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Li D, Liu C, Wang H, Li Y, Wang Y, An S, Sun S. The Role of Neuromodulation and Potential Mechanism in Regulating Heterotopic Ossification. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1628-1642. [PMID: 38416374 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process characterized by the aberrant formation of bone in muscles and soft tissues. It is commonly triggered by traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and burns. Despite a wide range of evidence underscoring the significance of neurogenic signals in proper bone remodeling, a clear understanding of HO induced by nerve injury remains rudimentary. Recent studies suggest that injury to the nervous system can activate various signaling pathways, such as TGF-β, leading to neurogenic HO through the release of neurotrophins. These pathophysiological changes lay a robust groundwork for the prevention and treatment of HO. In this review, we collected evidence to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HO related to nerve injury, aiming to enhance our understanding of how neurological repair processes can culminate in HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengju Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changxing Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haojue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Senbo An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Shui Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Gavasso S, Kråkenes T, Olsen H, Evjenth EC, Ytterdal M, Haugsøen JB, Kvistad CE. The Therapeutic Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in MS-A Review Focusing on Neuroprotective Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1365. [PMID: 38338644 PMCID: PMC10855165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a great need for treatment with the ability to suppress compartmentalized inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) and to promote remyelination and regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapeutic option, as they have been shown to migrate to the site of CNS injury and exert neuroprotective properties, including immunomodulation, neurotrophic factor secretion, and endogenous neural stem cell stimulation. This review summarizes the current understanding of the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms and discusses the translation of MSC transplantation and their derivatives from pre-clinical demyelinating models to clinical trials with MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gavasso
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Kråkenes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Olsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Claire Evjenth
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Ytterdal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonas Bull Haugsøen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher Elnan Kvistad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (T.K.); (H.O.); (E.C.E.); (J.B.H.); (C.E.K.)
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Eraslan M, Çerman E, Bozkurt S, Genç D, Virlan AT, Demir CS, Akkoç T, Karaöz E, Akkoç T. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to retinal ganglion-like cells in rat glaucoma model induced by polystyrene microspheres. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102199. [PMID: 37633122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to evaluate the differentiation ability of intravitreally injected rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) to retinal ganglion-like cells in a polystyrene microsphere induced rat glaucoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The glaucoma rat model was generated via intracameral injection of 7 microliter polystyrene microspheres. Green fluorescence protein-labeled (GFP) rBM-MSCs were transplanted intravitreally at or after induction of ocular hypertension (OHT), depending on the groups. By the end of the fourth week, flat-mount retinal dissection was performed, and labeled against Brn3a, CD90, GFAP, CD11b, Vimentin, and localization of GFP positive rBM-MSCs was used for evaluation through immunofluorescence staining and to count differentiated retinal cells by flow cytometry. From 34 male Wistar albino rats, 56 eyes were investigated. RESULTS Flow cytometry revealed significantly increased CD90 and Brn3a positive cells in glaucoma induced and with rBM-MSC injected groups compared to control(P = 0.006 and P = 0.003 respectively), sham-operated (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001 respectively), and only rBM-MSCs injected groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.009 respectively). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed differentiation of GFP labeled stem cells to various retinal cells, including ganglion-like cells. rBM-MSCs were observable in ganglion cells, inner and outer nuclear retinal layers in rBM-MSCs injected eyes. CONCLUSION Intravitreally transplanted rBM-MSCs differentiated into retinal cells, including ganglion-like cells, which successfully created a glaucoma model damaged with polystyrene microspheres. Promisingly, MSCs may have a role in neuro-protection and neuro-regeneration treatment of glaucoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsin Eraslan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eren Çerman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süheyla Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Genç
- Department of Pediatric Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Aysın Tulunay Virlan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Cansu Subaşı Demir
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Akkoç
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tubitak Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunç Akkoç
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Immunology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Marstem Cell Technologies, Marmara University Technopark, İstanbul, Turkey
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Marzban M, Rustamzadeh A, Asghari A, Terme Y, Amichi AG, Ghanbarzehi V, Holaso AS, Hosseini F, Shahraki M, Sadafi P, Hashemzahi E, Honardar M, Iravankhah M, Baloochi M, Yarmohammadi A, Ebrahimi P. Stem cell therapy for cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis focusing on the effectiveness of different injection methods and cell labeling. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151953. [PMID: 36116321 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that causes inflammation in the brain and spinal cord, progressive degeneration of central nervous system tissue, damage to neuronal axons, and loss of function of central nervous system neurons. Experimental encephalomyelitis is an alternative animal model of MS that can simulate the symptoms of this disease. Cuprizone is one of the factors creating this model. Various researchers are testing the use of different cells to reduce the symptoms of cuprizone-demyelinated mice. The different injection methods explained in this article include intracerebral, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intranasal. The intracerebral method, in contrast to the intranasal method, was widely employed by researchers. In each technique, the researchers try to inject a specific type of stem cell (SC) and monitor their efficiency. For monitoring SCs various labeling procedures are available, however, there is an upward trend in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two main barriers to using this method are high cost and complexity. In the current review, we try to make review cell therapy in the cuprizone model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Marzban
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
| | - Auob Rustamzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aria Asghari
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Yousef Terme
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Ghanbarzehi
