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Huang EJC, Wu MH, Wang TJ, Huang TJ, Li YR, Lee CY. Myasthenia Gravis: Novel Findings and Perspectives on Traditional to Regenerative Therapeutic Interventions. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1070-1092. [PMID: 37163445 PMCID: PMC10389825 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disorder, is increasing among all subsets of the population leading to an elevated economic and social burden. The pathogenesis of MG is characterized by the synthesis of autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), or muscle-specific kinase at the neuromuscular junction, thereby leading to muscular weakness and fatigue. Based on clinical and laboratory examinations, the research is focused on distinguishing MG from other autoimmune, genetic diseases of neuromuscular transmission. Technological advancements in machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) have been assistive in accurate diagnosis and management. Besides, addressing the clinical needs of MG patients is critical to improving quality of life (QoL) and satisfaction. Lifestyle changes including physical exercise and traditional Chinese medicine/herbs have also been shown to exert an ameliorative impact on MG progression. To achieve enhanced therapeutic efficacy, cholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, and steroids in addition to plasma exchange therapy are widely recommended. Under surgical intervention, thymectomy is the only feasible alternative to removing thymoma to overcome thymoma-associated MG. Although these conventional and current therapeutic approaches are effective, the associated adverse events and surgical complexity limit their wide application. Moreover, Restivo et al. also, to increase survival and QoL, further recent developments revealed that antibody, gene, and regenerative therapies (such as stem cells and exosomes) are currently being investigated as a safer and more efficacious alternative. Considering these above-mentioned points, we have comprehensively reviewed the recent advances in pathological etiologies of MG including COVID-19, and its therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Jou-Chen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Jen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Jen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Rong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yu Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Alqahtani T, Parveen S, Alghazwani Y, Alharbi HM, Gahtani RM, Hussain N, Rehman KU, Hussain M. Pharmacological Validation for the Folklore Use of Ipomoea nil against Asthma: In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144653. [PMID: 35889525 PMCID: PMC9324646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the key factor that strengthens free radical generation which stimulates lung inflammation. The aim was to explore antioxidant, bronchodilatory along with anti-asthmatic potential of folkloric plants and the aqueous methanolic crude extract of Ipomoea nil (In.Cr) seeds which may demonstrate as more potent, economically affordable, having an improved antioxidant profile and providing evidence as exclusive therapeutic agents in respiratory pharmacology. In vitro antioxidant temperament was executed by DPPH, TFC, TPC and HPLC in addition to enzyme inhibition (cholinesterase) analysis; a bronchodilator assay on rabbit’s trachea as well as in vivo OVA-induced allergic asthmatic activity was performed on mice. In vitro analysis of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) expressed as % inhibition 86.28 ± 0.25 with IC50 17.22 ± 0.56 mol/L, TPC 115.5 ± 1.02 mg GAE/g of dry sample, TFC 50.44 ± 1.06 mg QE/g dry weight of sample, inhibition in cholinesterase levels for acetyl and butyryl with IC50 (0.60 ± 0.67 and 1.5 ± 0.04 mol/L) in comparison with standard 0.06 ± 0.002 and 0.30 ± 0.003, respectively, while HPLC characterization of In.Cr confirmed the existence with identification as well as quantification of various polyphenolics and flavonoids i.e., gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and others. However, oral gavage of In.Cr at different doses in rabbits showed a better brochodilation profile as compared to carbachol and K+-induced bronchospasm. More significant (p < 0.01) reduction in OVA-induced allergic hyper-responses i.e., inflammatory cells grade, antibody IgE as well as altered IFN-α in airways were observed at three different doses of In.Cr. It can be concluded that sound mechanistic basis i.e., the existence of antioxidants: various phenolic and flavonoids, calcium antagonist(s) as well as enzymes’ inhibition profile, validates folkloric consumptions of this traditionally used plant to treat ailments of respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Sajida Parveen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, TheIslamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (S.P.); (K.u.R.)
| | - Yahia Alghazwani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Hanan M. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm A-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reem M. Gahtani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kashif ur Rehman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, TheIslamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (S.P.); (K.u.R.)
