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Feuillet V, Ugolini S, Reynders A. Differential regulation of cutaneous immunity by sensory neuron subsets. Trends Neurosci 2023:S0166-2236(23)00128-5. [PMID: 37277277 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems have classically been studied as separate entities, but there is now mounting evidence for bidirectional communication between them in various organs, including the skin. The skin is an epithelial tissue with important sensory and immune functions. The skin is highly innervated with specialized subclasses of primary sensory neurons (PSNs) that can be in contact with skin-resident innate and adaptive immune cells. Neuroimmune crosstalk in the skin, through interactions of PSNs with the immune system, has been shown to regulate host cutaneous defense, inflammation, and tissue repair. Here, we review current knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this crosstalk, as depicted via mouse model studies. We highlight the ways in which different immune challenges engage specialized subsets of PSNs to produce mediators acting on immune cell subsets and modulating their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Feuillet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Ana Reynders
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
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2
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Han Z, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang M, You L, Lin Y, Wang K, Gou Q, Wang Z, Zhou S, Cai Y, Yuan L, Chen H. The role of monocytes in thrombotic diseases: a review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1113827. [PMID: 37332592 PMCID: PMC10272466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the number one killer threatening people's life and health, among which cardiovascular thrombotic events are the most common. As the cause of particularly serious cardiovascular events, thrombosis can trigger fatal crises such as acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction and unstable angina), cerebral infarction and so on. Circulating monocytes are an important part of innate immunity. Their main physiological functions are phagocytosis, removal of injured and senescent cells and their debris, and development into macrophages and dendritic cells. At the same time, they also participate in the pathophysiological processes of pro-coagulation and anticoagulation. According to recent studies, monocytes have been found to play a significant role in thrombosis and thrombotic diseases of the immune system. In this manuscript, we review the relationship between monocyte subsets and cardiovascular thrombotic events and analyze the role of monocytes in arterial thrombosis and their involvement in intravenous thrombolysis. Finally, we summarize the mechanism and therapeutic regimen of monocyte and thrombosis in hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome, atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Luling You
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaoyin Gou
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - YiJin Cai
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Science and Education Department, Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Neurokinin receptors and their implications in various autoimmune diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:66-78. [PMID: 35492389 PMCID: PMC9040085 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurokinin receptors belong to the GPCRs family and are ubiquitously expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems. Neurokinin receptors in coordination with neurokinins playing an important role in many physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, secretion, proliferation, and nociception. They also contribute to various disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and cancer. Neurokinin receptors antagonist are potent and highly selective and showing success in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In this review, discuss the various neurokinin receptor expression on immune cells and their importance in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and their therapeutic importance. The Neurokinin receptor is an important regulatory mechanism to control the neuronal and immune systems. Various neurokinin receptors (NK1R, NK2R, and NK3R) are expressed in neurons and cells of the immune system. Substance P (SP) controls the differentiation and function of immune cells. SP-NK1R receptor signaling shows substantial cross-talk between neuronal and immune systems in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB. COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1278. [PMID: 32922297 PMCID: PMC7456869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 binds the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface and this complex is internalized. ACE2 serves as an endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory signals associated with four major regulator systems: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the complement system, the coagulation cascade, and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Understanding the pathophysiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 on these pathways is needed, particularly given the current lack of proven, effective treatments. The vasoconstrictive, prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory conditions induced by SARS-CoV-2 can be ascribed, at least in part, to the activation of these intersecting physiological networks. Moreover, patients with immune deficiencies, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and kidney disease often have altered activation of these pathways, either due to underlying disease or to medications, and may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Certain characteristic COVID-associated skin, sensory, and central nervous system manifestations may also be linked to viral activation of the RAAS, complement, coagulation, and KKS pathways. Pharmacological interventions that target molecules along these pathways may be useful in mitigating symptoms and preventing organ or tissue damage. While effective anti-viral therapies are critically needed, further study of these pathways may identify effective adjunctive treatments and patients most likely to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Donna R Rivera
