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Issa S, Fayoud H, Shaimardanova A, Sufianov A, Sufianova G, Solovyeva V, Rizvanov A. Growth Factors and Their Application in the Therapy of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1906. [PMID: 39200370 PMCID: PMC11351319 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary neurodegenerative diseases (hNDDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and others are primarily characterized by their progressive nature, severely compromising both the cognitive and motor abilities of patients. The underlying genetic component in hNDDs contributes to disease risk, creating a complex genetic landscape. Considering the fact that growth factors play crucial roles in regulating cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival, they could have therapeutic potential for hNDDs, provided appropriate dosing and safe delivery approaches are ensured. This article presents a detailed overview of growth factors, and explores their therapeutic potential in treating hNDDs, emphasizing their roles in neuronal survival, growth, and synaptic plasticity. However, challenges such as proper dosing, delivery methods, and patient variability can hinder their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza Issa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.I.); (H.F.)
| | - Haidar Fayoud
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.I.); (H.F.)
| | - Alisa Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Albert Sufianov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- The Research and Educational Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Sufianova
- Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia;
| | - Valeriya Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.S.); (V.S.)
- Division of Medical and Biological Sciences, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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2
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Wang MY, Zhou Y, Li WL, Zhu LQ, Liu D. Friend or foe: Lactate in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102452. [PMID: 39127445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, was considered as a metabolic waste until identified by studies on the Warburg effect. Increasing evidence elucidates that lactate functions as energy fuel, signaling molecule, and donor for protein lactylation. Altered lactate utilization is a common metabolic feature of the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. This review offers an overview of lactate metabolism from the perspective of production, transportation and clearance, and the role of lactate in neurodegenerative progression, as well as a summary of protein lactylation and the signaling function of lactate in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, this review delves into the dual roles of changed lactate metabolism during neurodegeneration and explores prospective therapeutic methods targeting lactate. We propose that elucidating the correlation between lactate and neurodegeneration is pivotal for exploring innovative therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wen-Lian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Gaudet ID, Xu H, Gordon E, Cannestro GA, Lu ML, Wei J. Elevated SLC7A2 expression is associated with an abnormal neuroinflammatory response and nitrosative stress in Huntington's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:59. [PMID: 38419038 PMCID: PMC10900710 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously identified solute carrier family 7 member 2 (SLC7A2) as one of the top upregulated genes when normal Huntingtin was deleted. SLC7A2 has a high affinity for L-arginine. Arginine is implicated in inflammatory responses, and SLC7A2 is an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity in macrophages. Although neuroinflammation is clearly demonstrated in animal models and patients with Huntington's disease (HD), the question of whether neuroinflammation actively participates in HD pathogenesis is a topic of ongoing research and debate. Here, we studied the role of SLC7A2 in mediating the neuroinflammatory stress response in HD cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), quantitative RT-PCR and data mining of publicly available RNA-seq datasets of human patients were performed to assess the levels of SLC7A2 mRNA in different HD cellular models and patients. Biochemical studies were then conducted on cell lines and primary mouse astrocytes to investigate arginine metabolism and nitrosative stress in response to neuroinflammation. The CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to knock out SLC7A2 in STHdhQ7 and Q111 cells to investigate its role in mediating the neuroinflammatory response. Live-cell imaging was used to measure mitochondrial dynamics. Finally, exploratory studies were performed using the Enroll-HD periodic human patient dataset to analyze the effect of arginine supplements on HD progression. We found that SLC7A2 is selectively upregulated in HD cellular models and patients. HD cells exhibit an overactive response to neuroinflammatory challenges, as demonstrated by abnormally high iNOS induction and NO production, leading to increased protein nitrosylation. Depleting extracellular Arg or knocking out SLC7A2 blocked iNOS induction and NO production in STHdhQ111 cells. We further examined the functional impact of protein nitrosylation on a well-documented protein target, DRP-1, and found that more mitochondria were fragmented in challenged STHdhQ111 cells. Last, analysis of Enroll-HD datasets suggested that HD patients taking arginine supplements progressed more rapidly than others. Our data suggest a novel pathway that links arginine uptake to nitrosative stress via upregulation of SLC7A2 in the pathogenesis and progression of HD. This further implies that arginine supplements may potentially pose a greater risk to HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Gaudet
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Emily Gordon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Gianna A Cannestro
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Michael L Lu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Jianning Wei
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
