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Dmytrzak A, Lewandowska K, Boroń A, Łoniewska B, Grzesch N, Brodkiewicz A, Clark JSC, Ciechanowicz A, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. No Association of Polymorphisms in the Genes Encoding Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-6 Receptor Subunit Alpha with the Risk of Keloids in Polish Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5284. [PMID: 38791322 PMCID: PMC11121548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A keloid is a benign fibroproliferative hypertrophy of scar tissue that extends outside the original wound and invades adjacent healthy skin. Keloid formation is thought to be a complex process including overactivity of the interleukin-6 signaling pathway and genetic susceptibility. The aim of the study was to investigate possible associations between rs1800797, rs1800796, and rs1800795 polymorphisms in the promoter of the IL6 gene encoding interleukin-6 and the rs2228145 polymorphism in the IL6R gene encoding the interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha with the predisposition to keloids in Polish patients. The genetic polymorphisms were identified either using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) or sequencing of samples of genomic DNA extracted from blood leukocytes of 86 adult patients with keloids and 100 newborns comprising a control group. No significant differences in the distributions of IL6 or IL6R alleles or genotypes were found between keloid patients and newborn controls. There were also no significant differences between both groups in the distribution of IL6 haplotypes. The IL6 rs1800797, rs1800796 and rs1800795 and IL6R rs2228145 polymorphisms were not found to predispose individuals in the study group to keloids. IL6 promoter haplotypes were not found to be associated with a higher risk of keloids in the studied group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.L.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (J.S.C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Boroń
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.L.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (J.S.C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Natalie Grzesch
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.L.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (J.S.C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrzej Brodkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Nephrology, Dialysotherapy and Management of Acute Poisoning, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-780 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jeremy S. C. Clark
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.L.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (J.S.C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.L.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (J.S.C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.L.); (A.B.); (N.G.); (J.S.C.C.); (A.C.)
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Zhilyaeva TV, Rukavishnikov GV, Manakova EA, Mazo GE. Serum Interleukin-6 in Schizophrenia: Associations with Clinical and Sociodemographic Characteristics. CONSORTIUM PSYCHIATRICUM 2023; 4:5-16. [PMID: 38618638 PMCID: PMC11009974 DOI: 10.17816/cp11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently a significant part of schizophrenia studies have been focused on the role of cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6). Some authors have suggested a pathogenetic role for IL-6 in schizophrenia and concluded that therapy that centers on suppressing IL-6 activity may prove beneficial for certain categories of patients with the disorder. However, many questions about whether the changes in IL-6 levels in schizophrenia are primary, related to symptoms or caused by therapy, are concomitant metabolic disorders, are related to smoking or other secondary factors remain unanswered. AIM To assess the level of serum IL-6 in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with healthy controls, as well as to study its association with clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS Some 125 patients with schizophrenia and 95 healthy volunteers were examined. The evaluation of IL-6 was performed by enzyme immunoassay. All patients were assessed using standardized psychometric instruments. Information from patient medical records on the course of the disease and treatment was analyzed. RESULTS The level of IL-6 was significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy volunteers (z=2.58; p=0.0099), but among men the difference between the patients and volunteers was not significant. Statistically significant correlations were found between the level of serum IL-6 and the severity of the cognitive impairment of patients: (auditory [ρ=-0.31; p=0.00063] and working memory [ρ=-0.25; p=0.0065], hand-eye coordination [ρ=-0.29; p=0.0011], verbal fluency [ρ=-0.28; p=0.0019] and problem-solving capacity [ρ=-0.22; p=0.013]), total severity of schizophrenia symptoms (PANSS, ρ=0.22; p=0.016), PANSS positive subscale (ρ=0.18; p=0.048), and the age of manifestation (ρ=0.20; p=0.025) and disease duration (ρ=0.18; p=0.043). The level of IL-6 was the lowest in patients treated with third-generation antipsychotics, and the highest in those treated with first-generation antipsychotics (H=6.36; p=0.042). Moreover, in hospital patients, the level of IL-6 was significantly higher than in outpatients and inpatients hospitals (H=18.59; p=0.0001). CONCLUSION The study confirmed that there are associations between the serum IL-6 level and schizophrenia, the age of the patient, duration of the disease and how late in one's life cycle it began manifesting itself, as well as a number of clinical characteristics. Considering that IL-6 is associated with a wide range of symptoms that are loosely controlled by antipsychotics, this biochemical marker needs to be studied to look into how closely its level tracks with an unfavorable course of schizophrenia. That would require further prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V. Zhilyaeva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology
| | | | | | - Galina E. Mazo
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology
