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Pedroso JL, Vale TC, França Junior MC, Kauffman MA, Teive H, Barsottini OGP, Munhoz RP. A Diagnostic Approach to Spastic ataxia Syndromes. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:1073-1084. [PMID: 34782953 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spastic ataxia is characterized by the combination of cerebellar ataxia with spasticity and other pyramidal features. It is the hallmark of some hereditary ataxias, but it can also occur in some spastic paraplegias and acquired conditions. It often presents with heterogenous clinical features with other neurologic and non-neurological symptoms, resulting in complex phenotypes. In this review, the differential diagnosis of spastic ataxias are discussed and classified in accordance with inheritance. Establishing an organized classification method based on mode inheritance is fundamental for the approach to patients with these syndromes. For each differential, the clinical features, neuroimaging and genetic aspects are reviewed. A diagnostic approach for spastic ataxias is then proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Pedroso
- Department of Neurology, Ataxia Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cardoso Vale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología "José María Ramos Mejía" y División Neurología, Hospital JM Ramos Mejía, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helio Teive
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Sager G, Turkyilmaz A, Ates EA, Kutlubay B. HACE1, GLRX5, and ELP2 gene variant cause spastic paraplegies. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:391-399. [PMID: 33813722 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions that are characterized by lower limb spasticity and weakness. Considering the clinical overlap between metabolic causes, genetic diseases, and autosomal recessive HSP, differentiation between these types can be difficult based solely on their clinical characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the genetic etiology of patients with clinically suspected HSP. The study group was composed of seven Turkish families who each had two affected children and three families who each had a single affected child (17 total patients). The 17 probands (14 males, 3 females) underwent whole exome sequencing. Five typical HSP genes (FA2H, AP4M1, AP4E1, CYP7B1, and MAG) and three genes not previously related to HSP (HACE1, GLRX5, ad ELP2) were identified in 14 probands. Eight novel variants were identified in seven families: c.653 T > C (p.Leu218Pro) in the FA2H gene, c.347G > A (p.Gly116Asp) in the GLRX5 gene, c.2581G > C (p.Ala861Pro) in the HACE1 gene, c.1580G > A (p.Arg527Gln) and c.1189-1G > A in the ELP2 gene, c.10C > T (p.Gln4*) and c.1025 + 1G > A in the AP4M1 gene, c.1291delG (p.Gly431Alafs*3) and c.3250delA (p.Ile1084*) in the AP4E1 gene, and c.475 T > G (p.Cys159Gly) in the MAG gene. The growing use of next-generation sequencing improved diagnosis but also led to the continual identification of new causal genes for neurogenetic diseases associated with lower limb spasticity. The increasing number of HSP genes identified thus far highlights the extreme genetic heterogeneity of these disorders and their clinical and functional overlap with other neurological conditions. Our findings suggest that the HACE1, GLRX5, and ELP2 genes are genetic causes of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Sager
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Semsi Denizer Avenue, Cevizli, 34890, Kartal, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayberk Turkyilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esra Arslan Ates
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Kutlubay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Qiu YS, Zeng YH, Yuan RY, Ye ZX, Bi J, Lin XH, Chen YJ, Wang MW, Liu Y, Yao SB, Chen YK, Jiang JY, Lin Y, Lin X, Wang N, Fu Y, Chen WJ. Chinese patients with hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs): a protocol for a hospital-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054011. [PMID: 35017251 PMCID: PMC8753405 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are uncommon but not rare neurodegenerative diseases. More than 100 pathogenic genes and loci related to spastic paraplegia symptoms have been reported. HSPs have the same core clinical features, including progressive spasticity in the lower limbs, though HSPs are heterogeneous (eg, clinical signs, MRI features, gene mutation). The age of onset varies greatly, from infant to adulthood. In addition, the slow and variable rates of disease progression in patients with HSP represent a substantial challenge for informative assessment of therapeutic efficacy. To address this, we are undertaking a prospective cohort study to investigate genetic-clinical characteristics, find surrogates for monitoring disease progress and identify clinical readouts for treatment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this case-control cohort study, we will enrol 200 patients with HSP and 200 healthy individuals in parallel. Participants will be continuously assessed for 3 years at 12-month intervals. Six aspects, including clinical signs, genetic spectrum, cognitive competence, MRI features, potential biochemical indicators and nerve electrophysiological factors, will be assessed in detail. This study will observe clinical manifestations and disease severity based on different molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, cholesterol metabolism and microtubule dynamics, all of which have been proposed as potential treatment targets or modalities. The analysis will also assess disease progression in different types of HSPs and cellular pathways with a longitudinal study using t tests and χ2 tests. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was granted ethics committee approval by the first affiliated hospital of Fujian Medical University (MRCTA, ECFAH of FMU (2019)194) in 2019. Findings will be disseminated via presentations and peer-reviewed publications. Dissemination will target different audiences, including national stakeholders, researchers from different disciplines and the general public. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04006418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sen Qiu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi-Heng Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ru-Ying Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Ye
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-Wen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Medical Imaging Technology, College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shao-Bo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi-Kun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun-Yi Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Cocozza S, Pontillo G, De Michele G, Di Stasi M, Guerriero E, Perillo T, Pane C, De Rosa A, Ugga L, Brunetti A. Conventional MRI findings in hereditary degenerative ataxias: a pictorial review. Neuroradiology 2021; 63:983-999. [PMID: 33733696 PMCID: PMC8213578 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cerebellar ataxias are a large and heterogeneous group of disorders. The evaluation of brain parenchyma via MRI plays a central role in the diagnostic assessment of these conditions, being mandatory to exclude the presence of other underlying causes in determining the clinical phenotype. Once these possible causes are ruled out, the diagnosis is usually researched in the wide range of hereditary or sporadic ataxias. Methods We here propose a review of the main clinical and conventional imaging findings of the most common hereditary degenerative ataxias, to help neuroradiologists in the evaluation of these patients. Results Hereditary degenerative ataxias are all usually characterized from a neuroimaging standpoint by the presence, in almost all cases, of cerebellar atrophy. Nevertheless, a proper assessment of imaging data, extending beyond the mere evaluation of cerebellar atrophy, evaluating also the pattern of volume loss as well as concomitant MRI signs, is crucial to achieve a proper diagnosis. Conclusion The integration of typical neuroradiological characteristics, along with patient’s clinical history and laboratory data, could allow the neuroradiologist to identify some conditions and exclude others, addressing the neurologist to the more appropriate genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pontillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Di Stasi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Guerriero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Perillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Pane
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Corticospinal tract involvement in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroradiology 2020; 63:217-224. [PMID: 32876704 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the corticospinal tracts (CST) in patients with SCA3 and age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We also looked at the clinical correlates of such diffusivity abnormalities. METHODS We assessed 2 cohorts from different Brazilian centers: cohort 1 (n = 29) scanned in a 1.5 T magnet and cohort 2 (n = 91) scanned in a 3.0 T magnet. We used Pearson's coefficients to assess the correlation of CST DTI parameters and ataxia severity (expressed by SARA scores). RESULTS Two different results were obtained. Cohort 1 showed no significant between-group differences in DTI parameters. Cohort 2 showed significant between-group differences in the FA values in the bilateral precentral gyri (p < 0.001), bilateral superior corona radiata (p < 0.001), bilateral posterior limb of the internal capsule (p < 0.001), bilateral cerebral peduncle (p < 0.001), and bilateral basis pontis (p < 0.001). There was moderate correlation between CST diffusivity parameters and SARA scores in cohort 2 (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.40-0.59). CONCLUSION DTI particularly at 3 T is able to uncover and quantify CST damage in SCA3. Moreover, CST microstructural damage may contribute with ataxia severity in the disease.
