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Wu D, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Li Q, Zhang J, Han J, Xu Z, Li J, Ma Y, Wang P, Xu H. Disruption of C/EBPβ-Clec7a axis exacerbates neuroinflammatory injury via NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in experimental neuropathic pain. J Transl Med 2022; 20:583. [PMID: 36503542 PMCID: PMC9743596 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence shows that C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 7A (Clec7a) may be involved into neuroinflammatory injury of various neurological diseases. However, its roles in neuropathic pain remain unclear. METHODS A chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model was constructed, and gene expression profilings in spinal cord tissues of CCI-insulted rats were detected by both microarray and RNA-seq studies. A series of bioinformatics analyses identified C/EBPβ-Clec7a to be a candidate axis involved into neuropathic pain. Then, its roles in mechanical allodynia, and pathological and molecular changes during CCI progression were determined by various gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Significant upregulation of Clec7a at both mRNA and protein levels were verified in spinal cord tissues of CCI-insulted rats. Clec7a knockdown markedly attenuated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia, obstructed Syk, ERK and JNK phosphorylation, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation, GSDMD cleavage, and consequently reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (all P < 0.05). Mechanically, the rat Clec7a promoter was predicted to bind with transcription factor C/EBPβ, confirmed by Luciferase assay and ChIP-qPCR. Both in vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that C/EBPβ knockdown significantly suppressed CCI- or LPS/ATP-induced Clec7a upregulation, and subsequently reduced Syk, ERK and JNK phosphorylation, NLRP3 oligomerization, caspase-1 activation, GSDMD expression and pyroptosis, which were markedly reversed by the co-transfection of Clec7a expression vector. CONCLUSIONS This pre-clinical investigation reveals that C/EBPβ-Clec7a axis may be a potential target for relieving neuropathic pain through alleviating neuroinflammation, paving its way for clinical translation as a promising approach for neuropathic pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Jiaxin Han
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Junfang Li
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Yan Ma
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Ping Wang
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China ,grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Haiyu Xu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China ,grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Medical Products Administration, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
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Li QY, Chen SX, Liu JY, Yao PW, Duan YW, Li YY, Zang Y. Neuroinflammation in the anterior cingulate cortex: the potential supraspinal mechanism underlying the mirror-image pain following motor fiber injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:162. [PMID: 35725625 PMCID: PMC9210588 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve inflammation or lesion can affect contralateral healthy structures, and thus result in mirror-image pain. Supraspinal structures play important roles in the occurrence of mirror pain. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a first-order cortical region that responds to painful stimuli. In the present study, we systematically investigate and compare the neuroimmune changes in the bilateral ACC region using unilateral- (spared nerve injury, SNI) and mirror-(L5 ventral root transection, L5-VRT) pain models, aiming to explore the potential supraspinal neuroimmune mechanism underlying the mirror-image pain. Methods The up-and-down method with von Frey hairs was used to measure the mechanical allodynia. Viral injections for the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) were used to modulate ACC glutamatergic neurons. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting, protein microarray were used to detect the regulation of inflammatory signaling. Results Increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine CX3CL1 in ACC induced by unilateral nerve injury were observed on the contralateral side in the SNI group but on the bilateral side in the L5-VRT group, representing a stronger immune response to L5-VRT surgery. In remote ACC, both SNI and L5-VRT induced robust bilateral increase in the protein level of Nav1.6 (SCN8A), a major voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) that regulates neuronal activity in the mammalian nervous system. However, the L5-VRT-induced Nav1.6 response occurred at PO 3d, earlier than the SNI-induced one, 7 days after surgery. Modulating ACC glutamatergic neurons via DREADD-Gq or DREADD-Gi greatly changed the ACC CX3CL1 levels and the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold. Neutralization of endogenous ACC CX3CL1 by contralateral anti-CX3CL1 antibody attenuated the induction and the maintenance of mechanical allodynia and eliminated the upregulation of CX3CL1, TNF-α and Nav1.6 protein levels in ACC induced by SNI. Furthermore, contralateral ACC anti-CX3CL1 also inhibited the expression of ipsilateral spinal c-Fos, Iba1, CD11b, TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusions The descending facilitation function mediated by CX3CL1 and its downstream cascade may play a pivotal role, leading to enhanced pain sensitization and even mirror-image pain. Strategies that target chemokine-mediated ACC hyperexcitability may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02525-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yun Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Xia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yu Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Yao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Duan
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yong Li
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Silva R, Malcangio M. Fractalkine/CX 3CR 1 Pathway in Neuropathic Pain: An Update. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:684684. [PMID: 35295489 PMCID: PMC8915718 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.684684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the nervous system can result in a debilitating neuropathic pain state that is often resistant to treatment with available analgesics, which are commonly associated with several side-effects. Growing pre-clinical and clinical evidence over the last two decades indicates that immune cell-mediated mechanisms both in the periphery and in the Central Nervous System (CNS) play significant roles in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Specifically, following peripheral nerve injury, microglia, which are CNS resident immune cells, respond to the activity of the first pain synapse in the dorsal horn of spinal cord and also to neuronal activity in higher centres in the brain. This microglial response leads to the production and release of several proinflammatory mediators which contribute to neuronal sensitisation under neuropathic pain states. In this review, we collect evidence demonstrating the critical role played by the Fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling pathway in neuron-to-microglia communication in neuropathic pain states and explore how strategies that include components of this pathway offer opportunities for innovative targets for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Chavda V, Singh K, Patel V, Mishra M, Mishra AK. Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010075. [PMID: 35053818 PMCID: PMC8773743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain maintains billions of neurons functional across the lifespan of the individual. The glial, supportive cells of the brain are indispensable to neuron elasticity. They undergo various states (active, reactive, macrophage, primed, resting) and carefully impose either quick repair or the cleaning of injured neurons to avoid damage extension. Identifying the failure of these interactions involving the relation of the input of glial cells to the inception and/or progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (ND) is crucial in identifying therapeutic options, given the well-built neuro-immune module of these diseases. In the present review, we scrutinize different interactions and important factors including direct cell–cell contact, intervention by the CD200 system, various receptors present on their surfaces, CXC3RI and TREM2, and chemokines and cytokines with special reference to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present review of the available literature will elucidate the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to the pathophysiology of AD, thus evidencing glial cells as obligatory transducers of pathology and superlative targets for interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Dreamzz IVF Center and Women’s Care Hospital, Ahmedabad 382350, Gujarat, India;
| | - Kavita Singh
- Centre for Translational Research, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vimal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India;
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
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Aljassem A, Hall LM, Spickler M, Menkes DL. A Practical Approach to the Treatment of Painful Polyneuropathies. Neuromuscul Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-71317-7.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Mayhew JA, Cummins MJ, Cresswell ET, Callister RJ, Smith DW, Graham BA. Age-related gene expression changes in lumbar spinal cord: Implications for neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920971914. [PMID: 33241748 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920971914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, pain has an uneven incidence throughout lifespan and impacts more on the elderly. In contrast, preclinical models of pathological pain have typically used juvenile or young adult animals to highlight the involvement of glial populations, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the onset and maintenance of pathological signalling in the spinal dorsal horn. The potential impact of this mismatch is also complicated by the growing appreciation that the aged central nervous system exists in a state of chronic inflammation because of enhanced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine signalling and glial activation. To address this issue, we investigated the impact of aging on the expression of genes that have been associated with neuropathic pain, glial signalling, neurotransmission and neuroinflammation. We used qRT-PCR to quantify gene expression and focussed on the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as this is an important perturbation site in neuropathic pain. To control for global vs region-specific age-related changes in gene expression, the ventral half of the spinal cord was examined. Our results show that expression of proinflammatory chemokines, pattern recognition receptors, and neurotransmitter system components was significantly altered in aged (24-32 months) versus young mice (2-4 months). Notably, the magnitude and direction of these changes were spinal-cord region dependent. For example, expression of the chemokine, Cxcl13, increased 119-fold in dorsal spinal cord, but only 2-fold in the ventral spinal cord of old versus young mice. Therefore, we propose the dorsal spinal cord of old animals is subject to region-specific alterations that prime circuits for the development of pathological pain, potentially in the absence of the peripheral triggers normally associated with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Mayhew
