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Fan S, Liu J, Chofflet N, Bailey AO, Russell WK, Zhang Z, Takahashi H, Ren G, Rudenko G. Molecular mechanism of contactin 2 homophilic interaction. Structure 2024; 32:1652-1666.e8. [PMID: 38968938 PMCID: PMC11455609 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Contactin 2 (CNTN2) is a cell adhesion molecule involved in axon guidance, neuronal migration, and fasciculation. The ectodomains of CNTN1-CNTN6 are composed of six Ig domains (Ig1-Ig6) and four FN domains. Here, we show that CNTN2 forms transient homophilic interactions (KD ∼200 nM). Cryo-EM structures of full-length CNTN2 and CNTN2_Ig1-Ig6 reveal a T-shaped homodimer formed by intertwined, parallel monomers. Unexpectedly, the horseshoe-shaped Ig1-Ig4 headpieces extend their Ig2-Ig3 tips outwards on either side of the homodimer, while Ig4, Ig5, Ig6, and the FN domains form a central stalk. Cross-linking mass spectrometry and cell-based binding assays confirm the 3D assembly of the CNTN2 homodimer. The interface mediating homodimer formation differs between CNTNs, as do the homophilic versus heterophilic interaction mechanisms. The CNTN family thus encodes a versatile molecular platform that supports a very diverse portfolio of protein interactions and that can be leveraged to strategically guide neural circuit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghua Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jianfang Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Nicolas Chofflet
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Aaron O Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Gang Ren
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gabby Rudenko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Chen X, Feng L, Li J, Jiang H. Multiple system atrophy mimics CASPR2 antibody-associated disease: a case report. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2024; 14:69-74. [PMID: 39319563 PMCID: PMC11457613 DOI: 10.1080/17582024.2024.2388506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and CASPR2 antibody-associated disease bear their own characteristics.Case presentation: A 58-year-old woman presented with a 26 months history of uncoordinated gait and slurred speech. Her serum was positive for anti-CASPR2 antibodies, and MRI revealed atrophy of the brainstem and cerebellum. She underwent three plasma exchanges (PE) and received high doses of corticosteroids without any apparent effect. Her autonomic dysfunction improved after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eventually, a diagnosis of MSA-cerebellar phenotype(MSA-C) was made.Conclusion: With increased availability of tools for neuron antibody detection, physicians need to be aware of the possibility that antibodies may accompany other diseases. This report underscores the modern dilemmas caused by available and extensive neuron antibody testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Department Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710008, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li R, Zhu J, Lin A, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Wang N, Xu G, Fu Y. Anti-neurofascin-155 antibody mediated a distinct phenotype of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol 2024; 271:4991-5002. [PMID: 38771386 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate Ranvier's autoantibodies prevalence and isotypes in various peripheral neuropathy variants, compare clinical features between seronegative and seropositive patients, and elucidate immune mechanisms underlying antibody generation. METHODS Antibodies against anti-neurofascin-155 (NF155), NF186, contactin-1 (CNTN1), CNTN2, contactin-associated protein 1 (CASPR1), and CASPR2 were identified through cell-based assays. Plasma cytokines were analyzed in anti-NF155 antibody-positive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (NF155+ CIDP) and Ranvier's antibodies-negative CIDP (Ab- CIDP) patients using a multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay, validated in vitro in a cell culture model. RESULTS In 368 plasma samples, 50 Ranvier's autoantibodies were found in 45 individuals, primarily in CIDP cases (25 out of 69 patients) and in 10 out of 122 Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. Anti-NF155 and CNTN1-IgG were exclusive to CIDP. Fourteen samples were NF155-IgG, primarily IgG4 subclass, linked to CIDP features including early onset, tremor, sensory disturbance, elevated CSF protein, prolonged motor latency, conduction block, and poor treatment response. NF155-IgG had low sensitivity (20.28%) but high specificity (100%) for CIDP, rising to 88.88% with tremor and prolonged motor latency. Cytokine profiling in NF155+ CIDP revealed distinct immune responses involving helper T cells, toll-like receptor pathways. Some NF155+ CIDP patients had circulating NF155-specific B cells producing NF155-IgG without antigen presence, suggesting therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION The study emphasizes the high specificity and sensitivity of NF155-IgG for diagnosing CIDP characterized by distinctive features. Further investigation into circulating NF155-specific B cell phenotypes may pave the way for B cell directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Runyun Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Jiting Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Aiyu Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zaiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