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Zakowicz P, Pawlak J, Kapelski P, Wiłkość-Dębczyńska M, Szałkowska A, Twarowska-Hauser J, Rybakowski J, Skibińska M. Genetic association study reveals impact of interleukin 10 polymorphisms on cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113706. [PMID: 34875307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cognitive deficits are the core factors impacting quality of life among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Effective method of treatment for this domain of symptoms remains lacking. Recent evidence suggests the link between impaired cognition and aberrant inflammatory response. Severity of symptoms might be linked to individual genetic predispositions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding interleukins and their receptors. Current genetic association studies include anti-inflammatory interleukins, such as IL10. Functional polymorphisms of IL10 (rs1800871, rs18008729) have been indicated to affect information processing in schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed the potential impact of 27 functional SNPs in 8 cytokine genes on cognitive parameters measured by Wisconsin card-sorting test (WCST) in schizophrenia group (n = 150) and healthy controls (n = 152). RESULTS We found significant associations of two functional polymorphisms of IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800872) and WCST results. Allele A carriers in rs1800871 performed significantly better in Percent of Conceptual Level Responses (CLR%). Allele A carriers in rs1800871 and allele T carriers in rs1800872 obtained better results in Completed Categories (CC). The impact of illness duration was observed, with better performance of recent-onset patients. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that genetic variants of inflammatory response are associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The role of cytokines in schizophrenia need to be investigated in the aspect of pro-/anti-inflammatory imbalance. Altered inflammatory response promote chronic mild inflammation in the brain and aberrant synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Zakowicz
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Children and Adolescent Treatment Center, Zabór, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Kapelski
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Szałkowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Skibińska
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Sundaresh A, Oliveira J, Chinnadurai RK, Rajkumar RP, Hani L, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Negi VS, Tamouza R. IL6/IL6R genetic diversity and plasma IL6 levels in bipolar disorder: An Indo-French study. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01124. [PMID: 30662970 PMCID: PMC6325080 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of association of genetic variants of IL6 and its receptor (IL6R) with psychiatric disorders are inconsistent, and there are few population-based studies thus far in bipolar disorder (BD). We genotyped the IL6 rs1800795 and IL6R rs2228145 polymorphisms in two independent sets of patients exposed to different environmental stimuli such as climatic conditions or specific infectious burden - a French sample and a south Indian Tamil sample of BD with quantitation of circulating plasma IL-6 levels in the latter sub-sample. In both populations, allele and genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between cases and controls for either polymorphism. Upon stratifying based on age at onset, we found no associations with the IL6 rs1800795 variant. However, the IL6R rs2228145 C allele and CC genotype were associated with early onset of disease in the French sample when compared to late onset BD. A similar trend was observed in the Indian population where we also found that plasma IL-6 levels were significantly higher in BD and also in patients who were in residual phase or remission both as compared to controls. Our findings are in favour of a possible trans-ethnic implication of the IL6R genetic diversity in BD and reinforce the notion that IL-6 is an important marker of the operating inflammatory processes in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Sundaresh
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India.,INSERM, UMRS 1160, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry, Créteil, France
| | - José Oliveira
- INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France
| | - Raj Kumar Chinnadurai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Lylia Hani
- INSERM, UMRS 1160, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France.,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil F94000, France
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- INSERM U955, Translational Psychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France.,AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil F94000, France
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Shivakumar V, Debnath M, Venugopal D, Rajasekaran A, Kalmady SV, Subbanna M, Narayanaswamy JC, Amaresha AC, Venkatasubramanian G. Influence of correlation between HLA-G polymorphism and Interleukin-6 (IL6) gene expression on the risk of schizophrenia. Cytokine 2018; 107:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Spuch C, Caruncho HJ, González-Fernandez Á, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: A systematic review of psychoneuroimmune relationship. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:19-33. [PMID: 29239785 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a multifactorial psychiatric disease with complex interactions among the brain and the immune system. A psycho-immune relationship underling schizophrenia is supported by several studies and integrates a specific area of knowledge - psychoneuroimmunology. METHODS A systematic review was performed by 2009 Preferred Reporting Items (PRISMA) recommendations. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, publications with relevant information (evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisals tools to quality assessment) were included. RESULTS In this review, we considered the inflammatory activity promoted by cytokine alterations in schizophrenia aetiology, which reflects the systemic comprehension of this disease in opposition to the traditional approach focused solely on the brain. We focus on the analysis of several specific outcomes, such as proinflammatory cytokines, sample sort, laboratory techniques, diagnosis scales and results of each publication. CONCLUSION This systematic review confirms the existence of cytokines abnormalities in schizophrenia disease. Immune imbalances such as increased levels of some cytokines (either at protein level or at mRNA expression), cytokine mRNAs, as well as cytokine gene polymorphisms have been reported with a large support in schizophrenia. These findings provide a strong evidence of a concomitant process of inflammatory activity in schizophrenia illness course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Neurology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - África González-Fernandez
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Galicia-Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), University Campus, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Roberto C Agís-Balboa
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain.
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