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Zabrodskaya Y, Paramonova N, Litovchenko A, Bazhanova E, Gerasimov A, Sitovskaya D, Nezdorovina V, Kravtsova S, Malyshev S, Skiteva E, Samochernykh K. Neuroinflammatory Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Basement Membrane Dysplasia Play a Role in the Development of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12689. [PMID: 37628870 PMCID: PMC10454729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistance epilepsy (DRE) is a key problem in neurology. It is possible that damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may affect resistance in DRE. The aim of this work was to assess the damage and dysfunction in the BBB in the area of epileptic foci in patients with DRE under conditions of neuroinflammation. The changes to the BBB in temporal lobe epilepsy (by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy), levels of neuroinflammatory proteins, and cytokine levels in the blood (by multiplex analysis) were studied. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and growth-regulated protein (GRO), and decreased levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in plasma, combined with overexpression of the VEGF-A receptor by endotheliocytes were detected. Malformation-like growths of the basement membrane of the capillaries of the brain complicate the delivery of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Dysplasia of the basement membrane is the result of inadequate reparative processes in chronic inflammation. In conclusion, it should be noted that damage to the microcirculatory network of the brain should be considered one of the leading factors contributing to DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Zabrodskaya
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Natalia Paramonova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.P.); (A.L.); (E.B.)
- State Research Testing Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 195043 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Litovchenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.P.); (A.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bazhanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.P.); (A.L.); (E.B.)
- Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Gerasimov
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Darya Sitovskaya
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Victoria Nezdorovina
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Svetlana Kravtsova
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Stanislav Malyshev
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Skiteva
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
- State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Samochernykh
- Polenov Neurosurgical Institute—Branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.); (D.S.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (S.M.); (E.S.); (K.S.)
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Bronisz E, Cudna A, Wierzbicka A, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Blood-Brain Barrier-Associated Proteins Are Elevated in Serum of Epilepsy Patients. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030368. [PMID: 36766708 PMCID: PMC9913812 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction emerges as one of the mechanisms underlying the induction of seizures and epileptogenesis. There is growing evidence that seizures also affect BBB, yet only scarce data is available regarding serum levels of BBB-associated proteins in chronic epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to assess serum levels of molecules associated with BBB in patients with epilepsy in the interictal period. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, S100B, CCL-2, ICAM-1, P-selectin, and TSP-2 were examined in a group of 100 patients who were seizure-free for a minimum of seven days and analyzed by ELISA. The results were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and S100B were higher in patients with epilepsy in comparison to control group (p < 0.0001; <0.0001; 0.001; <0.0001; <0.0001, respectively). Levels of CCL-2, ICAM-1, P-selectin and TSP-2 did not differ between the two groups. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and S100B are elevated in patients with epilepsy in the interictal period, which suggests chronic processes of BBB disruption and restoration. The pathological process initiating epilepsy, in addition to seizures, is probably the factor contributing to the elevation of serum levels of the examined molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Bronisz
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Cudna
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wierzbicka
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Kurkowska-Jastrzębska
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Bronisz E, Cudna A, Wierzbicka A, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I. Serum Proteins Associated with Blood-Brain Barrier as Potential Biomarkers for Seizure Prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314712. [PMID: 36499038 PMCID: PMC9740683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As 30% of epileptic patients remain drug-resistant, seizure prediction is vital. Induction of epileptic seizure is a complex process that can depend on factors such as intrinsic neuronal excitability, changes in extracellular ion concentration, glial cell activity, presence of inflammation and activation of the blood−brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we aimed to assess if levels of serum proteins associated with BBB can predict seizures. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, S100B, CCL-2, ICAM-1, P-selectin, and TSP-2 were examined in a group of 49 patients with epilepsy who were seizure-free for a minimum of seven days and measured by ELISA. The examination was repeated after 12 months. An extensive medical history was taken, and patients were subjected to a follow-up, including a detailed history of seizures. Serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, CCL-2, and P-selectin differed between the two time points (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0035, respectively). General linear model analyses determined the predictors of seizures. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and CCL-2 were found to influence seizure count in 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of observation. Serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and CCL-2 may be considered potential biomarkers for seizure prediction and may indicate BBB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Bronisz
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Cudna
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wierzbicka
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Taalab YM, Fathi Mohammed W, Helmy MA, Othman AA, Darwish M, Hassan I, Abbas M. Cannabis Influences the Putative Cytokines-Related Pathway of Epilepsy among Egyptian Epileptic Patients. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120332. [PMID: 31757102 PMCID: PMC6955862 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to investigate: (1) the prevalence of cannabis among epileptic patients seen at Mansoura University Hospital, (2) serum levels and gene expression of cytokines in epilepsy patients and the controls. and (3) the possibility that cannabis use affects the cytokine levels in epilepsy patients, triggering its future use in treatment. We recruited 440 epilepsy patients and 200 controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Of the epileptic patients, 37.5% demonstrated lifetime cannabis use with a mean duration of 15 ± 73 years. Serum levels of interleukin IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were analyzed and gene expression analysis was conducted only for those cytokines that were different between groups in the serum analysis. The “Epilepsy-only” patients had significantly higher serum and mRNA levels of IL-1α, β, IL-2,6,8, and TNF-α compared to the controls and the “Cannabis+Epilepsy” group (p = 0.0001). IL-10 showed significantly lower levels in the “Epilepsy-only” patients compared to the controls and “Cannabis+Epilepsy” (p = 0.0001). Cannabis use is prevalent among epilepsy patients. Epilepsy is characterized by a pro-inflammatory state supported by high serum and gene expression levels. Cannabis users demonstrated significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to epilepsy non-cannabis users which might contribute to its use in the treatment of resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M. Taalab
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.T.); (M.A.H.)
