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Togo N, Murase H, Lee J, Taniguchi Y, Sasaki S. Application of the Functionality Transfer Oligodeoxynucleotide for the Site-Selective Modification of RNA with a Divers Molecule. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:498-504. [PMID: 35786569 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the importance of the RNA chemical modifications, methods for the selective chemical modification at a predetermined site of the internal position of RNA have attracted much attention. We have developed functional artificial nucleic acids that modify a specific site of RNA in a site- and base-selective manner. In addition, the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been shown to introduce additional molecules on the alkynes attached to the pyridine ring. However, it was found that some azide compounds produced the cycloadduct in lower yields. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized the pyridinyl transfer group with the alkyne attached via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker with a different length and optimized its structure for both the transfer and CuAAC reaction. Three new transfer groups were synthesized by introducing an alkyne group at the end of the triethylene (11), tetraethylene (12) or pentaethylen glycol linker (13) at the 5-position of the pyridine ring of (E)-3-iodo-1-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. These transfer groups were introduced to the 6-thioguanine base in the oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in high yields. The transfer groups 11 and 12 more efficiently underwent the cytosine modification. For the CuAAC reaction, although 7 showed low adduct yields with the anionic azide compound, the new transfer groups, especially 12 and 13, significantly improved the yields. In conclusion, the transfer groups 12 and 13 were determined to be promising compounds for the modification of long RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Togo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hirotaka Murase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | - Jeongsu Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | | | - Shigeki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
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2
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Hervin V, Arora R, Rani J, Ramchandran S, Bajpai U, Agrofoglio LA, Roy V. Design and Synthesis of Various 5'-Deoxy-5'-(4-Substituted-1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl)-Uridine Analogues as Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mur Ligases. Molecules 2020; 25:E4953. [PMID: 33114668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of hitherto unknown 5′-deoxy-5′-(4-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-uridine and its evaluation, through an one-pot screening assay, against MurA-F enzymes involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), are described. Starting from UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (UDP-MurNAc), the natural substrate involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis, our strategy was to substitute the diphosphate group of UDP-MurNAc by a 1,2,3-triazolo spacer under copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition conditions. The structure-activity relationship was discussed and among the 23 novel compounds developed, N-acetylglucosamine analogues 11c and 11e emerged as the best inhibitors against the Mtb MurA-F enzymes reconstruction pathway with an inhibitory effect of 56% and 50%, respectively, at 100 μM. Both compounds are selective inhibitors of Mtb MurE, the molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation suggesting that 11c and 11e are occupying the active site of Mtb MurE ligase.
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3
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Boujioui F, Gohy JF. Ion-Conducting Redox-Active Polymer Gels Based on Stable Nitroxide Radicals. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1322. [PMID: 31394882 PMCID: PMC6723383 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active polymer networks based on stable nitroxide radicals are a very promising class of materials to be used in the so-called organic radical batteries. In order to obtain fast-charging and high power electrodes, however, excellent ionic conductivity inside the electrode material is required to allow easy diffusion of ions and fast redox reactions. In this contribution, we investigated redox-active poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) chains cross-linked through ionic liquid-like 1,2,3-triazolium groups. Different networks were prepared in which the amount of cross-linker and the counter-anion associated to the 1,2,3-triazolium group were varied. The ionic conductivities of the different polymer networks were first measured in the solid state by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures, and an increased ionic conductivity was measured when 1,2,3-triazolium groups were present in the network. The effects of the chemical nature of the counterions associated to the 1,2,3-triazolium groups and of the crosslinking density were then studied. The best ionic conductivities were obtained when bis (trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TFSI) counter-anions were used, and when the crosslinking density of the TFSI-containing gel was higher. Finally, those ion-conducting gels were loaded with free LiTFSI and the transference number of lithium ions was accordingly measured. The good ionic conductivities and lithium ions transference numbers measured for the investigated redox-active gels make them ideal candidates for application as electrode materials for either organic radical batteries or pseudo-capacitors energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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4