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Cummins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ethan T Cresswell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Doug W Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Ferraz CR, Carvalho TT, Fattori V, Saraiva-Santos T, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Borghi SM, Manchope MF, Zaninelli TH, Cunha TM, Casagrande R, Clissa PB, Verri WA. Jararhagin, a snake venom metalloproteinase, induces mechanical hyperalgesia in mice with the neuroinflammatory contribution of spinal cord microglia and astrocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:610-619. [PMID: 33662422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a hyperalgesic metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca venom. In rodents, jararhagin induces nociceptive behaviors that correlate with an increase in peripheral cytokine levels. However, the role of the spinal cord glia in pain processing after peripheral stimulus of jararhagin has not been investigated. Aiming to explore this proposal, mice received intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of jararhagin and the following parameters were evaluated: hyperalgesia, spinal cord TNF-α, IL-1β levels, and CX3CR1, GFAP and p-NFκB activation. The effects of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of TNF-α soluble receptor (etanercept), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and inhibitors of NFκB (PDTC), microglia (minocycline) and astrocytes (α-aminoadipate) were investigated. Jararhagin inoculation induced cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-1β) in the spinal cord, which was reduced by treatment with PDTC (40% and 50%, respectively). Jararhagin mechanical hyperalgesia and cytokine production were inhibited by treatment with etanercept (67%), IL-1Ra (60%), PDTC (70%), minocycline (60%) and α-aminoadipate (45%). Furthermore, jararhagin induced an increase in p-NFκB, CX3CR1 and GFAP detection in the spinal cord indicating activation of NFκB, microglia and astrocytes. These results demonstrate for the first time that jararhagin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia is dependent on spinal cord activation of glial cells, consequent NFκB activation, and cytokine production in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thacyana T Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Telma Saraiva-Santos
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Borghi
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marília F Manchope
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tiago H Zaninelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Patricia B Clissa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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8
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Shoaib RM, Ahmad KA, Wang YX. Protopanaxadiol alleviates neuropathic pain by spinal microglial dynorphin A expression following glucocorticoid receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2976-2997. [PMID: 33786848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New remedies are required for the treatment of neuropathic pain due to insufficient efficacy of available therapies. This study provides a novel approach to develop painkillers for chronic pain treatment. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The rat formalin pain test and spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain were used to evaluate antinociception of protopanaxadiol. Primary cell cultures, immunofluorescence staining, and gene and protein expression were also performed for mechanism studies. KEY RESULTS Gavage protopanaxadiol remarkably produces pain antihypersensitive effects in neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain and inflammatory pain, with efficacy comparable with gabapentin. Long-term PPD administration does not induce antihypersensitive tolerance, but prevents and reverses the development and expression of morphine analgesic tolerance. Oral protopanaxadiol specifically stimulates spinal expression of dynorphin A in microglia but not in astrocytes or neurons. Protopanaxadiol gavage-related pain antihypersensitivity is abolished by the intrathecal pretreatment with the microglial metabolic inhibitor minocycline, dynorphin antiserum or specific κ-opioid receptor antagonist GNTI. Intrathecal pretreatment with glucocorticoid receptor)antagonists RU486 and dexamethasone-21-mesylate, but not GPR-30 antagonist G15 or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone, completely attenuates protopanaxadiol-induced spinal dynorphin A expression and pain antihypersensitivity in neuropathic pain. Treatment with protopanaxadiol, the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone and membrane-impermeable glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone-BSA in cultured microglia induces remarkable dynorphin A expression, which is totally blocked by pretreatment with dexamthasone-21-mesylate. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS All the results, for the first time, indicate that protopanaxadiol produces pain antihypersensitivity in neuropathic pain probably through spinal microglial dynorphin A expression after glucocorticoid receptor activation and hypothesize that microglial membrane glucocorticoid receptor/dynorphin A pathway is a potential target to discover and develop novel painkillers in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Ali Ahmad
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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Calapai F, Mondello E, Mannucci C, Sorbara EE, Gangemi S, Quattrone D, Calapai G, Cardia L. Pain Biomarkers in Cancer: An Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:293-304. [PMID: 33138755 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201102103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a common symptom in oncologic patients and its management is generally guided with reference to pain individually perceived by patients and expressed through self-reported scales. However, the utility of these tools is limited as it strongly depends on patients' opinions. For this reason, more objective instruments are desirable. OBJECTIVE In this overview, scientific articles indicating potential markers to be used for pain management in cancer were collected and discussed. METHODS Research was performed on principal electronic scientific databases by using the words "pain", "cancer", "markers" and "biomarkers" as the main keywords, and findings describing potential biomarkers for the management of cancer pain were reported. RESULTS Studies on pain markers not specific for cancer typology (inflammatory, genetic markers predicting response to analgesic drugs, neuroimaging markers) and pain markers for specific types of cancer (bone cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, cancer in pediatrics) have been presented and commented on. CONCLUSION This overview supports the view of the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the mechanisms underlying cancer pain. Only a small amount of data from research up till today is available on markers that can help in the management of pain, except for pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory indexes such as C-reactive protein (CRP). However, biomarkers are a promising strategy useful to predict pain intensity and to objectively quantify analgesic response in guiding decisions regarding individual-tailored treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Epifanio Mondello
- Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Policlinico "G. Martino" - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela E Sorbara
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Quattrone
- Pain Therapy Unit, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" - Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging - University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Cardia
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino- Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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10
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Delery EC, Edwards S. Neuropeptide and cytokine regulation of pain in the context of substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108153. [PMID: 32470337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are frequently accompanied by affective symptoms that promote negative reinforcement mechanisms contributing to SUD maintenance or progression. Despite their widespread use as analgesics, chronic or excessive exposure to alcohol, opioids, and nicotine produces heightened nociceptive sensitivity, termed hyperalgesia. This review focuses on the contributions of neuropeptide (CRF, melanocortin, opioid peptide) and cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, chemokine) systems in the development and maintenance of substance-induced hyperalgesia. Few effective therapies exist for either chronic pain or SUD, and the common interaction of these disease states likely complicates their effective treatment. Here we highlight promising new discoveries as well as identify gaps in research that could lead to more effective and even simultaneous treatment of SUDs and co-morbid hyperalgesia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Delery
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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11
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Rosenberger DC, Blechschmidt V, Timmerman H, Wolff A, Treede RD. Challenges of neuropathic pain: focus on diabetic neuropathy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:589-624. [PMID: 32036431 PMCID: PMC7148276 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a frequent condition caused by a lesion or disease of the central or peripheral somatosensory nervous system. A frequent cause of peripheral neuropathic pain is diabetic neuropathy. Its complex pathophysiology is not yet fully elucidated, which contributes to underassessment and undertreatment. A mechanism-based treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy is challenging but phenotype-based stratification might be a way to develop individualized therapeutic concepts. Our goal is to review current knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic pain, particularly painful diabetic neuropathy. We discuss state-of-the-art clinical assessment, validity of diagnostic and screening tools, and recommendations for the management of diabetic neuropathic pain including approaches towards personalized pain management. We also propose a research agenda for translational research including patient stratification for clinical trials and improved preclinical models in relation to current knowledge of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Rosenberger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vivian Blechschmidt
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Timmerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, University Medical Center of Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Wolff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Center, University Medical Center of Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Westlund KN, Zhang M. Building and Testing PPARγ Therapeutic ELB00824 with an Improved Therapeutic Window for Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2020; 25:E1120. [PMID: 32138198 PMCID: PMC7179195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective, non-addictive therapeutics for chronic pain remain a critical need. While there are several potential therapeutics that stimulate anti-inflammatory mechanisms to restore homeostasis in the spinal dorsal horn microenvironment, the effectiveness of drugs for neuropathic pain are still inadequate. The convergence of increasing knowledge about the multi-factorial mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain and the mechanisms of drug action from preclinical studies are providing the ability to create pharmaceuticals with better clinical effectiveness. By targeting and activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma subunit (PPARγ), numerous preclinical studies report pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones (TDZ) beyond their intended use of increasing insulin, including their anti-inflammatory, renal, cardioprotective, and oncopreventative effects. Several studies find TDZs reduce pain-related behavioral symptoms, including ongoing secondary hypersensitivity driven by central sensitization. Previous studies find increased PPARγ in the spinal cord and brain regions innervated by incoming afferent nerve endings after the induction of neuropathic pain models. PPARγ agonist treatment provides an effective reduction in pain-related behaviors, including anxiety. Data further suggest that improved brain mitochondrial bioenergetics after PPARγ agonist treatment is a key mechanism for reducing hypersensitivity. This review emphasizes two points relevant for the development of better chronic pain therapies. First, employing neuropathic pain models with chronic duration is critical since they can encompass the continuum of molecular and brain circuitry alterations arising over time when pain persists, providing greater relevance to clinical pain syndromes. Assisting in that effort are preclinical models of chronic trigeminal pain syndromes. Secondly, considering the access to nerve and brain neurons and glia across the blood-brain barrier is important. While many therapies have low brain penetrance, a PPARγ agonist with better brain penetrance, ELB00824, has been developed. Purposeful design and recent comparative testing indicate that ELB00824 is extraordinarily efficient and efficacious. ELB00824 provides greatly improved attenuation of pain-related behaviors, including mechanical hypersensitivity, anxiety, and depression in our chronic trigeminal nerve injury models. Physiochemical properties allowing significant brain access and toxicity testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin N. Westlund
