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Ni Q, Chen Y, Lu L, Liu M. C4-HSL-mediated quorum sensing regulates nitrogen removal in activated sludge process at Low temperatures. Environ Res 2024; 244:117928. [PMID: 38128597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The activated sludge process faces challenges in achieving adequate nitrification ability under low-temperature conditions. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of exogenous N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) on nitrogen removal in lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) at 10 °C. The results revealed that both 10 and 100 μg/L of C4-HSL could improve NH4+-N removal efficiency by 26% and reduce the effluent TN concentration to below 15 mg/L. Analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) revealed that adding C4-HSL (especially 100 μg/L) reduced the protein-like substance content while increasing the humic and fulvic acid-like substance content in EPS. Protein-like substances could serve as carbon sources for denitrifiers, thus promoting denitrification. Moreover, exogenous C4-HSL increased the abundance of bacteria and genes associated with nitrification and denitrification. Further analysis of quorum sensing (QS) of microorganisms indicated that exogenous C4-HSL (especially 100 μg/L) promoted regulation, transportation, and decomposition functions in the QS process. Furthermore, CS, sdh, fum, and mdh gene expressions involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were enhanced by 100 μg/L C4-HSL. Exogenous C4-HSL promoted microbial communication, microbial energy metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, thereby improving the nitrogen removal efficiency of activated sludge systems at low temperatures. This study provides a feasible strategy for enhancing denitrogenation performance at low temperatures through exogenous C4-HSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhan Ni
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lanxin Lu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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2
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Shi X, Xu D, Chen Y, Ren B, Jin X, Jin P. Formation characteristics of bacteria and fungi in sewers: In terms of signal molecule generation. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166475. [PMID: 37625723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Bio-metabolism of diverse communities is the main reason of water quality variation in sewers, and the signal molecule generation of communities is dementated to be the key regulation procedure for community metabolism. To reveal the mechanism of pollutant biotransformation in complex sewer environment, this study explored the formation of bacteria and fungi and the signal molecule transduction characteristics in a pilot sewer. In this study, several kinds of signal molecules that produced by bacteria and fungi (C4-HSL, C6-HSL, C8-HSL, farnesol and tyrosol) were detected along the formation process of sewer biofilms. The results showed that, in the early stage, bacterial AHLs signaling molecules are beneficial to the synthesis of EPS, providing a good material basis for the growth of bacterial flora. In addition, tyrosol stimulates the formation of embryonic tubes in yeast cells, further promoting the growth of hyphae. At the later stage, AHLs signaling molecules and tyrosol jointly promoted the growth of biofilms. In conclusion, it is precisely because of the coexistence of bacteria and fungi in the sewer system that the generated signal molecules can jointly promote the synthesis and growth of biofilms through different pathways, and have positive feedback on the biodegradation of various pollutants. Based on the exploration, the ecological patterns of bacterial-fungal communities in urban sewer system were proposed and it could improve the understanding on the pollutant transformation behaviors in sewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shi
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Dongwei Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China
| | - Yaxin Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710055, China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Pengkang Jin
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China.
