EA 7330, Université de Paris, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - E Peroux
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Bégin, Service de Santé des Armées, Saint-Mandé, France
| | - A Balcerac
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Percy, Service de Santé des Armées, Clamart, France
| | - D Ricard
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Percy, Service de Santé des Armées, Clamart, France
- UMR 9010 Centre Borelli, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Service de Santé des Armées, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM, Paris, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Service de Santé des Armées, Paris, France
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5
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Adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) autoimmune encephalitis: Clinical presentations and outcomes in three new patients. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 367:577861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Chen F, Li C, Cao H, Zhang H, Lu C, Li R, Zhu Z, Chen L, Zhao Y. Identification of Adenylate Kinase 5 as a Protein Target of Ginsenosides in Brain Tissues Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) and Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) Techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2741-2751. [PMID: 35184563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a very famous Chinese herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects. Ginsenosides, the main effective compounds of ginseng, show favorable biological activities in the central nervous system (CNS), but the protein targets of ginsenosides in brain tissues have not been clarified clearly. First, we screened proteins that interact with ginsenosides by mass spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Then, we identified and confirmed adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) as a target protein of ginsenosides by biolayer interferometry (BLI), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking. Finally, an enzyme activity kit was used to determine the effect of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a ginseng saponin metabolite, on AK5 activities in vivo and in vitro. We screened out seven overlapping target proteins by proteomics of DARTS and CETSA. The BLI direct action assays showed that the direct interaction of PPD with AK5 was higher compared to the parental ginsenosides. Subsequently, BLI kinetic analysis and ITC assay showed that PPD specifically bound to AK5. Furthermore, key amino acid mutations predicted by molecular docking decreased the affinity between PPD and AK5. Enzyme activity assays showed that PPD increased AK5 activities in vivo and in vitro. The above-mentioned findings indicated that AK5 is a protein target of ginsenoside in the brain and PPD is considered to be a small-molecular activator of AK5, which can improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of ginseng pharmacological effects in the CNS and further develop AK5 activators based on the dammarane-type triterpenoid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chu Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiying Cao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cai Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Abstract
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a clinical syndrome defined by subacutely evolving limbic signs and symptoms with structural and functional evidence of mediotemporal damage in the absence of a better explanation than an autoimmune (or paraneoplastic) cause. There are features common to all forms of LE. In recent years, antibody(ab)-defined subtypes have been established. They are distinct regarding underlying pathophysiologic processes, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging courses, cerebrospinal fluid signatures, treatment responsivity, and likelihood of a chronic course. With immunotherapy, LE with abs against surface antigens has a better outcome than LE with abs to intracellular antigens. Diagnostic and treatment challenges are, on the one hand, to avoid overlooking and undertreatment and, on the other hand, to avoid overdiagnoses and overtreatment. LE can be conceptualized as a model disease for the consequences of new onset mediotemporal damage by different mechanisms in adult life. It may be studied as an example of mediotemporal epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Bien
- Department of Epileptology (Krankenhaus Mara), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Laboratory Krone, Bad Salzuflen, Germany.
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8
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Vicino A, Loser V, Salvioni Chiabotti P, Brouland JP, Du Pasquier R. Anti-Adenylate Kinase 5 Encephalitis With Histologic Evidence of CNS Vasculitis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/4/e1010. [PMID: 33975915 PMCID: PMC8114832 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vicino
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., V.L., P.S.C., R.D.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; and Department of Pathology (J.P.B.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne.