| | - Guorong Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
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Elkjaer ML, Hartebrodt A, Oubounyt M, Weber A, Vitved L, Reynolds R, Thomassen M, Rottger R, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Single-Cell Multi-Omics Map of Cell Type-Specific Mechanistic Drivers of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200213. [PMID: 38564686 PMCID: PMC11073880 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), compartmentalized inflammation plays a pivotal role in the complex pathology of tissue damage. The interplay between epigenetic regulation, transcriptional modifications, and location-specific alterations within white matter (WM) lesions at the single-cell level remains underexplored. METHODS We examined intracellular and intercellular pathways in the MS brain WM using a novel dataset obtained by integrated single-cell multi-omics techniques from 3 active lesions, 3 chronic active lesions, 3 remyelinating lesions, and 3 control WM of 6 patients with progressive MS and 3 non-neurologic controls. Single-nucleus RNA-seq and ATAC-seq were combined and additionally enriched with newly conducted spatial transcriptomics from 1 chronic active lesion. Functional gene modules were then validated in our previously published bulk tissue transcriptome data obtained from 73 WM lesions of patients with progressive MS and 25 WM of non-neurologic disease controls. RESULTS Our analysis uncovered an MS-specific oligodendrocyte genetic signature influenced by the KLF/SP gene family. This modulation has potential associations with the autocrine iron uptake signaling observed in transcripts of transferrin and its receptor LRP2. In addition, an inflammatory profile emerged within these oligodendrocytes. We observed unique cellular endophenotypes both at the periphery and within the chronic active lesion. These include a distinct metabolic astrocyte phenotype, the importance of FGF signaling among astrocytes and neurons, and a notable enrichment of mitochondrial genes at the lesion edge populated predominantly by astrocytes. Our study also identified B-cell coexpression networks indicating different functional B-cell subsets with differential location and specific tendencies toward certain lesion types. DISCUSSION The use of single-cell multi-omics has offered a detailed perspective into the cellular dynamics and interactions in MS. These nuanced findings might pave the way for deeper insights into lesion pathogenesis in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Elkjaer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Hartebrodt
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mhaned Oubounyt
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna Weber
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Vitved
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Reynolds
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Rottger
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Baumbach
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- From the Department of Neurology (M.L.E., A.W., Z.I.), Odense University Hospital; BRIDGE (M.L.E., A.W., M.T., Z.I.), Department of Clinical Research; Department of Molecular Medicine (M.L.E., A.W., L.V., Z.I.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Biomedical Network Science Lab (A.H.), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science (A.H., Richard Rottger, J.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute for Computational Systems Biology (M.O., J.B.), University of Hamburg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences (Richard Reynolds), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and Clinical Genome Center (M.T.), Research Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Chataigner LMP, Thärichen L, Beugelink JW, Granneman JCM, Mokiem NJ, Snijder J, Förster F, Janssen BJC. Contactin 2 homophilic adhesion structure and conformational plasticity. Structure 2024; 32:60-73.e5. [PMID: 37992710 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The cell-surface attached glycoprotein contactin 2 is ubiquitously expressed in the nervous system and mediates homotypic cell-cell interactions to organize cell guidance, differentiation, and adhesion. Contactin 2 consists of six Ig and four fibronectin type III domains (FnIII) of which the first four Ig domains form a horseshoe structure important for homodimerization and oligomerization. Here we report the crystal structure of the six-domain contactin 2Ig1-6 and show that the Ig5-Ig6 combination is oriented away from the horseshoe with flexion in interdomain connections. Two distinct dimer states, through Ig1-Ig2 and Ig3-Ig6 interactions, together allow formation of larger oligomers. Combined size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and native MS analysis indicates contactin 2Ig1-6 oligomerizes in a glycan dependent manner. SAXS and negative-stain electron microscopy reveals inherent plasticity of the contactin 2 full-ectodomain. The combination of intermolecular binding sites and ectodomain plasticity explains how contactin 2 can function as a homotypic adhesion molecule in diverse intercellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M P Chataigner
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Thärichen
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Beugelink
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Joke C M Granneman