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, TheIslamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (S.P.); (K.u.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Li C, Shi S. Neuroprotective Effect of Huperzine A on d-Galactose-Induced Hearing Dysfunction. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2019; 100:269S-276S. [PMID: 31554431 DOI: 10.1177/0145561319864570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of d-galactose (d-gal) has been used to create animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, and huperzine A has been used to treat the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease. METHODS An animal model of hearing dysfunction was established by administration of d-gal in the rats, and the effect of huperzine A on d-gal-induced abnormal hearing function and cochlear damage was investigated. Senescence of the cochlear tissues was examined by β-galactase staining, and messenger RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was quantified by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS It was found that d-gal significantly increased auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold and cellular senescence and decreased neurofilament in the cochlear tissues. Huperzine A could significantly attenuate d-gal-induced increase of ABR threshold and cellular senescence as well as reduction of neurofilament. Moreover, huperzine A could inhibit d-gal-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in Schwann cells and significantly blocked d-gal-stimulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that d-gal causes hearing dysfunction by inflammatory injury of cochlear neurons and that huperzine A could prevent hearing loss by protecting d-gal-induced physical damage of cochlear tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongren Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongren Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chakraborty S, Kubatzky KF, Mitra DK. An Update on Interleukin-9: From Its Cellular Source and Signal Transduction to Its Role in Immunopathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2113. [PMID: 31035677 PMCID: PMC6522352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a pleiotropic cytokine and was primarily studied in the context of T helper 2 (TH2)-associated immuno-pathological conditions such as asthma and parasitic infections. There was a paradigm shift in the biology of IL-9 after the recent discovery of TH9 cells, a new subtype of TH cells which secrete IL-9 in copious amounts. This has resulted in renewed interest in this cytokine, which was neglected since discovery because it was considered it to be just another TH2 cytokine. Recent studies have shown that it has multiple cellular sources and is critically involved in the immune-pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and in guarding immune tolerance. In this review, we will discuss its discovery, gene organization, cellular sources, and signaling pathways. Especially, we will give an update on the recent development regarding its relevance in the immune pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Chakraborty
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 1100029, India.
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 1100029, India.
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Mohseni‐Moghaddam P, Sadr SS, Roghani M, Arabzadeh S, Khamse S, Zamani E, Hosseini M, Moradi F. Huperzine A ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in kainic acid‐induced epileptic rats by antioxidant activity and
NLRP
3/caspase‐1 pathway inhibition. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:360-372. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr
- Electrophysiology Research Centre Neuroscience Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Centre Shahed University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Safoura Khamse
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Elham Zamani
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Marjan Hosseini
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran
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Jana S, Ganeshpurkar A, Singh SK. Multiple 3D-QSAR modeling, e-pharmacophore, molecular docking, and in vitro study to explore novel AChE inhibitors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39477-39495. [PMID: 35558010 PMCID: PMC9091215 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-based and energy-optimized structure-based approaches were considered to obtain excellent candidates as AChE inhibitors. The known AChE inhibitors were utilized to develop a pharmacophore hypothesis, HPRRR and X-ray crystallographic structures of AChE were used to produce three e-pharmacophore hypotheses viz. AHHRR, AHRR, and DHRR. Based on in silico approaches, we came across eight structurally diverse hits as non-competitive AChE inhibitors with good ADME properties. The best four hits, ZINC20592007, ZINC05354646, ZINC20649934, and ZINC39154782 were non-toxic, neuroprotective, and were selective AChE inhibitors (IC50 values 482 ± 1.88 nM, 580 ± 1.63 nM, 854 ± 2.65 nM, and 636 ± 1.79 nM respectively). The hits showed non-competitive inhibition of AChE at PAS site with attractive K i values (0.21 ± 0.027 μM, 0.27 ± 0.064 μM, 0.3 ± 0.018 μM, and 0.28 ± 0.032 μM for ZINC20592007, ZINC05354646, ZINC20649934, and ZINC39154782 respectively), and increased the cholinergic activity as well as inhibited Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Jana
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91-542-6702736/49
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91-542-6702736/49
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi-221005 India +91-542-6702736/49
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7
