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Laucius O, Drūteika J, Balnytė R, Petrikonis K, Ališauskienė M, Vaitkus A. Sonographic Phrenic Nerve Changes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1745. [PMID: 37893463 PMCID: PMC10608041 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both the upper and lower motor neurons in the nervous system, causing muscle weakness and severe disability. The progressive course of the disease reduces the functional capacity of the affected patients, limits daily activities, and leads to complete dependence on caregivers, ultimately resulting in a fatal outcome. Respiratory dysfunction mostly occurs later in the disease and is associated with a worse prognosis. Forty-six participants were included in our study, with 23 patients in the ALS group and 23 individuals in the control group. The ultrasound examination of the phrenic nerve (PN) was performed by two authors using a high-resolution "Philips EPIQ 7" ultrasound machine with a linear 4-18 MHz transducer. Our study revealed that the phrenic nerve is significantly smaller on both sides in ALS patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Only one significant study on PN ultrasound in ALS, conducted in Japan, also showed significant results (p < 0.00001). These small studies are particularly promising, as they suggest that ultrasound findings could serve as an additional diagnostic tool for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidijus Laucius
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Rodrigues VR, Olsen WL, Sajjadi E, Smith BK, Napoli NJ. Exploring inspiratory occlusion metrics to assess respiratory drive in patients under acute intermittent hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 304:103922. [PMID: 35680039 PMCID: PMC9749200 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) experience respiratory weakness and, eventually, failure due to inspiratory motor neuron degeneration. Routine pulmonary function tests (e.g., maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP)) are used to assess disease progression and ventilatory compromise. However, these tests are poor discriminators between respiratory drive and voluntary respiratory function at rest. To better understand ALS disease progression, we can look into compensatory strategies and how patients consciously react to the occlusion and the effort produced to meet the ventilatory challenge of the occlusion. This ventilatory challenge, especially beyond the P0.1 (200 ms and 300 ms), provides information regarding the patient's ability to recruit additional respiratory muscles as a compensatory strategy. Utilizing a standard P0.1 protocol to assess respiratory drive, we extend the occlusion time analysis to 200 ms and 300 ms (Detected Occlusion Response (DOR)) in order to capture compensatory respiratory mechanics. Furthermore, we followed an Acute Intermittent Hypoxia (AIH) protocol known to increase phrenic nerve discharge to evaluate the compensatory strategies. Inspiratory pressure, the rate of change in pressure, and pressure generation normalized to MIP were measured at 100 ms, 200 ms, and 300 ms after an occlusion. Airway occlusions were performed three times during the experiment (i.e., baseline, 30 and 60 minutes post-AIH). Results indicated that while AIH did not elicit change in the P0.1 or MIP, the DOR increased for ALS patients. These results support the expected therapeutic role of AIH and indicate the potential of the DOR as a metric to detect compensatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Rodrigues
- University of Florida, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, US; University of Florida, Human Informatics and Predictive Performance Optimization (HIPPO) Lab, US.
| | - Wendy L Olsen
- University of Florida, Human Informatics and Predictive Performance Optimization (HIPPO) Lab, US; University of Florida, Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physiological Sciences, US.
| | - Elaheh Sajjadi
- University of Florida, Department of Physical Therapy, US.
| | - Barbara K Smith
- University of Florida, Department of Physical Therapy, US; University of Florida, Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physiological Sciences, US.
| | - Nicholas J Napoli
- University of Florida, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, US; University of Florida, Human Informatics and Predictive Performance Optimization (HIPPO) Lab, US; University of Florida, Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physiological Sciences, US.