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Nadia J Mokiem
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Förster
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that often progresses to severe disability. Previous studies have highlighted the role of T cells in disease pathophysiology; however, the success of B-cell-targeted therapies has led to an increased interest in how B cells contribute to disease immunopathology. In this review, we summarize evidence of B-cell involvement in MS disease mechanisms, starting with pathology and moving on to review aspects of B cell immunobiology potentially relevant to MS. We describe current theories of critical B cell contributions to the inflammatory CNS milieu in MS, namely (i) production of autoantibodies, (ii) antigen presentation, (iii) production of proinflammatory cytokines (bystander activation), and (iv) EBV involvement. In the second part of the review, we summarize medications that have targeted B cells in patients with MS and their current position in the therapeutic armamentarium based on clinical trials and real-world data. Covered therapeutic strategies include the targeting of surface molecules such as CD20 (rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab) and CD19 (inebilizumab), and molecules necessary for B-cell activation such as B cell activating factor (BAFF) (belimumab) and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) (evobrutinib). We finally discuss the use of B-cell-targeted therapeutics in pregnancy.
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7
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Eve M, Gandawijaya J, Yang L, Oguro-Ando A. Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules May Mediate Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842755. [PMID: 35492721 PMCID: PMC9051034 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by restrictive and repetitive behaviors, alongside deficits in social interaction and communication. The etiology of ASD is largely unknown but is strongly linked to genetic variants in neuronal cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cell-surface proteins that have important roles in neurodevelopment. A combination of environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to ASD pathogenesis. Inflammation in ASD has been identified as one of these factors, demonstrated through the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, maternal immune activation, and activation of glial cells in ASD brains. Glial cells are the main source of cytokines within the brain and, therefore, their activity is vital in mediating inflammation in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether the aforementioned neuronal CAMs are involved in modulating neuroimmune signaling or glial behavior. This review aims to address the largely unexplored role that neuronal CAMs may play in mediating inflammatory cascades that underpin neuroinflammation in ASD, primarily focusing on the Notch, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. We will also evaluate the available evidence on how neuronal CAMs may influence glial activity associated with inflammation. This is important when considering the impact of environmental factors and inflammatory responses on ASD development. In particular, neural CAM1 (NCAM1) can regulate NF-κB transcription in neurons, directly altering proinflammatory signaling. Additionally, NCAM1 and contactin-1 appear to mediate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation which can alter the neuroimmune response. Importantly, although this review highlights the limited information available, there is evidence of a neuronal CAM regulatory role in inflammatory signaling. This warrants further investigation into the role other neuronal CAM family members may have in mediating inflammatory cascades and would advance our understanding of how neuroinflammation can contribute to ASD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Eve
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Yang
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Roediger B, Duchow A, Asseyer S, Paul F, Siebert N. Anti-aquaporin 4 IgG Is Not Associated With Any Clinical Disease Characteristics in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurol 2021; 12:635419. [PMID: 33776892 PMCID: PMC7994757 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.635419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a clinically defined, inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disease of unknown cause, associated with humoral autoimmune findings such as anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG. Recent clinical trials showed a benefit of anti-B cell and anti-complement-antibodies in NMOSD, suggesting relevance of anti-AQP4-IgG in disease pathogenesis. Objective: AQP4-IgG in NMOSD is clearly defined, yet up to 40% of the patients are negative for AQP4-IgG. This may indicate that AQP4-IgG is not disease-driving in NMOSD or defines a distinct patient endotype. Methods: We established a biobank of 63 clinically well-characterized NMOSD patients with an extensive annotation of 351 symptoms, patient characteristics, laboratory results and clinical scores. We used phylogenetic clustering, heatmaps, principal component and longitudinal causal interference analyses to test for the relevance of anti-AQP4-IgG. Results: Anti-AQP4-IgG was undetectable in 29 (46%) of the 63 NMOSD patients. Within anti-AQP4-IgG-positive patients, anti-AQP4-IgG titers did not correlate with clinical disease activity. Comparing anti-AQP4-IgG-positive vs. -negative patients did not delineate any clinically defined subgroup. However, anti-AQP4-IgG positive patients had a significantly (p = 0.022) higher rate of additional autoimmune diagnoses. Conclusion: Our results challenge the assumption that anti-AQP4-IgG alone plays a disease-driving role in NMOSD. Anti-AQP4-IgG might represent an epiphenomenon associated with NMOSD, may represent one of several immune mechanisms that collectively contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease or indeed, anti-AQP4-IgG might be the relevant factor in only a subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmetzer