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Hu XN, Wang JF, Huang YQ, Wang Z, Dong FY, Ma HF, Bao ZJ. Huperzine A attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating hepatocyte senescence and apoptosis: an in vitro study. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5145. [PMID: 29967757 PMCID: PMC6025153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was undertaken to detect if free fatty acids (FFA) induce hepatocyte senescence in L-02 cells and if huperzine A has an anti-aging effect in fatty liver cells. Methods L-02 cells were treated with a FFA mixture (oleate/palmitate, at 3:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 0:3 ratios) at different concentrations. Cell viability and fat accumulation rate were assessed by a Cell Counting Kit 8 and Nile Red staining, respectively. The mixture with the highest cell viability and fat accumulation rate was selected to continue with the following experiment. The L-02 cells were divided into five groups, including the control group, FFA group, FFA + 0.1 μmol/L huperzine A (LH) group, FFA + 1.0 μmol/L huperzine A (MH) group and FFA + 10 μmol/L huperzine A (HH) group, and were cultured for 24 h. The expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) was detected by an SA-β-gal staining kit. The expression levels of aging genes were measured by qRT-PCR. The expression levels of apoptosis proteins were detected by a Western blot. ELISA kits were used to detect inflammatory factors and oxidative stress products. The expression of nuclear factor (NF-κB) and IκBα were detected by immunofluorescence. Results The FFA mixture (oleate/palmitate, at a 2:1 ratio) of 0.5 mmol/L had the highest cell viability and fat accumulation rate, which was preferable for establishing an in vitro fatty liver model. The expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) and oxidants Malonaldehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also increased in the L-02 fatty liver cells. The expression levels of aging markers and aging genes, such as SA-β-gal, p16, p21, p53 and pRb, increased more in the L-02 fatty liver cells than in the L-02 cells. The total levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl2, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, CyCt and cleaved caspase 9 were also upregulated in the L-02 fatty liver cells. All of the above genes and proteins were downregulated in the huperzine A and FFA co-treatment group. In the L-02 fatty liver cells, the expression of IκBα decreased, while the expression of NF-κB increased. After the huperzine A and FFA co-treatment, the expression of IκBα increased, while the expression of NF-κB decreased. Conclusion Fatty liver cells showed an obvious senescence and apoptosis phenomenon. Huperzine A suppressed hepatocyte senescence, and it might exert its anti-aging effect via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao-Feng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Fen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Galdeano C, Coquelle N, Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Bartolini M, Pérez B, Clos MV, Silman I, Jean L, Colletier JP, Renard PY, Muñoz-Torrero D. Increasing Polarity in Tacrine and Huprine Derivatives: Potent Anticholinesterase Agents for the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29534488 PMCID: PMC6017698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis is based on the use of peripherally-acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that, in some cases, must be discontinued due to the occurrence of a number of side-effects. Thus, new AChE inhibitors are being developed and investigated for their potential use against this disease. Here, we have explored two alternative approaches to get access to peripherally-acting AChE inhibitors as new agents against myasthenia gravis, by structural modification of the brain permeable anti-Alzheimer AChE inhibitors tacrine, 6-chlorotacrine, and huprine Y. Both quaternization upon methylation of the quinoline nitrogen atom, and tethering of a triazole ring, with, in some cases, the additional incorporation of a polyphenol-like moiety, result in more polar compounds with higher inhibitory activity against human AChE (up to 190-fold) and butyrylcholinesterase (up to 40-fold) than pyridostigmine, the standard drug for symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis. The novel compounds are furthermore devoid of brain permeability, thereby emerging as interesting leads against myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Galdeano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (UMR 5075), F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Monika Cieslikiewicz-Bouet
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jacques-Philippe Colletier
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (UMR 5075), F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Petrov K. Macrocyclic derivatives of 6-methyluracil: New ligands of the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE 2015; 27 Suppl 1:S72-3. [DOI: 10.3233/jrs-150695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Halaris A. Neurological disorders, depression and inflammation: is there a common link? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.15.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To understand the origin of co-morbidity between neurological disorders and depressive illness, a multifactorial model is in order. Diverse approaches have been undertaken to elucidate the co-morbidity. Of these, the concept that inflammatory processes contribute to brain-related pathologies has been gaining traction. Inflammatory processes have been identified in most, if not all, neurological conditions. Similarly, major depressive disorder has been associated with a chronic proinflammatory status. Activation of the immune response can alter neurotransmission leading, among others, to serotonin deficiency, and increased production of neurotoxic substances contributing to primary disease progression. Therefore, inflammatory factors might serve as biomarkers to predict and ultimately prevent the development and progression of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as to identify the most efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Halaris
- Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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11
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Kamato D, Thach L, Bernard R, Chan V, Zheng W, Kaur H, Brimble M, Osman N, Little PJ. Structure, Function, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Potential of the G Protein, Gα/q,11. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:14. [PMID: 26664886 PMCID: PMC4671355 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the major classes of cell surface receptors and are associated with a group of G proteins consisting of three subunits termed alpha, beta, and gamma. G proteins are classified into four families according to their α subunit; Gαi, Gαs, Gα12/13, and Gαq. There are several downstream pathways of Gαq of which the best known is upon activation via guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Gαq activates phospholipase Cβ, hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate and activating protein kinase C and increasing calcium efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum. Although G proteins, in particular, the Gαq/11 are central elements in GPCR signaling, their actual roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The lack of research of the role on Gαq/11 in cell biology is partially due to the obscure nature of the available pharmacological agents. YM-254890 is the most useful Gαq-selective inhibitor with antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and thrombolytic effects. YM-254890 inhibits Gαq signaling pathways by preventing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate for GTP. UBO-QIC is a structurally similar compound to YM-254890, which can inhibit platelet aggregation and cause vasorelaxation in rats. Many agents are available for the study of signaling downstream of Gαq/11. The role of G proteins could potentially represent a novel therapeutic target. This review will explore the range of pharmacological and molecular tools available for the study of the role of Gαq/11 in GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Rebekah Bernard
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Vincent Chan
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre , Guangzhou , China ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau , Macau , China
| | - Harveen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Margaret Brimble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
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Crosstalk Among Disrupted Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Homeostasis and Inflammatory Response in Mechanisms Elicited by Proline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1065-1079. [PMID: 25579384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro.
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Bishara D, Harwood D. Safe prescribing of physical health medication in patients with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:1230-41. [PMID: 25092795 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prescription of multiple medications for older people is common, despite concerns over the dangers associated with this. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of medication, and this is an even greater risk in patients with dementia. Many drugs used for physical health conditions can negatively affect cognition. Our aim was to identify areas of concern and which drugs to avoid in patients with dementia. DESIGN A review of the literature was carried out using Pubmed, Medline and Embase. RESULTS Many drugs used for physical health conditions may worsen the symptoms of dementia. They do this either by negating the effects of cognitive enhancers or through direct adverse effects on cognition CONCLUSIONS Where evidence exists, we provide guidance as to the safest drugs to prescribe in particular clinical situations. Anticholinergic drugs should be avoided in dementia wherever possible. Effective pain management is important in older patients, but caution should be used when selecting an opioid analgesic because of their adverse central effects. Cardiac drugs have overall negligible effects on cognition, although some have been reported to cause delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Bishara
- Mental Health of Older Adults and Dementia Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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14
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Suthar SK, Sharma M. Recent Developments in Chimeric NSAIDs as Safer Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:341-407. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