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Bruno A, Milillo C, Anaclerio F, Buccolini C, Dell’Elice A, Angilletta I, Gatta M, Ballerini P, Antonucci I. Perinatal Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: An Emerging Therapeutic Strategy for Challenging Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:976. [PMID: 38256050 PMCID: PMC10815412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, stem cell therapy has been considered a promising option for treating numerous disorders, in particular, neurodegenerative disorders. Stem cells exert neuroprotective and neurodegenerative benefits through different mechanisms, such as the secretion of neurotrophic factors, cell replacement, the activation of endogenous stem cells, and decreased neuroinflammation. Several sources of stem cells have been proposed for transplantation and the restoration of damaged tissue. Over recent decades, intensive research has focused on gestational stem cells considered a novel resource for cell transplantation therapy. The present review provides an update on the recent preclinical/clinical applications of gestational stem cells for the treatment of protein-misfolding diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, further studies should be encouraged to translate this promising therapeutic approach into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bruno
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Milillo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Federico Anaclerio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlotta Buccolini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Anastasia Dell’Elice
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ilaria Angilletta
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Gatta
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.B.); (C.M.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (I.A.)
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Jacques CED, Guerreiro G, Lopes FF, de Souza CFM, Giugliani R, Vargas CR. Alterations of Plasmatic Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II Patients Under Enzyme Replacement Therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:533-542. [PMID: 37470932 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a disorder caused by a deficient activity of iduronate-2-sulfatase, a lysosomal enzyme responsible for degrading glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal storage of GAGs within lysosomes disrupts cellular homeostasis and leads to a severe symptomatology. Patients present neuropsychiatric impairment characterized by mental retardation and impaired cognition. The aim of this study was to quantify four neurodegeneration biomarkers in plasma: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and cathepsin-D, as well as to identify possible correlations with urinary GAGs in seven patients undergoing treatment with ERT (Elaprase® 0.5 mg/kg of body weight). Patients with both severe and attenuated forms of MPS II showed signs of neurodegeneration in neuroimaging exams. Patients have a decrease in BDNF and PDGF-AA concentrations, and an increase in NCAM level compared to controls. No alterations in cathepsin-D concentration were seen. GAGs levels were higher in patients than in controls, but no significant correlations between GAGs and biomarkers were observed. These results evidence that patients have neurodegeneration and that monitoring these biomarkers might be useful for assessing this process. To this date, this is the first work to analyze these plasmatic markers of neurodegeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Diaz Jacques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil.
| | - Gilian Guerreiro
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Franciele Fatima Lopes
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Giugliani
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil.
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Zhang S, Cheng Y, Shang H. The updated development of blood-based biomarkers for Huntington's disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:2483-2503. [PMID: 36692635 PMCID: PMC9873222 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutation of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The identification of mutation carriers before symptom onset provides an opportunity to intervene in the early stage of the disease course. Optimal biomarkers are of great value to reflect neuropathological and clinical progression and are sensitive to potential disease-modifying treatments. Blood-based biomarkers have the merits of minimal invasiveness, low cost, easy accessibility and safety. In this review, we summarized the updated development of blood-based biomarkers for HD from six aspects, including neuronal injuries, oxidative stress, endocrine functions, immune reactions, metabolism and differentially expressed miRNAs. The blood-based biomarkers presented and discussed in this review were close to clinical applicability and might facilitate clinical design as surrogate endpoints. Exploration and validation of robust blood-based biomarkers require further standard and systemic study design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yangfan Cheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Huifang Shang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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Magnesium and the Brain: A Focus on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010223. [PMID: 36613667 PMCID: PMC9820677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is involved in the regulation of metabolism and in the maintenance of the homeostasis of all the tissues, including the brain, where it harmonizes nerve signal transmission and preserves the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Mg deficiency contributes to systemic low-grade inflammation, the common denominator of most diseases. In particular, neuroinflammation is the hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Starting from a rapid overview on the role of magnesium in the brain, this narrative review provides evidences linking the derangement of magnesium balance with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases.