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC) and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Lakin
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC) and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Roediger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research - Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ankelien Duchow
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC) and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC) and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC) and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC) and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Kalafatakis I, Savvaki M, Velona T, Karagogeos D. Implication of Contactins in Demyelinating Pathologies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010051. [PMID: 33451101 PMCID: PMC7828632 DOI: 10.3390/life11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating pathologies comprise of a variety of conditions where either central or peripheral myelin is attacked, resulting in white matter lesions and neurodegeneration. Myelinated axons are organized into molecularly distinct domains, and this segregation is crucial for their proper function. These defined domains are differentially affected at the different stages of demyelination as well as at the lesion and perilesion sites. Among the main players in myelinated axon organization are proteins of the contactin (CNTN) group of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) of cell adhesion molecules, namely Contactin-1 and Contactin-2 (CNTN1, CNTN2). The two contactins perform their functions through intermolecular interactions, which are crucial for myelinated axon integrity and functionality. In this review, we focus on the implication of these two molecules as well as their interactors in demyelinating pathologies in humans. At first, we describe the organization and function of myelinated axons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous system, further analyzing the role of CNTN1 and CNTN2 as well as their interactors in myelination. In the last section, studies showing the correlation of the two contactins with demyelinating pathologies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of these recognition molecules in shaping the function of the nervous system in multiple ways.
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10
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Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:179-199. [PMID: 33324003 PMCID: PMC7737718 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical success of B cell depletion therapies (BCDTs). Originally conceived as a method of eliminating cancerous B cells, BCDTs such as those targeting CD20, CD19 and BAFF are now used to treat autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The use of BCDTs in autoimmune disease has led to some surprises. For example, although antibody-secreting plasma cells are thought to have a negative pathogenic role in autoimmune disease, BCDT, even when it controls the disease, has limited impact on these cells and on antibody levels. In this Review, we update our understanding of B cell biology, review the results of clinical trials using BCDT in autoimmune indications, discuss hypotheses for the mechanism of action of BCDT and speculate on evolving strategies for targeting B cells beyond depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S. W. Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Olga L. Rojas
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Gommerman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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11
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Neural Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Synaptic Specification. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:931-945. [PMID: 28743494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are a specialized class of lipid-associated neuronal membrane proteins that perform diverse functions in the dynamic control of axon guidance, synaptic adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, and localized signal transduction, particularly at lipid raft domains. Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of GPI-anchored proteins act as critical regulators of synapse development by modulating specific synaptic adhesion pathways via direct interactions with key synapse-organizing proteins. Additional studies have revealed that alteration of these regulatory mechanisms may underlie various brain disorders. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of GPI-anchored proteins as key synapse organizers that aid in shaping the properties of various types of synapses and circuits in mammals.