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | | | - Fateme Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mahya Shahraki
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Paniz Sadafi
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Erfan Hashemzahi
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Minoo Honardar
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Iravankhah
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Baloochi
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Amin Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Pirooz Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
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Nguyen Thanh L, Hoang VT, Le Thu H, Nguyen PAT, Hoang DM, Ngo DV, Cao Vu H, Nguyen Thi Bich V, Heke M. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Neurological Sequelae due to Anti- N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: First Case Report. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221110876. [PMID: 35815930 PMCID: PMC9277426 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is caused by altered patient immune reactions. This study reports the first patient with severe neurologic sequelae after NMDA receptor encephalitis treated with allogeneic umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (UC-MSCs). A 5-year-old girl was diagnosed with NMDA receptor encephalitis and treated with immunosuppressive medicaments and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Despite intensive therapy, the patient's condition worsened so that allogenic UC-MSC therapy was contemplated. The patient received three intrathecal infusions of xeno- and serum-free cultured UC-MSCs at a dose of 106 cells/kg. At baseline and after each UC-MSC administration, the patient was examined by the German Coma Recovery Scale (CRS), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), the Modified Ashworth Scale, and the Denver II test. Before cell therapy, she was in a permanent vegetative state with diffuse cerebral atrophy. Her cognition and motor functions improved progressively after three UC-MSC infusions. At the last visit, she was capable of walking, writing, and counting numbers. Control of urinary and bowel functions was completely recovered. Cerebral atrophy was reduced on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Overall, the outcomes of this patient suggest a potential cell therapy for autoimmune encephalitis and its neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liem Nguyen Thanh
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam.,College of Health Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van T Hoang
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Duc M Hoang
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec Health Care System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hung Cao Vu
- Vietnam National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Michael Heke
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Liu GY, Wu Y, Kong FY, Ma S, Fu LY, Geng J. BMSCs differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes alleviated the inflammation and demyelination of EAE mice models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243014. [PMID: 33983943 PMCID: PMC8118321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex, progressive neuroinflammatory disease associated with autoimmunity. Currently, effective therapeutic strategy was poorly found in MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is widely used to study the pathogenesis of MS. Cumulative research have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem Cells (BMSCs) transplantation could treat EAE animal models, but the mechanism was divergent. Here, we systematically evaluated whether BMSCs can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes to alleviate the symptoms of EAE mice. We used Immunofluorescence staining to detect MAP-2, GFAP, and MBP to evaluate whether BMSCs can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The effect of BMSCs transplantation on inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in EAE mice were detected by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, respectively. Inflammatory factors expression was detected by ELISA and RT-qPCR, respectively. Our results showed that BMSCs could be induced to differentiate into neuron cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte in vivo and in vitro, and BMSCs transplanted in EAE mice were easier to differentiate than normal mice. Moreover, transplanted BMSCs reduced neurological function scores and disease incidence of EAE mice. BMSCs transplantation alleviated the inflammation and demyelination of EAE mice. Finally, we found that BMSCs transplantation down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ, and up-regulated the levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β. In conclusion, this study found that BMSCs could alleviate the inflammatory response and demyelination in EAE mice, which may be achieved by the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Fan-yi Kong
- Department of Neurology, 920th Hospital of Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army. No. 212, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Shu Ma
- Department of Neurology, 920th Hospital of Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army. No. 212, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Li-yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, 920th Hospital of Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army. No. 212, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P R China
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Wang X, Zhai W, Zhu J, Zhao W, Zou X, Qu S, Wang S, He Z, Li Z, Wang L, Sun B, Li H. Treatment of the bone marrow stromal stem cell supernatant by nasal administration-a new approach to EAE therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:325. [PMID: 31730485 PMCID: PMC6858701 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). CNS has its own unique structural and functional features, while the lack of precision regulatory element with high specificity as therapeutic targets makes the development of disease treatment in the bottleneck. Recently, the immunomodulation and neuroprotection capabilities of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) were shown in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the administration route and the safety evaluation limit the application of BMSC. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of BMSC supernatant by nasal administration. Methods In the basis of the establishment of the EAE model, the BMSC supernatant were treated by nasal administration. The clinical score and weight were used to determine the therapeutic effect. The demyelination of the spinal cord was detected by LFB staining. ELISA was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors in serum of peripheral blood. Flow cytometry was performed to detect pro-inflammatory cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. Results BMSC supernatant by nasal administration can alleviate B cell-mediated clinical symptoms of EAE, decrease the degree of demyelination, and reduce the inflammatory cells infiltrated into the central nervous system; lessen the antibody titer in peripheral bloods; and significantly lower the expression of inflammatory factors. As a new, non-invasive treatment, there are no differences in the therapeutic effects between BMSC supernatant treated by nasal route and the conventional applications, i.e. intraperitoneal or intravenous injection. Conclusions BMSC supernatant administered via the nasal cavity provide new sights and new ways for the EAE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wantong Zhai
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siying Qu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shenyue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhongze He
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhaoying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lingyang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, China.