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Antonov SA, Novosadova EV, Kobylansky AG, Tarantul VZ, Grivennikov IA. A Hybrid Detection Method Based on Peroxidase-mediated Signal Amplification and Click Chemistry for Highly Sensitive Background-free Immunofluorescent Staining. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:771-782. [PMID: 31294668 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419864113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is increasingly used for detection of various macromolecules and metabolites in biological samples. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the CuAAC reaction conditions in cells and tissue sections. Using the optimized CuAAC conditions, we have devised a highly sensitive immunostaining technique, based on the tyramide signal amplification/catalyzed reporter deposition (TSA/CARD) method with a novel alkyne tyramide substrate. The described method offers improved detection threshold compared to conventional immunofluorescent staining and produces significantly lower non-specific background than TSA/CARD with fluorescent tyramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Antonov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey G Kobylansky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor A Grivennikov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Tripolszky A, Németh K, Szabó PT, Bálint E. Synthesis of (1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl Phosphinates and (1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl)methyl Phosphates by Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Molecules 2019; 24:E2085. [PMID: 31159301 PMCID: PMC6600419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and practical method was developed for the synthesis of new (1,2,3triazol4yl)methyl phosphinates and (1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl phosphates by the copper(I)catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of organic azides and prop-2-ynyl phosphinate or prop-2-ynyl phosphate. The synthesis of (1benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl diphenylphosphinate was optimized with respect to the reaction parameters, such as the temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading. The approach was applied to a range of organic azides, which confirmed the wide scope and the substituent tolerance of the process. The method elaborated represents a novel approach for the synthesis of the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tripolszky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Németh
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Instrumentation Center, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Pál Tamás Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Instrumentation Center, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Erika Bálint
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
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Ghodke PP, Albertolle ME, Johnson KM, Guengerich FP. Synthesis and Characterization of Site-Specific O 6 -Alkylguanine DNA-Alkyl Transferase-Oligonucleotide Crosslinks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 76:e74. [PMID: 30657645 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
O6 -Alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase (AGT), a DNA repair protein, can form crosslinks with DNA. The AGT-DNA crosslinks are known to be mutagenic when AGT is heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, as well as in mammalian cells. To understand the biological consequences, reliable access to AGT-oligonucleotide crosslinks is needed. This article describes the synthesis and characterization of site-specific AGT-oligonucleotide crosslinks at the N2-position of deoxyguanosine and N6-position of deoxyadenosine. We developed a post-oligomerization strategy for the synthesis of propargyl-modified oligonucleotides. Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was used as a key step to obtain the iodoacetamide-linked oligonucleotides, which serve as good electrophiles for the crosslinking reaction with cysteine-145 of the active site of AGT. Trypsinization of AGT and hydrolysis of oligonucleotides, combined with analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was utilized to confirm the nucleobase-adducted peptides. This method provides a useful strategy for the synthesis and characterization of site-specific DNA-protein crosslinks, which can be further used to understand proteolytic degradation-coupled DNA repair mechanisms. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha P Ghodke
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew E Albertolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Galdeano C, Coquelle N, Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Bartolini M, Pérez B, Clos MV, Silman I, Jean L, Colletier JP, Renard PY, Muñoz-Torrero D. Increasing Polarity in Tacrine and Huprine Derivatives: Potent Anticholinesterase Agents for the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29534488 PMCID: PMC6017698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis is based on the use of peripherally-acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that, in some cases, must be discontinued due to the occurrence of a number of side-effects. Thus, new AChE inhibitors are being developed and investigated for their potential use against this disease. Here, we have explored two alternative approaches to get access to peripherally-acting AChE inhibitors as new agents against myasthenia gravis, by structural modification of the brain permeable anti-Alzheimer AChE inhibitors tacrine, 6-chlorotacrine, and huprine Y. Both quaternization upon methylation of the quinoline nitrogen atom, and tethering of a triazole ring, with, in some cases, the additional incorporation of a polyphenol-like moiety, result in more polar compounds with higher inhibitory activity against human AChE (up to 190-fold) and butyrylcholinesterase (up to 40-fold) than pyridostigmine, the standard drug for symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis. The novel compounds are furthermore devoid of brain permeability, thereby emerging as interesting leads against myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Galdeano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (UMR 5075), F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Monika Cieslikiewicz-Bouet
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jacques-Philippe Colletier
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (UMR 5075), F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in the last three decades towards high yielding syntheses of rotaxanes, the preparation of systems constructed from more than two components remains a challenge. Herein we build upon our previous report of an active template copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) rotaxane synthesis with a diyne in which, following the formation of the first mechanical bond, the steric bulk of the macrocycle tempers the reactivity of the second alkyne unit. We have now extended this approach to the use of 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene in order to successively prepare [2]-, [3]- and [4]rotaxanes without the need for protecting group chemistry. Whilst the first two iterations proceeded in good yield, the steric shielding that affords this selectivity also significantly reduces the efficacy of the active template (AT)-CuAAC reaction of the third alkyne towards the preparation of [4]rotaxanes, resulting in severely diminished yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Lewis