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Khare S, Galeano K, Zhang Y, Nick JA, Nick HS, Subramony SH, Sampson J, Kaczmarek LK, Waters MF. C-terminal proline deletions in KCNC3 cause delayed channel inactivation and an adult-onset progressive SCA13 with spasticity. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:692-697. [PMID: 29949095 PMCID: PMC8299775 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the potassium channel gene KCNC3 (Kv3.3) cause the autosomal dominant neurological disease, spinocerebellar ataxia 13 (SCA13). In this study, we expand the genotype-phenotype repertoire of SCA13 by describing the novel KCNC3 deletion p.Pro583_Pro585del highlighting the allelic heterogeneity observed in SCA13 patients. We characterize adult-onset, progressive clinical symptoms of two afflicted kindred and introduce the symptom of profound spasticity not previously associated with the SCA13 phenotype. We also present molecular and electrophysiological characterizations of the mutant protein in mammalian cell culture. Mechanistically, the p.Pro583_Pro585del protein showed normal membrane trafficking with an altered electrophysiological profile, including slower inactivation and decreased sensitivity to the inactivation-accelerating effects of the actin depolymerizer latrunculin B. Taken together, our results highlight the clinical importance of the intracellular C-terminal portion of Kv3.3 and its association with ion channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Khare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Kira Galeano
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jerelyn A Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Harry S Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S H Subramony
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacinda Sampson
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael F Waters
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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8
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Moro A, Munhoz RP, Arruda WO, Raskin S, Moscovich M, Teive HAG. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: subphenotypes in a cohort of Brazilian patients. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 72:659-62. [PMID: 25252228 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) involves cerebellar, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, motor neuron and oculomotor systems with strong phenotypic heterogeneity, that lead us to classify the disorder into different clinical subtypes according to the predominantly affected motor systems. METHOD The series comprises 167 SCA3 patients belonging to 68 pedigrees, studied from 1989-2013. These patients were categorized into seven different subphenotypes. RESULTS SCA3 cases were clustered according to the predominant clinical features. Three most common forms were subphenotype 2, characterized by ataxia and pyramidal symptom was observed in 67.5%, subphenotype 3 with ataxia and peripheral signs in 13.3%, and subphenotype 6 with pure cerebellar syndrome in 7.2%. CONCLUSION Our study was the first to systematically classify SCA3 into seven subphenotypes. This classification may be particularly useful for determination of a more specific and direct phenotype/genotype correlation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moro
- Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Renato P Munhoz
- Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter O Arruda
- Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Moscovich
- Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Hélio A G Teive
- Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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González-Zaldívar Y, Vázquez-Mojena Y, Laffita-Mesa JM, Almaguer-Mederos LE, Rodríguez-Labrada R, Sánchez-Cruz G, Aguilera-Rodríguez R, Cruz-Mariño T, Canales-Ochoa N, MacLeod P, Velázquez-Pérez L. Epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characterization of Cuban families with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 26331044 PMCID: PMC4552099 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-015-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3/Machado-Joseph Disease (SCA3/MJD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the expansion of CAG repeats in the ATXN3 gene. It is the most common autosomal dominant ataxia in the world, but its frequency prevalence in Cuba remains uncertain. We undertook a national study in order to characterize the ATXN3 gene and to determine the prevalence of SCA3/MJD in Cuba. Results Twenty-two individuals belonging to 8 non-related families were identified as carriers of an expanded ATXN3 allele. The affected families come from the central and western region of the country. Ataxia of gait was the initial symptom in all of the cases. The normal alleles ranged between 14 and 33 CAG repeats while the expanded ones ranged from 63 to 77 repeats. The mean age at onset was 40 ± 9 years and significantly correlated with the number of CAG repeats in the expanded alleles. Conclusions This disorder was identified as the second most common form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) in Cuba based on molecular testing, and showing a different geographical distribution from that of SCA2. This research constitutes the first clinical and molecular characterization of Cuban SCA3 families, opening the way for the implementation of predictive diagnosis for at risk family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanetza González-Zaldívar
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Yaimeé Vázquez-Mojena
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - José M Laffita-Mesa
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Luis E Almaguer-Mederos
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Labrada
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Gilberto Sánchez-Cruz
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Raúl Aguilera-Rodríguez
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Tania Cruz-Mariño
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Nalia Canales-Ochoa
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
| | - Patrick MacLeod
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine and Medical Genetics, Victoria General Hospital, Victoria, Canada
| | - Luis Velázquez-Pérez
- Centre for the Research and Rehabilitation of Hereditary Ataxias (CIRAH), Libertad Street 26, Holguín, Postal code 80100 Cuba
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Fan HC, Ho LI, Chi CS, Chen SJ, Peng GS, Chan TM, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases: genetics to treatments. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:441-58. [PMID: 24816443 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats encoding a long polyQ tract in the respective proteins. To date, a total of nine polyQ disorders have been described: six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) types 1, 2, 6, 7, 17; Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3); Huntington's disease (HD); dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA); and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, X-linked 1 (SMAX1/SBMA). PolyQ diseases are characterized by the pathological expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat in the translated region of unrelated genes. The translated polyQ is aggregated in the degenerated neurons leading to the dysfunction and degeneration of specific neuronal subpopulations. Although animal models of polyQ disease for understanding human pathology and accessing disease-modifying therapies in neurodegenerative diseases are available, there is neither a cure nor prevention for these diseases, and only symptomatic treatments for polyQ diseases currently exist. Long-term pharmacological treatment is so far disappointing, probably due to unwanted complications and decreasing drug efficacy. Cellular transplantation of stem cells may provide promising therapeutic avenues for restoration of the functions of degenerative and/or damaged neurons in polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hensiek A, Kirker S, Reid E. Diagnosis, investigation and management of hereditary spastic paraplegias in the era of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2014; 262:1601-12. [PMID: 25480570 PMCID: PMC4503825 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of genetic conditions in which spastic paralysis of the legs is the principal clinical feature. This is caused by a relatively selective distal axonal degeneration involving the longest axons of the corticospinal tracts. Consequently, these conditions provide an opportunity to identify genes, proteins and cellular pathways that are critical for axonal health. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the classification, clinical features and genetics of HSP, highlighting selected HSP subtypes (i.e. those associated with thin corpus callosum or cerebellar ataxia) that are of particular clinical interest. We will then discuss appropriate investigation strategies for HSPs, suggesting how these might evolve with the introduction of next-generation sequencing technology. Finally, we will discuss the management of HSP, an area somewhat neglected by HSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hensiek
- Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kirker
- Addenbrooke’s Rehabilitation Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Peng H, Wang C, Chen Z, Sun Z, Jiao B, Li K, Huang F, Hou X, Wang J, Shen L, Xia K, Tang B, Jiang H. APOE ε2 allele may decrease the age at onset in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 or Machado-Joseph disease from the Chinese Han population. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2179.e15-8. [PMID: 24746364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has been defined as a modifying factor for age at onset (AO) in neurodegenerative disorders. The AO of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 or Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3 or MJD) is inversely correlated with expanded CAG repeat lengths in the ATXN3 gene; however, AO is only partially explained by the expanded CAG repeats. We performed a case-control study to explore whether APOE genotypes play a role in AO of SCA3 or MJD from the Chinese Han population. The APOE genotypes were analyzed in an independent cohort of 155 patients with SCA3 or MJD and 191 controls both from Mainland China. Our study demonstrated that SCA3 or MJD patients experienced an earlier onset if they were carriers of APOE ε2 allele, which decreased the AO by nearly 4 years. This study may also reconfirm the effect of the APOE gene on SCA3 or MJD patients from different races and indicated that certain APOE alleles might be genetic modifiers for AO in SCA3 or MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China; State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China; State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China; State Key Lab of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
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Kim JS, Kim JM, Kim YK, Kim SE, Yun JY, Jeon BS. Striatal dopaminergic functioning in patients with sporadic and hereditary spastic paraplegias with parkinsonism. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:1661-6. [PMID: 24265532 PMCID: PMC3835511 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.11.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic spastic paraplegia (SSP) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) belong to a clinical and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness in the lower extremities. The symptoms are associated with pyramidal tract dysfunction and degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. Parkinsonism is uncommon in SSP/HSP patients. However, both disorders are associated with damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. In the present study, the clinical features of patients with SSP/HSP were investigated, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic binding potential was assessed using dopamine transporter (DAT) single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Nine patients with spastic paraplegia participated in the present study. The subjects underwent DAT SPECT using the agent [2-[[2-[[[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3,2,1]oct-2-yl]methyl](2-mercaptoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]ethanethiolato (3-)-N2,N20,S2,S20]oxo-[IR-(exo-exo)])-[(99)mTc]technetium ([(99)mTc]TRODAT-1). The [(99)mTc]TRODAT-1 SPECT images of five patients appeared normal, whereas the images of four patients revealed reduced striatal ligand uptake. Among the four patients with reduced uptake, two had parkinsonism, and one exhibited periodic limb movements and restless leg syndrome. Our DAT SPECT imaging study shows that reduced DAT density may be observed in patients with parkinsonism. The results of the present study offer an explanation for the spectrum of spastic paraplegia symptoms and the progression of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seon Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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14
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A diagnostic gene chip for hereditary spastic paraplegias. Brain Res Bull 2013; 97:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Bettencourt C, Quintáns B, Ros R, Ampuero I, Yáñez Z, Pascual SI, de Yébenes JG, Sobrido MJ. Revisiting genotype-phenotype overlap in neurogenetics: Triplet-repeat expansions mimicking spastic paraplegias. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:1315-23. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Tremor-spectrum in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neurol 2012; 259:2460-70. [PMID: 22592286 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) can be present with a combination of cerebellar, neuropathic, pyramidal, or extrapyramidal symptoms. Tremor is a classical but not frequent manifestation of SCA3 and there is a lack of detailed knowledge regarding its origin. To study the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of tremor in SCA3 patients, the authors conducted a case series of 72 SCA3 patients. Clinical characteristics of tremor and associated signs, response to treatments, follow-up, and genetic results were collected. Electrophysiological study including polymyographic recording was possible in 4/6 patients and DaTSCAN in 2/6. The authors also performed a systematic review of SCA3 cases with tremor (n = 36) reported previously in the literature. We identified two different tremor-types in 6/72 patients with SCA3 mutations, a "fast" (6.5-8 Hz) action, postural or tremor in orthostatism (initial symptom), which became slower over time with associated parkinsonism with a follow-up of 10 years and a "slow" rest, action and intention tremor (3-4 Hz) with distal and proximal component (including axial tremor in orthostatism). Total improvement of limbs and tremor in orthostatism was obtained with levodopa with occurrence of fluctuations/dyskinesia. Partial benefit was observed when additional signs were present (myoclunus/dystonia). The differences in tremor subtypes in SCA3 may be related to various combinations of mild to severe dysfunctions of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical loop and the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway.