| | - Valentin Loser
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., V.L., P.S.C., R.D.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; and Department of Pathology (J.P.B.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne
| | - Paolo Salvioni Chiabotti
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., V.L., P.S.C., R.D.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; and Department of Pathology (J.P.B.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne
| | - Jean Philippe Brouland
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., V.L., P.S.C., R.D.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; and Department of Pathology (J.P.B.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., V.L., P.S.C., R.D.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; and Department of Pathology (J.P.B.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne
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9
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Muñiz-Castrillo S, Hedou JJ, Ambati A, Jones D, Vogrig A, Pinto AL, Benaiteau M, de Broucker T, Fechtenbaum L, Labauge P, Murnane M, Nocon C, Taifas I, Vialatte de Pémille C, Psimaras D, Joubert B, Dubois V, Wucher V, Desestret V, Mignot E, Honnorat J. Distinctive clinical presentation and pathogenic specificities of anti-AK5 encephalitis. Brain 2021; 144:2709-2721. [PMID: 33843981 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis (LE) with antibodies against adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) has been difficult to characterize because of its rarity. In this study, we identified 10 new cases and reviewed 16 previously reported patients, investigating clinical features, IgG subclasses, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and CSF proteomic profiles. Patients with anti-AK5 LE were mostly men (20/26, 76.9%) of median age 66 years old (range 48-94). Predominant symptom was severe episodic amnesia in all patients, frequently associated with depression (17/25, 68.0%). Weight loss, asthenia, and anorexia were also highly characteristic, being present in 11/25 (44.0%) patients. Although epilepsy was always lacking at disease onset, seizures developed later in a subset of patients (4/25, 16.0%). All patients presented CSF abnormalities, such as pleocytosis (18/25, 72.0%), oligoclonal bands (18/25, 72.0%), and increased Tau (11/14, 78.6%). Temporal lobe hyper-intensities were almost always present at disease onset (23/26, 88.5%), evolving nearly invariably toward a severe atrophy in subsequent MRIs (17/19, 89.5%). This finding was in line with a poor response to immunotherapy, with only 5/25 (20.0%) patients responding. IgG1 was the predominant subclass, being the most frequently detected and the one with highest titres in nine CSF-serum paired samples. Temporal biopsy from one of our new cases showed massive lymphocytic infiltrates dominated by both CD4+ and CT8+ T-cells, intense granzyme B expression, and abundant macrophages/microglia. HLA analysis in 11 patients showed a striking association with HLA-B*08:01 (7/11, 63.6%; OR = 13.4, 95% CI [3.8-47.4]), C*07:01 (8/11, 72.7%; OR = 11.0, 95% CI [2.9-42.5]), DRB1*03:01 (8/11, 72.7%; OR = 14.4, 95% CI [3.7-55.7]), DQB1*02:01 (8/11, 72.7%; OR = 13.5, 95% CI [3.5-52.0]), and DQA1*05:01 (8/11, 72.7%; OR = 14.4, 95% CI [3.7-55.7]) alleles, which formed the extended haplotype B8-C7-DR3-DQ2 in 6/11 (54.5%) patients (OR = 16.5, 95% CI [4.8-57.1]). Finally, we compared the CSF proteomic profile of five anti-AK5 patients with that of 40 controls and 10 cases with other more common non-paraneoplastic LE (five with antibodies against leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 and five against contactin-associated protein-like 2), as well as 10 cases with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (five with antibodies against Yo and five against Ma2). These comparisons revealed, respectively, 31 and seven significantly up-regulated proteins in anti-AK5 LE, mapping to apoptosis pathways and innate/adaptive immune responses. These findings suggest that the clinical manifestations of anti-AK5 LE result from a distinct T-cell mediated pathogenesis, with major cytotoxicity-induced apoptosis leading to a prompt and aggressive neuronal loss, likely explaining the poor prognosis and response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñiz-Castrillo
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Aditya Ambati
- Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Jones
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Laurie Pinto
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Benaiteau
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas de Broucker
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Laura Fechtenbaum
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthew Murnane
- Neurology Department, Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Claire Nocon
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Dax, Dax, France
| | - Irina Taifas
- Neurology Department, Hôpital d´Instruction des Armées Percy, Clamart, France
| | | | - Dimitri Psimaras
- Neurology Department 2-Mazarin, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, APHP, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127/CNRS UMR 7255, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Universités Sorbonnes, Paris, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Dubois
- HLA Laboratory, French Blood Service, EFS Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Lyon, France
| | - Valentin Wucher
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Desestret
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,SynatAc Team, Institute NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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10
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Hansen N, Timäus C. Autoimmune encephalitis with psychiatric features in adults: historical evolution and prospective challenge. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:1-14. [PMID: 33026492 PMCID: PMC7815593 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Our review aims to delineate the psychiatric spectrum of autoantibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis over time through its discoveries of antibodies. We searched in PubMed for appropriate articles depicting the first appearance and spectrum of psychiatric symptomatology in autoantibody-positive encephalitis for this narrative review. Memory impairment was first associated with autoantibodies against intracellular antigens such as anti-HuD antibodies in 1993. 8 years later, autoantibodies against cell membrane surface antigens such as voltage-gated potassium channels were described in conjunction with memory dysfunction. The spectrum of psychiatric syndromes was amplified between 1990 and 2020 to include disorientation, behavior, cognitive dysfunction, obsessive compulsive behavior and suicidality in encephalitis patients occurring together mainly with antibodies against surface antigens, less so against intracellular antigens. In general, we found no specific psychiatric symptoms underlying specific autoantibody-associated encephalitis. As fundamental data on this issue have not been systemically assessed to date, we cannot know whether our specific findings would remain from systematic studies, i.e., on the association between cerebrospinal fluid N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in catatonia. The psychiatric symptomatology overlaps between psychiatric domains and occurs frequently in antibody-positive encephalitis. No specific psychiatric symptoms imply an underlying, specifically autoantibody-associated encephalitis. The psychiatric phenotypology associated with antibody-positive encephalitis has evolved tremendously recently, and this new evidence reveals its relevance for future diagnostic and treatment aspects of autoimmune encephalitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Charles Timäus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Zuliani