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, MSC10 6000, 2211 Lomas Blvd. NE, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Morgan Zhang
- USA Elixiria Biotech Inc, 200 High Point Drive, Hartsdale, NY 10530, USA;
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13
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Photobiomodulation-induced analgesia in experimental temporomandibular disorder involves central inhibition of fractalkine. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1841-1847. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Rajchgot T, Thomas SC, Wang JC, Ahmadi M, Balood M, Crosson T, Dias JP, Couture R, Claing A, Talbot S. Neurons and Microglia; A Sickly-Sweet Duo in Diabetic Pain Neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 30766472 PMCID: PMC6365454 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a common condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High blood sugar primarily affects cells that have a limited capacity to regulate their glucose intake. These cells include capillary endothelial cells in the retina, mesangial cells in the renal glomerulus, Schwann cells, and neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. As a result, hyperglycemia leads to largely intractable complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension, and neuropathy. Diabetic pain neuropathy is a complex and multifactorial disease that has been associated with poor glycemic control, longer diabetes duration, hypertension, advanced age, smoking status, hypoinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia. While many of the driving factors involved in diabetic pain are still being investigated, they can be broadly classified as either neuron -intrinsic or -extrinsic. In neurons, hyperglycemia impairs the polyol pathway, leading to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, an enhanced formation of advanced glycation end products, and a disruption in Na+/K+ ATPase pump function. In terms of the extrinsic pathway, hyperglycemia leads to the generation of both overactive microglia and microangiopathy. The former incites a feed-forward inflammatory loop that hypersensitizes nociceptor neurons, as observed at the onset of diabetic pain neuropathy. The latter reduces neurons' access to oxygen, glucose and nutrients, prompting reductions in nociceptor terminal expression and losses in sensation, as observed in the later stages of diabetic pain neuropathy. Overall, microglia can be seen as potent and long-lasting amplifiers of nociceptor neuron activity, and may therefore constitute a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetic pain neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Rajchgot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sini Christine Thomas
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo-Chiao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Balood
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Théo Crosson
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenny Pena Dias
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Réjean Couture
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Talbot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Lu Q, Li Q, Lin M, Huang J, Hong Y. Inhibitory Effects of Mas-Related Gene C Receptor on Chronic Morphine-Induced Spinal Glial Activation in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:237-245. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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16
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Guo M, Chang P, Hauke E, Girard BM, Tooke K, Ojala J, Malley SM, Hsiang H, Vizzard MA. Expression and Function of Chemokines CXCL9-11 in Micturition Pathways in Cyclophosphamide (CYP)-Induced Cystitis and Somatic Sensitivity in Mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:9. [PMID: 29681802 PMCID: PMC5897511 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in urinary bladder function and somatic sensation may be mediated, in part, by inflammatory changes in the urinary bladder including the expression of chemokines. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (CYP; 75 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce bladder inflammation (4 h, 48 h, chronic). We characterized the expression of CXC chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) in the urinary bladder and determined the effects of blockade of their common receptor, CXCR3, at the level urinary bladder on bladder function and somatic (hindpaw and pelvic) sensation. qRT-PCR and Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays (ELISAs) were used to determine mRNA and protein expression of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in urothelium and detrusor. In urothelium of female mice treated with CYP, CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased with CYP treatment whereas CXC mRNA expression in the detrusor exhibited both increases and decreases in expression with CYP treatment. CXC mRNA expression urothelium and detrusor of male mice was more variable with both significant (p ≤ 0.01) increases and decreases in expression depending on the specific CXC chemokine and CYP treatment. CXCL9 and CXCL10 protein expression was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased in the urinary bladder with 4 h CYP treatment in female mice whereas CXC protein expression in the urinary bladder of male mice did not exhibit an overall change in expression. CXCR3 blockade with intravesical instillation of AMG487 (5 mg/kg) significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased bladder capacity, reduced voiding frequency and reduced non-voiding contractions in female mice treated with CYP (4 h, 48 h). CXCR3 blockade also reduced (p ≤ 0.01) hindpaw and pelvic sensitivity in female mice treated with CYP (4 h, 48 h). CXC chemokines may be novel targets for treating urinary bladder dysfunction and somatic sensitization resulting from urinary bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guo
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Phat Chang
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Eric Hauke
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Beatrice M Girard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Katharine Tooke
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jacqueline Ojala
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Susan M Malley
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Harrison Hsiang
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Margaret A Vizzard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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17
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Oliveira ME, Santos FM, Bonifácio RP, Freitas MF, Martins DO, Chacur M. Low level laser therapy alters satellite glial cell expression and reverses nociceptive behavior in rats with neuropathic pain. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:547-554. [PMID: 28125108 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve injury often results in persistent or chronic neuropathic pain characterized by spontaneous burning pain accompanied by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive method that has proved to be clinically effective in reducing pain sensitivity and consequently in improving the quality of life. Here we examined the effects of LLLT on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. CCI was performed on adult male rats, subjected thereafter to 10 sessions of LLLT, every other day, and starting 14 days after CCI. Over the treatment period, the animals were evaluated for nociception using behavioral tests, such as allodynia, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Following the sessions, we observed the involvement of satellite glial cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence approaches. In addition we analyzed the expression levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1β) and fractalkine (FKN) after the same stimulus. RESULTS LLLT induced an early reduction (starting at the second session; p ≤ 0.001) of the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia in CCI rats, which persisted until the last session. Regarding cellular changes, we observed a decrease of GFAP (50%; p ≤ 0.001) expression after LLLT in the ipsilateral DRG when compared with the naive group. We also observed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines after CCI, whereas LLLT dramatically inhibited the overexpression of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that LLLT reverses CCI-induced behavioral hypersensitivity, reduces glial cell activation in the DRG and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines; we suggest that this involvement of glial cells can be one potential mechanism in such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Zhang ZJ, Jiang BC, Gao YJ. Chemokines in neuron-glial cell interaction and pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3275-3291. [PMID: 28389721 PMCID: PMC11107618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has become clear that neuroinflammation, mainly mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines were originally identified as regulators of peripheral immune cell trafficking and were also expressed in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. In recent years, accumulating studies have revealed the expression, distribution and function of chemokines in the spinal cord under chronic pain conditions. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several chemokines are upregulated after peripheral nerve injury and contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain via different forms of neuron-glia interaction in the spinal cord. First, chemokine CX3CL1 is expressed in primary afferents and spinal neurons and induces microglial activation via its microglial receptor CX3CR1 (neuron-to-microglia signaling). Second, CCL2 and CXCL1 are expressed in spinal astrocytes and act on CCR2 and CXCR2 in spinal neurons to increase excitatory synaptic transmission (astrocyte-to-neuron signaling). Third, we recently identified that CXCL13 is highly upregulated in spinal neurons after spinal nerve ligation and induces spinal astrocyte activation via receptor CXCR5 (neuron-to-astrocyte signaling). Strategies that target chemokine-mediated neuron-glia interactions may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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19