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Huang X, Du C, Yang Q, Fan D. Comparison of Slow and Forced Vital Capacity on Ability to Evaluate Respiratory Function in Bulbar-Involved Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:938256. [PMID: 35837231 PMCID: PMC9275792 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.938256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The percent-predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%) in the pulmonary function test (PFT) is generally used to evaluate the respiratory function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The slow vital capacity (SVC) is another method to evaluate the respiratory function. Some neurologists found that the FVC% was not reflective of respiratory symptoms and the percent-predicted SVC (SVC%) was found to be higher in some patients with bulbar-onset ALS. We aimed to compare the percent predicted SVC (SVC%) with FVC% in evaluating the respiratory function and investigate the associations between the associations between clinical characteristics and the difference between the SVC% and the FVC% (SVC%-FVC%) in bulbar-involved ALS patients. Method This prospective study included patients with bulbar-involved ALS who visited the Peking University Third Hospital between October 2020 and November 2021. They underwent comprehensive clinical assessments, including bulbar symptom assessments, revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R), Rasch-Built Overall Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disability Scale (Roads), and PFTs. The group differences were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results A total of 59 participants were initially enrolled, and 51 of them were included in the final analysis. In patients with bulbar-involved ALS, the SVC% (73.82 ± 21.95%) was significantly higher (p = 0.013) than the FVC% (71.42 ± 23.15%). After controlling for other relevant variables, a partial correlation analysis showed a significant correlation (r = −0.352, p = 0.041) between ALSFRS-R1 score and SVC%-FVC%. Conclusion Our prospective study found that the SVC% was significantly higher and more reflective of actual respiratory function than the FVC% in patients with bulbar-involved ALS. Furthermore, the severity of dysarthria was found to be positively correlated with SVC%-FVC%, providing a clinical marker for predicting SVC%-FVC%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neuro-Degenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenfang Du
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neuro-Degenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neuro-Degenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Fan
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Lanznaster D, Bruno C, Bourgeais J, Emond P, Zemmoura I, Lefèvre A, Reynier P, Eymieux S, Blanchard E, Vourc’h P, Andres CR, Bakkouche SE, Herault O, Favard L, Corcia P, Blasco H. Metabolic Profile and Pathological Alterations in the Muscle of Patients with Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061307. [PMID: 35740329 PMCID: PMC9220134 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse biomarkers and pathological alterations have been found in muscle of patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the relation between such alterations and dysfunction in energetic metabolism remains to be investigated. We established the metabolome of muscle and serum of ALS patients and correlated these findings with the clinical status and pathological alterations observed in the muscle. We obtained data from 20 controls and 17 ALS patients (disease duration: 9.4 ± 6.8 months). Multivariate metabolomics analysis identified a distinct serum metabolome for ALS compared to controls (p-CV-ANOVA < 0.035) and revealed an excellent discriminant profile for muscle metabolome (p-CV-ANOVA < 0.0012). Citramalate was discriminant for both muscle and serum. High lauroylcarnitine levels in muscle were associated with low Forced Vital Capacity. Transcriptomics analysis of key antioxidant enzymes showed an upregulation of SOD3 (p = 0.0017) and GLRX2(1) (p = 0.0022) in ALS muscle. Analysis of mitochondrial enzymatic activity in muscle revealed higher complex II/CS (p = 0.04) and lower LDH (p = 0.03) activity in ALS than in controls. Our study showed, for the first time, a global dysfunction in the muscle of early-stage ALS patients. Furthermore, we identified novel metabolites to be employed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Lanznaster
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Clément Bruno
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Bourgeais
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Ilyess Zemmoura
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Antoine Lefèvre
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France;
- Mitovasc-Mitolab, UMR CNRS6015-INSERM1083, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (S.E.); (E.B.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (S.E.); (E.B.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc’h
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christian R. Andres
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Olivier Herault
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Luc Favard
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Hélène Blasco
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
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Iguchi N, Mano T, Iwasa N, Ozaki M, Yamada N, Kikutsuji N, Kido A, Sugie K. Thoracic Excursion Is a Biomarker for Evaluating Respiratory Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:853469. [PMID: 35401409 PMCID: PMC8984343 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.853469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the usefulness of thoracic excursion as a biomarker in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsWe measured the forced the vital capacity (FVC), thoracic excursion, baseline-to-peak diaphragmatic compound muscle action potential (DCMAP) amplitude, diaphragm thickness at full inspiration (DTfi), Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score for muscle strength, and arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and administered the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale. The test–retest reliability of thoracic excursion was determined.Results and ConclusionsThirty-four patients with ALS and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were enrolled. Thoracic excursion measurement had excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass coefficient: 0.974). Thoracic excursion was more strongly correlated with FVC (r = 0.678, p < 0.001) than DCMAP amplitude (r = 0.501, p = 0.003) and DTfi (r = 0.597, p < 0.001). It was also correlated with ALSFRS-R score (r = 0.610, p < 0.001), MRC sum score (r = 0.470, p = 0.005), and mMRC Dyspnea Scale score (r = −0.446, p = 0.008) and was the most sensitive parameter for assessing dyspnea and FVC. Thoracic excursion decreased as FVC declined in the early and late stages, there were no differences in DCMAP amplitude and DTfi between the early and late stages, and ALSFRS-R score and MRC sum score decreased only in the late stage. Thoracic excursion was well correlated with respiratory function and is useful for predicting respiratory and general dysfunction in patients with ALS regardless of stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tomoo Mano
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomoo Mano
| | - Naoki Iwasa
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Maki Ozaki
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Nanami Yamada
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naoya Kikutsuji
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akira Kido
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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How Are Adenosine and Adenosine A 2A Receptors Involved in the Pathophysiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081027. [PMID: 34440231 PMCID: PMC8392384 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is extensively distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where it plays a key role as a neuromodulator. It has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of progressive neurogenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and there is now growing interest in its role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The motor neurons affected in ALS are responsive to adenosine receptor function, and there is accumulating evidence for beneficial effects of adenosine A2A receptor antagonism. In this article, we focus on recent evidence from ALS clinical pathology and animal models that support dynamism of the adenosinergic system (including changes in adenosine levels and receptor changes) in ALS. We review the possible mechanisms of chronic neurodegeneration via the adenosinergic system, potential biomarkers and the acute symptomatic pharmacology, including respiratory motor neuron control, of A2A receptor antagonism to explore the potential of the A2A receptor as target for ALS therapy.