- Department of Neurology, San Bortolo Hospital, AULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Group, Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Zoccarato
- Neuroimmunology Group, Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Padova, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Sant’Antonio Hospital, Padua, Italy
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12
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Pollak TA, Lennox BR, Müller S, Benros ME, Prüss H, Tebartz van Elst L, Klein H, Steiner J, Frodl T, Bogerts B, Tian L, Groc L, Hasan A, Baune BT, Endres D, Haroon E, Yolken R, Benedetti F, Halaris A, Meyer JH, Stassen H, Leboyer M, Fuchs D, Otto M, Brown DA, Vincent A, Najjar S, Bechter K. Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:93-108. [PMID: 31669058 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition in the neurological and psychiatric literature of patients with so-called isolated psychotic presentations (ie, with no, or minimal, neurological features) who have tested positive for neuronal autoantibodies (principally N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies) and who have responded to immunotherapies. Although these individuals are sometimes described as having atypical, mild, or attenuated forms of autoimmune encephalitis, some authors feel that that these cases are sufficiently different from typical autoimmune encephalitis to establish a new category of so-called autoimmune psychosis. We briefly review the background, discuss the existing evidence for a form of autoimmune psychosis, and propose a novel, conservative approach to the recognition of possible, probable, and definite autoimmune psychoses for use in psychiatric practice. We also outline the investigations required and the appropriate therapeutic approaches, both psychiatric and immunological, for probable and definite cases of autoimmune psychoses, and discuss the ethical issues posed by this challenging diagnostic category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Pollak
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Belinda R Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael E Benros
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CharitéCrossOver, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hans Klein
- Department of Assertive Community Treatment, Lentis Mental Health Institute, Leek, Netherlands; Department of Assertive Community Treatment, VNN Addiction Care Institute, Groningen, Netherlands; Medical Imaging Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Li Tian
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroSciences, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Neurovirology Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans Stassen
- Institute for Response-Genetics, Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Inserm U955, Fondation FondaMental, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Mondor University Hospital, University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Immunopathology and Department Clinical Immunology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl Bechter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Adenylate kinase is a small, usually monomeric, enzyme found in every living thing due to its crucial role in energetic metabolism. This paper outlines the most relevant data about adenylate kinases isoforms, and the connection between dysregulation or mutation of human adenylate kinase and medical conditions. The following datadases were consulted: National Centre for Biotechnology Information, Protein Data Bank, and Mouse Genomic Informatics. The SmartBLAST tool, EMBOSS Needle Program, and Clustal Omega Program were used to analyze the best protein match, and to perform pairwise sequence alignment and multiple sequence alignment. Human adenylate kinase genes are located on different chromosomes, six of them being on the chromosomes 1 and 9. The adenylate kinases' intracellular localization and organ distribution explain their dysregulation in many diseases. The cytosolic isoenzyme 1 and the mitochondrial isoenzyme 2 are the main adenylate kinases that are integrated in the vast network of inflammatory modulators. The cytosolic isoenzyme 5 is correlated with limbic encephalitis and Leu673Pro mutation of the isoenzyme 7 leads to primary male infertility due to impairment of the ciliary function. The impairment of the mitochondrial isoenzymes 2 and 4 is demonstrated in neuroblastoma or glioma. The adenylate kinases are disease modifier that can assess the risk of diseases where oxidative stress plays a crucial role in pathogenesis like metabolic syndrome or neurodegenerative diseases. Because adenylate kinases has ATP as substrate, they are integrated in the global network of energetic process of any organism therefore are valid target for new pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ileana Ionescu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur, Cluj-Napoca, 400349, Romania. .,County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Bien CI, Nehls F, Kollmar R, Weis M, Steinke W, Woermann F, Dalmau J, Bien CG. Identification of adenylate kinase 5 antibodies during routine diagnostics in a tissue-based assay: Three new cases and a review of the literature. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576975. [PMID: 31177032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) have been described in patients with non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, mainly in men around 70 years of age. Routine testing with specific cell-based assays is not yet available. Three patients with episodic anterograde memory problems and depression had extensive limbic lesions and developed severe atrophy, mainly of the medial temporal lobes. The antibodies were identified in serum and CSF based on the typical staining pattern of AK5 antibodies on a tissue-based assay (here, unfixed mouse brain). Subsequently, they were confirmed by a research laboratory through a cell-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferdinand Nehls
- Katholisches Krankenhaus Hagen, Department of Neurology, Hagen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kollmar
- Klinikum Darmstadt, Department of Neurology and Neurological Intensive Care, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maria Weis
- Klinikum Darmstadt, Department of Neurology and Neurological Intensive Care, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Steinke
- Marien-Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Neurology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friedrich Woermann
- Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany; Society of Epilepsy Research, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barelona, Spain; ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Christian G Bien
- Laboratory Krone, Bad Salzuflen, Germany; Epilepsy Center Bethel, Krankenhaus Mara, Bielefeld, Germany.