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Peng Y, Guo G, Shu B, Liu D, Su P, Zhang X, Gao F. Spinal CX3CL1/CX3CR1 May Not Directly Participate in the Development of Morphine Tolerance in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3254-3267. [PMID: 28776289 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CX3CL1 (fractalkine), the sole member of chemokine CX3C family, is implicated in inflammatory and neuropathic pain via activating its receptor CX3CR1 on neural cells in spinal cord. However, it has not been fully elucidated whether CX3CL1 or CX3CR1 contributes to the development of morphine tolerance. In this study, we found that chronic morphine exposure did not alter the expressions of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in spinal cord. And neither exogenous CX3CL1 nor CX3CR1 inhibitor could affect the development of morphine tolerance. The cellular localizations of spinal CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 changed from neuron and microglia, respectively, to all the neural cells during the development of morphine tolerance. A microarray profiling revealed that 15 members of chemokine family excluding CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 were up-regulated in morphine-treated rats. Our study provides evidence that spinal CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 may not be involved in the development of morphine tolerance directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Central People's Hospital of Ji'an City, 106 Jinggangshan Road, Ji'an, 343000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Barr GA, Wang S, Weisshaar CL, Winkelstein BA. Developmental Changes in Pain and Spinal Immune Gene Expression after Radicular Trauma in the Rat. Front Neurol 2016; 7:223. [PMID: 28018284 PMCID: PMC5156703 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is chronic pain that develops after nerve injury and is less frequent in infants and children than in adults. Likewise, in animal models of neuropathic pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia are non-existent or attenuated in the infant, with a “switch” during development by which acute nerve injury transitions to chronic pain. Concomitant with the delay in neuropathic pain, there is a parallel delay in the ability of nerve injury to activate the immune system. Models of neuropathic pain in the infant have used various ligation methods and find that neuropathic pain does not occur under after postnatal days 21–28 (PN21–PN28), linked to activation of immune processes and developmental regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We applied a model of neuropathic pain in the adult using a transient compression of the cervical nerve or nerve root in infant rats (injured at 10, 14, 21, or 28 days of age) to define transition periods during which injury results in no change in thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity or in short-term changes in pain. There was little to no hyperalgesia when the injury was imposed at PN10, but significant thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia 1 day after compression injury when performed at PN14, 21, or 28. Thermal withdrawal latencies returned to near baseline by 7 days postsurgery when the injuries were at PN14, and lasted up to 14 days when the injury was imposed at PN28. There was mechanical allodynia following injury at 1 day postinjury and at 14 days after injury at PN14. Measurements of mRNA from spinal cord at 1, 7, and 14 days postinjury at PN14, 21, and 28 showed that both the magnitude and duration of elevated immune markers and chemokines/cytokines were greater in the older animals, corresponding to the development of hyperalgesia. Thus, we confirm the late onset of neuropathic pain but found no evidence of emergent hyperalgesia if the injury was before PN21. This may be due to the use of a transient, and not sustained, compression ligation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Barr
- Division of Basic Science Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Shaoning Wang
- Division of Basic Science Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christine L Weisshaar
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Spine Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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21
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Xu J, Tang Y, Xie M, Bie B, Wu J, Yang H, Foss JF, Yang B, Rosenquist RW, Naguib M. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 attenuates mechanical allodynia and neuroinflammatory responses in a chronic post-ischemic pain model of complex regional pain syndrome type I in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:3046-3055. [PMID: 27717112 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Xu
- Department of Pain Management; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Immunology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Yuying Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology; West China Second Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China
- Department of General Anesthesiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Mian Xie
- Department of Pain Management; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Bihua Bie
- Department of General Anesthesiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of General Anesthesiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of General Anesthesiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Joseph F. Foss
- Department of General Anesthesiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pathology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | | | - Mohamed Naguib
- Department of General Anesthesiology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
- Anesthesiology Institute; Cleveland Clinic; 9500 Euclid Ave. - NE6-306 Cleveland OH 44195 USA
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22
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O'Sullivan SA, Gasparini F, Mir AK, Dev KK. Fractalkine shedding is mediated by p38 and the ADAM10 protease under pro-inflammatory conditions in human astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:189. [PMID: 27549131 PMCID: PMC4994207 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fractalkine (CX3CR1) ligand is expressed in astrocytes and reported to be neuroprotective. When cleaved from the membrane, soluble fractalkine (sCX3CL1) activates the receptor CX3CR1. Although somewhat controversial, CX3CR1 is reported to be expressed in neurons and microglia. The membrane-bound form of CX3CL1 additionally acts as an adhesion molecule for microglia and infiltrating white blood cells. Much research has been done on the role of fractalkine in neuronal cells; however, little is known about the regulation of the CX3CL1 ligand in astrocytes. Methods The mechanisms involved in the up-regulation and cleavage of CX3CL1 from human astrocytes were investigated using immunocytochemistry, Q-PCR and ELISA. All statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5. Results A combination of ADAM17 (TACE) and ADAM10 protease inhibitors was found to attenuate IL-1β-, TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced sCX3CL1 levels in astrocytes. A specific ADAM10 (but not ADAM17) inhibitor also attenuated these effects, suggesting ADAM10 proteases induce release of sCX3CL1 from stimulated human astrocytes. A p38 MAPK inhibitor also attenuated the levels of sCX3CL1 upon treatment with IL-1β, TNF-α or IFN-γ. In addition, an IKKβ inhibitor significantly reduced the levels of sCX3CL1 induced by IL-1β or TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting a role for the NF-kB pathway. Conclusions In conclusion, this study shows that the release of soluble astrocytic fractalkine is regulated by ADAM10 proteases with p38 MAPK also playing a role in the fractalkine shedding event. These findings are important for understanding the role of CX3CL1 in healthy and stimulated astrocytes and may benefit our understanding of this pathway in neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0659-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead A O'Sullivan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fabrizio Gasparini
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anis K Mir
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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Chen YD, Huang CY, Liu HY, Yao WF, Wu WG, Lu YL, Wang W. Serum CX3CL1/fractalkine concentrations are positively associated with disease severity in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. Br J Biomed Sci 2016; 73:121-128. [PMID: 27476376 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2016.1209897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1), also called fractalkine (FKN), has recently been reported to be involved in osteoclastogenic process and pathological bone destruction. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the link between serum CX3CL1/FKN levels with disease progression of postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. METHODS A total of 53 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP group), 51 postmenopausal non-osteoporotic female patients (PMNOP group) and 50 premenopausal non-osteoporotic healthy women of childbearing age (control group) were enrolled in the study. The bone mineral density (BMD) for all subjects was determined via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, internal trochanter, total hip, greater trochanter and Ward's triangle. The levels of FKN in the serum were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The serum bone resorption markers TRACP-5b, NTX levels, inflammation markers IL-1β and IL-6 as well as oestrogen-2(E2) were also detected in all participants. The visual analogue scores (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for low back pain were recorded in PMOP females for evaluation of osteoporotic pain and function. RESULTS FKN levels were significantly higher in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients compared with postmenopausal non-osteoporotic females (139.8 ± 44.3 pg/mL VS 116.5 ± 23.1 pg/mL, p < 0.05) and healthy controls (139.8 ± 44.3 pg/mL VS 109.7 ± 19.4 pg/mL, p < 0.05). Serum FKN concentrations were negatively associated with BMD at femoral neck (r = -0.394, p = 0.004), total hip(r = -0.374, p = 0.006), internal trochanter(r = -0.340, p = 0.013), greater trochanter(r = -0.376, p = 0.006), Ward's triangle(r = -0.343, p = 0.012), L1-L4 lumbar spine(r = -0.339, p = 0.013) and positively associated with VAS (r = 0.321, p = 0.019) and ODI (r = 0.377, p = 0.005) scores, bone turnover makers (TRACP-5b:r = 0.341, p = 0.012; NTX:r = 0.364, p = 0.007)as well as inflammation markers (IL-1β: r = 0.396, p = 0.003; IL-6:r = 0.355, p = 0.009) in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. CONCLUSIONS Serum FKN may serve as a novel biomarker for assessing disease progression and a new potential therapeutic target for anti-resorptive treatment in osteoporosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ding Chen
- a Department of Endocrinology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
| | - Ci-You Huang
- a Department of Endocrinology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- b Department of Nursing , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
| | - Wei-Feng Yao
- a Department of Endocrinology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
| | - Wei-Guo Wu
- a Department of Endocrinology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
| | - Yu-Lian Lu
- a Department of Endocrinology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
| | - Wen Wang
- a Department of Endocrinology , Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital , Wuxi , China
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Cairns BE, O'Brien M, Dong XD, Gazerani P. Elevated Fractalkine (CX3CL1) Levels in the Trigeminal Ganglion Mechanically Sensitize Temporalis Muscle Nociceptors. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3695-3706. [PMID: 27209190 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that after nerve injury or tissue inflammation, fractalkine (CX3CL1) released from dorsal root ganglion neurons acts on satellite glial cells (SGCs) through CX3C receptor 1 (CX3CR1) to induce neuroplastic changes. The existence and importance of fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling in the trigeminal ganglia has not yet been clarified. This study investigated (1) whether trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate temporalis muscle and their associated SGCs contain fractalkine and/or express CX3CR1, (2) if intraganglionic injection of fractalkine increases the mechanical sensitivity of temporalis muscle afferent fibers, (3) whether complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation of the temporalis muscle alters the expression of fractalkine or its receptor in the trigeminal ganglion, and (4) if intraganglionic administration of CX3CR1 antibodies alters afferent mechanical sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry and in vivo electrophysiological recordings in male and female rats were used to address these questions. It was found that ∼50 % of temporalis ganglion neurons and ∼25 % of their associated SGCs express CX3CR1, while only neurons expressed fractalkine. Temporalis muscle inflammation increased the expression of fractalkine, but only in male rats. Intraganglionic injection of fractalkine (25 g/ml; 3 μl) induced prolonged afferent mechanical sensitization. Intraganglionic injection of CX3CR1 antibody increased afferent mechanical threshold, but this effect was greater in controls than in rats with CFA-induced muscle inflammation. These findings raise the possibility that basal fractalkine signalling within the trigeminal ganglion plays an important role in mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscle sensory afferent fibers and that inhibition of CX3CR1 signaling within the trigeminal ganglia may induce analgesia through a peripheral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7-D3, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Melissa O'Brien
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xu-Dong Dong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Parisa Gazerani
- SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7-D3, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark.