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wessam Fathi Mohammed
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (W.F.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Manar A. Helmy
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.T.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Alyaa A.A. Othman
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.T.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mohamed Darwish
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim Hassan
- Movement and Training Science Department, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +491-630-803-435
| | - Mohammed Abbas
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (W.F.M.); (M.A.)
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Toscano ECDB, Vieira ÉLM, Portela ACDC, Reis JLJ, Caliari MV, Giannetti AV, Gonçalves AP, Siqueira JM, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Nitrini R, Teixeira AL, Rachid MA. Bcl-2/Bax ratio increase does not prevent apoptosis of glia and granular neurons in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropathology 2019; 39:348-357. [PMID: 31392787 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is usually associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), characterized by gliosis and neuronal loss, mainly in the cornus ammonis (CA). Regardless the type of HS, gliosis is associated with neuronal loss. Indeed, glial reactivation seems to induce both neuronal and glial apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms are also activated in order to contain the cell death in chronic epilepsy. However, the role of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in human TLE is unclear, mainly in relation to glial death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reactive gliosis areas in parallel with Bcl-2/Bax ratio and active caspase 3 immunoreactivity in hippocampi of TLE patients in comparison with control hippocampi. We also sought to investigate whether the levels of these markers were correlated with TLE clinical parameters. Paraffin-embedded sclerotic and control hippocampi were collected for immunohistochemical analyses of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), human leucocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), Bax, Bcl-2 and active caspase 3. Sclerotic hippocampi presented higher immunoreactivity areas of GFAP and HLA-DR than controls, with similar values in HS types 1 and 2. Bcl-2 protein expression was increased in epileptic hippocampi, while Bax expression was similar to controls. Despite Bcl2/Bax ratio increase, granular neurons and glia exhibited active caspase 3 expression in TLE hippocampi, while controls did not show staining for the same marker. In conclusion, glial and neuronal death is increased in sclerotic hippocampi, independently of HS type, and co-localized with gliosis. Furthermore, Bcl-2/Bax ratio increase does not prevent expression of active caspase 3 by glia and granular neurons in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana C de Brito Toscano
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Érica L M Vieira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C D C Portela
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joice L J Reis
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre V Giannetti
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana P Gonçalves
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Nuclei of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment - Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José M Siqueira
- Nuclei of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment - Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milene A Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Hoogland G, Hendriksen RGF, Slegers RJ, Hendriks MPH, Schijns OEMG, Aalbers MW, Vles JSH. The expression of the distal dystrophin isoforms Dp140 and Dp71 in the human epileptic hippocampus in relation to cognitive functioning. Hippocampus 2018; 29:102-110. [PMID: 30069964 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophin is an important protein within the central nervous system. The absence of dystrophin, characterizing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), is associated with brain related comorbidities such as neurodevelopmental (e.g., cognitive and behavioural) deficits and epilepsy. Especially mutations in the downstream part of the DMD gene affecting the dystrophin isoforms Dp140 and Dp71 are found to be associated with cognitive deficits. However, the function of Dp140 is currently not well understood and its expression pattern has previously been implicated to be developmentally regulated. Therefore, we evaluated Dp140 and Dp71 expression in human hippocampi in relation to cognitive functioning in patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and post-mortem controls. Hippocampal samples obtained as part of epilepsy surgery were quantitatively analyzed by Western blot and correlations with neuropsychological test results (i.e., memory and intelligence) were examined. First, we demonstrated that the expression of Dp140 does not appear to differ across different ages throughout adulthood. Second, we identified an inverse correlation between memory loss (i.e., verbal and visual memory), but not intelligence (i.e., neither verbal nor performance), and hippocampal Dp140 expression. Finally, patients with TLE appeared to have similar Dp140 expression levels compared to post-mortem controls without neurological disease. Dp140 may thus have a function in normal cognitive (i.e., episodic memory) processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govert Hoogland
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben G F Hendriksen
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Slegers
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P H Hendriks
- Kempenhaeghe Epilepsy Centre, Heeze, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlien W Aalbers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Groningen University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan S H Vles