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15
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Zoccarato M, Valeggia S, Zuliani L, Gastaldi M, Mariotto S, Franciotta D, Ferrari S, Lombardi G, Zagonel V, De Gaspari P, Ermani M, Signori A, Pichiecchio A, Giometto B, Manara R. Conventional brain MRI features distinguishing limbic encephalitis from mesial temporal glioma. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:853-860. [PMID: 31028423 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiological hallmark of autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) is a hyperintense signal in MRI T2-weighted images of mesial temporal structures. We aimed to identify conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features that can help distinguish LE from temporal glioma. METHODS Brain MRIs of 25 patients affected by antibody-positive autoimmune LE, 24 patients affected by temporal glioma (tumor group), and 5 negative controls were retrospectively blindly evaluated in random order. RESULTS Ten brain MRIs from the LE group were correctly recognized; one additional patient with mesial temporal hyperintensity with anti-AK5 abs LE was wrongly diagnosed as having a tumor. The brain MRIs of the remaining 14 of the 25 patients with LE were judged negative or, in three cases, showed features not typical for LE. In the tumor group, all MRIs showed pathological alterations diagnosed as tumors in 22/24 cases and as LE in two (2/22, 9%). Unilateral lesions were more common in tumors than in neuroradiologically abnormal LE (96% vs. 18%, p < 0.001). T2/FLAIR hyperintensity of the parahippocampal gyrus was associated more with tumor than with LE (71% vs. 18%) (p = 0,009), as T2/FLAIR hyperintensity of extralimbic structures (p = 0.015), edema (p = 0.041), and mass effect (p = 0.015). Maintenance of gray/white matter distinction was strongly associated with LE (91% vs. 17%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Conventional brain MRI is a fundamental tool in the differential diagnosis between LE and glioma. Bilateral involvement and maintenance of gray/white matter distinction at the cortical/subcortical interface are highly suggestive of LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zoccarato
- Neurology Unit, AULSS 6 Euganea, Padua, Italy. .,Neuroimmunology Group, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy.
| | | | - Luigi Zuliani
- Neuroimmunology Group, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Ospedale San Bortolo, AULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Mariotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lombardi
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Vittorina Zagonel
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Piera De Gaspari
- Neuroimmunology Group, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Ermani
- Department of Neurosciences (DNS), Statistic and Informatics Unit, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Signori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bruno Giometto
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Trento, Italy
| | - Renzo Manara
- Neuroradiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sezione di Neuroscienze, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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16
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Diagnostic tools for immune causes of encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:431-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Autoimmune encephalitis and psychiatric disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Brain ureido degenerative protein modifications are associated with neuroinflammation and proteinopathy in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:175. [PMID: 28865468 PMCID: PMC5581431 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) are associated with the apparition and progression of dementia, and at the same time, Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease (AD + CVD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elder population. Thus, understanding the role(s) of brain DPMs in this dementia subtype may provide novel insight on the disease pathogenesis and may aid on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Two essential DPMs known to promote inflammation in several human diseases are the ureido DPMs (uDPMs) arginine citrullination and lysine carbamylation, although they have distinct enzymatic and non-enzymatic origins, respectively. Nevertheless, the implication of uDPMs in the neuropathology of dementia remains poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we use the state-of-the-art, ultracentrifugation-electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography (UC-ERLIC)-coupled mass spectrometry technology to undertake a comparative characterization of uDPMs in the soluble and particulate postmortem brain fractions of subjects diagnosed with AD + CVD and age-matched controls. RESULTS An increase in the formation of uDPMs was observed in all the profiled AD + CVD brains. Citrulline-containing proteins were found more abundant in the soluble fraction of AD + CVD whereas homocitrulline-containing proteins were preferentially abundant in the particulate fraction of AD + CVD brains. Several dementia-specific citrulline residues were also identified in soluble proteins previously categorized as pro-immunogenic, which include the receptor P2X7, alpha-internexin, GFAP, CNP, MBP, and histones. Similarly, diverse dementia-specific homocitrulline residues were also observed in the particulate fractions of AD + CVD in proteins that have been vastly implicated in neuropathology. Intriguingly, we also found that the amino acids immediately flanking arginine residues may specifically influence the increase in protein citrullination. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that uDPMs widely contribute to the pathophysiology of AD + CVD by promoting neuroinflammation and proteinopathy. Furthermore, the obtained results could help to identify disease-associated proteins that can act as potential targets for therapeutic intervention or as novel biomarkers of specific neuropathology.