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Diaphragm ultrasound in the diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177:639-646. [PMID: 33279221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to select the best diaphragm ultrasonography (DUS) parameter as an alternative index for the diagnosis of lung function impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS Twenty-nine patients with ALS and 15 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. DUS, lung function tests, phrenic nerve conduction study and arterial blood gas analysis were performed. RESULTS Patients with respiratory dysfunction had a significantly lower level of ΔTmax than those without (P=0.039). Significant correlations (P<0.05) were found between forced vital capacity (FVC) and Tdi-ins (r=0.665, P<0.0001) and ΔTmax (r=-0.748, P<0.0001) and Δins-exp (r=0.627, P<0.0001) and ΔTdi (r=0.485, P<0.0001). Receiver Operating Curves analysis demonstrated that ΔTmax (AUC=0.76, P=0.044) had a better overall accuracy for detection of respiratory dysfunction compared with Tdi-ins (AUC=0.27, P=0.067), Δins-exp (AUC=0.312, P=0.139), and ΔTdi (AUC=0.38, P=0.359). CONCLUSION ΔTmax is the most valuable DUS index in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE DUS can provide functional and structural information of diaphragm and help to diagnose diaphragmatic dysfunction in ALS.
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Prognostic role of slow vital capacity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 2020; 267:1615-1621. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Silva CS, Rodrigues FB, Duarte GS, Costa J, de Carvalho M. Prognostic value of phrenic nerve conduction study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fantini R, Tonelli R, Castaniere I, Tabbì L, Pellegrino MR, Cerri S, Livrieri F, Giaroni F, Monelli M, Ruggieri V, Fini N, Mandrioli J, Clini E, Marchioni A. Serial ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic function and clinical outcome in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:160. [PMID: 31455341 PMCID: PMC6712740 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diaphragmatic assessment by ultrasound (US) is a non-invasive and useful method in the clinical management of patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The aim of our observational study was to evaluate the impact of serial assessment of the diaphragmatic function by US on long-term outcomes in a series of patients suffering from ALS and to correlate US indices of diaphragmatic function and respiratory function tests with these outcomes. Methods A cohort of 39 consecutive patients has been followed up to 24 months. Both lung volume (forced vital capacity, FVC) and diaphragmatic pressure generating capacity (by sniff inspiratory nasal pressure (SNIP) and by both US thickening fraction, ΔTdi, and the ratio of the thickening fraction between tidal volume and maximal lung capacity, ΔTmax) were recorded at baseline and every 3 months. Parameters were then correlated with outcomes (nocturnal hypoventilation, daily hypercapnia, start of ventilatory support (NIV), and death at 1 year) over time. Results The occurrence of ΔTmax > 0.75 increased the risk to start NIV (HR = 5.6, p = 0.001) and to die (HR = 3.7, p = 0.0001) compared with patients maintaining lower values. Moreover, compared with the occurrence of FVC < 50% of predicted, ΔTmax > 0.75 appeared slightly better correlated with NIV commencement within 6 months. Conclusions Serial diaphragmatic assessment by ultrasound is a useful and accurate method to predict the initiation of NIV earlier in patients with ALS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12890-019-0924-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Fantini
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ivana Castaniere
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Tabbì
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Pellegrino
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Cerri
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Livrieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Giaroni
- School of Medicine, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Monelli
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Ruggieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Fini
- Department of Neurosciences, St. Agostino Estense Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neurosciences, St. Agostino Estense Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Clini
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Marchioni
- Respiratory Diseases Unit and Centre for Rare Lung Diseases, Policlinico, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Pirola A, De Mattia E, Lizio A, Sannicolò G, Carraro E, Rao F, Sansone V, Lunetta C. The prognostic value of spirometric tests in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 184:105456. [PMID: 31382080 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients tend to develop progressive respiratory muscle weakness, leading to ventilatory failure and ineffective cough, principal causes of morbidity and mortality. Since patients are usually unaware of these symptoms, these are generally not noticed until the advanced stages and are associated with poor prognosis. The monitoring of respiratory function on a regular basis is therefore of great importance. Despite the availability of several pulmonary function tests, none of them was found to be the best indicator of the disease progression throughout the course of this condition. The main aim of our work was to evaluate the prognostic value of these respiratory measures evaluated in a brief period of observation and their correlation with motor functional impairments in an ALS cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with ALS who had respiratory assessments performed and functional motor scales administered at baseline and six months later were included. All patients were assessed with forced vital capacity, both in seated and supine position (FVC; sFVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), peak expiratory cough flow (PCEF), the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R), at baseline and after six months, and their disease progression rate (ΔFS) was obtained. RESULTS We included 73 patients with probable or definite ALS according to El-Escorial revised Criteria. At baseline, PCEF and PEF significantly correlated with ALSFRS-R total, bulbar and spinal subscores and ΔFS, while FVC% significantly correlated with ΔFS. After 6 months all the respiratory parameters significantly correlated with ALSFRS-R and all its subscores. Longitudinally, FVC%, sFVC% and PCEF significantly correlated with ΔFS and some of ALSFRS-R subscores. As concerns the survival analysis, monthly declines of FVC% and sFVC%, significantly correlated with the survival. The worse prognosis in terms of survival was finally found in those whose FVC% and sFVC% dropped below their respective cut-offs. CONCLUSION Throughout the course of ALS disease, the monitoring of several respiratory markers, namely FVC, sFVC, PEF and PCEF, plays a critical role in predicting the prognosis of these subjects, both in terms of survival and functional ability. The implementation of monthly cut-offs in the evaluation of FVC and sFVC may allow a faster recognition of those patients with worse prognosis and therefore an optimized tailored clinical care, as well as a better stratification in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pirola
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa De Mattia
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lizio
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Carraro
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rao
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Sansone
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre, Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, Dept. Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, Italy
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Diaphragmatic dysfunction. Pulmonology 2019; 25:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lechtzin N, Cudkowicz ME, de Carvalho M, Genge A, Hardiman O, Mitsumoto H, Mora JS, Shefner J, Van den Berg LH, Andrews JA. Respiratory measures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018; 19:321-330. [PMID: 29566571 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1452945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disease that causes skeletal muscle weakness, including muscles involved with respiration. Death often results from respiratory failure within 3-5 years. Monitoring respiratory status is therefore critical to ALS management, as respiratory/pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are used to make decisions including when to initiate noninvasive ventilation. Understanding the different respiratory and PFTs as they relate to disease progression and survival may help determine which tests are most suitable. METHODS This review describes the tests used to assess respiratory muscle and pulmonary function in patients with ALS and the correlations between different respiratory measures and clinical outcomes measures. RESULTS The most commonly used measurement, forced vital capacity (VC), has been shown to correlate with clinical milestones including survival, but also requires good motor coordination and facial strength to form a tight seal around a mouthpiece. Other tests such as slow VC, sniff inspiratory pressure, or transdiaphragmatic pressure with magnetic stimulation are also associated with distinct advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, how and when to use different tests remains unclear. Understanding how each test relates to disease progression and survival may help determine which is best suited for specific clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Lechtzin
- a Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | | | - Mamede de Carvalho
- c Faculty of Medicine, IMM, University of Lisbon , Department of Neurosciences-CHLN , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Angela Genge
- d Montreal Neurological Institute , Montreal , Canada
| | - Orla Hardiman
- e Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- f Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jesus S Mora
- g Unidad de ELA-Hospital Universitario La Paz-Hospital Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jeremy Shefner
- h Department of Neurology , Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix , AZ , USA
| | - Leonard H Van den Berg
- i Department of Neurology , Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jinsy A Andrews
- f Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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Ceccanti M, Sbardella E, Letteri F, De Michele M, Falcou A, Romanzi F, Onesti E, Inghilleri M. Acute Flaccid Paralysis by Enterovirus D68 Infection: First Italian Description in Adult Patient and Role of Electrophysiology. Front Neurol 2017; 8:638. [PMID: 29230194 PMCID: PMC5711819 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A Peruvian woman was admitted to the Emergency Department, due to an acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) of the upper limbs that progressively involved also lower limbs and respiratory muscles. She previously suffered from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and had to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A magnetic resonance imaging showed a T2 hyperintensity in the anterior and central region of the cervical segment with an elective involvement of gray matter. This finding, combined with other clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological data, led to a diagnosis of AFP. Enterovirus D68 was isolated in the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and throat swab. To our knowledge, this is the first Italian case of AFP by Enterovirus D68 infection in an adult. The diagnostic assessment and management of AFP by Enterovirus D68 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ceccanti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Emergency Department, Stroke Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Letteri
- Emergency Department, Stroke Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela De Michele
- Emergency Department, Stroke Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Falcou