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Amini E, Golpich M, Farjam AS, Kamalidehghan B, Mohamed Z, Ibrahim NM, Ahmadiani A, Raymond AA. Brain Lipopolysaccharide Preconditioning-Induced Gene Reprogramming Mediates a Tolerance State in Electroconvulsive Shock Model of Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:416. [PMID: 29765321 PMCID: PMC5938816 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence pointing toward the role of inflammatory processes in epileptic seizures, and reciprocally, prolonged seizures induce more inflammation in the brain. In this regard, effective strategies to control epilepsy resulting from neuroinflammation could be targeted. Based on the available data, preconditioning (PC) with low dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through the regulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway provides neuroprotection against subsequent challenge with injury in the brain. To test this, we examined the effects of a single and chronic brain LPS PC, which is expected to lead to reduction of inflammation against epileptic seizures induced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS). A total of 60 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, vehicle (single and chronic), and LPS PC (single and chronic). We first recorded the data regarding the behavioral and histological changes. We further investigated the alterations of gene and protein expression of important mediators in relation to TLR4 and inflammatory signaling pathways. Interestingly, significant increased presence of NFκB inhibitors [Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase-1 (SHIP1) and Toll interacting protein (TOLLIP)] was observed in LPS-preconditioned animals. This result was also associated with over-expression of IRF3 activity and anti-inflammatory markers, along with down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Summarizing, the analysis revealed that PC with LPS prior to seizure induction may have a neuroprotective effect possibly by reprogramming the signaling response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdoreza S Farjam
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlinah M Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azman A Raymond
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Hendriksen RGF, Schipper S, Hoogland G, Schijns OEMG, Dings JTA, Aalbers MW, Vles JSH. Dystrophin Distribution and Expression in Human and Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:174. [PMID: 27458343 PMCID: PMC4937016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dystrophin is part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. In addition to its role in muscle tissue, it functions as an anchoring protein within the central nervous system such as in hippocampus and cerebellum. Its presence in the latter regions is illustrated by the cognitive problems seen in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Since epilepsy is also supposed to constitute a comorbidity of DMD, it is hypothesized that dystrophin plays a role in neuronal excitability. Here, we aimed to study brain dystrophin distribution and expression in both, human and experimental temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHOD Regional and cellular dystrophin distribution was evaluated in both human and rat hippocampi and in rat cerebellar tissue by immunofluorescent colocalization with neuronal (NeuN and calbindin) and glial (GFAP) markers. In addition, hippocampal dystrophin levels were estimated by Western blot analysis in biopsies from TLE patients, post-mortem controls, amygdala kindled (AK)-, and control rats. RESULTS Dystrophin was expressed in all hippocampal pyramidal subfields and in the molecular-, Purkinje-, and granular cell layer of the cerebellum. In these regions it colocalized with GFAP, suggesting expression in astrocytes such as Bergmann glia (BG) and velate protoplasmic astrocytes. In rat hippocampus and cerebellum there were neither differences in dystrophin positive cell types, nor in the regional dystrophin distribution between AK and control animals. Quantitatively, hippocampal full-length dystrophin (Dp427) levels were about 60% higher in human TLE patients than in post-mortem controls (p < 0.05), whereas the level of the shorter Dp71 isoform did not differ. In contrast, AK animals showed similar dystrophin levels as controls. CONCLUSION Dystrophin is ubiquitously expressed by astrocytes in the human and rat hippocampus and in the rat cerebellum. Hippocampal full-length dystrophin (Dp427) levels are upregulated in human TLE, but not in AK rats, possibly indicating a compensatory mechanism in the chronic epileptic human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben G F Hendriksen
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Schipper
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical CentreMaastricht, Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical CentreMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jim T A Dings
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlien W Aalbers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan S H Vles
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht, Netherlands
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9
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de Vries EE, van den Munckhof B, Braun KPJ, van Royen-Kerkhof A, de Jager W, Jansen FE. Inflammatory mediators in human epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:177-90. [PMID: 26877106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests a role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that investigated inflammatory mediators in human epilepsy. Studies reporting on inflammatory mediators in serum, cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue of epilepsy patients were included. Studies comparing patients to controls were included in a meta-analysis. RESULTS 66 articles reporting on 1934 patients were included. IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α were the most extensively investigated proteins. Elevated levels for IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 were reported in several different epilepsy etiologies and media, while other proteins were specifically increased for one etiology. IL-1α, IL-7 and IL-13, as well as the chemokines CCL2-5, -19 and -22, were increased exclusively in brain tissue. In an aggregate meta-analysis, we found significantly different protein levels for serum IL-6, IL-17 and CSF IL-1β and IL-10. CONCLUSION Inflammatory pathways are involved in epilepsy. Future studies may further clarify their role, and prove potential of targeted anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien E de Vries
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart van den Munckhof
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees P J Braun
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Annet van Royen-Kerkhof
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilco de Jager