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3
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Zhang X, Park H, Park YJ, Lee K, Yu H, Shin JH, Choo KH. Photolytic quorum quenching effects on the microbial communities and functional gene expressions in membrane bioreactors. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:152017. [PMID: 34852249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolytic quorum quenching by ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation is an effective strategy for controlling membrane bioreactor (MBR) biofouling; however, its effects on MBR microbial communities and functional genes have not yet been explored. Here, we report on the effects of the UVA irradiation, which mitigates membrane biofouling, on the microbial community structures, alpha and beta diversities, and functional gene expressions in the MBR mixed liquor and biocake (membrane fouling layer) for the first time. The results show that the microbial communities become less diversified when alternating UVA is applied to the MBRs. The changes in the community structure are highly influenced by spatiotemporal factors, such as microbial habitats (mixed liquor and biocake) and reactor operation time, although UVA irradiation also has some impacts on the community. The relative abundance of the Sphingomonadaceae family, which can decompose the furan ring of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signal molecules, becomes greater with continuous UVA irradiation. Xanthomonadaceae, which produces biofilm-degrading enzymes, is also more abundant with UVA photolysis than without it. Copies of monooxygenase and hydroxylase enzyme-related genes increase in the MBR with longer UVA exposures (i.e., continuous UVA). These enzymes seem to be inducible by UVA, enhancing the AI-2 inactivation. In conclusion, UVA irradiation alters the microbial community and the metabolism in the MBR, contributing to the membrane biofouling mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Hyeona Park
- School of Architectural, Civil, Environmental, and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jun Park
- Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibaek Lee
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Huarong Yu
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Architectural, Civil, Environmental, and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Liu C, Liao W. Potassium signaling in plant abiotic responses: Crosstalk with calcium and reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 173:110-121. [PMID: 35123248 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potassium ion (K+) has been regarded as an essential signaling in plant growth and development. K+ transporters and channels at transcription and protein levels have been made great progress. K+ can enhance plant abiotic stress resistance. Meanwhile, it is now clear that calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) act as signaling molecules in plants. They regulate plant growth and development and mediate K+ transport. However, the interaction of K+ with these signaling molecules remains unclear. K+ may crosstalk with Ca2+ and ROS/RNS in abiotic stress responses in plants. Also, there are interactions among K+, Ca2+, and ROS/RNS signaling pathways in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. They regulate ion homeostasis, antioxidant system, and stress resistance-related gene expression in plants. Future work needs to focus on the deeper understanding of molecular mechanism of crosstalk among K+, Ca2+, and ROS/RNS under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
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5
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Guo J, Wei T, Huang Q, Li M, Yang C, Mou J, Shi L, Gao T, Li G. Direct acupuncture of nitric oxide by an electrochemical microsensor with high time-space resolution. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113667. [PMID: 34598107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of signal molecule is critically important for understanding living systems. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key redox signal molecule that shows diverse roles in virtually all life forms. However, probing into NO's activities is challenging as NO has restricted lifetime (<10 s) and limited diffusion distance (usually <200 μm). So, for the direct acupuncture of NO within the time-space resolution, an electrochemical microsensor has been designed and fabricated in this work. Fabrication of the microsensor is achieved by (1) selective assembly of an electrocatalytic transducer, (2) attaching the transducer on carbon fiber electrode, and (3) covered it with a screen layer to reduce signal interference. The fabricated microsensor exhibits high sensitivity (LOD, 13.5 pM), wide detection range (100 pM-5 μM), and good selectivity. Moreover, studies have revealed that the availability of the sensor for efficient detection of NO is due to the formation of a specific DNA/porphyrin hybrid structure that has synergetic effects on NO electrocatalysis. Therefore, NO release by cells and tissues can be directly and precisely traced, in which we have obtained the release pattern of NO by different cancer cell lines, and have known its dynamics in tumor microenvironment. The fabricated electrocatalytic microsensor may provide a unique and useful tool for the direct assay of NO with high time-space resolution, which promisingly gives a technical solution for the bioassay of NO in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tianxiang Wei
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiongbo Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junhui Mou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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6