- Surveillance Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Li FXZ, Xu F, Lin X, Wu F, Zhong JY, Wang Y, Guo B, Zheng MH, Shan SK, Yuan LQ. The Role of Substance P in the Regulation of Bone and Cartilage Metabolic Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:77. [PMID: 32180759 PMCID: PMC7059306 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from sensory nerve endings and is widely present in nerve fibers. It acts on bones and related tissues by binding to receptors, thereby regulating bone metabolism, cartilage metabolism, and fracture healing. SP has attracted widespread attention as a signaling substance that can be recognized by both the immune system and the nervous system. Previous studies have shown that bone and chondrocytes can synthesize and secrete sensory neuropeptides and express their receptors, and can promote proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, matrix synthesis, and the degradation of target cells through autocrine/paracrine modes. In this paper, we review the research progress made in this field in recent years in order to provide a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of bone and cartilage physiology and pathological metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan
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Liu X, Yan D, Guo SW. Sensory nerve-derived neuropeptides accelerate the development and fibrogenesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2019; 34:452-468. [PMID: 30689856 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xishi Liu
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingmin Yan
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun-Wei Guo
- Shanghai OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yamaguchi R, Yamamoto T, Sakamoto A, Ishimaru Y, Narahara S, Sugiuchi H, Yamaguchi Y. Substance P enhances tissue factor release from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent macrophages via the p22phox/β-arrestin 2/Rho A signaling pathway. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 57:85-90. [PMID: 26852662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces procoagulant activity of macrophages. Tissue factor (TF) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein and substance P (SP) is a pro-inflammatory neuropeptide involved in the formation of membrane blebs. This study investigated the role of SP in TF release by GM-CSF-dependent macrophages. SP significantly decreased TF levels in whole-cell lysates of GM-CSF-dependent macrophages. TF was detected in the culture supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after stimulation of macrophages by SP. Aprepitant (an SP/neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist) reduced TF release from macrophages stimulated with SP. Pretreatment of macrophages with a radical scavenger(pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate) also limited the decrease of TF in whole-cell lysates after stimulation with SP. A protein kinase C inhibitor (rottlerin) partially blocked this macrophage response to SP, while it was significantly inhibited by a ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) or a dynamin inhibitor (dinasore). An Akt inhibitor (perifosine) also partially blocked this response. Furthermore, siRNA targeting p22phox, β-arrestin 2, or Rho A, blunted the release of TF from macrophages stimulated with SP. In other experiments, visceral adipocytes derived from cryopreserved preadipocytes were found to produce SP. In conclusion, SP enhances the release of TF from macrophages via the p22phox/β-arrestin 2/Rho A signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Arisa Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuji Ishimaru
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Narahara
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugiuchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Lisowska B, Lisowski A, Siewruk K. Substance P and Chronic Pain in Patients with Chronic Inflammation of Connective Tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139206. [PMID: 26444559 PMCID: PMC4622041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence suggests that substance P (SP) is involved in chronic joint inflammation, such as the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The goal of the research was to evaluate the correlation between chronic pain and changes in the SP level in patients with chronic inflammation of the connective tissue. Methods Patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled in this study. The relationship between chronic pain intensity and the serum SP concentration was evaluated in these groups of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Results The results showed a positive correlation between the serum SP concentrations and chronic pain intensity. Conclusions 1. The SP serum concentration was significantly different between the groups of patients with OA and RA. 2. There was a positive correlation between the serum SP concentration and chronic pain intensity in OA and RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lisowska
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Adam Gruca Clinical Hospital, Postgraduate Medical Education Centre, Otwock, Poland
| | - Aleksander Lisowski