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Kim CY, Lee GY, Park GH, Lee J, Jang JH. Protective Effect of Arabinoxylan against Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:467-73. [PMID: 25414779 PMCID: PMC4201221 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the memory enhancing effect and underlying molecular mechanism of arabinoxylan (AX), a major component of dietary fiber in wheat against scopolamine (SCO)-induced amnesia in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Diverse behavior tests including Y-maze, Morris water maze, and passive avoidance tests were performed to measure cognitive functions. SCO significantly decreased the spontaneous alterations in Y-maze test and step-through latency in passive avoidance test, whereas increased time spent to find the hidden platform in Morris water maze test compared with the sham control group. In contrast, oral administration of AX (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) effectively reversed the SCO-induced cognitive impairments in SD rats. Furthermore, AX treatment up-regulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cortex and hippo-campus via promoting activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Therefore, our findings suggest that AX can improve SCO-induced learning and memory impairment possibly through activation of CREB and up-regulation of BDNF levels, thereby exhibiting a cognition-enhancing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yul Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828
| | - Gil-Yong Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828
| | - Gyu Hwan Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Deparment of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718
| | - Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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16
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Janbaz KH, Arif J, Saqib F, Imran I, Ashraf M, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZE, De Feo V. In-vitro and in-vivo validation of ethnopharmacological uses of methanol extract of Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:71. [PMID: 24559094 PMCID: PMC3974051 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isodon rugosus is used in folk Pakistan traditional practices to cure ailments related to gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Present study was undertaken to validate these folkloric uses. METHODS A crude methanol extract of the aerial parts of Isodon rugosus (Ir.Cr.) was used for both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The plant extract was tested on isolated rabbit jejunum preparations for possible presence of spasmolytic activity. Moreover, isolated rabbit tracheal and aorta preparations were used to ascertain the relaxant effects of the extract. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Ir.Cr were also determined as well as its antioxidant activity. The in vivo antiemetic activity of the extract was evaluated by using the chick emesis model, while the analgesic and antipyretic activities were conducted on albino mice. RESULTS The application of the crude extract of I. rugosus to isolated rabbit jejunum preparations exhibited relaxant effect (0.01-0.3 mg/ml). The Ir.Cr also relaxed K+(80 m M)-induced spastic contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations and shifted the Ca+2 concentration response curves towards right (0.01-0.3 mg/ml). Similarly, the extract, when applied to the isolated rabbit tracheal preparations relaxed the carbachol (1 μM)--as well as K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in a concentration range of 0.01-1.0 mg/ml. Moreover, it also relaxed (0.01-3.0 mg/ml) the phenylephrine (1 μM)- and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit aorta preparations. The Ir.Cr (80 mg/kg) demonstrated antipyretic activity on pyrogen-induced pyrexia in rabbits as compared to aspirin as standard drug. The Ir.Cr also exhibited anti-oxidant as well as inhibitory effect on acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase and lipoxygenase (0.5 mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS The observed relaxant effect on isolated rabbit jejunum, trachea and aorta preparations caused by Ir.Cr is possibly to be mediated through Ca+2 channel blockade and therefore may provided scientific basis to validate the folkloric uses of the plant in the management of gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular ailments. The observed antioxidant activity as well as the lipoxygenase inhibitory activity may validate its traditional use in pain and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hussain Janbaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Hawa ZE Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Pakistan
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, Salerno University, Fisciano, Salerno, Pakistan
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Ruan Q, Hu X, Ao H, Ma H, Gao Z, Liu F, Kong D, Bao Z, Yu Z. The Neurovascular Protective Effects of Huperzine A on D-Galactose-Induced Inflammatory Damage in the Rat Hippocampus. Gerontology 2014; 60:424-39. [DOI: 10.1159/000358235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Semenov VE, Giniyatullin RK, Lushchekina SV, Kots ED, Petrov KA, Nikitashina AD, Minnekhanova OA, Zobov VV, Nikolsky EE, Masson P, Reznik VS. Macrocyclic derivatives of 6-methyluracil as ligands of the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidinophanes 2a,b bind AChE in the PAS or in the active centre depending on the nature of the spacer between ammonium moieties. Pyrimidinophane 2b and its acyclic counterpart abolished symptoms of muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Konstantin A. Petrov
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan 420088, Russia
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Kazan 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University
| | - Alexandra D. Nikitashina
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan 420088, Russia
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Kazan 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University
| | | | - Vladimir V. Zobov
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan 420088, Russia
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420000, Russia
| | - Evgeny E. Nikolsky