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Dao G, Wang S, Wang X, Chen Z, Wu Y, Wu G, Lu Y, Liu S, Hu H. Enhanced Scenedesmus sp. growth in response to gibberellin secretion by symbiotic bacteria. Sci Total Environ 2020; 740:140099. [PMID: 32927572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae usually co-exist with bacteria, which may influence the microalgal growth, in aquatic environment. In this study, thirteen strains that can promote microalgal growth were isolated from Scenedesmus sp. LX1 culture. Additional results showed that these strains could secrete gibberellin (GA), which is a phytohormones, promoting the growth and metabolism of the Scenedesmus sp. LX1. Low concentration (0.1 mg L-1) of GA can increase the microalgae biomass by 51% after 4 days. GA could enhance the photosynthetic activity by increasing the photosynthetic pigment content, such as culture after 2 h with low GA concentration (0.1 mg L-1), chlorophyll a and β-carotene increased from 0.59 μg per 106 cells to 0.72 μg per 106 cells and from 0.20 μg per 106 cells to 0.38 μg per 106 cells, respectively. In addition, GA could also stimulate the dehydrogenase activity, ATP accumulation, and carbonic anhydrase activity to increase the metabolic activity of the microalgae. Interestingly, the microalgae can selectively enhance the bacterial GA secretion in turn, indicating that there was a specific feedback regulation mechanism between the microalgae and the bacteria. The results of this study show a new mechanism of symbiotic-bacteria that enhances microalgal growth. It's a great significance to understand the microalgal growth and water bloom in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Dao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yinhu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guangxue Wu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shuming Liu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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7
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Ausma T, Mulder J, Polman TR, van der Kooi CJ, De Kok LJ. Atmospheric H 2S exposure does not affect stomatal aperture in maize. Planta 2020; 252:63. [PMID: 32968882 PMCID: PMC7511280 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal aperture in maize is not affected by exposure to a subtoxic concentration of atmospheric H2S. At least in maize, H2S, thus, is not a gaseous signal molecule that controls stomatal aperture. Sulfur is an indispensable element for the physiological functioning of plants with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) potentially acting as gasotransmitter in the regulation of stomatal aperture. It is often assumed that H2S is metabolized into cysteine to stimulate stomatal closure. To study the significance of H2S for the regulation of stomatal closure, maize was exposed to a subtoxic atmospheric H2S level in the presence or absence of a sulfate supply to the root. Similar to other plants, maize could use H2S as a sulfur source for growth. Whereas sulfate-deprived plants had a lower biomass than sulfate-sufficient plants, exposure to H2S alleviated this growth reduction. Shoot sulfate, glutathione, and cysteine levels were significantly higher in H2S-fumigated plants compared to non-fumigated plants. Nevertheless, this was not associated with changes in the leaf area, stomatal density, stomatal resistance, and transpiration rate of plants, meaning that H2S exposure did not affect the transpiration rate per stoma. Hence, it did not affect stomatal aperture, indicating that, at least in maize, H2S is not a gaseous signal molecule controlling this aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ties Ausma
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey Mulder
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R Polman
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper J van der Kooi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luit J De Kok
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Shah SSA, Choo KH. Isolation and characterization of novel indigenous facultative quorum quenching bacterial strains for ambidextrous biofouling control. Bioresour Technol 2020; 308:123269. [PMID: 32251857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quorum quenching (QQ), the disruption of microbial communication, has proven to be effective as an innovative anti-biofouling strategy for membrane bioreactors (MBRs). However, QQ bacteria for anaerobic environments have not been extensively analyzed in previous research. This study thus investigated facultative QQ bacterial strains that exhibit potential for use in aerobic and anaerobic MBRs. Two novel QQ strains from the genus Pseudomonas (KS2 and KS10) were isolated from anaerobic digester sludge using signal molecules as the sole carbon source. The two QQ strains exhibited significant signal molecule degradation depending on the oxygen levels and demonstrated endogenous QQ activity, with KS2 producing lactonase and KS10 producing acylase. The QQ strains significantly reduced the formation of the biofilm generated by both Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) and real sludge. Facultative QQ strains have the potential to offer a more flexible option for effective biofouling control in both aerobic and anaerobic MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Salman Ali Shah