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Cui L, Tao H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Xu Z, Zhou H, Cai Y, Yao L, Chen B, Liang W, Liu Y, Cheng W, Liu T, Ma G, Li Y, Zhao B, Li K. A functional polymorphism of the microRNA-146a gene is associated with susceptibility to drug-resistant epilepsy and seizures frequency. Seizure 2015; 27:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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11
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What Elements of the Inflammatory System Are Necessary for Epileptogenesis In Vitro? eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0027-14. [PMID: 26464976 PMCID: PMC4596089 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0027-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory and central nervous systems share many signaling molecules, compromising the utility of traditional pharmacological and knockout approaches in defining the role of inflammation in CNS disorders such as epilepsy. In an in vitro model of post-traumatic epileptogenesis, the development of epilepsy proceeded in the absence of the systemic inflammatory system, and was unaffected by removal of cellular mediators of inflammation, including macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Epileptogenesis in vivo can be altered by manipulation of molecules such as cytokines and complement that subserve intercellular signaling in both the inflammatory and central nervous systems. Because of the dual roles of these signaling molecules, it has been difficult to precisely define the role of systemic inflammation in epileptogenesis. Organotypic hippocampal brain slices can be maintained in culture independently of the systemic inflammatory system, and the rapid course of epileptogenesis in these cultures supports the idea that inflammation is not necessary for epilepsy. However, this preparation still retains key cellular inflammatory mediators. Here, we found that rodent hippocampal organotypic slice cultures depleted of T lymphocytes and microglia developed epileptic activity at essentially the same rate and to similar degrees of severity as matched control slice cultures. These data support the idea that although the inflammatory system, neurons, and glia share key intercellular signaling molecules, neither systemic nor CNS-specific cellular elements of the immune and inflammatory systems are necessary components of epileptogenesis.
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12
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Jason LA, Zinn ML, Zinn MA. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: Symptoms and Biomarkers. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:701-34. [PMID: 26411464 PMCID: PMC4761639 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150928105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) continues to cause significant morbidity worldwide with an estimated one million cases in the United States. Hurdles to establishing consensus to achieve accurate evaluation of patients with ME continue, fueled by poor agreement about case definitions, slow progress in development of standardized diagnostic approaches, and issues surrounding research priorities. Because there are other medical problems, such as early MS and Parkinson's Disease, which have some similar clinical presentations, it is critical to accurately diagnose ME to make a differential diagnosis. In this article, we explore and summarize advances in the physiological and neurological approaches to understanding, diagnosing, and treating ME. We identify key areas and approaches to elucidate the core and secondary symptom clusters in ME so as to provide some practical suggestions in evaluation of ME for clinicians and researchers. This review, therefore, represents a synthesis of key discussions in the literature, and has important implications for a better understanding of ME, its biological markers, and diagnostic criteria. There is a clear need for more longitudinal studies in this area with larger data sets, which correct for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A. Jason
- Department of Psychology, Center for Community Research, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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13
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Ding DX, Tian FF, Guo JL, Li K, He JX, Song MY, Li L, Huang X. Dynamic expression patterns of ATF3 and p53 in the hippocampus of a pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:645-51. [PMID: 24859284 PMCID: PMC4094765 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common and often deleterious neurological condition. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the roles of innate immunity and the associated inflammatory processes in epilepsy. In a previous study, we found that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are upregulated and promote mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) in an epileptic model. As downstream effectors of TLRs, the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and p53 proteins were shown to be involved in neurite outgrowth. In the present study, we hypothesized that ATF3 and p53 participate in the process of epilepsy and can affect MFS. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the expression of ATF3 and p53 in hippocampal tissues of rats kindled by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MFS was evaluated by Timm staining in the hippocampus. Results from these experiments revealed that expression of ATF3 and p53 is significantly higher (p<0.05) in the CA3 area of the hippocampus in the PTZ-treated group compared to the control group. ATF3 expression gradually increased from 3 days to 4 weeks, peaked at 4 weeks and decreased slightly at 6 weeks in the PTZ group, while the expression of p53 was maintained at similar levels at different time-points following PTZ treatment. No obvious difference in the expression of these proteins was observed between the PTZ and the control group in the dentate gyrus (DG) area (p>0.05). The degree of MFS in the PTZ group peaked at 4 weeks and was maintained at a high level until 6 weeks post-PTZ treatment. In conclusion, ATF3 and p53 may be involved in the occurrence of seizure and play critical roles in MFS in the PTZ kindling model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Fa Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ling Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xuan He
- Science Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Wangwang Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410016, P.R. China
| | - Xia Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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