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Oh S, Son M, Choi J, Lee S, Byun K. sRAGE prolonged stem cell survival and suppressed RAGE-related inflammatory cell and T lymphocyte accumulations in an Alzheimer's disease model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:807-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Son M, Oh S, Park H, Ahn H, Choi J, Kim H, Lee HS, Lee S, Park HJ, Kim SU, Lee B, Byun K. Protection against RAGE-mediated neuronal cell death by sRAGE-secreting human mesenchymal stem cells in 5xFAD transgenic mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:347-358. [PMID: 28760504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most commonly encountered neurodegenerative disease, causes synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss due to various pathological processes that include tau abnormality and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. Aβ stimulates the secretion and the synthesis of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) ligand by activating microglial cells, and has been reported to cause neuronal cell death in Aβ1-42 treated rats and in mice with neurotoxin-induced Parkinson's disease. The soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) is known to reduce inflammation, and to decrease microglial cell activation and Aβ deposition, and thus, it protects from neuronal cell death in AD. However, sRAGE protein has too a short half-life for therapeutic purposes. We developed sRAGE-secreting umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (sRAGE-MSCs) to enhance the inhibitory effects of sRAGE on Aβ deposition and to reduce the secretion and synthesis of RAGE ligands in 5xFAD mice. In addition, these cells improved the viability of injected MSCs, and enhanced the protective effects of sRAGE by inhibiting the binding of RAGE and RAGE ligands in 5xFAD mice. These findings suggest sRAGE protein from sRAGE-MSCs has better protection against neuronal cell death than sRAGE protein or single MSC treatment by inhibiting the RAGE cell death cascade and RAGE-induce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Ahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungho Kim
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Intraventricular injections of mesenchymal stem cells activate endogenous functional remyelination in a chronic demyelinating murine model. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2223. [PMID: 27171265 PMCID: PMC4917663 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for demyelinating diseases are generally only capable of ameliorating the symptoms, with little to no effect in decreasing myelin loss nor promoting functional recovery. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown by many researchers to be a potential therapeutic tool in treating various neurodegenerative diseases, including demyelinating disorders. However, in the majority of the cases, the effect was only observed locally, in the area surrounding the graft. Thus, in order to achieve general remyelination in various brain structures simultaneously, bone marrow-derived MSCs were transplanted into the lateral ventricles (LVs) of the cuprizone murine model. In this manner, the cells may secrete soluble factors into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and boost the endogenous oligodendrogenic potential of the subventricular zone (SVZ). As a result, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were recruited within the corpus callosum (CC) over time, correlating with an increased myelin content. Electrophysiological studies, together with electron microscopy (EM) analysis, indicated that the newly formed myelin correctly enveloped the demyelinated axons and increased signal transduction through the CC. Moreover, increased neural stem progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation was observed in the SVZ, possibly due to the tropic factors released by the MSCs. In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that intraventricular injections of MSCs is a feasible method to elicit a paracrine effect in the oligodendrogenic niche of the SVZ, which is prone to respond to the factors secreted into the CSF and therefore promoting oligodendrogenesis and functional remyelination.
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Hao F, Li A, Yu H, Liu M, Wang Y, Liu J, Liang Z. Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Combination Therapy with Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb761) in a Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:41-57. [PMID: 26468875 DOI: 10.1159/000437429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) can provide neuroprotective effects and enhance the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS We examined the synergistic action of BMSCs combined with EGb761 treatment in EAE rats. The immunized rats received an intravenous injection of BMSCs or intraperitoneal administration of EGb761 or both on the day of the onset of clinical symptoms and for the following 21 days. Clinical severity scores were recorded daily and histopathological examination of the spinal cord and cytokine concentrations in the serum were studied on days 14 and 31 postimmunization. RESULTS Our results showed that combined treatment with BMSCs and EGb761 further decreased the disease severity, maximal clinical score and number of infiltrated mononuclear cells, especially CD3-positive T cells. We observed that the demyelination score and the density of axonal loss in the spinal cord were significantly reduced in mice receiving the combination therapy. The serum concentrations of the phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were reduced in the combination-treatment group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that combined treatment with BMSCs and EGb761 have a synergistic effect in rats with EAE by inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, demyelination and protecting axons and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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12
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Zhu L, Pan QX, Zhang XJ, Xu YM, Chu YJ, Liu N, Lv P, Zhang GX, Kan QC. Protective effects of matrine on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulation of ProNGF and NGF signaling. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 100:337-43. [PMID: 26681653 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, demyelination, oligodendrocyte (OLG) death, and axonal degeneration are primary characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). OLGs generate myelin sheaths that surround axons, while damage to OLGs leads to demyelination and neurological functional deficit. Matrine (MAT), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the herb Radix Sophorae Flave, has been recently found to effectively ameliorate clinical signs in EAE. Its therapeutic mechanism has, however, not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we found that MAT retarded the disease process, attenuated the clinical severity of EAE rats, ameliorated inflammation and demyelination, and suppressed the apoptosis of OLGs in the central nervous system (CNS) of EAE rats. In addition, MAT markedly blocked increased expression of the proNGF-p75(NTR) death signaling complex, which is known to mediate OLG death in EAE animals. At the same time, MAT also prevented a decrease in the levels of NGF and its receptor TrkA, which together mediate the cell survival pathway and differentiation of OLGs. ProNGF, NGF, and the downstream effector proteins play an important role in the growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of OLGs as well as the reparative response to neuronal damage. These findings thus indicate that MAT improves clinical severity of EAE in part by reducing OLG apoptosis via restoring the ratios of proNGF:NGF and the respective receptors p75(NTR):TrkA in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that MAT may be a promising agent for MS treatment based on its protective effect on OLGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qing-xia Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yao-juan Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Quan-Cheng Kan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Chen D, Zeng W, Fu Y, Gao M, Lv G. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with minocycline improve spinal cord injury in a rat model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:11957-11969. [PMID: 26722382 PMCID: PMC4680327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess that the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combination with minocycline improve spinal cord injury (SCI) in rat model. In the present study, the Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group, SCI group, BMSCs group, Minocycline group and BMSCs + minocycline group. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) test and MPO activity were used to assess the effect of combination therapy on locomotion and neutrophil infiltration. Inflammation factors, VEGF and BDNF expression, caspase-3 activation, phosphorylation-p38MAPK, proNGF, p75NTR and RhoA expressions were estimated using commercial kits or western blot, respectively. BBB scores were significantly increased and MPO activity was significantly undermined by combination therapy. In addition, combination therapy significantly decreased inflammation factors in SCI rats. Results from western blot showed that combination therapy significantly up-regulated the protein of VEGF and BDNF expression and down-regulated the protein of phosphorylation-p38MAPK, proNGF, p75NTR and RhoA expressions in SCI rats. Combination therapy stimulation also suppressed the caspase-3 activation in SCI rats. These results demonstrated that the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combination with minocycline improve SCI in rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Central Hospital of Zhuzhou CityZhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Zhuzhou CityZhuzhou 412000, China
- Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yunfeng Fu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Gao
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guohua Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, China
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14
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Emre E, Yüksel N, Duruksu G, Pirhan D, Subaşi C, Erman G, Karaöz E. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreally transplanted adipose tissue and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental ocular hypertension model. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:543-59. [PMID: 25618560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of bone marrow bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that were intravitreally transplanted in an experimental ocular hypertension (OHT) model. METHODS An OHT rat model was generated by means of intracameral injection of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. MSCs labeled with green fluorescence protein were transplanted intravitreally 1 week after OHT induction. At the end of the second and fourth weeks, retinal ganglion cells were visualized with the use of a flat-mount retina method and were evaluated by means of immunofluorescence staining against green fluorescence protein, vimentin, CD105, and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1Ra, prostaglandin E2 receptor, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α). RESULTS The retinal ganglion cell numbers per area were significantly improved in stem cell-treated OHT groups compared with that in the non-treated OHT group (P < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemical analyses indicated that a limited number of stem cells had integrated into the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. The number of cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) decreased in the MSC-transferred group compared with that in the OHT group after 4 weeks (P < 0.01). On the other hand, IL-1Ra and prostaglandin E2 receptor expressions were increased in the rat bone marrow-derived MSC group but were more significant in the rat adipose tissue-derived MSC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS After intravitreal transplantation, MSCs showed a neuroprotective effect in the rat OHT model. Therefore, MSCs promise an alternative therapy approach for functional recovery in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Emre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Çerkezköy State Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Nurşen Yüksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Duruksu
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşi
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Erman
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (Liv MedCell) Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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El-Akabawy G, Rashed LA. Beneficial effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a non-immune model of demyelination. Ann Anat 2015; 198:11-20. [PMID: 25660362 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and axonal loss throughout the central nervous system. Most of the previous studies that have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have utilized immune models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, with this experimental setting, it is not clear whether the MSCs exert the functional improvement via an indirect consequence of MSC-mediated immunomodulation or via a direct replacement of the lost cells, paracrine actions, and/or an enhancement of endogenous repair. This study is the first to demonstrate the capability of intravenously injected bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) to migrate, engraft, and improve the demyelination in the non-immune cuprizone model of MS. The ultrastructural analysis conducted in this study revealed that the observed histological improvement was due to both reduced demyelination and enhanced remyelination. However, the detected remyelination was not graft-derived as no differentiation of the transplanted cells towards the oligodendroglial phenotype was detected. In addition, the transplanted cells modulated the glial response and reduced apoptosis. These results suggest that the therapeutic potential of BM-MSCs for MS is not only dependent on their immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory nature but also on their ability to enhance endogenous repair and induce oligo/neuroprotection. Proving the efficacy of BM-MSCs in a non-immune model of MS and evaluating the underlying mechanisms should enrich our knowledge of how these cells exert their beneficial effects and may eventually help us to enhance and maintain an efficacious and sustainable cell therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan El-Akabawy
- Menoufia University, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Shebeen El Kom, Egypt.