- Emergency Department, Stroke Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Romanzi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Onesti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Mechanisms of Enhanced Phrenic Long-Term Facilitation in SOD1G93A Rats. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5834-5845. [PMID: 28500219 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3680-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease, causing muscle paralysis and death from respiratory failure. Effective means to preserve/restore ventilation are necessary to increase the quality and duration of life in ALS patients. At disease end-stage in a rat ALS model (SOD1G93A ), acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) restores phrenic nerve activity to normal levels via enhanced phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). Mechanisms enhancing pLTF in end-stage SOD1G93A rats are not known. Moderate AIH-induced pLTF is normally elicited via cellular mechanisms that require the following: Gq-protein-coupled 5-HT2 receptor activation, new BDNF synthesis, and MEK/ERK signaling (the Q pathway). In contrast, severe AIH elicits pLTF via a distinct mechanism that requires the following: Gs-protein-coupled adenosine 2A receptor activation, new TrkB synthesis, and PI3K/Akt signaling (the S pathway). In end-stage male SOD1G93A rats and wild-type littermates, we investigated relative Q versus S pathway contributions to enhanced pLTF via intrathecal (C4) delivery of small interfering RNAs targeting BDNF or TrkB mRNA, and MEK/ERK (U0126) or PI3 kinase/Akt (PI828) inhibitors. In anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated rats, moderate AIH-induced pLTF was abolished by siBDNF and UO126, but not siTrkB or PI828, demonstrating that enhanced pLTF occurs via the Q pathway. Although phrenic motor neuron numbers were decreased in end-stage SOD1G93A rats (∼30% survival; p < 0.001), BDNF and phosphorylated ERK expression were increased in spared phrenic motor neurons (p < 0.05), consistent with increased Q-pathway contributions to pLTF. Our results increase understanding of respiratory plasticity and its potential to preserve/restore breathing capacity in ALS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Since neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), end life via respiratory failure, the ability to harness respiratory motor plasticity to improve breathing capacity could increase the quality and duration of life. In a rat ALS model (SOD1G93A ) we previously demonstrated that spinal respiratory motor plasticity elicited by acute intermittent hypoxia is enhanced at disease end-stage, suggesting greater potential to preserve/restore breathing capacity. Here we demonstrate that enhanced intermittent hypoxia-induced phrenic motor plasticity results from amplification of normal cellular mechanisms versus addition/substitution of alternative mechanisms. Greater understanding of mechanisms underlying phrenic motor plasticity in ALS may guide development of new therapies to preserve and/or restore breathing in ALS patients.
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Rong P, Yunusova Y, Wang J, Zinman L, Pattee GL, Berry JD, Perry B, Green JR. Predicting Speech Intelligibility Decline in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Based on the Deterioration of Individual Speech Subsystems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154971. [PMID: 27148967 PMCID: PMC4858181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanisms of speech intelligibility impairment due to neurologic impairments, intelligibility decline was modeled as a function of co-occurring changes in the articulatory, resonatory, phonatory, and respiratory subsystems. METHOD Sixty-six individuals diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were studied longitudinally. The disease-related changes in articulatory, resonatory, phonatory, and respiratory subsystems were quantified using multiple instrumental measures, which were subjected to a principal component analysis and mixed effects models to derive a set of speech subsystem predictors. A stepwise approach was used to select the best set of subsystem predictors to model the overall decline in intelligibility. RESULTS Intelligibility was modeled as a function of five predictors that corresponded to velocities of lip and jaw movements (articulatory), number of syllable repetitions in the alternating motion rate task (articulatory), nasal airflow (resonatory), maximum fundamental frequency (phonatory), and speech pauses (respiratory). The model accounted for 95.6% of the variance in intelligibility, among which the articulatory predictors showed the most substantial independent contribution (57.7%). CONCLUSION Articulatory impairments characterized by reduced velocities of lip and jaw movements and resonatory impairments characterized by increased nasal airflow served as the subsystem predictors of the longitudinal decline of speech intelligibility in ALS. Declines in maximum performance tasks such as the alternating motion rate preceded declines in intelligibility, thus serving as early predictors of bulbar dysfunction. Following the rapid decline in speech intelligibility, a precipitous decline in maximum performance tasks subsequently occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panying Rong
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yana Yunusova
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary L. Pattee
- Neurology Associates, P.C., Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - James D. Berry
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bridget Perry
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jordan R. Green