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Fang M, Yao M, Yang JL, Wang L, Sun JY, Wu MN, Yao DF, Tai BJ. [Quantitative detection and clinical value of CD44 in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2019; 27:994-1000. [PMID: 31941262 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To quantitatively detect CD44 expression in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for comparative analysis. Methods: Patients with chronic liver diseases accompanied with or without NAFLD, including chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma after chronic hepatitis B, and healthy blood donors as normal controls who admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from May to October 2018 were selected. The proportion of CD44 positive cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD44 level was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the biochemical indicators such as serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activity, total cholesterol and triglyceride were routinely analyzed. The cancerous and adjacent cancerous tissues of patients accompanied with or without NAFLD were collected by self-matching method and analyzed by immunoblotting and histochemistry and compared by CD44 integrated optical density. Image-Pro Plus version 6.0, Image J, GraphPad Prism 5.0, Photoshop, Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS statistics 23 were used to analyze and draw pictures. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the differences between groups. Results: Patients accompanied with NAFLD had hepatocyte injury and dyslipidemia. NAFLD and chronic liver disease patients had significantly elevated serum CD44 levels than normal control group (P < 0.01). CD44 positive lymphocyte ratio was 78.19 % ± 16.33 % in NAFLD patients and 68.47% ± 20.91% in chronic hepatitis B group, which was higher than the control group (46.51% ± 20.52%). Chronic hepatitis B group with steatosis had significantly higher CD44 concentration (181.42 ± 49.36) ng/ml than chronic hepatitis B group (142.52 ± 53.87) ng/ml and normal control group (99.47 ± 15.23) ng/ml. CD44/GAPDH ratio in the liver cancer group (1.306 ± 0.614) was significantly higher than paracancerous group (0.477 ± 0.291) and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t = 3.451, P = 0.004). The integrated optical density of CD44 in the NAFLD-related liver cancer and paracancerous group were 25.721 ± 5.881 and 14.155 ± 4.001 and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (t = 14.544, P < 0.001). The pathological features of high expression of CD44 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were significantly correlated with HBV infection, tumor size, single/multi-center, and lymph node metastasis, degree of differentiation, TNM grade, Child-Pugh score, portal vein tumor thrombus and extrahepatic metastasis. HCC patients with NAFLD had significantly higher serum CD44 (234.62 ± 69.40) ng/ml than patients without NAFLD (186.49 ± 58.89) ng/ml (t = -3.191, P = 0.002), but there was no statistically significant difference in the clinicopathological characteristics between the high/low CD44 groups of HCC patients with NAFLD. Conclusion: The results suggest that CD44 is abnormally activated and its mechanism may play an important role in the progression of NAFLD.
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Feng JH, Lee HJ, Suh HW. The Molecular Signatures of Acute-immobilization-induced Antinociception and Chronic-immobilization-induced Antinociceptive Tolerance. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:670-678. [PMID: 31902155 PMCID: PMC6946116 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.6.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the productions of antinociception induced by acute and chronic immobilization stress were compared in several animal pain models. In the acute immobilization stress model (up to 1 hr immobilization), the antinociception was produced in writhing, tail-flick, and formalin-induced pain models. In chronic immobilization stress experiment, the mouse was enforced into immobilization for 1 hr/day for 3, 7, or 14 days, then analgesic tests were performed. The antinociceptive effect was gradually reduced after 3, 7 and 14 days of immobilization stress. To delineate the molecular mechanism involved in the antinociceptive tolerance development in the chronic stress model, the expressions of some signal molecules in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord, hippocampus, and the hypothalamus were observed in acute and chronic immobilization models. The COX-2 in DRG, p-JNK, p-AMPKα1, and p-mTOR in the spinal cord, p-P38 in the hippocampus, and p-AMPKα1 in the hypothalamus were elevated in acute immobilization stress, but were reduced gradually after 3, 7 and 14 days of immobilization stress. Our results suggest that the chronic immobilization stress causes development of tolerance to the antinociception induced by acute immobilization stress. In addition, the COX-2 in DRG, p-JNK, p-AMPKα1, and p-mTOR in the spinal cord, p-P38 in the hippocampus, and p-AMPKα1 in the hypothalamus may play important roles in the regulation of antinociception induced by acute immobilization stress and the tolerance development induced by chronic immobilization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Yi L, Li J, Liu B, Wang Y. Advances in research on signal molecules regulating biofilms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:130. [PMID: 31385043 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms (BFs) are membrane-like structures formed by the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by bacteria. The formation of BFs contributes to bacterial survival and drug resistance. When bacteria proliferate, they produce secondary metabolites that act as signaling molecules in bacterial communities that regulate intracellular and cell-to-cell communication. This communication can directly affect the physiological behavior of bacteria, including the production and emission of light (bioluminescence), the expression of virulence factors, the resistance to antibiotics, and the shift between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. We review the major signaling molecules that regulate BF formation, with a focus on quorum-sensing systems (QS), cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), two-component systems (TCS), and small RNA (sRNA). Understanding these processes will lead to new approaches for treating chronic diseases and preventing bacterial resistance.