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Cairo University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Xin H, Li Y, Chopp M. Exosomes/miRNAs as mediating cell-based therapy of stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:377. [PMID: 25426026 PMCID: PMC4226157 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy, e.g., multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) treatment, shows promise for the treatment of various diseases. The strong paracrine capacity of these cells and not their differentiation capacity, is the principal mechanism of therapeutic action. MSCs robustly release exosomes, membrane vesicles (~30–100 nm) originally derived in endosomes as intraluminal vesicles, which contain various molecular constituents including proteins and RNAs from maternal cells. Contained among these constituents, are small non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), which play a key role in mediating biological function due to their prominent role in gene regulation. The release as well as the content of the MSC generated exosomes are modified by environmental conditions. Via exosomes, MSCs transfer their therapeutic factors, especially miRNAs, to recipient cells, and therein alter gene expression and thereby promote therapeutic response. The present review focuses on the paracrine mechanism of MSC exosomes, and the regulation and transfer of exosome content, especially the packaging and transfer of miRNAs which enhance tissue repair and functional recovery. Perspectives on the developing role of MSC mediated transfer of exosomes as a therapeutic approach will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Physics, Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA
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17
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El Omar R, Beroud J, Stoltz JF, Menu P, Velot E, Decot V. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: the new gold standard for mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies? TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:523-44. [PMID: 24552279 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to their self-renewal capacity, multilineage differentiation potential, paracrine effects, and immunosuppressive properties, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an attractive and promising tool for regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from various tissues but despite their common immunophenotypic characteristics and functional properties, source-dependent differences in MSCs properties have recently emerged and lead to different clinical applications. Considered for a long time as a medical waste, umbilical cord appears these days as a promising source of MSCs. Several reports have shown that umbilical cord-derived MSCs are more primitive, proliferative, and immunosuppressive than their adult counterparts. In this review, we aim at synthesizing the differences between umbilical cord MSCs and MSCs from other sources (bone marrow, adipose tissue, periodontal ligament, dental pulp,…) with regard to their proliferation capacity, proteic and transcriptomic profiles, and their secretome involved in their regenerative, homing, and immunomodulatory capacities. Although umbilical cord MSCs are until now not particularly used as an MSC source in clinical practice, accumulating evidence shows that they may have a therapeutic advantage to treat several diseases, especially autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reine El Omar
- 1 CNRS UMR UL 7365 , Bâtiment Biopôle, Faculté de médecine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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18
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Raucci F, Tiong JD, Wray S. P75 nerve growth factor receptors modulate development of GnRH neurons and olfactory ensheating cells. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:262. [PMID: 24409113 PMCID: PMC3873506 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal and spatial localization of nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR) in the developing olfactory system and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) system was characterized and its role analyzed using p75NGFR null mice and nasal explants. Prenatally, p75NGFR was expressed by GnRH neurons and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). In p75NGFR null mice, no change in the number of GnRH cells was detected as compared to wild-type. However, in null mice, a shift in the distribution of GnRH neurons was found, with a small population of GnRH cells migrating further caudally toward the median eminence. Additionally, a reduction of both GAD67 positive olfactory axons and GFAP positive OEC fibers occurred. Acute administration of a p75NGFR blocker to GnRH cells maintained in vitro increased migration rate, consistent with the change in distribution detected in p75NGFR null mice. Chronic inhibition of p75NGFR caused an attenuation of olfactory axon fasciculation and a decrease in OEC density, again mimicking the changes detected in null mice. However, a reduction in GnRH cell number was found after chronic treatment that not observed in KO animals suggesting indirect changes occur during chronic treatment in vitro and/or a compensatory mechanism occurs in vivo that prevents loss of GnRH neurons in the absence of p75NGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Raucci
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean D Tiong
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Jiang Y, Zou Y, Chen S, Zhu C, Wu A, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhu D, Ma X, Liu M, Kang Z, Pi R, Peng F, Wang Q, Chen X. The anti-inflammatory effect of donepezil on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57 BL/6 mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:415-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Characterization of in vitro cultured bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their ability to express neurotrophic factors. Cell Biol Int 2013; 36:1239-49. [PMID: 22994924 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) have attracted attention as a promising tool for regenerative medicine and transplantation therapy. MSCs exert neuroprotective effects by secreting a number of factors in vitro and in vivo. Similar characteristics are found in ADSCs (adipose-derived stem cells) and BMSCs (bone marrow stromal cells). Multipotent capability, easy accessibility and rapid proliferation of ADSCs have been established. Our main objective was to compare cell viability, growth rate, expression of neurotrophic factors and nestin genes in ADSCs and BMSCs. Cell doubling time and proliferation rate indicate that ADSCs has a higher proliferation rate than BMSCs. ADSCs and BMSCs express a similar pattern of CD71 and CD90 markers. Nestin immunostaining showed that ADSCs and BMSCs are immunopositive. The expression of neurotrophic factors genes in ADSCs proved similar to that of BMSCs genes. Thus adipose tissue stem cells with a high proliferation rate can express nestin and neurotrophic factor genes. Therefore ADSCs may be useful in future cell replacement therapies and help improve neurodegenerative diseases.