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19
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Dalmau J, Vincent A. Do we need to measure specific antibodies in patients with limbic encephalitis? Neurology 2017; 88:508-509. [PMID: 28062718 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- From Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS (J.D.), University of Barcelona; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V.), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Angela Vincent
- From Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS (J.D.), University of Barcelona; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V.), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK.
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20
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Do LD, Chanson E, Desestret V, Joubert B, Ducray F, Brugière S, Couté Y, Formaglio M, Rogemond V, Thomas-Antérion C, Borrega L, Laurens B, Tison F, Curot J, De Brouker T, Lebrun-Frenay C, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, Honnorat J. Characteristics in limbic encephalitis with anti–adenylate kinase 5 autoantibodies. Neurology 2017; 88:514-524. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:To report 10 patients with limbic encephalitis (LE) and adenylate kinase 5 autoantibodies (AK5-Abs).Methods:We conducted a retrospective study in a cohort of 50 patients with LE with uncharacterized autoantibodies and identified a specific target using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and cell-based assay.Results:AK5 (a known autoantigen of LE) was identified as the target of antibodies in the CSFs and sera of 10 patients with LE (median age 64 years; range 57–80), which was characterized by subacute anterograde amnesia without seizure and sometimes preceded by a prodromal phase of asthenia or mood disturbances. Anterograde amnesia can be isolated, but some patients also complained of prosopagnosia, paroxysmal anxiety, or abnormal behavior. No associated cancer was observed. All 10 patients had bilateral hippocampal hypersignal on a brain MRI. CSF analysis generally showed a mild pleiocytosis with elevated immunoglobulin G index and oligoclonal bands, as well as high levels of tau protein with normal concentration of Aβ42 and phospho-tau, suggesting a process of neuronal death. Except for one patient, clinical response to immunotherapy was unfavorable, with persistence of severe anterograde amnesia. Two patients evolved to severe cognitive decline. Hippocampal atrophy was observed on control brain MRI. Using in vitro tests on hippocampal neurons, we did not identify clues suggesting a direct pathogenic role of AK5-Abs.Conclusions:AK5-Abs should be systematically considered in aged patients with subacute anterograde amnesia. Recognition of this disorder is important to develop new treatment strategies to prevent irreversible limbic damage.
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21
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Ng ASL, Kramer J, Centurion A, Dalmau J, Huang E, Cotter JA, Geschwind MD. Clinico-pathological correlation in adenylate kinase 5 autoimmune limbic encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 287:31-5. [PMID: 26439959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies associated with autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) have been well-characterized, with intracellular neuronal antibodies being less responsive to immunotherapy than antibodies to cell surface antigens. Adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) is a nucleoside monophosphate kinase vital for neuronal-specific metabolism and is located intracellularly in the cytosol and expressed exclusively in the brain. Antibodies to AK5 had been previously identified but were not known to be associated with human disease prior to the report of two patients with AK5-related ALE (Tuzun et al., 2007). We present the complete clinical picture for one of these patients and the first reported neuropathology for AK5 ALE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline S L Ng
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Centre, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joel Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Centre, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alejandro Centurion
- Community Hospital of the Monterrey Peninsula, 100 Clock Tower Pl, Ste 225, Carmel, CA 93921, USA
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Division of Neuro-oncology, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Suite M590, Box 0511, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cotter
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Suite M590, Box 0511, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Centre, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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22
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The many isoforms of human adenylate kinases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 49:75-83. [PMID: 24495878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides are involved in a variety of cellular metabolic processes, including nucleic acid synthesis and repair, formation of coenzymes, energy transfer, cell and ciliary motility, hormone secretion, gene expression regulation and ion-channel control. Adenylate kinases are abundant phosphotransferases that catalyze the interconversion of adenine nucleotides and thus regulate the adenine nucleotide ratios in different intracellular compartments. Nine different adenylate kinase isoenzymes have been identified and characterized so far in human tissues, named AK1 to AK9 according to their order of discovery. Adenylate kinases differ in molecular weight, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, substrate and phosphate donor specificity and kinetic properties. The preferred substrate and phosphate donor of all adenylate kinases are AMP and ATP respectively, but some members of the family can phosphorylate other substrates and use other phosphate donors. In addition to their nucleoside monophosphate kinase activity, adenylate kinases were found to possess nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity as they are able to phosphorylate both ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates to their corresponding triphosphates. Nucleoside analogues are structural analogues of natural nucleosides, used in the treatment of cancer and viral infections. They are inactive prodrugs that are dependent on intracellular phosphorylation to their pharmacologically active triphosphate form. Novel data presented in this review confirm the role of adenylate kinases in the activation of deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine nucleoside analogues.