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Oh SJ, Fan X. Current understanding on the role of nitric oxide and therapeutic potential of NO supplementation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:23-30. [PMID: 32475621 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SeungJu Jackie Oh
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States of America
| | - Xiaoduo Fan
- UMass Memorial Health Care, University of Massachusetts Medical School, United States of America.
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Epileptic brain fluorescent imaging reveals apigenin can relieve the myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidative stress and inhibit ferroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10155-10164. [PMID: 32327603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917946117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated oxidative stress has been suggested to play an important role in the pathological dysfunction of epileptic brains. However, there is currently no robust brain-imaging tool to detect real-time endogenous hypochlorite (HClO) generation by MPO or a fluorescent probe for rapid high-throughput screening of antiepileptic agents that control the MPO-mediated chlorination stress. Herein, we report an efficient two-photon fluorescence probe (named HCP) for the real-time detection of endogenous HClO signals generated by MPO in the brain of kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic mice, where HClO-dependent chlorination of quinolone fluorophore gives the enhanced fluorescence response. With this probe, we visualized directly the endogenous HClO fluxes generated by the overexpression of MPO activity in vivo and ex vivo in mouse brains with epileptic behaviors. Notably, by using HCP, we have also constructed a high-throughput screening approach to rapidly screen the potential antiepileptic agents to control MPO-mediated oxidative stress. Moreover, from this screen, we identified that the flavonoid compound apigenin can relieve the MPO-mediated oxidative stress and inhibit the ferroptosis of neuronal cells. Overall, this work provides a versatile fluorescence tool for elucidating the role of HClO generation by MPO in the pathology of epileptic seizures and for rapidly discovering additional antiepileptic agents to prevent and treat epilepsy.
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Bandookwala M, Sengupta P. 3-Nitrotyrosine: a versatile oxidative stress biomarker for major neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1047-1062. [PMID: 31914343 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1713776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are generated as a by-product of routine biochemical reactions. However, dysfunction of the antioxidant system or mutations in gene function may result in the elevated production of the pro-oxidant species. Modified endogenous molecules due to chemical interactions with increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the cellular microenvironment can be termed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. 3-Nitrotyrosine is one such promising biomarker of oxidative stress formed due to nitration of protein-bound and free tyrosine residues by reactive peroxynitrite molecules. Nitration of proteins at the subcellular level results in conformational alterations that damage the cytoskeleton and result in neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarized the role of oxidative/nitrosative processes as a contributing factor for progressive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease and Prion disease. The selective tyrosine protein nitration of the major marker proteins in related pathologies has been discussed. The alteration in 3-Nitrotyrosine profile occurs well before any symptoms appear and can be considered as a potential target for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the reduction in 3-Nitrotyrosine levels in response to treatment with neuroprotective has been highlighted which is indicative of the importance of this particular marker in oxidative stress-related brain and central nervous system pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Silajdžić E, Björkqvist M. A Critical Evaluation of Wet Biomarkers for Huntington's Disease: Current Status and Ways Forward. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:109-135. [PMID: 29614689 PMCID: PMC6004896 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for objective biomarkers to monitor disease progression and treatment response in Huntington's disease (HD). The aim of this review is, therefore, to provide practical advice for biomarker discovery and to summarise studies on biofluid markers for HD. A PubMed search was performed to review literature with regard to candidate saliva, urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for HD. Information has been organised into tables to allow a pragmatic approach to the discussion of the evidence and generation of practical recommendations for future studies. Many of the markers published converge on metabolic and inflammatory pathways, although changes in other analytes representing antioxidant and growth factor pathways have also been found. The most promising markers reflect neuronal and glial degeneration, particularly neurofilament light chain. International collaboration to standardise assays and study protocols, as well as to recruit sufficiently large cohorts, will facilitate future biomarker discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Silajdžić