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Fantini R, Mandrioli J, Zona S, Antenora F, Iattoni A, Monelli M, Fini N, Tonelli R, Clini E, Marchioni A. Ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Respirology 2016; 21:932-8. [PMID: 26994409 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Evaluation of diaphragm function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is critical in determining when to commence non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV). Currently, forced vital capacity (FVC) and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) are volitional measures for this evaluation, but require collaboration and are poorly specific. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether diaphragmatic thickness measured by ultrasound (US) correlates with lung function impairment in ALS patients. The secondary aim was then to compare US diaphragm thickness index (ΔTdi) with a new parameter (ΔTmax index). METHODS 41 patients with ALS and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent spirometry, SNIP and diaphragm US evaluation, while arterial blood gases were measured in some patients only. US assessed diaphragm thickness (Tdi) at tidal volume (Vt) or total lung capacity (TLC), and their ratio (ΔTmax) were recorded. Changes (Δ) in Tdi indices during tidal volume (ΔTdiVt) and maximal inspiration (ΔTdiTLC) were also assessed. RESULTS ΔTdiTLC (p <0.001) and ΔTmax (p = 0.007), but not ΔTdiVt, differed between patients and controls. Significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between ΔTdiTLC, ΔTmax and FVC. The ROC curve analysis for comparison of individual testing showed better accuracy with Δtmax than with ΔtdiTLC for FVC (AUC 0.76 and 0.27) and SNIP (AUC 0.71 and 0.25). CONCLUSION Diaphragm thickness assessed by ultrasound significantly correlates with global respiratory alterations in patients with ALS. ΔTmax represents a new US index of early diaphragmatic dysfunction, better related with the routinely performed lung function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Fantini
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, St Agostino-Estense Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Stefano Zona
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Federico Antenora
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Andrea Iattoni
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Marco Monelli
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Nicola Fini
- Department of Neuroscience, St Agostino-Estense Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Enrico Clini
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| | - Alessandro Marchioni
- Respiratory Disease Clinic, Policlinico Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
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Nichols NL, Satriotomo I, Harrigan DJ, Mitchell GS. Acute intermittent hypoxia induced phrenic long-term facilitation despite increased SOD1 expression in a rat model of ALS. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:138-50. [PMID: 26287750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron death. Since most ALS patients succumb to ventilatory failure from loss of respiratory motor neurons, any effective ALS treatment must preserve and/or restore breathing capacity. In rats over-expressing mutated super-oxide dismutase-1 (SOD1(G93A)), the capacity to increase phrenic motor output is decreased at disease end-stage, suggesting imminent ventilatory failure. Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF), a form of spinal respiratory motor plasticity with potential to restore phrenic motor output in clinical disorders that compromise breathing. Since pLTF requires NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, it is blocked by NADPH oxidase inhibition and SOD mimetics in normal rats. Thus, we hypothesized that SOD1(G93A) (mutant; MT) rats do not express AIH-induced pLTF due to over-expression of active mutant superoxide dismutase-1. AIH-induced pLTF and hypoglossal (XII) LTF were assessed in young, pre-symptomatic and end-stage anesthetized MT rats and age-matched wild-type littermates. Contrary to predictions, pLTF and XII LTF were observed in MT rats at all ages; at end-stage, pLTF was actually enhanced. SOD1 levels were elevated in young and pre-symptomatic MT rats, yet superoxide accumulation in putative phrenic motor neurons (assessed with dihydroethidium) was unchanged; however, superoxide accumulation significantly decreased at end-stage. Thus, compensatory mechanisms appear to maintain ROS homoeostasis until late in disease progression, preserving AIH-induced respiratory plasticity. Following intrathecal injections of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin; 600 μM; 12 μL), pLTF was abolished in pre-symptomatic, but not end-stage MT rats, demonstrating that pLTF is NADPH oxidase dependent in pre-symptomatic, but NADPH oxidase independent in end-stage MT rats. Mechanisms preserving/enhancing the capacity for pLTF in MT rats are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Irawan Satriotomo
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel J Harrigan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Predicting Early Bulbar Decline in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Speech Subsystem Approach. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:183027. [PMID: 26136624 PMCID: PMC4468279 DOI: 10.1155/2015/183027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To develop a predictive model of speech loss in persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on measures of respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, and resonatory functions that were selected using a data-mining approach. Method. Physiologic speech subsystem (respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, and resonatory) functions were evaluated longitudinally in 66 individuals with ALS using multiple instrumentation approaches including acoustic, aerodynamic, nasometeric, and kinematic. The instrumental measures of the subsystem functions were subjected to a principal component analysis and linear mixed effects models to derive a set of comprehensive predictors of bulbar dysfunction. These subsystem predictors were subjected to a Kaplan-Meier analysis to estimate the time until speech loss. Results. For a majority of participants, speech subsystem decline was detectible prior to declines in speech intelligibility and speaking rate. Among all subsystems, the articulatory and phonatory predictors were most responsive to early bulbar deterioration; and the resonatory and respiratory predictors were as responsive to bulbar decline as was speaking rate. Conclusions. The articulatory and phonatory predictors are sensitive indicators of early bulbar decline due to ALS, which has implications for predicting disease onset and progression and clinical management of ALS.