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Adenylate Kinase Isoform Network: A Major Hub in Cell Energetics and Metabolic Signaling. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY OF METABOLIC AND SIGNALING NETWORKS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38505-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gold M, Pul R, Bach JP, Stangel M, Dodel R. Pathogenic and physiological autoantibodies in the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:68-86. [PMID: 22725955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the current knowledge on pathological and physiological autoantibodies directed toward structures in the central nervous system (CNS) with an emphasis on their regulation and origin. Pathological autoantibodies in the CNS that are associated with autoimmunity often lead to severe neurological deficits via inflammatory processes such as encephalitis. In some instances, however, autoantibodies function as a marker for diagnostic purposes without contributing to the pathological process and/or disease progression. The existence of naturally occurring physiological autoantibodies has been known for a long time, and their role in maintaining homeostasis is well established. Within the brain, naturally occurring autoantibodies targeting aggregated proteins have been detected and might be promising candidates for new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. Further evidence has demonstrated the existence of naturally occurring antibodies targeting antigens on neurons and oligodendrocytes that promote axonal outgrowth and remyelination. The numerous actions of physiological autoantibodies as well as their regulation and origin are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Gold
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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25
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Peery HE, Day GS, Dunn S, Fritzler MJ, Prüss H, De Souza C, Doja A, Mossman K, Resch L, Xia C, Sakic B, Belbeck L, Foster WG. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The disorder, the diagnosis and the immunobiology. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:863-72. [PMID: 22440397 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a newly characterized syndrome with a progressive, predictable clinical course and the possibility of effective treatment. Accurate and timely diagnosis is critical to selection and implementation of treatments, and optimal patient outcomes. Outcomes are improved with early diagnosis via indirect immunofluorescence or cell-based assays, and the rapid and appropriate administration of immunosuppressant and anti-psychotic therapies. Three possible scenarios accounting for the immunopathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis are presented, with the most probable one being that of paraneoplastic autoimmunity. Future efforts in this disorder should focus on elucidating the mechanisms that contribute to initiation of this antibody response, as well as exploring the role of tumors, infectious triggers and immune-reactivation. Finally, accessible tools need to be developed that allow for reliable identification of specific antibody markers against synaptic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E Peery
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Biology, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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26
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Abstract
Neurological dysfunction results from vascular, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic, metabolic or genetic causes. Of particular interest is a group of neurological symptoms thought to be linked to an underlying tumour, the so-called paraneoplastic syndromes. It is considered to be due to an attempt by the immune system to subjugate the growth of the tumour by triggering an antibody response against the neuronal antigens expressed by the neoplasm. The unfortunate consequence of this is an assault by the immune components on the nervous tissue, thereby rapidly precipitating a variety of neurological deficits. Every level of the nervous system is potentially vulnerable, with the disability being considered as irreversible due to the lack of regenerative capacity of the neurons. This phenomenon is rare, occurring at an approximate frequency of less than 1% of all tumours and often accompanied by the presence of specific high-titre autoantibodies in both the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. This group of antibodies are non-pathogenic markers for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, which have expanded to almost 20 since the discovery, in 1986, of the first clinically relevant syndrome. More recently, a new generation of antineuronal antibodies against cell surface antigens, having a direct pathogenic role in causing the disease, has emerged to complement the existing repertoire. Neuronal antibodies are useful diagnostic markers of the brain disease and also, in some cases, may reveal an underlying malignancy, thus facilitating faster diagnosis and earlier treatment with consequently better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Karim