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Posillico CK, Terasaki LS, Bilbo SD, Schwarz JM. Examination of sex and minocycline treatment on acute morphine-induced analgesia and inflammatory gene expression along the pain pathway in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:33. [PMID: 26693004 PMCID: PMC4676821 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to its classical effects on opioid receptors, morphine can activate glia and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory immune molecules which in turn counteract the analgesic properties of morphine. We hypothesized that decreased morphine analgesia in females may be the result of exaggerated microglial activation in brain regions critical for analgesia. METHODS Male and female rats were treated with morphine and/or minocycline and morphine analgesia was examined using the hot plate. We also examined the expression of microglial and astrocyte markers in the pain pathway. RESULTS Males treated with minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, exhibited a significant increase in acute morphine analgesia as previously shown; however, morphine analgesia was not affected by minocycline pretreatment in female rats. Minocycline decreased the expression of glial activation markers in the male spinal cord and periaqueductal gray as expected; however, these same molecules were upregulated in the female. CONCLUSIONS These data describe a significant difference between males and females in the behavioral effects following co-administration of morphine and minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin K Posillico
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Laurne S Terasaki
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Dr., Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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Johnson JL, Kwok YH, Sumracki NM, Swift JE, Hutchinson MR, Johnson K, Williams DB, Tuke J, Rolan PE. Glial Attenuation With Ibudilast in the Treatment of Medication Overuse Headache: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial of Efficacy and Safety. Headache 2015; 55:1192-208. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuen H. Kwok
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | | | - James E. Swift
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | | | | | - Desmond B. Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
| | - Jonathon Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Paul E. Rolan
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
- Pain and Anaesthesia Research Clinic, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide Australia
- Pain Management Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide Australia
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Giron SE, Griffis CA, Burkard JF. Chronic Pain and Decreased Opioid Efficacy: An Inflammatory Link. Pain Manag Nurs 2015; 16:819-31. [PMID: 25962543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a devastating amalgam of symptoms that affects millions of Americans at tremendous cost to our healthcare system and, more importantly, to patients' quality of life. Literature and research demonstrate that neuroimmune cells called glia are not only responsible for initiating and maintaining part of the chronic pain disease process, but also release inflammatory molecules responsible for decreasing the efficacy of one of the most prominent treatments for pain, opioid analgesia. This article describes chronic pain as a disease process that has ineffective treatment modalities, explores the mechanisms of glial cell activation and inflammatory responses that lead to chronic pain and decreased opioid treatment efficacy, and hypothesizes novel chronic pain treatment modalities based on the glial cell inactivation and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Giron
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Charles A Griffis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph F Burkard
- University of San Diego Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, San Diego, California
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Lin CP, Kang KH, Lin TH, Wu MY, Liou HC, Chuang WJ, Sun WZ, Fu WM. Role of Spinal CXCL1 (GROα) in Opioid Tolerance. Anesthesiology 2015; 122:666-76. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
The pivotal role of glial activation and up-regulated inflammatory mediators in the opioid tolerance has been confirmed in rodents but not yet in humans. Here, the authors investigated the intraspinal cytokine and chemokine profiles of opioid-tolerant cancer patients; and to determine if up-regulated chemokines could modify opioid tolerance in rats.
Methods:
Cerebrospinal fluid samples from opioid-tolerant cancer patients and opioid-naive subjects were compared. The cerebrospinal fluid levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL2, and CX3CL1 were assayed. The rat tail flick test was utilized to assess the effects of intrathecal CXCL1 on morphine-induced acute antinociception and analgesic tolerance.
Results:
CXCL1 level in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly up-regulated in the opioid-tolerant group (n = 30, 18.8 pg/ml vs. 13.2 pg/ml, P = 0.02) and was positively correlated (r2 = 0.49, P < 0.01) with opioid dosage. In rat experiment, after induction of tolerance by morphine infusion, the spinal cord CXCL1 messenger RNA was up-regulated to 32.5 ± 11.9-fold. Although CXCL1 infusion alone did not affect baseline tail-flick latency, the analgesic efficacy of a single intraperitoneal injection of morphine dropped significantly on day 1 to day 3 after intrathecal infusion of CXCL1. After establishing tolerance by intrathecal continuous infusion of morphine, its development was accelerated by coadministration of CXCL1 and attenuated by coadministration of CXCL1-neutralizing antibody or CXCR2 antagonist.
Conclusions:
CXCL1 is up-regulated in both opioid-tolerant patients and rodents. The onset and extent of opioid tolerance was affected by antagonizing intrathecal CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling. Therefore, the CXCL1/CXCR2 signal pathway may be a novel target for the treatment of opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Peng Lin
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Kai-Hsiang Kang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Tzu-Hung Lin
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Ming-Yueh Wu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Houng-Chi Liou
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Woei-Jer Chuang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
| | - Wen-Mei Fu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (C.-P.L., W.-Z.S.) and Department of Oncology (C.-P.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology (C.-P.L., K.-H.K., T.-H.L., M.-Y.W., H.-C.L., W.-M.F.), College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (W.-J.C.), College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
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Garcia JJ, Ortega E. Soluble fractalkine in the plasma of fibromyalgia patients. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1915-7. [PMID: 25590727 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a form of non-articular rheumatism in which inflammatory cytokines seem to be involved. However, there is still no analytical specific diagnostic criterion for this disease. The aim was to examine a possible role of fractalkine as a biomarker in fibromyalgia. Plasma levels of soluble fractalkine were compared between women diagnosed with fibromyalgia (n=17) and healthy women (n=10) as controls. Fractalkine released by monocytes was also evaluated. Fibromyalgia patients showed lower plasma fractalkine than healthy women. Since most inflammatory pathologies show elevated plasma levels of soluble fractalkine, the results may contribute towards a differential diagnosis for fibromyalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Garcia
- Immunophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Immunophysiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Bai L, Zhai C, Han K, Li Z, Qian J, Jing Y, Zhang W, Xu JT. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated nuclear factor-κB activation in spinal cord contributes to chronic morphine-induced analgesic tolerance and hyperalgesia in rats. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:936-948. [PMID: 25446875 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the spinal cord is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated pain facilitation. However, the role of NF-κB activation in chronic morphine-induced analgesic tolerance and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we found that the level of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-p65) was increased in the dorsal horn of the lumbar 4-6 segments after intrathecal administration of morphine for 7 consecutive days, and the p-p65 was co-localized with neurons and astrocytes. The expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was also increased in the same area. In addition, pretreatment with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) or SN50, inhibitors of NF-κB, prevented the development of morphine analgesic tolerance and alleviated morphine withdrawal-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. The increase in TNF-α and IL-1β expression induced by chronic morphine exposure was also partially blocked by PDTC pretreatment. In another experiment, rats receiving PDTC or SN50 beginning on day 7 of morphine injection showed partial recovery of the anti-nociceptive effects of morphine and attenuation of the withdrawal-induced abnormal pain. Meanwhile, intrathecal pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, an antagonist of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), blocked the activation of NF-κB, and prevented the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal-induced abnormal pain. These data indicated that TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation in the spinal cord is involved in the development and maintenance of morphine analgesic tolerance and withdrawal-induced pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of Physiology, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Caihong Zhai
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kun Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Junliang Qian
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ying Jing