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Costa MDC, Paulson HL. Toward understanding Machado-Joseph disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 97:239-57. [PMID: 22133674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is the most common inherited spinocerebellar ataxia and one of many polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases. In MJD, a CAG repeat expansion encodes an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the disease protein, ATXN3. Here we review MJD, focusing primarily on the function and dysfunction of ATXN3 and on advances toward potential therapies. ATXN3 is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) whose highly specialized properties suggest that it participates in ubiquitin-dependent proteostasis. By virtue of its interactions with VCP, various ubiquitin ligases and other ubiquitin-linked proteins, ATXN3 may help regulate the stability or activity of many proteins in diverse cellular pathways implicated in proteotoxic stress response, aging, and cell differentiation. Expansion of the polyQ tract in ATXN3 is thought to promote an altered conformation in the protein, leading to changes in interactions with native partners and to the formation of insoluble aggregates. The development of a wide range of cellular and animal models of MJD has been crucial to the emerging understanding of ATXN3 dysfunction upon polyQ expansion. Despite many advances, however, the principal molecular mechanisms by which mutant ATXN3 elicits neurotoxicity remain elusive. In a chronic degenerative disease like MJD, it is conceivable that mutant ATXN3 triggers multiple, interconnected pathogenic cascades that precipitate cellular dysfunction and eventual cell death. A better understanding of these complex molecular mechanisms will be important as scientists and clinicians begin to focus on developing effective therapies for this incurable, fatal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Carmo Costa
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building-BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Pedroso JL, Braga-Neto P, Felício AC, Barsottini OG, Jardim LB, Saraiva-Pereira ML. Akathisia: An unusual movement disorder in Machado–Joseph disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:712-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Bettencourt C, Lima M. Machado-Joseph Disease: from first descriptions to new perspectives. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:35. [PMID: 21635785 PMCID: PMC3123549 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), represents the most common form of SCA worldwide. MJD is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder of late onset, involving predominantly the cerebellar, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, motor neuron and oculomotor systems; although sharing features with other SCAs, the identification of minor, but more specific signs, facilitates its differential diagnosis. MJD presents strong phenotypic heterogeneity, which has justified the classification of patients into three main clinical types. Main pathological lesions are observed in the spinocerebellar system, as well as in the cerebellar dentate nucleus. MJD's causative mutation consists in an expansion of an unstable CAG tract in exon 10 of the ATXN3 gene, located at 14q32.1. Haplotype-based studies have suggested that two main founder mutations may explain the present global distribution of the disease; the ancestral haplotype is of Asian origin, and has an estimated age of around 5,800 years, while the second mutational event has occurred about 1,400 years ago. The ATXN3 gene encodes for ataxin-3, which is ubiquitously expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, and, among other functions, is thought to participate in cellular protein quality control pathways. Mutated ATXN3 alleles consensually present about 61 to 87 CAG repeats, resulting in an expanded polyglutamine tract in ataxin-3. This altered protein gains a neurotoxic function, through yet unclear mechanisms. Clinical variability of MJD is only partially explained by the size of the CAG tract, which leaves a residual variance that should be explained by still unknown additional factors. Several genetic tests are available for MJD, and Genetic Counseling Programs have been created to better assist the affected families, namely on what concerns the possibility of pre-symptomatic testing. The main goal of this review was to bring together updated knowledge on MJD, covering several aspects from its initial descriptions and clinical presentation, through the discovery of the causative mutation, its origin and dispersion, as well as molecular genetics aspects considered essential for a better understanding of its neuropathology. Issues related with molecular testing and Genetic Counseling, as well as recent progresses and perspectives on genetic therapy, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceição Bettencourt
- Center of Research in Natural Resources (CIRN) and Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Enfermedades Neurológicas de Guadalajara, Fundación Socio-Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Manuela Lima
- Center of Research in Natural Resources (CIRN) and Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cellular and Molecular Pathways Triggering Neurodegeneration in the Spinocerebellar Ataxias. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 9:148-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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