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12
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van Sonderen A, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. The value of LGI1, Caspr2 and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in encephalitis. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:290-301. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Gandomi N, Varshochian R, Atyabi F, Ghahremani MH, Sharifzadeh M, Amini M, Dinarvand R. Solid lipid nanoparticles surface modified with anti-Contactin-2 or anti-Neurofascin for brain-targeted delivery of medicines. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 22:426-435. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1226901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nargess Gandomi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Varshochian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gennarini G, Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Puzzo D, Corsi P, Furley AJW. The role of Gpi-anchored axonal glycoproteins in neural development and neurological disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:49-63. [PMID: 27871938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the Contactin (CNTN) subset of the Immunoglobulin supergene family (IgC2/FNIII molecules), whose components share structural properties (the association of Immunoglobulin type C2 with Fibronectin type III domains), as well as a general role in cell contact formation and axonal growth control. IgC2/FNIII molecules include 6 highly related components (CNTN 1-6), associated with the cell membrane via a Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol (GPI)-containing lipid tail. Contactin 1 and Contactin 2 share ~50 (49.38)% identity at the aminoacid level. They are components of the cell surface, from which they may be released in soluble forms. They bind heterophilically to multiple partners in cis and in trans, including members of the related L1CAM family and of the Neurexin family Contactin-associated proteins (CNTNAPs or Casprs). Such interactions are important for organising the neuronal membrane, as well as for modulating the growth and pathfinding of axon tracts. In addition, they also mediate the functional maturation of axons by promoting their interactions with myelinating cells at the nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions. Such interactions also mediate differential ionic channels (both Na+ and K+) distribution, which is of critical relevance in the generation of the peak-shaped action potential. Indeed, thanks to their interactions with Ankyrin G, Na+ channels map within the nodal regions, where they drive axonal depolarization. However, no ionic channels are found in the flanking Contactin1-containing paranodal regions, where CNTN1 interactions with Caspr1 and with the Ig superfamily component Neurofascin 155 in cis and in trans, respectively, build a molecular barrier between the node and the juxtaparanode. In this region K+ channels are clustered, depending upon molecular interactions with Contactin 2 and with Caspr2. In addition to these functions, the Contactins appear to have also a role in degenerative and inflammatory disorders: indeed Contactin 2 is involved in neurodegenerative disorders with a special reference to the Alzheimer disease, given its ability to work as a ligand of the Alzheimer Precursor Protein (APP), which results in increased Alzheimer Intracellular Domain (AICD) release in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. On the other hand Contactin 1 drives Notch signalling activation via the Hes pathway, which could be consistent with its ability to modulate neuroinflammation events, and with the possibility that Contactin 1-dependent interactions may participate to the pathogenesis of the Multiple Sclerosis and of other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew J W Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2NT, UK
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Stathopoulos P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. Autoimmune antigenic targets at the node of Ranvier in demyelinating disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:143-56. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Waldman A, Ghezzi A, Bar-Or A, Mikaeloff Y, Tardieu M, Banwell B. Multiple sclerosis in children: an update on clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and research. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:936-48. [PMID: 25142460 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The clinical features, diagnostic challenges, neuroimaging appearance, therapeutic options, and pathobiological research progress in childhood-and adolescent-onset multiple sclerosis have been informed by many new insights in the past 7 years. National programmes in several countries, collaborative research efforts, and an established international paediatric multiple sclerosis study group have contributed to revised clinical diagnostic definitions, identified clinical features of multiple sclerosis that differ by age of onset, and made recommendations regarding the treatment of paediatric multiple sclerosis. The relative risks conveyed by genetic and environmental factors to paediatric multiple sclerosis have been the subject of several large cohort studies. MRI features have been characterised in terms of qualitative descriptions of lesion distribution and applicability of MRI aspects to multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria, and quantitative studies have assessed total lesion burden and the effect of the disease on global and regional brain volume. Humoral-based and cell-based assays have identified antibodies against myelin, potassium-channel proteins, and T-cell profiles that support an adult-like T-cell repertoire and cellular reactivity against myelin in paediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. Finally, the safety and efficacy of standard first-line therapies in paediatric multiple sclerosis populations are now appreciated in more detail, and consensus views on the future conduct and feasibility of phase 3 trials for new drugs have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Waldman
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angelo Ghezzi
- Ospedale di Gallarate, Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yann Mikaeloff
- Unité de Rééducation Neurologique Infantile, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Tardieu