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Green JR, Yunusova Y, Kuruvilla MS, Wang J, Pattee GL, Synhorst L, Zinman L, Berry JD. Bulbar and speech motor assessment in ALS: challenges and future directions. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2013; 14:494-500. [PMID: 23898888 PMCID: PMC3833808 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2013.817585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bulbar motor deterioration due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) leads to the eventual impairment of speech and swallowing functions. Despite these devastating consequences, no standardized diagnostic procedure for assessing bulbar dysfunction in ALS exists and adequate objective markers of bulbar deterioration have not been identified. In this paper, we consider objective measures of speech motor function, which show promise for forming the basis of a comprehensive, quantitative bulbar motor assessment in ALS. These measures are based on the assessment of four speech subsystems: respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, and resonatory. The goal of this research is to design a non-invasive, comprehensive bulbar motor assessment instrument intended for early detection, monitoring of disease progression, and clinical trial application. Preliminary data from an ongoing study of bulbar motor decline are presented, which demonstrate the potential clinical efficacy of the speech subsystem approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Green
- The Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions , Massachusetts , USA
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Riemenschneider KA, Forshew DA, Miller RG. Multidisciplinary clinics: optimizing treatment for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an incurable, lethal neurodegenerative disease. The majority of patients die from respiratory failure within 2–5 years after symptom onset. Recent studies show a paradigm shift in the method of delivering a number of effective treatments through an emerging network of multidisciplinary clinics. This article focuses on the role played by these clinics in raising the standard-of-care for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although newly developed treatments are still underutilized, substantial progress is being made by multidisciplinary clinics, which play a pivotal role in coordinating access to effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Riemenschneider
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Forbes Norris ALS Research Center, California Pacific Medical Center, 2324 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Dallas A Forshew
- Forbes Norris ALS Research Center, California Pacific Medical Center, 2324 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Robert G Miller
- Forbes Norris ALS Research Center, California Pacific Medical Center, 2324 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Fregonezi G, Araújo PRS, Macêdo TLF, Dourado Junior ME, Resqueti VR, Andrade ADFDD. Monitoring respiratory muscle strength assists in early diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction as opposed to the isolated use of pulmonary function evaluation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2013; 71:146-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2013000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveIt was study the relationship between respiratory muscle strength and forced vital capacity (FVC) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) versus healthy subjects.MethodsPulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength [maximal inspiratory (PImax), maximal expiratory (PEmax) and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP)] were assessed in patients with ALS and healthy subjects, matched using cutoffs established in the literature for impaired pulmonary function and respiratory muscle weakness.ResultsTwenty-eight ALS patients and 28 healthy subjects were studied. We found sensitivity and specificity for PImax, PEmax and SNIP of 75/58%, 81/67% and 75/67%. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve) indicated that the variables PImax, PEmax and SNIP can identify differences in respiratory muscle strength between ALS and healthy individuals at 0.89, 0.9 and 0.82, respectively. A positive correlation was recorded between FVC (%) versus SNIP, PImax and PEmax.ConclusionIn ALS, monitoring respiratory muscle strength assists in early diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction as opposed to the isolated use of FVC.