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21
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Yang X, Duan X. Minocycline inhibits the production of the precursor form of nerve growth factor by retinal microglial cells. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:320-7. [PMID: 25206672 PMCID: PMC4107537 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rat model of acute ocular hypertension was established by enhancing the perfusion of balanced salt solution in the anterior chamber of the right eye. Minocycline (90 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally into rats immediately after the operation for 3 consecutive days. Immunofluorescence, western blot assay and PCR detection revealed that the expression of the precursor form of nerve growth factor, nerve growth factor and the p75 neurotrophin receptor, and the mRNA expression of nerve growth factor and the p75 neurotrophin receptor, increased after acute ocular hypertension. The number of double-labeled CD11B- and precursor form of nerve growth factor-positive cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein- and p75 neurotrophin receptor-positive cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein- and caspase-3-positive cells in the retina markedly increased after acute ocular hypertension. The above-described expression decreased after minocycline treatment. These results suggested that minocycline inhibited the increased expression of the precursor form of nerve growth factor in microglia, the p75 neurotrophin receptor in astroglia, and protected cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xuanchu Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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22
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Abumaree M, Al Jumah M, Pace RA, Kalionis B. Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:375-92. [PMID: 21892603 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be isolated from different adult tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord blood and placenta. MSCs modulate the immune function of the major immune cell populations involved in alloantigen recognition and elimination, including antigen presenting cells, T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. Many clinical trials are currently underway that employ MSCs to treat human immunological diseases. However, the molecular mechanism that mediates the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs is still unclear and the safety of using MSC in patient needs further confirmation. Here, we review the cytokines that activate MSCs and the soluble factors produced by MSCs, which allow them to exert their immunosuppressive effects. We review the mechanism responsible, at least in part, for the immune suppressive effects of MSCs and highlight areas of research required for a better understanding of MSC immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abumaree
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences/King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, PO Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Mail Code 1515, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Reekmans K, Praet J, De Vocht N, Daans J, Van der Linden A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: preclinical evidence beyond all doubt? Regen Med 2012; 7:245-59. [PMID: 22397612 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great promise for restoration of neural function in various neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, many questions remain regarding the true efficacy and precise mode of action of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches. Therefore, in this article, we will first discuss the ideal route and/or timing of stem cell-based therapies for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most used preclinical animal model for MS. Next, we will provide an overview of the proposed mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of stem cell transplantation observed during the treatment of rodent EAE. Reviews of current and past literature clearly demonstrate conceptual changes in the development of stem cell-based approaches for EAE/MS, leading to the identification of several major challenges to be tackled before (stem) cell therapy for rodent EAE can be safely and successfully translated to human therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Reekmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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24
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Jadasz JJ, Aigner L, Rivera FJ, Küry P. The remyelination Philosopher's Stone: stem and progenitor cell therapies for multiple sclerosis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:331-47. [PMID: 22322424 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that leads to oligodendrocyte loss and subsequent demyelination of the adult central nervous system (CNS). The pathology is characterized by transient phases of recovery during which remyelination can occur as a result of resident oligodendroglial precursor and stem/progenitor cell activation. However, myelin repair efficiency remains low urging the development of new therapeutical approaches that promote remyelination activities. Current MS treatments target primarily the immune system in order to reduce the relapse rate and the formation of inflammatory lesions, whereas no therapies exist in order to regenerate damaged myelin sheaths. During the last few years, several transplantation studies have been conducted with adult neural stem/progenitor cells and glial precursor cells to evaluate their potential to generate mature oligodendrocytes that can remyelinate axons. In parallel, modulation of the endogenous progenitor niche by neural and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation with the aim of promoting CNS progenitor differentiation and myelination has been studied. Here, we summarize these findings and discuss the properties and consequences of the various molecular and cell-mediated remyelination approaches. Moreover, we address age-associated intrinsic cellular changes that might influence the regenerative outcome. We also evaluate the extent to which these experimental treatments might increase the regeneration capacity of the demyelinated human CNS and hence be turned into future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Jadasz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Shu Y, Yang Y, Qiu W, Lu Z, Li Y, Bao J, Feng M, Hu X. Neuroprotection by ulinastatin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1969-77. [PMID: 21667278 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ulinastatin has previously been used as a drug for patients with acute inflammatory disorders. The goal of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of ulinastatin on myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and to explore the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were divided into an ulinastatin treatment group, a normal saline treatment group, and a normal control group. EAE was induced in the mice with and without ulinastatin treatment. Demyelination was evaluated, as was the number of oligodendrocytes. The ulinastatin treatment group had a significantly lower clinical score, demyelinating score, and large numbers of oligodendrocytes compared with the group without ulinastatin treatment. Furthermore, ulinastatin treatment increased the expression of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and protected against oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Thus, ulinastatin is shown to have a protective effect against EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Shu