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan 420088, Russia
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Kazan 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420000, Russia
- DYNAMOP
- Institut de Biologie Structurale
- Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Vladimir S. Reznik
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan 420088, Russia
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Sui X, Gao C. Huperzine A ameliorates damage induced by acute myocardial infarction in rats through antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:227-33. [PMID: 24190328 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), an alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine and isolated from Huperzia serrata, has been shown to possess diverse biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of HupA in myocardial ischemic damage using a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. HupA significantly diminished the infarct size and inhibited the activities of myocardial enzymes, including creatine kinase (CK), the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT). A significantly reduced activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), of the non-enzymatic scavenger enzyme, glutathione (GSH), as well as of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were found in the HupA-treated groups. Furthermore, decreased protein levels of caspase-3 and Bax, and increased levels of Bcl-2 were observed in the infarcted hearts of the rats treated with various concentrations of HupA. In addition, treatment with HupA markedly inhibited the expression of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These findings suggest that the cardioprotective potential of HupA is associated with its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties in acute myocardial infarction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhong Sui
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100098, P.R. China
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20
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Nikitashina AD, Petrov KA, Zobov VV, Reznik VS, Nikol'skii EE. Specific inhibitory effects of the alkylammonium derivative 6-methyluracil on acetylcholinesterase of smooth and striated muscles in rats. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2013; 449:82-84. [PMID: 23652433 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496613020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Nikitashina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
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21
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Ruan Q, Liu F, Gao Z, Kong D, Hu X, Shi D, Bao Z, Yu Z. The anti-inflamm-aging and hepatoprotective effects of huperzine A in D-galactose-treated rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:89-97. [PMID: 23313706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to a chronic inflammatory process referred to as "inflamm-aging". Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) can enhance cholinergic transmission and act as anti-inflammatory agents via immunocompetent cells expressing α-7 acetylcholine receptors (AChR). The present study explores the possible role of huperzine A, a reversible and selective AChEI, against D-gal-induced oxidative damage, cell toxicity and inflamm-aging in rat livers. In two-month-old rats with normal liver function, an 8-week administration of D-gal (300 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.) injected), significantly increased hepatic impairment, ROS generation and oxidative damage, hepatic senescence, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and inflammatory responses. An 8-week co-administration of both D-gal (300 mg/kg s.c.) and huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) not only significantly decreased hepatic function impairment, ROS generation, oxidative damage, but also suppressed inflamm-aging by inhibiting hepatic replicative senescence, AChE activity, IκBα degradation, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and inflammatory responses. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and proteins, such as TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 decrease significantly, and the protein levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 display an obvious increase. These findings indicated that D-gal-induced hepatic injury and inflamm-aging in the rat liver was associated with the development of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in this organ. D-gal induced damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) because oxidative damages might play an important role in D-gal-induced hepatic sterile inflammation. Huperzine A exhibited protective effects against D-gal-induced hepatotoxicity and inflamm-aging by inhibiting AChE activity and via the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The huperzine A mechanism might be involved in the inhibition of DAMPs-mediated NF-κB nuclear localization and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Ruan
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 221 West Yan An Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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22