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Joby Winn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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9
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Gaebler A, Penno A, Kuerschner L, Thiele C. A highly sensitive protocol for microscopy of alkyne lipids and fluorescently tagged or immunostained proteins. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1934-1947. [PMID: 27565170 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand to study the cellular localization of specific lipids has led to recent advances in lipid probes and microscopy. Alkyne lipids bear a small, noninterfering tag and can be detected upon click reaction with an azide-coupled reporter. Fluorescent alkyne lipid imaging crucially depends on appropriate azide reporters and labeling protocols that allow for an efficient click reaction and therefore a sensitive detection. We synthesized several azide reporters with different spacer components and tested their suitability for alkyne lipid imaging in fixed cells. The implementation of a copper-chelating picolyl moiety into fluorescent or biotin-based azide reagents strongly increased the sensitivity of the imaging routine. We demonstrate the applicability and evaluate the performance of this approach using different lipid classes and experimental setups. As azide picolyl reporters allow for reduced copper catalyst concentrations, they also enable coimaging of alkyne lipids with multiple fluorescent proteins including enhanced green fluorescent protein. Alternatively, and as we also show, microscopy of alkyne lipids can be combined with protein detection by immunocytochemistry. In summary, we present a robust, sensitive, and highly versatile protocol for the labeling of alkyne lipids with azide-coupled reporters for fluorescence microscopy that can be combined with different protein detection and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gaebler
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke Penno
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Kuerschner
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Gutmann M, Memmel E, Braun AC, Seibel J, Meinel L, Lühmann T. Biocompatible Azide-Alkyne "Click" Reactions for Surface Decoration of Glyco-Engineered Cells. Chembiochem 2016; 17:866-75. [PMID: 26818821 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bio-orthogonal copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been widely used to modify azide- or alkyne-bearing monosaccharides on metabolic glyco-engineered mammalian cells. Here, we present a systematic study to elucidate the design space for the cytotoxic effects of the copper catalyst on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and on HEK 293-F cells. Monitoring membrane integrity by flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis with apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers elucidated the general feasibility of CuAAC, with exposure time of the CuAAC reaction mixture having the major influence on biocompatibility. A high labeling efficiency of HEK 293-F cells with a fluorescent alkyne dye was rapidly achieved by CuAAC in comparison to copper free strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The study details effective and biocompatible conditions for CuAAC-based modification of glyco-engineered cells in comparison to its copper free alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gutmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Memmel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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11
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Sohn CH, Agnew HD, Lee JE, Sweredoski MJ, Graham RL, Smith GT, Hess S, Czerwieniec G, Loo JA, Heath JR, Deshaies RJ, Beauchamp JL. Designer reagents for mass spectrometry-based proteomics: clickable cross-linkers for elucidation of protein structures and interactions. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2662-9. [PMID: 22339618 PMCID: PMC3310289 DOI: 10.1021/ac202637n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present novel homobifunctional amine-reactive clickable cross-linkers (CXLs) for investigation of three-dimensional protein structures and protein-protein interactions (PPIs). CXLs afford consolidated advantages not previously available in a simple cross-linker, including (1) their small size and cationic nature at physiological pH, resulting in good water solubility and cell-permeability, (2) an alkyne group for bio-orthogonal conjugation to affinity tags via the click reaction for enrichment of cross-linked peptides, (3) a nucleophilic displacement reaction involving the 1,2,3-triazole ring formed in the click reaction, yielding a lock-mass reporter ion for only clicked peptides, and (4) higher charge states of cross-linked peptides in the gas-phase for augmented electron transfer dissociation (ETD) yields. Ubiquitin, a lysine-abundant protein, is used as a model system to demonstrate structural studies using CXLs. To validate the sensitivity of our approach, biotin-azide labeling and subsequent enrichment of cross-linked peptides are performed for cross-linked ubiquitin digests mixed with yeast cell lysates. Cross-linked peptides are detected and identified by collision induced dissociation (CID) and ETD with linear quadrupole ion trap (LTQ)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometers. The application of CXLs to more complex systems (e.g., in vivo cross-linking) is illustrated by Western blot detection of Cul1 complexes including known binders, Cand1 and Skp2, in HEK 293 cells, confirming good water solubility and cell-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Sohn
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Heather D. Agnew
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - J. Eugene Lee
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Michael J. Sweredoski