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Department of Physiology, Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Statins: Do They Aggravate or Ameliorate Neuropathic Pain? THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:1069-1080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen NF, Huang SY, Chen WF, Chen CH, Lu CH, Chen CL, Yang SN, Wang HM, Wen ZH. TGF-β1 attenuates spinal neuroinflammation and the excitatory amino acid system in rats with neuropathic pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 14:1671-85. [PMID: 24290447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have reported that the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) prevents and reverses neuropathic pain. However, only limited information is available regarding the possible role and effects of spinal TGF-β1 in neuropathic pain. We aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of exogenous TGF-β1 on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. We demonstrated that sciatic nerve injury caused a downregulation of endogenous TGF-β1 levels on the ipsilateral side of the lumbar spinal dorsal gray matter, and that the i.t. administration of TGF-β1 (.01-10 ng) significantly attenuated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats. TGF-β1 significantly inhibited CCI-induced spinal neuroinflammation, microglial and astrocytic activation, and upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, i.t. TGF-β1 significantly attenuated the CCI-induced downregulation of glutamate transporter 1, the glutamate aspartate transporter, and the excitatory amino acid carrier 1 on the ipsilateral side. Furthermore, i.t. TGF-β1 significantly decreased the concentrations of 2 excitatory amino acids, aspartate and glutamate, in the spinal dialysates in CCI rats. In summary, we conclude that the mechanisms of the antinociceptive effects of i.t. TGF-β1 in neuropathy may include attenuation of spinal neuroinflammation, attenuation, or upregulation of glutamate transporter downregulation, and a decrease of spinal extracellular excitatory amino acids. PERSPECTIVE Clinically, medical treatment is usually initiated after the onset of intractable pain. Therefore, in the present study, i.t. TGF-β1 was designed to be administered 2 weeks after the establishment of CCI pain. Compared to the continuous TGF-β1 infusion mode, single-dose administration seems more convenient and practical to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Guo W, Miyoshi K, Dubner R, Gu M, Li M, Liu J, Yang J, Zou S, Ren K, Noguchi K, Wei F. Spinal 5-HT3 receptors mediate descending facilitation and contribute to behavioral hypersensitivity via a reciprocal neuron-glial signaling cascade. Mol Pain 2014; 10:35. [PMID: 24913307 PMCID: PMC4067691 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recently recognized that the descending serotonin (5-HT) system from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in the brainstem and the 5-HT3 receptor subtype in the spinal dorsal horn are involved in enhanced descending pain facilitation after tissue and nerve injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the activation of the 5-HT3 receptor and its contribution to facilitation of pain remain unclear. RESULTS In the present study, activation of spinal 5-HT3 receptors by intrathecal injection of a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist SR 57227 induced spinal glial hyperactivity, neuronal hyperexcitability and pain hypersensitivity in rats. We found that there was neuron-to-microglia signaling via the chemokine fractalkine, microglia to astrocyte signaling via cytokine IL-18, astrocyte to neuronal signaling by IL-1β, and enhanced activation of NMDA receptors in the spinal dorsal horn. Glial hyperactivation in spinal dorsal horn after hindpaw inflammation was also attenuated by molecular depletion of the descending 5-HT system by intra-RVM Tph-2 shRNA interference. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms at the spinal level responsible for descending 5-HT-mediated pain facilitation during the development of persistent pain after tissue and nerve injury. New pain therapies should focus on prime targets of descending facilitation-induced glial involvement, and in particular the blocking of intercellular signaling transduction between neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Wei
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 650 W, Baltimore St, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Jain KK. Current challenges and future prospects in management of neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:1743-56. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.11.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rivers-Auty J, Ashton JC. Neuroinflammation in ischemic brain injury as an adaptive process. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:151-8. [PMID: 24345344 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia triggers various physiological processes, some of which have been considered deleterious and others beneficial. These processes have been characterized in one influential model as being part of a transition from injury to repair processes. We argue that another important distinction is between dysregulated and regulated processes. Although intervening in the course of dysregulated processes may be neuroprotective, this is unlikely to be true for regulated processes. This is because from an evolutionary perspective, regulated complex processes that are conserved across many species are likely to be adaptive and provide a survival advantage. We argue that the neuroinflammatory cascade is an adaptive process in this sense, and contrast this with a currently popular theory which we term the maladaptive immune response theory. We review the evidence from clinical and preclinical pharmacology with respect to this theory, and deduced that the evidence is inconclusive at best, and probably falsifies the theory. We argue that this is why there are no anti-inflammatory treatments for cerebral ischaemia, despite 30 years of seemingly promising preclinical results. We therefore propose an opposing theory, which we call the adaptive immune response hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rivers-Auty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John C Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Neurogenic neuroinflammation: inflammatory CNS reactions in response to neuronal activity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 15:43-53. [PMID: 24281245 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CNS is endowed with an elaborated response repertoire termed 'neuroinflammation', which enables it to cope with pathogens, toxins, traumata and degeneration. On the basis of recent publications, we deduce that orchestrated actions of immune cells, vascular cells and neurons that constitute neuroinflammation are not only provoked by pathological conditions but can also be induced by increased neuronal activity. We suggest that the technical term 'neurogenic neuroinflammation' should be used for inflammatory reactions in the CNS in response to neuronal activity. We believe that neurogenic neuro-inflammation maintains homeostasis to enable the CNS to cope with enhanced metabolic demands and increases the computational power and plasticity of CNS neuronal networks. However, neurogenic neuroinflammation may also become maladaptive and aggravate the outcomes of pain, stress and epilepsy.
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Elevated expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications in multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:480702. [PMID: 24175290 PMCID: PMC3794538 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease resulting from a targeted autoimmune-mediated attack on myelin proteins in the CNS. The release of Th1 inflammatory mediators in the CNS activates macrophages, antibodies, and microglia resulting in myelin damage and the induction of neuropathic pain (NPP). Molecular signaling through fractalkine (CX3CL1), a nociceptive chemokine, via its receptor (CX3CR1) is thought to be associated with MS-induced NPP. An experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS was utilized to assess time dependent gene and protein expression changes of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Results revealed significant increases in mRNA and the protein expression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) 12 days after EAE induction compared to controls. This increased expression correlated with behavioural thermal sensory abnormalities consistent with NPP. Furthermore, this increased expression correlated with the peak neurological disability caused by EAE induction. This is the first study to identify CX3CL1 signaling through CX3CR1 via the DRG/SC anatomical connection that represents a critical pathway involved in NPP induction in an EAE model of MS.
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Zhang J, Wu D, Xie C, Wang H, Wang W, Zhang H, Liu R, Xu LX, Mei XP. Tramadol and propentofylline coadministration exerted synergistic effects on rat spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72943. [PMID: 24009718 PMCID: PMC3756942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is an intractable clinical problem. Drug treatments such as tramadol have been reported to effectively decrease neuropathic pain by inhibiting the activity of nociceptive neurons. It has also been reported that modulating glial activation could also prevent or reverse neuropathic pain via the administration of a glial modulator or inhibitor, such as propentofylline. Thus far, there has been no clinical strategy incorporating both neuronal and glial participation for treating neuropathic pain. Therefore, the present research study was designed to assess whether coadministration of tramadol and propentofylline, as neuronal and glial activation inhibitors, respectively, would exert a synergistic effect on the reduction of rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain. Rats underwent SNL surgery to induce neuropathic pain. Pain behavioral tests were conducted to ascertain the effect of drugs on SNL-induced mechanical allodynia with von-Frey hairs. Proinflammatory factor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression was also detected by Real-time RT-PCR. Intrathecal tramadol and propentofylline administered alone relieved SNL-induced mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. Tramadol and propentofylline coadministration exerted a more potent effect in a synergistic and dose dependent manner than the intrathecal administration of either drug alone. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated IL-1β up-expression in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn after the lesion, which was significantly decreased by tramadol and propentofylline coadministration. Inhibiting proinflammatory factor IL-1β contributed to the synergistic effects of tramadol and propentofylline coadministration on rat peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Thus, our study provided a rationale for utilizing a novel strategy for treating neuropathic pain by blocking the proinflammatory factor related pathways in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (LXX); (XPM)
| | - Li-Xian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (LXX); (XPM)