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Siirala W, Saaresranta T, Vuori A, Salanterä S, Olkkola KT, Aantaa R. Using respiratory rate and thoracic movement to assess respiratory insufficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a preliminary study. BMC Palliat Care 2012; 11:26. [PMID: 23270406 PMCID: PMC3544688 DOI: 10.1186/1472-684x-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoventilation due to respiratory insufficiency is the most common cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be used as a palliative treatment. The current guidelines recommend performing spirometry, and recording nocturnal oxyhemoglobin saturation and arterial blood gas analysis to assess the severity of the hypoventilation. We examined whether the respiratory rate and thoracic movement were reliable preliminary clinical signs in the development of respiratory insufficiency in patients with ALS. Methods We measured the respiratory rate and thoracic movement, performed respiratory function tests and blood gas analysis, and recorded subjective hypoventilation symptoms in 42 ALS patients over a 7-year period. We recommended NIV if the patient presented with hypoventilation matching the current guidelines. We divided patients retrospectively into two groups: those to whom NIV was recommended within 6 months of the diagnosis (Group 1) and those to whom NIV was recommended 6 months after the diagnosis (Group 2). We used the Mann Whitney U test for comparisons between the two groups. Results The mean partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide in the morning in Group 1 was 6.3 (95% confidence interval 5.6–6.9) kPa and in Group 2 5.3 (5.0–5.6) kPa (p = 0.007). The mean respiratory rate at the time of diagnosis in Group 1 was 21 (18–24) breaths per minute and 16 (14–18) breaths per minute in Group 2 (p = 0.005). The mean thoracic movement was 2.9 (2.2–3.6) cm in Group 1 and 4.0 (3.4–4.8) cm in Group 2 (p = 0.01). We observed no other differences between the groups. Conclusions Patients who received NIV within six months of the diagnosis of ALS had higher respiratory rates and smaller thoracic movement compared with patients who received NIV later. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are needed to establish if these measurements can be used as a marker of hypoventilation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltteri Siirala
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Nichols NL, Gowing G, Satriotomo I, Nashold LJ, Dale EA, Suzuki M, Avalos P, Mulcrone PL, McHugh J, Svendsen CN, Mitchell GS. Intermittent hypoxia and stem cell implants preserve breathing capacity in a rodent model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 187:535-42. [PMID: 23220913 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-1072oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motor neuron disease causing paralysis and death from respiratory failure. Strategies to preserve and/or restore respiratory function are critical for successful treatment. Although breathing capacity is maintained until late in disease progression in rodent models of familial ALS (SOD1(G93A) rats and mice), reduced numbers of phrenic motor neurons and decreased phrenic nerve activity are observed. Decreased phrenic motor output suggests imminent respiratory failure. OBJECTIVES To preserve or restore phrenic nerve activity in SOD1(G93A) rats at disease end stage. METHODS SOD1(G93A) rats were injected with human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) bracketing the phrenic motor nucleus before disease onset, or exposed to acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) at disease end stage. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The capacity to generate phrenic motor output in anesthetized rats at disease end stage was: (1) transiently restored by a single presentation of AIH; and (2) preserved ipsilateral to hNPC transplants made before disease onset. hNPC transplants improved ipsilateral phrenic motor neuron survival. CONCLUSIONS AIH-induced respiratory plasticity and stem cell therapy have complementary translational potential to treat breathing deficits in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Scherer K, Bedlack RS. Diaphragm pacing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a literature review. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46:1-8. [PMID: 22692995 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains a rapidly progressive fatal degenerative disease of motor neurons for which there are few interventions to slow disease progression or improve quality of life. A diaphragm pacing system was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in September 2011 for ALS under a Humanitarian Device Exemption. News of this approval has been met with a combination of excitement and uncertainty by members of the ALS community. We review the currently available data on the diaphragm pacing system and its use in ALS. Diaphragm pacing appears to be reasonably safe in carefully selected patients, but flaws in the reporting on it thus far preclude conclusions regarding efficacy. Further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Scherer
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, PO Box 245023, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5023, USA.
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Mangera Z, Panesar G, Makker H. Practical approach to management of respiratory complications in neurological disorders. Int J Gen Med 2012; 5:255-63. [PMID: 22505823 PMCID: PMC3325013 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s26333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with certain neurological diseases are at increased risk of developing chest infections as well as respiratory failure due to muscular weakness. In particular, patients with certain neuromuscular disorders are at higher risk. These conditions are often associated with sleep disordered breathing. It is important to identify patients at risk of respiratory complications early in the course of their disease, although patients with neuromuscular disorders often present in the acute setting with respiratory involvement. This review of the respiratory complications of neurological disorders, with a particular focus on neuromuscular disorders, explores why this happens and looks at how to recognize, investigate, and manage these patients effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Mangera
- Respiratory Medicine, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gurkirat Panesar
- Respiratory Medicine, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Himender Makker
- Respiratory Medicine, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
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