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Functions and dysfunctions of nitric oxide in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1949-1967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pravalika K, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Wanve M, Saraf J, Kalia K, Borah A, Yavagal DR, Dave KR, Bhattacharya P. Myeloperoxidase and Neurological Disorder: A Crosstalk. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:421-430. [PMID: 29351721 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a protein present in azurophilic granules, macrophages, and neutrophils that are released into extracellular fluid (ECF) during inflammation. MPO releases hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and other chlorinated species. It is derived from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) showing response during inflammatory conditions and plays a role in the immune defense against pathogens. MPO may show unwanted effects by indirectly increasing the formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) leading to inflammation and oxidative stress. As neuroinflammation is one of the inevitable biological components among most of neurological disorders, MPO and its receptor may be explored as candidates for future clinical interventions. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiological characteristics of MPO and further explore the possibilities to target it for clinical use. Targeting MPO is promising and may open an avenue to act as a biomarker for diagnosis with defined risk stratification in patients with various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Pravalika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
| | - Madhuri Wanve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
| | - Jackson Saraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788 011 Assam, India
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad Gandhinagar, 382 355 Gujarat, India
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14
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative condition where new markers of disease progression are needed. So far no disease-modifying interventions have been found, and few interventions have been proven to alleviate symptoms. This may be partially explained by the lack of reliable indicators of disease severity, progression, and phenotype.Biofluid biomarkers may bring advantages in addition to clinical measures, such as reliability, reproducibility, price, accuracy, and direct quantification of pathobiological processes at the molecular level; and in addition to empowering clinical trials, they have the potential to generate useful hypotheses for new drug development.In this chapter we review biofluid biomarker reports in HD, emphasizing those we feel are likely to be closest to clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe B Rodrigues
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren M Byrne
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward J Wild
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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15
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D’Souza GX, Waldvogel HJ. Targeting the Cholinergic System to Develop a Novel Therapy for Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:333-342. [PMID: 27983560 PMCID: PMC5181681 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we outline the role of the cholinergic system in Huntington’s disease, and briefly describe the dysfunction of cholinergic transmission, cholinergic neurons, cholinergic receptors and cholinergic survival factors observed in post-mortem human brains and animal models of Huntington’s disease. We postulate how the dysfunctional cholinergic system can be targeted to develop novel therapies for Huntington’s disease, and discuss the beneficial effects of cholinergic therapies in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Correspondence to: Associate Professor Henry J. Waldvogel, Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. Tel.: +64 9 923 6051; E-mail:
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16
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Resveratrol and Brain Mitochondria: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2085-2101. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Serum Markers of Neurodegeneration in Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5709-5719. [PMID: 27660262 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited disorder caused by deficient activity of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex involved in the degradation pathway of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their respective α-keto-acids. Patients affected by MSUD present severe neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities, whose pathophysiology is poorly known. However, preclinical studies have suggested alterations in markers involved with neurodegeneration. Because there are no studies in the literature that report the neurodegenerative markers in MSUD patients, the present study evaluated neurodegenerative markers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cathepsin D, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 total (PAI-1 (total)), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), PDGF-AB/BB) in plasma from 10 MSUD patients during dietary treatment. Our results showed a significant decrease in BDNF and PDGF-AA levels in MSUD patients. On the other hand, NCAM and cathepsin D levels were significantly greater in MSUD patients compared to the control group, while no significant changes were observed in the levels of PAI-1 (total) and PDGF-AB/BB between the control and MSUD groups. Our data show that MSUD patients present alterations in proteins involved in the neurodegenerative process. Thus, the present findings corroborate previous studies that demonstrated that neurotrophic factors and lysosomal proteases may contribute, along with other mechanisms, to the intellectual deficit and neurodegeneration observed in MSUD.