- Department of Neurology, MS Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
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26
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Mc Guire C, Beyaert R, van Loo G. Death receptor signalling in central nervous system inflammation and demyelination. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:619-28. [PMID: 21999927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Death receptors (DRs) are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily that are characterised by the presence of a conserved intracellular death domain and are able to trigger a signalling pathway leading to apoptosis. Strong evidence suggests that DRs contribute to the pathology of tissue destructive diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we review the evidence supporting a role for DRs in MS pathology and its implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for MS and other demyelinating pathologies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Mc Guire
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Uccelli A, Laroni A, Freedman MS. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:649-56. [PMID: 21683930 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rationale for use of adult stem cells as a treatment for neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis arose from the hope that they had the capacity to foster repair of the CNS through tissue integration and differentiation into neural cells. Evidence from preclinical studies suggested that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subset of adult progenitor cells, are an effective therapy in preclinical animal models of neurological diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model for multiple sclerosis, and stroke. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, intravenous injection of MSCs ameliorates clinical course and decreases demyelination, immune infiltrates, and axonal loss. Surprisingly, these effects do not require full CNS engraftment by MSCs, but rely on the capacity of MSCs to inhibit pathogenic immune responses and release neuroprotective and pro-oligodendrogenic molecules favouring tissue repair. These results led to the conclusion that therapeutic use of MSCs should initially focus on individuals with multiple sclerosis and persistent inflammation. Small clinical studies in different neurological diseases have suggested that MSCs are safe, paving the road for larger phase 2 studies addressing the effect of MSCs on clinical outcomes and markers of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Italy.
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28
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Grigoriadis N, Lourbopoulos A, Lagoudaki R, Frischer JM, Polyzoidou E, Touloumi O, Simeonidou C, Deretzi G, Kountouras J, Spandou E, Kotta K, Karkavelas G, Tascos N, Lassmann H. Variable behavior and complications of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:78-89. [PMID: 21440544 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) offer significant practical advantages for potential clinical applications in multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on recent experimental data, a number of clinical trials have been designed for the intravenous (IV) and/or intrathecal (ITH) administration of BMSCs in MS patients. Delivery of BMSCs in the cerebrospinal fluid via intracerebroventricular (ICV) transplantation is a useful tool to identify mechanisms underlying the migration and function of these cells. In the current study, BMSCs were ICV administered in severe and mild EAE, as well as naive animals; neural precursor cells (NPCs) served as cellular controls. Our data indicated that ICV-transplanted BMSCs significantly ameliorated mild though not severe EAE. Moreover, BMSCs exerted significant anti-inflammatory effect on spinal cord with concomitant reduced axonopathy only in the mild EAE model. BMSCs migrated into the brain parenchyma and, depending on their cellular density, within brain parenchyma formed cellular masses characterized by focal inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and increased collagen-fibronectin deposition. These masses were present in 64% of ICV BMASC-transplanted severe EAE animals whereas neither BMSCs transplanted in mild EAE cases nor the NPCs exhibited similar behavior. BMSCs possibly exerted their fibrogenic effect via both paracrine and autocrine manner, at least partly due to up-regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) under the trigger of TGFb1. Our findings are of substantial relevance for clinical trials in MS, particularly regarding the possibility that ICV transplanted BMSCs entering the inflamed central nervous system may exhibit - under conditions - a local pathology of yet unknown consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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29
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Joe AW, Gregory-Evans K. Mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in treating ocular disease. Curr Eye Res 2011; 35:941-52. [PMID: 20958182 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.516466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are remarkable in stem cell biology. Not only do they have significant tissue regeneration potential, but more recently their paracrine effects (either innate or through genetic augmentation) have become increasingly recognized as useful therapeutic approaches. In particular, clinical roles for MSC therapy in neuroprotection and immune suppression are likely to emerge. These therapeutic effects will be particularly advantageous in work on neurological tissues, because MSC-based molecular therapy could overcome some of the difficulties of long-term drug delivery to tissues, such as the eye, which are relatively inaccessible to systemic delivery (for example due to the blood retina barrier). MSC therapy is, therefore, poised for significant impact in ocular molecular therapeutics, particularly for chronic diseases, such as retinal degeneration, glaucoma, and uveitis. Other molecular and tissue regeneration effects of MSCs are also likely to have impact in the management of ocular surface disease and oculoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Joe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Rice CM, Mallam EA, Whone AL, Walsh P, Brooks DJ, Kane N, Butler SR, Marks DI, Scolding NJ. Safety and