- The Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Robert L.J. Graham
- The Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Geoffrey T. Smith
- The Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Sonja Hess
- The Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Molecular Instrumentation Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James R. Heath
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | | | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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12
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Kuang GC, Guha PM, Brotherton WS, Simmons JT, Stankee LA, Nguyen BT, Clark RJ, Zhu L. Experimental investigation on the mechanism of chelation-assisted, copper(II) acetate-accelerated azide-alkyne cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13984-4001. [PMID: 21809811 PMCID: PMC3164943 DOI: 10.1021/ja203733q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic model is formulated to account for the high reactivity of chelating azides (organic azides capable of chelation-assisted metal coordination at the alkylated azido nitrogen position) and copper(II) acetate (Cu(OAc)(2)) in copper(II)-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reactions. Fluorescence and (1)H NMR assays are developed for monitoring the reaction progress in two different solvents, methanol and acetonitrile. Solvent kinetic isotopic effect and premixing experiments give credence to the proposed different induction reactions for converting copper(II) to catalytic copper(I) species in methanol (methanol oxidation) and acetonitrile (alkyne oxidative homocoupling), respectively. The kinetic orders of individual components in a chelation-assisted, copper(II)-accelerated AAC reaction are determined in both methanol and acetonitrile. Key conclusions resulting from the kinetic studies include (1) the interaction between copper ion (either in +1 or +2 oxidation state) and a chelating azide occurs in a fast, pre-equilibrium step prior to the formation of the in-cycle copper(I)-acetylide, (2) alkyne deprotonation is involved in several kinetically significant steps, and (3) consistent with prior experimental and computational results by other groups, two copper centers are involved in the catalysis. The X-ray crystal structures of chelating azides with Cu(OAc)(2) suggest a mechanistic synergy between alkyne oxidative homocoupling and copper(II)-accelerated AAC reactions, in which both a bimetallic catalytic pathway and a base are involved. The different roles of the two copper centers (a Lewis acid to enhance the electrophilicity of the azido group and a two-electron reducing agent in oxidative metallacycle formation, respectively) in the proposed catalytic cycle suggest that a mixed valency (+2 and +1) dinuclear copper species be a highly efficient catalyst. This proposition is supported by the higher activity of the partially reduced Cu(OAc)(2) in mediating a 2-picolylazide-involved AAC reaction than the fully reduced Cu(OAc)(2). Finally, the discontinuous kinetic behavior that has been observed by us and others in copper(I/II)-mediated AAC reactions is explained by the likely catalyst disintegration during the course of a relatively slow reaction. Complementing the prior mechanistic conclusions drawn by other investigators, which primarily focus on the copper(I)/alkyne interactions, we emphasize the kinetic significance of copper(I/II)/azide interaction. This work not only provides a mechanism accounting for the fast Cu(OAc)(2)-mediated AAC reactions involving chelating azides, which has apparent practical implications, but suggests the significance of mixed-valency dinuclear copper species in catalytic reactions where two copper centers carry different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Chao Kuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - Pampa M. Guha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - Wendy S. Brotherton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - J. Tyler Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - Lisa A. Stankee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - Brian T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - Ronald J. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390
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Greene AC, Zhu J, Pochan DJ, Jia X, Kiick KL. Poly(Acrylic Acid-b-Styrene) Amphiphilic Multiblock Copolymers as Building Blocks for the Assembly of Discrete Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2011; 44:1942-1951. [PMID: 21552373 PMCID: PMC3087604 DOI: 10.1021/ma102869y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to expand the utility of current polymeric micellar systems, we have developed amphiphilic multiblock copolymers containing alternating blocks of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(styrene). Heterotelechelic poly(tert-butyl acrylate-b-styrene) diblock copolymers containing an α-alkyne and an ω-azide were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), allowing control over the molecular weight while maintaining narrow polydispersity indices. The multiblock copolymers were constructed by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of azide-alkyne end functional diblock copolymers which were then characterized by (1)H NMR, FT-IR and SEC. The tert-butyl moieties of the poly(tert-butyl acrylate-b-styrene) multiblock copolymers were easily removed to form the poly(acrylic acid-b-styrene) multiblock copolymer ((PAA-PS)(9)), which contained up to 9 diblock repeats. The amphiphilic multiblock (PAA-PS)(9) (M(n) = 73.3 kg/mol) was self-assembled by dissolution into tetrahydrofuran and extensive dialysis against deionized water for 4 days. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) for (PAA-PS)(9) was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy using pyrene as a fluorescent probe and was found to be very low at 2 × 10(-4) mg/mL. The (PAA-PS)(9) multiblock was also analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrodynamic diameter of the particles was found to be 11 nm. Discrete spherical particles were observed by TEM with an average particle diameter of 14 nm. The poly(acrylic acid) periphery of the spherical particles should allow for future conjugation of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Greene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
| | - Darrin J. Pochan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711
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