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Banks CN, Lein PJ. A review of experimental evidence linking neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds and inflammation. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:575-84. [PMID: 22342984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and this is thought to be a primary mechanism mediating the neurotoxicity of these compounds. However, a number of observations suggest that mechanisms other than or in addition to AChE inhibition contribute to OP neurotoxicity. There is significant experimental evidence that acute OP intoxication elicits a robust inflammatory response, and emerging evidence suggests that chronic repeated low-level OP exposure also upregulates inflammatory mediators. A critical question that is just beginning to be addressed experimentally is the pathophysiologic relevance of inflammation in either acute or chronic OP intoxication. The goal of this article is to provide a brief review of the current status of our knowledge linking inflammation to OP intoxication, and to discuss the implications of these findings in the context of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to OP neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Banks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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23
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Forsgren S, Alfredson H, Bjur D, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Norrgård O, Dalén T, Danielson P. Novel information on the non-neuronal cholinergic system in orthopedics provides new possible treatment strategies for inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2011; 1:e11. [PMID: 21808665 PMCID: PMC3143960 DOI: 10.4081/or.2009.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cholinergic agents are used in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Therapy regimens aimed at up-regulating cholinergic functions, such as treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, are also currently prescribed. It is now known that not only is there a neuronal cholinergic system but also a non-neuronal cholinergic system in various parts of the body. Therefore, interference with the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) brought about by the local production and release of ACh should also be considered. Locally produced ACh may have proliferative, angiogenic, wound-healing, and immunomodulatory functions. Interestingly, cholinergic stimulation may lead to anti-inflammatory effects. Within this review, new findings for the locomotor system of a more widespread non-neuronal cholinergic system than previously expected will be discussed in relation to possible new treatment strategies. The conditions discussed are painful and degenerative tendon disease (tendinopathy/tendinosis), rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sture Forsgren
- Dept. of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Chen VP, Luk WKW, Chan WKB, Leung KW, Guo AJY, Chan GKL, Xu SL, Choi RCY, Tsim KWK. Molecular Assembly and Biosynthesis of Acetylcholinesterase in Brain and Muscle: the Roles of t-peptide, FHB Domain, and N-linked Glycosylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:36. [PMID: 22046147 PMCID: PMC3200509 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in the nervous system. The functional localization and oligomerization of AChE T variant are depending primarily on the association of their anchoring partners, either collagen tail (ColQ) or proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA). Complexes with ColQ represent the asymmetric forms (A(12)) in muscle, while complexes with PRiMA represent tetrameric globular forms (G(4)) mainly found in brain and muscle. Apart from these traditional molecular forms, a ColQ-linked asymmetric form and a PRiMA-linked globular form of hybrid cholinesterases (ChEs), having both AChE and BChE catalytic subunits, were revealed in chicken brain and muscle. The similarity of various molecular forms of AChE and BChE raises interesting question regarding to their possible relationship in enzyme assembly and localization. The focus of this review is to provide current findings about the biosynthesis of different forms of ChEs together with their anchoring proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky P Chen
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
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Hensley K. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms, pathologic consequences, and potential for therapeutic manipulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 21:1-14. [PMID: 20182045 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of neuroinflammation has evolved over the past two decades from an initially controversial viewpoint to its present status as a generally accepted idea whose mechanisms and consequences are still actively under research and debate, particularly with regard to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review summarizes the current status of neuroinflammation research as it specifically relates to AD. Neuroinflammation is discussed mechanistically with emphasis on the role of redox signal transduction linked to the activation of central nervous system-relevant innate immune pathways. Redox signaling is presented both as a causal factor and a consequence of sustained neuroinflammation. Functional relationships are discussed that connect distinct neuroinflammatory components such as cytokines, eicosanoids, classic AD pathology (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles), and the recently emergent notion of "damage-associated molecular patterns". The interaction of these paracrine factors likely can produce positive as well as negative effects on the AD brain, ranging from plaque clearance by microglia in the short term to glial dysfunction and neuronal compromise if the neuroinflammation is chronically sustained and unmitigated. Recent disappointments in AD clinical trials of anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed with reference to possible explanations and potential avenues for future pharmacological approaches to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Center, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA.