feasibility of autologous bone marrow cellular therapy in relapsing-progressive multiple sclerosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87:679-85. [PMID: 20445531 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this phase I study, we assessed the safety and feasibility of intravenous, autologous bone marrow (BM) cell therapy, without immunosuppressive preconditioning, in six patients with clinically definite, relapsing-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Assessment of efficacy was a secondary objective and employed clinical disability rating scales, multimodal evoked potential (MMEP) recordings, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Cells were harvested, filtered and infused intravenously in a day-case procedure that was well tolerated by patients and was not associated with any serious adverse events (AEs). Over a period of 12 months after the therapy, clinical disability scores showed either no change (Extended Disability Status Score, EDSS) or improvement (MS impact scale-29, MSIS-29), and MMEPs showed neurophysiological improvement. MRI scans did not show any significant changes over a post-therapy period of 3 months. The lack of serious adverse effects and the suggestion of a beneficial effect in this small sample of patients with progressive disease justify conducting a larger phase II/III study to make a fuller assessment of the efficacy of mobilization of autologous BM in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Rice
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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31
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Xin H, Li Y, Shen LH, Liu X, Wang X, Zhang J, Pourabdollah-Nejad D S, Zhang C, Zhang L, Jiang H, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Increasing tPA activity in astrocytes induced by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells facilitate neurite outgrowth after stroke in the mouse. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9027. [PMID: 20140248 PMCID: PMC2815778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its inhibitors contribute to neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS) after treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In vivo, administration of MSCs to mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) significantly increased activation of tPA and downregulated PAI-1 levels in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) compared with control PBS treated mice, concurrently with increases of myelinated axons and synaptophysin. In vitro, MSCs significantly increased tPA levels and concomitantly reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) expression in astrocytes under normal and oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. ELISA analysis of conditioned medium revealed that MSCs stimulated astrocytes to secrete tPA. When primary cortical neurons were cultured in the conditioned medium from MSC co-cultured astrocytes, these neurons exhibited a significant increase in neurite outgrowth compared to conditioned medium from astrocytes alone. Blockage of tPA with a neutralizing antibody or knock-down of tPA with siRNA significantly attenuated the effect of the conditioned medium on neurite outgrowth. Addition of recombinant human tPA into cortical neuronal cultures also substantially enhanced neurite outgrowth. Collectively, these in vivo and in vitro data suggest that the MSC mediated increased activation of tPA in astrocytes promotes neurite outgrowth after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Hong Shen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xianshuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Chunling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Rossi SL, Keirstead HS. Stem cells and spinal cord regeneration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 20:552-62. [PMID: 19836942 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based transplantation strategies are inherently combination therapies, as they may mediate spinal cord repair via trophic or phenotypic mechanisms. The growth factor expression profile and phenotype of transplanted cells are determined by the transplant population as well as by the site into which they are transplanted. Identifying the key pathways involved in transplant survival and differentiation, as well as neuroprotection and regeneration of endogenous tissue, will enable manipulation of both the transplanted cells and the microenvironment to improve transplant efficiency. High purity populations derived from stem cells will serve to better delineate lineage-specific mechanisms of repair, while providing both neurotrophic and phenotypic benefits to the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn L Rossi
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, 2111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA
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Johnson TV, Bull ND, Hunt DP, Marina N, Tomarev SI, Martin KR. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:2051-9. [PMID: 19933193 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Retrograde neurotrophic factor transport blockade has been implicated in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Stem cell transplantation appears to ameliorate some neurodegenerative conditions in the brain and spinal cord, in part by neurotrophic factor secretion. The present study was conducted to determine whether local or systemic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation can confer neuroprotection in a rat model of laser-induced ocular hypertensive glaucoma. Methods. MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of adult wild-type and transgenic rats that ubiquitously express green fluorescent protein. MSCs were transplanted intravitreally 1 week before, or intravenously on the day of, ocular hypertension induction by laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork. Ocular MSC localization and integration were determined by immunohistochemistry. Optic nerve damage was quantified by counting axons within optic nerve cross-sections 4 weeks after laser treatment. Results. After intravitreal transplantation, MSCs survived for at least 5 weeks. Cells were found mainly in the vitreous cavity, though a small proportion of discrete cells migrated into the host retina. Intravitreal MSC transplantation resulted in a statistically significant increase in overall RGC axon survival and a significant decrease in the rate of RGC axon loss normalized to cumulative intraocular pressure exposure. After intravenous transplantation, MSCs did not migrate to the injured eye. Intravenous transplantation had no effect on optic nerve damage. Conclusions. Local, but not systemic, transplantation of MSCs was neuroprotective in a rat glaucoma model. Autologous intravitreal transplantation of MSCs should be investigated further as a potential neuroprotective therapy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Johnson
- Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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