| | - Xiao-Peng Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (LXX); (XPM)
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Souza GR, Talbot J, Lotufo CM, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Ferreira SH. Fractalkine mediates inflammatory pain through activation of satellite glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11193-8. [PMID: 23776243 PMCID: PMC3704031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307445110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the satellite glial cells (SGCs) surrounding the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons appears to play a role in pathological pain. We tested the hypothesis that fractalkine, which is constitutively expressed by primary nociceptive neurons, is the link between peripheral inflammation and the activation of SGCs and is thus responsible for the genesis of the inflammatory pain. The injection of carrageenin into the rat hind paw induced a decrease in the mechanical nociceptive threshold (hypernociception), which was associated with an increase in mRNA and GFAP protein expression in the DRG. Both events were inhibited by anti-fractalkine antibody administered directly into the DRG (L5) [intraganglionar (i.gl.)]. The administration of fractalkine into the DRG (L5) produced mechanical hypernociception in a dose-, time-, and CX3C receptor-1 (CX3CR1)-dependent manner. Fractalkine's hypernociceptive effect appears to be indirect, as it was reduced by local treatment with anti-TNF-α antibody, IL-1-receptor antagonist, or indomethacin. Accordingly, the in vitro incubation of isolated and cultured SGC with fractalkine induced the production/release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and prostaglandin E2. Finally, treatment with i.gl. fluorocitrate blocked fractalkine (i.gl.)- and carrageenin (paw)-induced hypernociception. Overall, these results suggest that, during peripheral inflammation, fractalkine is released in the DRG and contributes to the genesis of inflammatory hypernociception. Fractalkine's effect appears to be dependent on the activation of the SGCs, leading to the production of TNFα, IL-1β, and prostanoids, which are likely responsible for the maintenance of inflammatory pain. Thus, these results indicate that the inhibition of fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling in SGCs may serve as a target to control inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R. Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio H. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Arms L, Girard BM, Malley SE, Vizzard MA. Expression and function of CCL2/CCR2 in rat micturition reflexes and somatic sensitivity with urinary bladder inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F111-22. [PMID: 23594826 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00139.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are proinflammatory mediators of the immune response, and there is growing evidence for chemokine/receptor signaling involvement in pronociception. Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort perceived to be bladder-related with at least one urinary symptom. We have explored the expression and functional roles of CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and its high-affinity receptor, CCR2, in micturition reflex function and somatic sensitivity in rats with urinary bladder inflammation induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) treatment of varying duration (4 h, 48 h, chronic). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR, ELISAs, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated significant (P ≤ 0.01) increases in CCL2 and CCR2 expression in the urothelium and in Fast Blue-labeled bladder afferent neurons in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia with CYP-induced cystitis. Intravesical infusion of RS504393 (5 μM), a specific CCR2 antagonist, reduced voiding frequency and increased bladder capacity and void volume in rats with CYP-induced cystitis (4 h), as determined with open outlet, conscious cystometry. In addition, CCR2 blockade, at the level of the urinary bladder, reduced referred somatic sensitivity of the hindpaw and pelvic region in rats with CYP treatment, as determined with von Frey filament testing. We provide evidence of functional roles for CCL2/CCR2 signaling at the level of the urinary bladder in reducing voiding frequency and somatic sensitivity following CYP-induced cystitis (4 h). These studies suggest that chemokines/receptors may be novel targets with therapeutic potential in the context of urinary bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arms
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Abstract
The chorda tympani (CT) nerve innervates lingual taste buds and is susceptible to damage during dental and inner ear procedures. Interruption of the CT results in a disappearance of taste buds, which can be accompanied by taste disturbances. Because the CT usually regenerates to reinnervate taste buds successfully within a few weeks, a persistence of taste disturbances may indicate alterations in central nervous function. Peripheral injury to other sensory nerves leads to glial responses at central terminals, which actively contribute to abnormal sensations arising from nerve damage. Therefore, the current study examined microglial and astrocytic responses in the first central gustatory relay, the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS), after transection of the CT. Damage to the CT resulted in significant microglial responses in terms of morphological reactivity and an increased density of microglial cells from 2 to 20 days after injury. This increased microglial population resulted primarily from microglial proliferation from 1.5 to 3 days, which was supplemented by microglial migration within subdivisions of the nTS between days 2 and 3. Unlike other nerve injuries, CT injury did not result in recruitment of bone marrow-derived precursors. Astrocytes also reacted in the nTS with increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by 3 days, although none showed evidence of cell division. GFAP levels remained increased at 30 days, by which time microglial responses had resolved. These results show that nerve damage to the CT results in central glial responses, which may participate in long-lasting taste alterations following CT lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna L Bartel
- Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Bartel DL, Finger TE. Reactive microglia after taste nerve injury: comparison to nerve injury models of chronic pain. F1000Res 2013; 2:65. [PMID: 24358861 PMCID: PMC3782356 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-65.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chorda tympani (CT), which innervates taste buds on the anterior portion of the tongue, is susceptible to damage during inner ear surgeries. Injury to the CT causes a disappearance of taste buds, which is concurrent with significant microglial responses at central nerve terminals in the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). The resulting taste disturbances that can occur may persist for months or years, long after the nerve and taste buds have regenerated. These persistent changes in taste sensation suggest alterations in central functioning and may be related to the microglial responses. This is reminiscent of nerve injuries that result in chronic pain, where microglial reactivity is essential in maintaining the altered sensation (i.e., pain). In these models, methods that diminish microglial responses also diminish the corresponding pain behavior. Although the CT nerve does not contain nociceptive pain fibers, the microglial reactivity after CT damage is similar to that described in pain models. Therefore, methods that decrease microglial responses in pain models were used here to test if they could also affect microglial reactivity after CT injury. Treatment with minocycline, an antibiotic that dampens pain responsive microglia, was largely ineffective in diminishing microglial responses after CT injury. In addition, signaling through the toll-like 4 receptor (TLR4) does not seem to be required after CT injury as blocking or deleting TLR4 had no effect on microglial reactivity. These results suggest that microglial responses following CT injury rely on different signaling mechanisms than those described in nerve injuries resulting in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna L Bartel
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Finger
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Little JW, Cuzzocrea S, Bryant L, Esposito E, Doyle T, Rausaria S, Neumann WL, Salvemini D. Spinal mitochondrial-derived peroxynitrite enhances neuroimmune activation during morphine hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. Pain 2013; 154:978-86. [PMID: 23590939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of severe pain by morphine, the gold-standard opioid and a potent drug in our arsenal of analgesic medications, is limited by the eventual development of hyperalgesia and analgesic tolerance. We recently reported that systemic administration of a peroxynitrite (PN) decomposition catalyst (PNDC) or superoxide dismutase mimetic attenuates morphine hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance and reduces PN-mediated mitochondrial nitroxidative stress in the spinal cord. These results suggest the potential involvement of spinal PN signaling in this setting; which was examined in the present study. PN removal with intrathecal delivery of manganese porphyrin-based dual-activity superoxide/PNDCs, MnTE-2-PyP(5+) and the more lipophilic MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+), blocked hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance in rats. Noteworthy is that intrathecal MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+) prevented nitration and inactivation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase inactivation enhances the superoxide-to-PN pathway by preventing the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, thus providing an important enzymatic source for PN formation. Additionally, intrathecal MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+) attenuated neuroimmune activation by preventing the activation of nuclear factor kappa B, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen activated protein kinases, and the enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10. The role of PN was further confirmed using intrathecal or oral delivery of the superoxide-sparing PNDC, SRI-110. These results suggest that mitochondrial-derived PN triggers the activation of several biochemical pathways engaged in the development of neuroinflammation in the spinal cord that are critical to morphine hyperalgesia and tolerance, further supporting the potential of targeting PN as an adjunct to opiates to maintain pain relief.