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewruk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Brambilla P, Bellani M, Isola M, Bergami A, Marinelli V, Dusi N, Rambaldelli G, Tansella M, Maria Finardi A, Martino G, Perlini C, Furlan R. Increased M1/decreased M2 signature and signs of Th1/Th2 shift in chronic patients with bipolar disorder, but not in those with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e406. [PMID: 24984193 PMCID: PMC4119216 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We here present data on immune gene expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors, cytokines and regulatory T-cell (T-reg) markers in chronic patients suffering from either schizophrenia (SCZ, N=20) or bipolar disorder (BD=20) compared with healthy controls (HCs, N=20). We extracted RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and performed real-time (RT)-PCR to measure mRNA levels of chemokines, chemokine receptors, cytokines and T-reg markers. All the analyses were Bonferroni-corrected. The classical monocyte activation (M1) markers il6, ccl3 were significantly increased in BD as compared with both HC and SCZ patients (P=0.03 and P=0.002; P=0.024 and P=0.021, respectively), whereas markers of alternative (M2) monocyte activation ccl1, ccl22 and il10 were coherently decreased (controls: P=0.01, P=0.001 and P=0.09; SCZ subjects: P=0.02, P=0.05 and P=0.011, respectively). Concerning T-cell markers, BD patients had compared with HC downregulated ccr5 (P=0.02) and upregulated il4 (P=0.04) and compared with both healthy and SCZ individuals downregulated ccl2 (P=0.006 and P=0.003) and tgfβ (P=0.004 and P=0.007, respectively). No significant associations were found between any immune gene expression and clinical variables (prior hospitalizations, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, medications' dosages and lifetime administration). Although some markers are expressed by different immune cell types, these findings suggest a coherent increased M1/decrease M2 signature in the peripheral blood of BD patients with potential Th1/Th2 shift. In contrast, all the explored immune marker levels were preserved in SCZ. Further larger studies are needed to investigate the relevance of inflammatory response in BD, trying to correlate it to psychopathology, treatment and outcome measures and, possibly, to brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brambilla
- DISM, Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Udine, Udine, Italy,IRCCS “E. Medea” Scientific Institute, Udine, Italy,DISM, Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Udine, P.le Kolbe no. 3, Udine 33100, Italy. E-mail:
| | - M Bellani
- Section of Psychiatry and Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICBN, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M Isola
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - A Bergami
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - V Marinelli
- Section of Psychiatry and Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICBN, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - N Dusi
- Section of Psychiatry and Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICBN, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Rambaldelli
- Section of Psychiatry and Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICBN, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M Tansella
- Section of Psychiatry and Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICBN, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Maria Finardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - G Martino
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - C Perlini
- Section of Psychiatry and Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, ICBN, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - R Furlan
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Spitsin S, Tuluc F, Meshki J, Lai JP, Tustin R, Douglas SD. Analog of somatostatin vapreotide exhibits biological effects in vitro via interaction with neurokinin-1 receptor. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:247-55. [PMID: 23921645 PMCID: PMC3839635 DOI: 10.1159/000350468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vapreotide, a synthetic analog of somatostatin, has analgesic activity most likely mediated through the blockade of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), the substance P (SP)-preferring receptor. The ability of vapreotide to interfere with other biological effects of SP has yet to be investigated. METHODS We studied the ability of vapreotide to antagonize NK1R in three different cell types: immortalized U373MG human astrocytoma cells, human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and a human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK293. Both U373MG and MDM express endogenous NK1R while HEK293 cells, which normally do not express NK1R, are stably transformed to express human NK1R (HEK293-NK1R). RESULTS Vapreotide attenuates SP-triggered intracellular calcium increases and nuclear factor-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. Vapreotide also inhibits SP-induced interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production in HEK293-NK1R and U373MG cell lines. Vapreotide inhibits HIV-1 infection of human MDM in vitro, an effect that is reversible by SP pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that vapreotide has NK1R antagonist activity and may have a potential application as a therapeutic intervention in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Spitsin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Florin Tuluc
- Division of Allergy and Immunology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John Meshki
- Division of Allergy and Immunology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jian Ping Lai
- Division of Allergy and Immunology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Richard Tustin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven D. Douglas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Address correspondence and reprints to: Steven D. Douglas, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, Telephone: 215-590-1978, Fax: 215-590-3044,
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