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fraussen J, Claes N, de Bock L, Somers V. Targets of the humoral autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1126-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Watanabe M, Kondo T, Murakata K, Kageyama T, Shibata Y, Takahashi T, Nomura K, Matsumoto S. Antibodies to neural and non-neural autoantigens in Japanese patients with CNS demyelinating disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Bhat S, Mary S, Banarjee R, Giri AP, Kulkarni MJ. Immune response to chemically modified proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:19-34. [PMID: 24375944 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs of proteins involve chemical modifications. Some of these modifications are prerequisite for the normal functioning of cell, while other chemical modifications render the proteins as "neo-self" antigens, which are recognized as "non-self" leading to aberrant cellular and humoral immune responses. However, these modifications could be a secondary effect of autoimmune diseases, as in the case of type I diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to protein glycation. The enigma of chemical modifications and immune response is akin to the "chick-and-egg" paradox. Nevertheless, chemical modifications regulate immune response. In some of the well-known autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, chemically modified proteins act as autoantigens forming immune complexes. In some instances, chemical modifications are also involved in regulating immune response during pathogen infection. Further, the usefulness of proteomic analysis of immune complexes is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bhat
- Proteomics Facility, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Hacohen Y, Absoud M, Woodhall M, Cummins C, De Goede CG, Hemingway C, Jardine PE, Kneen R, Pike MG, Whitehouse WP, Wassmer E, Waters P, Vincent A, Lim M. Autoantibody biomarkers in childhood-acquired demyelinating syndromes: results from a national surveillance cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:456-61. [PMID: 24133290 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies to glial, myelin and neuronal antigens have been reported in a range of central demyelination syndromes and autoimmune encephalopathies in children, but there has not been a systematic evaluation across the range of central nervous system (CNS) autoantibodies in childhood-acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS). METHODS Children under the age of 16 years with first-episode ADS were identified from a national prospective surveillance study; serum from 65 patients had been sent for a variety of diagnostic tests. Antibodies to astrocyte, myelin and neuronal antigens were tested or retested in all samples. RESULTS Fifteen patients (23%) were positive for at least one antibody (Ab): AQ4-Ab was detected in three; two presenting with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and one with isolated optic neuritis (ON). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-Ab was detected in seven; two with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), two with ON, one with transverse myelitis (TM) and two with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-Ab was found in two; one presenting with ADEM and one with ON. Voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex antibodies were positive in three; one presenting with ADEM, one with ON and one with CIS. GlyR-Ab was detected in one patient with TM. All patients were negative for the VGKC-complex-associated proteins LGI1, CASPR2 and contactin-2. CONCLUSIONS A range of CNS-directed autoantibodies were found in association with childhood ADS. Although these antibodies are clinically relevant when associated with the specific neurological syndromes that have been described, further studies are required to evaluate their roles and clinical relevance in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacohen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK
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New insights into the roles of the contactin cell adhesion molecules in neural development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:165-94. [PMID: 25300137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the contactin (CNTN) family of neural cell recognition molecules includes six related cell adhesion molecules that play non-overlapping roles in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system. CNTN1 and CNTN2 are the prototypical members of the family and have been involved, through cis- and trans-interactions with distinct cell adhesion molecules, in neural cell migration, axon guidance, and the organization of myelin subdomains. In contrast, the roles of CNTN3-6 are less well characterized although the generation of null mice and the recent identification of a common extracellular binding partner have considerably advanced our grasp of their physiological roles in particular as they relate to the wiring of sensory tissues. In this review, we aim to present a summary of our current understanding of CNTN functions and give an overview of the challenges that lie ahead in understanding the roles these proteins play in nervous system development and maintenance.
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Abstract
The discovery of disorders that are associated with antibodies to neuronal cell-surface proteins has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of CNS autoimmunity. These disorders can occur in patients with or without cancer-often children or young adults who develop psychosis, catatonic or autistic features, memory problems, abnormal movements, or seizures that were previously considered idiopathic. The autoantigens in such cases have crucial roles in synaptic transmission, plasticity and peripheral nerve excitability. Patients can be comatose or encephalopathic for months and yet fully recover with supportive care and immunotherapy. By contrast, disorders in which the antibodies target intracellular antigens, and in which T-cell-mediated irreversible neuronal degeneration occurs, show a considerably poorer response to treatment. In this article, we review the various targets of neuronal antibodies, focusing predominantly on autoantigens located on the cell surface or synapses-namely, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1, contactin-associated protein-like 2, and metabotropic glutamate receptors. We also provide an algorithm to identify and assess antibodies that bind to cell-surface and synaptic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, 3 W Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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