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Farmer AD, Ferdinand E, Aziz Q. Opioids and the gastrointestinal tract - a case of narcotic bowel syndrome and literature review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19:94-8. [PMID: 23350054 PMCID: PMC3548134 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2013.19.1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide use of opiates is increasing yet there is little evidence that in long-term, non-cancer patients, they have an efficacious effect on functional outcomes and quality of life measures. Although it seems paradoxical, chronic opiate use may lead to a pro-nociceptive state. Mechanisms for the development of the hyperalgesic state include activation of the opiate bimodal regulatory systems, dynorphin and spinal cord glia. A potential consequence of chronic opiate usage is the development of narcotic bowel syndrome, which is characterized by chronic or intermittent colicky abdominal pain or discomfort that worsens after the narcotic effects of opiates wear off. It is likely that this is an under-recognized diagnosis. We describe here a case of 26-year old female who had visited our institution multiple times with intractable chronic abdominal pain in the context of normal findings on haematological, biochemical, metabolic, endoscopic and radiological investigations. She had been treated with a multitude of opioid agonists with escalating doses. A diagnosis of narcotic bowel syndrome was made. On elective admission her daily analgesic requirements were 150 µg/hr fentanyl, 100 mg oramorph and 400 mg tramadol (equating to 740 mg oral morphine/24 hr). A detoxification regimen was prescribed which included rapid opiate withdrawal couple with the commencement of methadone, lorazepam, clonidine and duloxetine. She was discharged opiate free, with no abdominal pain, 14 days after admission. Clinicians must be aware of narcotic bowel syndrome, which is often erroneously labelled as a functional gastrointestinal disorder, in patients who have been on long-term opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Farmer
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. ; Department of Gastroenterology, Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Shropshire, UK
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Parvathy SS, Masocha W. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor COL-3 prevents the development of paclitaxel-induced hyperalgesia in mice. Med Princ Pract 2013; 22:35-41. [PMID: 22907189 PMCID: PMC5586713 DOI: 10.1159/000341710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the potential of chemically modified tetracycline-3 (COL-3), a potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, to protect against the development of paclitaxel-induced painful neuropathy and its immunomodulatory effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The reaction latency to thermal stimuli (hot plate test) of female BALB/c mice was recorded before and after treatment with paclitaxel (2 mg/kg i.p.), paclitaxel plus COL-3 (4, 20 or 40 mg/kg p.o.) or their vehicles for 5 consecutive days. Gene transcripts of CD11b (marker for microglia), 5 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and 3 chemokines (CCL2, CXCL10 and CX3CL1) were quantified by real-time PCR in the brains, spinal cords and spleens of mice sacrificed on day 7 after treatment. RESULTS Treatment with paclitaxel reduced the reaction latency time to thermal stimuli (thermal hyperalgesia) for 4 weeks, with maximum effect on days 7 and 10. The coadministration of paclitaxel with COL-3 40 mg/kg, but not lower doses, prevented the development of paclitaxel-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Treatment with paclitaxel alone or coadministration with COL-3 increased CD11b transcript levels in the brain but not in the spinal cord. Treatment with paclitaxel reduced IL-6 transcript levels in the spinal cord but did not alter the transcript levels of other cytokines or chemokines in the brain, spinal cord or spleen. The coadministration of COL-3 with paclitaxel significantly increased the transcript levels of IL-6 in the spleen and decreased CX3CL1 transcripts in the brain in comparison to treatment with paclitaxel alone. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the MMP inhibitor COL-3 protected against paclitaxel-induced thermal hyperalgesia and, thus, could be useful in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willias Masocha
- *Willias Masocha, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat (Kuwait), Tel. +965 2498 6078, E-Mail
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Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Noguchi K. Expression of ATP receptors in the rat dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Anat Sci Int 2012. [PMID: 23179910 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-012-0163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular purine nucleotides and nucleosides play important roles in the nervous system, e.g., neurotransmission, neuromodulation, chemoattraction and acute inflammation. Extracellular nucleotides act through ATP receptors (P2 receptors). P2 receptors are classified into two families: the P2X receptors are ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels and the P2Y receptors are metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptors. Currently, seven P2X receptors (P2X1-7) and eight P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13 and P2Y14) are recognized. In the sensory nervous system, ATP is suggested to be one of first mediators of tissue damage, which activates primary afferents. Nerve injury often leads to neuropathic pain, such as mechanical allodynia and painful responses to normally innocuous stimuli. Peripheral nerve injury induces the upregulation of molecules in activated microglia in the spinal cord. Microglia in the spinal cord may play an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. A prominent signaling pathway in the development of neuropathic pain involves ATP acting on microglial purinergic receptors. This review focuses on the expression of P2X and P2Y receptors mRNAs in the pain transmission pathway, i.e., in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord. Furthermore, we suggest that the multiple microglial P2Y receptors activated by peripheral nerve injury may play a key role in the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Johnson JL, Hutchinson MR, Williams DB, Rolan P. Medication-overuse headache and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: A review of mechanisms, a neuroimmune hypothesis and a novel approach to treatment. Cephalalgia 2012; 33:52-64. [PMID: 23144180 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412467512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Patients with chronic headache who consume large amounts of analgesics are often encountered in clinical practice. Excessive intake of analgesics is now considered to be a cause, rather than simply a consequence, of frequent headaches, and as such the diagnosis “medication-overuse headache” (MOH) has been formulated. Despite the prevalence and clinical impact of MOH, the pathophysiology behind this disorder remains unclear and specific mechanism-based treatment options are lacking. Discussion Although most acute headache treatments have been alleged to cause MOH, here we conclude from the literature that opioids are a particularly problematic drug class consistently associated with worsening headache. MOH may not be a single entity, as each class of drug implicated may cause MOH via a different mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that chronic opioid administration may exacerbate pain in the long term by activating toll-like receptor-4 on glial cells, resulting in a pro-inflammatory state that manifests clinically as increased pain. Thus, from the available evidence it seems opioid-overuse headache is a phenomenon similar to opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which derives from a cumulative interaction between central sensitisation, due to repeated activation of nociceptive pathways by recurrent headaches, and pain facilitation due to glial activation. Conclusion Treatment strategies directed at inhibiting glial activation may be of benefit alongside medication withdrawal in the management of MOH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desmond B Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Rolan
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Australia
- Pain and Anaesthesia Research Clinic, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
- Pain Management Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
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Wang S, Song L, Tan Y, Ma Y, Tian Y, Jin X, Lim G, Zhang S, Chen L, Mao J. A functional relationship between trigeminal astroglial activation and NR1 expression in a rat model of temporomandibular joint inflammation. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:1590-600. [PMID: 23110394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that glial activation would regulate the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NR1) in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Sp5C) after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation. METHODS Inflammation of TMJ was produced in rats by injecting 50 μL complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into unilateral TMJ space. Sham control rats received incomplete Freund's adjuvant injection. Mechanical nociception in the affected and non-affected TMJ site was tested by using a digital algometer. Fractalkine, fluorocitrate, and/or MK801 were intracisternally administrated to examine the relationship between astroglial activation and NR1 upregulation. RESULTS CFA TMJ injection resulted in persistent ipsilateral mechanical hyperalgesia 1, 3, and 5 days after CFA injection. The inflammation also induced significant upregulation of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) beginning on day 1 and of NR1 beginning on day 3 within the ipsilateral Sp5C. Intracisternal administration of fluorocitrate for 5 days blocked the development of mechanical hyperalgesia as well as the upregulation of GFAP and NR1 in the Sp5C. Conversely, intracisternal injection of fractalkine for 5 days exacerbated the expression of NR1 in Sp5C and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by TMJ inflammation. Moreover, once daily intracisternal fractalkine administration for 5 days in naïve rats induced the upregulation of NR1 and mechanical hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that astroglial activation contributes to the mechanism of TMJ pain through the regulation of NR1 expression in Sp5C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxing Wang
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Santos FM, Silva JT, Giardini AC, Rocha PA, Achermann APP, S Alves A, Britto LRG, Chacur M. Neural mobilization reverses behavioral and cellular changes that characterize neuropathic pain in rats. Mol Pain 2012; 8:57. [PMID: 22839415 PMCID: PMC3495676 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural mobilization technique is a noninvasive method that has proved clinically effective in reducing pain sensitivity and consequently in improving quality of life after neuropathic pain. The present study examined the effects of neural mobilization (NM) on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. The CCI was performed on adult male rats, submitted thereafter to 10 sessions of NM, each other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. Over the treatment period, animals were evaluated for nociception using behavioral tests, such as tests for allodynia and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. At the end of the sessions, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays for neural growth factor (NGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). RESULTS The NM treatment induced an early reduction (from the second session) of the hyperalgesia and allodynia in CCI-injured rats, which persisted until the end of the treatment. On the other hand, only after the 4th session we observed a blockade of thermal sensitivity. Regarding cellular changes, we observed a decrease of GFAP and NGF expression after NM in the ipsilateral DRG (68% and 111%, respectively) and the decrease of only GFAP expression after NM in the lumbar spinal cord (L3-L6) (108%). CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that NM treatment reverses pain symptoms in CCI-injured rats and suggest the involvement of glial cells and NGF in such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio M Santos
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Professor of Anatomy from University Nine of July, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce T Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline C Giardini
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila A Rocha
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnold PP Achermann
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adilson S Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz RG Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo, 2415 05508-900, Brazil
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Grace PM, Hurley D, Barratt DT, Tsykin A, Watkins LR, Rolan PE, Hutchinson MR. Harnessing pain heterogeneity and RNA transcriptome to identify blood-based pain biomarkers: a novel correlational study design and bioinformatics approach in a graded chronic constriction injury model. J Neurochem 2012; 122:976-94. [PMID: 22697386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative, peripherally accessible biomarker for neuropathic pain has great potential to improve clinical outcomes. Based on the premise that peripheral and central immunity contribute to neuropathic pain mechanisms, we hypothesized that biomarkers could be identified from the whole blood of adult male rats, by integrating graded chronic constriction injury (CCI), ipsilateral lumbar dorsal quadrant (iLDQ) and whole blood transcriptomes, and pathway analysis with pain behavior. Correlational bioinformatics identified a range of putative biomarker genes for allodynia intensity, many encoding for proteins with a recognized role in immune/nociceptive mechanisms. A selection of these genes was validated in a separate replication study. Pathway analysis of the iLDQ transcriptome identified Fcγ and Fcε signaling pathways, among others. This study is the first to employ the whole blood transcriptome to identify pain biomarker panels. The novel correlational bioinformatics, developed here, selected such putative biomarkers based on a correlation with pain behavior and formation of signaling pathways with iLDQ genes. Future studies may demonstrate the predictive ability of these biomarker genes across other models and additional variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Grace
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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