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Young S, Fabio K, Guillon C, Mohanta P, Halton TA, Heck DE, Flowers RA, Laskin JD, Heindel ND. Peripheral site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors targeting both inflammation and cholinergic dysfunction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2987-90. [PMID: 20347302 PMCID: PMC2864113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design and study of two classes of noncompetitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) which also function as NSAID prodrugs are reported. The most potent AChEIs disclosed contain an aromatic alkyl-aryl linker between an NSAID and a lipophilic choline mimic and they inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the submicromolar range. These agents have the therapeutic potential to dually target inflammation by releasing an NSAID in vivo and activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway via cholinergic up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Young
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Karine Fabio
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Pramod Mohanta
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Timothy A. Halton
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Diane E. Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College School of Public Health, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Robert A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- CounterACT Center of Excellence, Rutgers University/UMDNJ, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ned D. Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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Souroujon MC, Brenner T, Fuchs S. Development of novel therapies for MG: Studies in animal models. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:446-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903518081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation may attenuate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:938-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Forsgren S, Grimsholm O, Jönsson M, Alfredson H, Danielson P. New insight into the non-neuronal cholinergic system via studies on chronically painful tendons and inflammatory situations. Life Sci 2009; 84:865-70. [PMID: 19409915 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For certain parts of the body, it is nowadays accepted that there is a cholinergic system that is not related to cholinergic innervation, i.e. a non-neuronal cholinergic system. It might be argued that this system is of minor importance. New information obtained shows, however, that the non-neuronal cholinergic system is more widely distributed in the body than what is previously recognised. In recent studies, the existence of such a system has thus been shown for human tendons, especially in chronically painful situations (tendinopathy/tendinosis), in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and in the mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients. There is evidence of both acetylcholine (ACh) production and a marked existence of muscarinic (M2) ACh receptors in these situations. The non-neuronal cholinergic system may be involved in the establishment of a 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway' and in proliferative and tissue reorganisation processes via autocrine/paracrine effects. The new information obtained suggests that this system plays an important functional role in chronically painful tendons and in inflammatory conditions. The findings of such a system in various parts of the body, when taken together, show that not only should the classical neuronal cholinergic system be considered in discussion of the cholinergic influences in the body. Additionally, the production of ACh in local cells in the tissues represents an important extra supply of the transmitter. ACh effects can be obtained whether or not there is a cholinergic innervation in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sture Forsgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Mu L, Sun B, Kong Q, Wang J, Wang G, Zhang S, Wang D, Liu Y, Liu Y, An H, Li H. Disequilibrium of T helper type 1, 2 and 17 cells and regulatory T cells during the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Immunology 2009; 128:e826-36. [PMID: 19740344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an animal model of myasthenia gravis (MG), is a rare organ-specific autoimmune disease targeting the autoantigen nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). We show here that the balance of T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) subsets of CD4(+) helper T cells were redistributed during the development of EAMG and that the interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine is involved in this disease. The ratio of Th17 cells changed most notably with disease progression accompanied by an up-regulated level of IL-17. Moreover, the proliferative ability of AChR peptide-specific T cells and the anti-AChR antibody-secreting cells increased when stimulated by IL-17 in vitro. These findings suggested that the disequilibrium of the CD4(+) helper T-cell subsets could promote the development of EAMG, and the pathogenic mechanism by which Th17 cells drives autoimmune responses by secreting cytokine IL-17 provides a new target for myasthenia gravis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University Provincial Key Lab of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Battisti V, Schetinger MRC, Maders LDK, Santos KF, Bagatini MD, Correa MC, Spanevello RM, do Carmo Araújo M, Morsch VM. Changes in acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in lymphocytes and whole blood in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 402:114-8. [PMID: 19185568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes and it is the most common form of cancer in children. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well known as having non-cholinergic functions and has been detected in the blood and plasma of humans including in lymphocytes. Thus, we investigated whole blood and lymphocyte AChE activity in patients with ALL. METHODS This study was performed on 72 children with ALL divided into 4 groups: newly diagnosed, remission induction, remission maintenance and out-of-treatment and one control group of 50 healthy subjects. We determined AChE activity in whole blood and lymphocytes of these patients. RESULTS Results demonstrated that whole blood AChE activity was enhanced in the newly diagnosed group and reduced in the remission induction and remission maintenance groups in relation to the control group. For lymphocyte AChE activity we found an increase in the newly diagnosed group and a decrease in the remission induction group in relation to the control. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AChE activity was altered in ALL patients. This fact may be related with the essential role played by AChE in the development of hematological disease and its contribution to the regulation of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Battisti
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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