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18
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Malerba F, Paoletti F, Cattaneo A. NGF and proNGF Reciprocal Interference in Immunoassays: Open Questions, Criticalities, and Ways Forward. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:63. [PMID: 27536217 PMCID: PMC4971159 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis between mature neurotrophin NGF and its precursor proNGF is thought to be crucial in physiology and in pathological states. Therefore, the measurement of the relative amounts of NGF and proNGF could serve as a footprint for the identification of disease states, for diagnostic purposes. Since NGF is part of proNGF, their selective identification with anti-NGF antibodies is not straightforward. Currently, many immunoassays for NGF measurement are available, while the proNGF assays are few and not validated by published information. The question arises, as to whether the commercially available assays are able to distinguish between the two forms. Also, since in biological samples the two forms coexist, are the measurements of one species affected by the presence of the other? We describe experiments addressing these questions. For the first time, NGF and proNGF were measured together and tested in different immunoassays. Unexpectedly, NGF and proNGF were found to reciprocally interfere with the experimental outcome. The interference also calls into question the widely used NGF ELISA methods, applied to biological samples where NGF and proNGF coexist. Therefore, an immunoassay, able to distinguish between the two forms is needed. We propose possible ways forward, toward the development of a selective assay. In particular, the use of the well validated anti-NGF αD11 antibody in an alphaLISA assay with optimized incubation times would be a solution to avoid the interference in the measurement of a mixed sample containing NGF and proNGF. Furthermore, we explored the possibility of measuring proNGF in a biological sample. But the available commercial kit for the detection of proNGF does not allow the measurement of proNGF in mouse brain tissues. Therefore, we validated an SPR approach for the measurement of proNGF in a biological sample. Our experiments help in understanding the technical limits in the measurement of the NGF/proNGF ratio in biological samples, and propose concrete solutions toward the solution of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Malerba
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" FoundationRome, Italy; BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Paoletti
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" FoundationRome, Italy; BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Neurotrophic Factors and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, European Brain Research Institute, "Rita Levi-Montalcini" FoundationRome, Italy; BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
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19
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Faria MC, Gonçalves GS, Rocha NP, Moraes EN, Bicalho MA, Gualberto Cintra MT, Jardim de Paula J, José Ravic de Miranda LF, Clayton de Souza Ferreira A, Teixeira AL, Gomes KB, Carvalho MDG, Sousa LP. Increased plasma levels of BDNF and inflammatory markers in Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 53:166-72. [PMID: 24576746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Neurotrophic factors and inflammatory markers may play considerable roles in AD. In this study we measured, through Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, the plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neuronal growth factor (NGF), as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha soluble receptors, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), in 50 AD patients, 37 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 56 healthy elderly controls. BDNF levels, expressed as median and interquartile range, were higher for AD patients (2545.3, 1497.4-4153.4 pg/ml) compared to controls (1503.8, 802.3-2378.4 pg/ml), P < 0.001. sICAM-1 was also higher in AD patients. sTNFR1 levels were increased in AD when compared to controls and also to MCI. GDNF, NGF and sTNFR2 levels showed no significant differences among the studied groups. The increase in BDNF might reflect a compensatory mechanism against early neurodegeneration and seems to be related to inflammation. sTNFR1 appears to mark not only the inflammatory state but also differentiates between MCI and AD, which may be an additional tool for differentiating degrees of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Chaves Faria
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av.Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele Santos Gonçalves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av.Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Pessoa Rocha
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgar Nunes Moraes
- Ambulatório de Idosos do Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Bicalho
- Ambulatório de Idosos do Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Gualberto Cintra