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) cover a wide range of diseases and involve both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. Paraneoplastic encephalitis comprises several diseases such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), limbic encephalitis (LE), paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM), brainstem encephalitis, opsomyoclonus syndrome, in addition to other even less frequently occurring entities. LE was the first historically identified CNS PNS, and similarities between other temporal lobe diseases such as herpes encephalitis have been elucidated. In the past few decades several autoantibodies have been described in association with LE. These encompass the classical 'onconeuronal' antibodies (abs) such as Hu, Yo, Ri and others, and now additionally abs towards either ion channels or surface antigens. The clinical core findings in LE are various mental changes such as amnesia or confusion, often associated with seizures. Careful characterization of psychiatric manifestations and/or associated neurological signs can help to characterize the syndrome and type of ab. The treatment options in LE depend on the aetiology. In LE caused by onconeuronal abs, the treatment options are poor. In two types of abs associated with LE, abs against ion channels and surface antigens (e.g. NMDA), immunomodulatory treatments seem effective, making these types of LE treatable conditions. However, LE can also occur without being associated with cancer, in which case only immunomodulation is required. Despite effective treatments, some patients' residual deficits remain, and recurrences have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Grisold
- Department of Neurology, KFJ Hospital,
Kundratstrasse 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria
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Chitravas N, Jung RS, Kofskey DM, Blevins JE, Gambetti P, Leigh RJ, Cohen ML. Treatable neurological disorders misdiagnosed as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:437-44. [PMID: 21674591 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heightened awareness of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) among physicians and the lay public has led to its frequent consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Our goal was to determine which treatable disorders are most commonly mistaken for CJD. METHODS We performed a retrospective clinical and neuropathological review of prion-negative brain autopsy cases referred to the US National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center at Case Western Reserve University from January 2006 through December 2009. RESULTS Of 1,106 brain autopsies, 352 (32%) were negative for prion disease, 304 of which had adequate tissue for histopathological analysis. Alzheimer disease (n = 154) and vascular dementia (n = 36) were the 2 most frequent diagnoses. Seventy-one patients had potentially treatable diseases. Clinical findings included dementia (42 cases), pyramidal (n = 20), cerebellar (n = 14), or extrapyramidal (n = 12) signs, myoclonus (n = 12), visual disturbance (n = 9), and akinetic mutism (n = 5); a typical electroencephalogram occurred only once. Neuropathological diagnoses included immune-mediated disorders (n = 26), neoplasia (n = 25, most often lymphoma), infections (n = 14), and metabolic disorders (n = 6). INTERPRETATION In patients with RPD, treatable disorders should be considered and excluded before diagnosing CJD. Misdiagnosed patients often did not fulfill World Health Organization criteria. RPD with positive 14-3-3 cerebrospinal fluid protein should not be regarded as sufficient for the diagnosis of CJD. Adherence to revised criteria for CJD, which include distinctive magnetic resonance imaging features of prion disease, is likely to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numthip Chitravas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Bürk K. Antineuronal autoantibodies in neurological disorders. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:149-57. [PMID: 25962025 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies (abs) related to neurological disease are currently classified into two large groups depending on the site of the respective target antigen: Group I encompasses abs that recognise intracellular antigens (Hu, Yo, Ri, CV2/CRMP5, amphiphysin, Ma2, SOX, ZIC, GAD, adenylate kinase 5, homer 3), whereas group II abs are targeted against neuronal cell membrane antigens (VGKC, AMPA-R, GABAB-R, NMDA-R, Glycine-R, VGCC, metabotropic GluR1). Both abs groups can be further subdivided according to their diagnostic impact for paraneoplastic or non-paraneoplastic neurological disease. The review gives an overview of the common characteristics of each group and provides more detailed information on single abs and the associated clinical syndromes.
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The characterization of human adenylate kinases 7 and 8 demonstrates differences in kinetic parameters and structural organization among the family of adenylate kinase isoenzymes. Biochem J 2011; 433:527-34. [PMID: 21080915 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Differences in expression profiles, substrate specificities, kinetic properties and subcellular localization among the AK (adenylate kinase) isoenzymes have been shown to be important for maintaining a proper adenine nucleotide composition for many different cell functions. In the present study, human AK7 was characterized and its substrate specificity, kinetic properties and subcellular localization determined. In addition, a novel member of the human AK family, with two functional domains, was identified and characterized and assigned the name AK8. AK8 is the second known human AK with two complete and active AK domains within its polypeptide chain, a feature that has previously been shown for AK5. The full-length AK8, as well as its two domains AK8p1 and AK8p2, all showed similar AK enzyme activity. AK7, full-length AK8, AK8p1 and AK8p2 phosphorylated AMP, CMP, dAMP and dCMP with ATP as the phosphate donor, and also AMP, CMP and dCMP with GTP as the phosphate donor. Both AK7 and full-length AK8 showed highest affinity for AMP with ATP as the phosphate donor, and proved to be more efficient in AMP phosphorylation as compared with the major cytosolic isoform AK1. Expression of the proteins fused with green fluorescent protein demonstrated a cytosolic localization for both AK7 and AK8.
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Angelucci S, Marchisio M, Di Giuseppe F, Pierdomenico L, Sulpizio M, Eleuterio E, Lanuti P, Sabatino G, Miscia S, Di Ilio C. Proteome analysis of human Wharton's jelly cells during in vitro expansion. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:18. [PMID: 20346146 PMCID: PMC2867805 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human umbilical cord contains mucoid connective tissue and fibroblast-like cells. These cells named Wharton's jelly cells, (WJCs) display properties similar to mesenchymal stem cells therefore representing a rich source of primitive cells to be potentially used in regenerative medicine. Results To better understand their self-renewal and potential in vitro expansion capacity, a reference 2D map was constructed as a proteomic data set. 158 unique proteins were identified. More than 30% of these proteins belong to cytoskeleton compartment. We also found that several proteins including Shootin1, Adenylate kinase 5 isoenzyme and Plasminogen activator-inhibitor 2 are no longer expressed after the 2nd passage of in vitro replication. This indicates that the proliferative potency of these cells is reduced after the initial stage of in vitro growing. At the end of cellular culturing, new synthesized proteins, including, ERO1-like protein alpha, Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and Prolyl-4-hydroxylase were identified. It is suggested that these new synthesized proteins are involved in the impairment of cellular surviving during replication and differentiation time. Conclusions Our work represents an essential step towards gaining knowledge of the molecular properties of WJCs so as to better understand their possible use in the field of cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Angelucci
- Department of Biomedical Science, G d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
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Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J. Antibodies and neuronal autoimmune disorders of the CNS. J Neurol 2009; 257:509-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) can arise both by paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic mechanisms. Patients with LE usually have a subacute onset of memory impairment, disorientation and agitation, but can also develop seizures, hallucinations and sleep disturbance. The following investigations may aid the diagnosis: analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and neuronal antibodies in the serum and CSF. Neuronal antibodies are sometimes, but not always, pathogenic. Autoimmune LE may respond to corticosteroids, intravenous IgG (IVIG) or plasma exchange. The cornerstone of paraneoplastic LE therapy is resection of the tumour and/or oncological treatment. Several differential diagnoses must be excluded, among them herpes simplex encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Vedeler
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Solaroli N, Panayiotou C, Johansson M, Karlsson A. Identification of two active functional domains of human adenylate kinase 5. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2872-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dzeja P, Terzic A. Adenylate kinase and AMP signaling networks: metabolic monitoring, signal communication and body energy sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1729-1772. [PMID: 19468337 PMCID: PMC2680645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10041729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate kinase and downstream AMP signaling is an integrated metabolic monitoring system which reads the cellular energy state in order to tune and report signals to metabolic sensors. A network of adenylate kinase isoforms (AK1-AK7) are distributed throughout intracellular compartments, interstitial space and body fluids to regulate energetic and metabolic signaling circuits, securing efficient cell energy economy, signal communication and stress response. The dynamics of adenylate kinase-catalyzed phosphotransfer regulates multiple intracellular and extracellular energy-dependent and nucleotide signaling processes, including excitation-contraction coupling, hormone secretion, cell and ciliary motility, nuclear transport, energetics of cell cycle, DNA synthesis and repair, and developmental programming. Metabolomic analyses indicate that cellular, interstitial and blood AMP levels are potential metabolic signals associated with vital functions including body energy sensing, sleep, hibernation and food intake. Either low or excess AMP signaling has been linked to human disease such as diabetes, obesity and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Recent studies indicate that derangements in adenylate kinase-mediated energetic signaling due to mutations in AK1, AK2 or AK7 isoforms are associated with hemolytic anemia, reticular dysgenesis and ciliary dyskinesia. Moreover, hormonal, food and antidiabetic drug actions are frequently coupled to alterations of cellular AMP levels and associated signaling. Thus, by monitoring energy state and generating and distributing AMP metabolic signals adenylate kinase represents a unique hub within the cellular homeostatic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petras Dzeja
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
(P.D.)
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Anderson N, Barber P. Limbic encephalitis – a review. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:961-71. [PMID: 18411052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Major advances in the management of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PND) include the detection of new antineuronal antibodies, the improved characterisation of known syndromes, the discovery of new syndromes, and the use of CT and PET to reveal the associated tumours at an early stage. In addition, the definition of useful clinical criteria has facilitated the early recognition and treatment of these disorders. In this article, we review some classic concepts about PND and recent clinical and immunological developments, focusing on paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, opsoclonus-myoclonus, and encephalitides affecting the limbic system.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most relevant advances in the field of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are described, with special emphasis on particular clinical-immunological associations and practical issues for the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes may present with classical neurological symptoms or less frequently with symptoms that do not initially raise suspicion of these disorders. Recent examples include patients who present with epilepsia partialis continua or frontal disequilibrium associated with Hu antibodies, hypersommnia and anti-Ma2 antibodies, Devic's syndrome and CV2/CRMP5 antibodies and a syndrome characterized by psychiatric features and central hypoventilation in young women with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. The cause of the neuronal damage is still open to debate. The recent description of antibodies against membrane proteins in opsoclonus or encephalitis associated with teratoma strongly suggests that antibodies may be responsible for the clinical features in some cases. Early diagnosis and effective treatment of the tumor remain the best options to improve or stabilize the syndrome. Immunotherapy, including rituximab, seems effective in those cases associated with functional damage. SUMMARY Neurologists must be aware of neurological syndromes that may have a paraneoplastic origin. Detection of onconeural antibodies is crucial to make the correct diagnosis. Immunotherapy should be used, although the impact of the treatment is unclear in cases with irreversible neuronal damage.
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