- Ambulatório de Idosos do Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Ambulatório de Idosos do Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe José Ravic de Miranda
- Ambulatório de Idosos do Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av.Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av.Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Intrajugular vein delivery of AAV9-RNAi prevents neuropathological changes and weight loss in Huntington's disease mice. Mol Ther 2014; 22:797-810. [PMID: 24390280 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurological disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene, which encodes a mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). The mutation confers a toxic gain of function on huntingtin, leading to widespread neurodegeneration and inclusion formation in many brain regions. Although the hallmark symptom of HD is hyperkinesia stemming from striatal degeneration, several other brain regions are affected which cause psychiatric, cognitive, and metabolic symptoms. Additionally, mHTT expression in peripheral tissue is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy, cardiac failure, weight loss, and diabetes. We, and others, have demonstrated a prevention of motor symptoms in HD mice following direct striatal injection of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 1 encoding an RNA interference (RNAi) construct targeting mutant HTT mRNA (mHTT). Here, we expand these efforts and demonstrate that an intrajugular vein injection of AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) expressing a mutant HTT-specific RNAi construct significantly reduced mHTT expression in multiple brain regions and peripheral tissues affected in HD. Correspondingly, this approach prevented atrophy and inclusion formation in key brain regions as well as the severe weight loss germane to HD transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that systemic delivery of AAV9-RNAi may provide more widespread clinical benefit for patients suffering from HD.
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21
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Kocerha J, Liu Y, Willoughby D, Chidamparam K, Benito J, Nelson K, Xu Y, Chi T, Engelhardt H, Moran S, Yang SH, Li SH, Li XJ, Larkin K, Neumann A, Banta H, Yang JJ, Chan AWS. Longitudinal transcriptomic dysregulation in the peripheral blood of transgenic Huntington's disease monkeys. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:88. [PMID: 23957861 PMCID: PMC3751855 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion in the polyglutamine (polyQ) region of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The clinical features of HD are characterized by cognitive, psychological, and motor deficits. Molecular instability, a core component in neurological disease progression, can be comprehensively evaluated through longitudinal transcriptomic profiling. Development of animal models amenable to longitudinal examination enables distinct disease-associated mechanisms to be identified. Results Here we report the first longitudinal study of transgenic monkeys with genomic integration of various lengths of the human HTT gene and a range of polyQ repeats. With this unique group of transgenic HD nonhuman primates (HD monkeys), we profiled over 47,000 transcripts from peripheral blood collected over a 2 year timespan from HD monkeys and age-matched wild-type control monkeys. Conclusions Messenger RNAs with expression patterns which diverged with disease progression in the HD monkeys considerably facilitated our search for transcripts with diagnostic or therapeutic potential in the blood of human HD patients, opening up a new avenue for clinical investigation.
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22
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Oligodendroglia and neurotrophic factors in neurodegeneration. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:216-28. [PMID: 23558590 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendroglial cells (OLs) enables the propagation of action potentials along neuronal axons, which is essential for rapid information flow in the central nervous system. Besides saltatory conduction, the myelin sheath also protects axons against inflammatory and oxidative insults. Loss of myelin results in axonal damage and ultimately neuronal loss in demyelinating disorders. However, accumulating evidence indicates that OLs also provide support to neurons via mechanisms beyond the insulating function of myelin. More importantly, an increasing volume of reports indicates defects of OLs in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, sometimes even preceding neuronal loss in pre-symptomatic episodes, suggesting that OL pathology may be an important mechanism contributing to the initiation and/or progression of neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the emerging picture of neuronal support by OLs in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders through diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms, including direct neuron-myelin interaction, metabolic support by OLs, and neurotrophic factors produced by and/or acting on OLs.
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