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Lee K, Yu H, Zhang X, Choo KH. Quorum sensing and quenching in membrane bioreactors: Opportunities and challenges for biofouling control. Bioresour Technol 2018; 270:656-668. [PMID: 30213542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane biofouling, due to biofilm growth after planktonic bacteria attachment to a membrane, is a major bottleneck limiting the energy-efficient operation and maintenance of membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Microbial communications, known as quorum sensing (QS), are responsible for this biofouling behavior. Novel strategies for stopping this communication, known as quorum quenching (QQ), appear to be successful for biofouling control in MBRs used for wastewater treatment. This review describes recent information regarding the signal molecules and mechanisms responsible for QS behaviors, promising approaches for QQ (enzymatic, bacterial, fungal, photocatalytic, mimicking, and biostimulating methods), and efficient fabrication and use of QQ media for MBR applications. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of QQ techniques for their further improvement and practical use in MBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibaek Lee
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Huarong Yu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Abstract
Identifying the ligands sensed by chemoreceptors remains challenging, in part because current screening methods are low-throughput, costly, and/or time-consuming. In contrast, fluorescence thermal shift (FTS) assays provide a fast and inexpensive approach to chemoreceptor-ligand screening. In FTS assays, the temperature at which a protein denatures is measured by monitoring the fluorescence of a dye with affinity for hydrophobic regions of the protein, which are exposed as the protein unfolds. A detectable increase (or "shift") in the melting temperature (T m ) of the protein in the presence of a potential ligand indicates binding. Here, we present our protocol for using FTS assays for the screening of chemoreceptor ligands in a high-throughput, 96-well plate format. We have also included details on the use of Biolog Phenotype Microarray plates as a convenient ligand library, although the methods described should be generally applicable to other library formats as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne L Warring
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Monica L Gerth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Sheng H, Harir M, Boughner LA, Jiang X, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schroll R, Wang F. N-acyl-homoserine lactone dynamics during biofilm formation of a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene mineralizing community on clay. Sci Total Environ 2017; 605-606:1031-1038. [PMID: 28697551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, quorum sensing systems are based on the N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) molecule. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of quorum sensing systems during biofilm formation by a microbial community while degrading the pollutant. Our model system included 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) and its mineralizing Gram-negative bacterial community to investigate the relationships between AHL dynamics, cell growth and pollutant degradation. Biomineralization of 1,2,4-TCB was monitored for both the planktonic bacterial community with and without sterile clay particles in liquid cultures. The bacterial growth and production of AHLs were quantified by fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunoassay analysis, respectively. A rapid production of AHLs which occurred coincided with the biofilm formation and the increase of mineralization rate of 1,2,4-TCB in liquid cultures. There is a positive correlation between the cell density of Bodertella on the clay particles and mineralization rate of 1,2,4-TCB. 3-oxo-C12:1-HSL appears to be the dominant AHL with the highest intensity and rapidly degraded by the bacterial community via two main consecutive reactions (lactone hydrolysis and decarboxylic reaction). These findings suggest that the integrated AHLs and their degraded products play a crucial role in biofilm formation and biomineralization of 1,2,4-TCB in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mourad Harir
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lisa A Boughner
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Reiner Schroll
- Department of Microbe Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Microbe Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ellouzi H, Sghayar S, Abdelly C. H 2O 2 seed priming improves tolerance to salinity; drought and their combined effect more than mannitol in Cakile maritima when compared to Eutrema salsugineum. J Plant Physiol 2017; 210:38-50. [PMID: 28056386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of H2O2 and mannitol seed priming was investigated on plant growth, oxidative stress biomarkers and activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of Cakile maritima and Eutrema salsugineum, when exposed to drought and salt stress, either separately applied or combined. Under unprimed conditions, drought severely restricted growth (40% as compared to the control) and redox balance of C. maritima seedlings, whereas E. salsugineum showed these drastic effects under individual salinity (33% as compared to the control). Combined salinity and drought maintained and even stimulated the antioxidant defense of both plants from unprimed seeds. Both priming agents (mannitol and H2O2) significantly ameliorated growth and antioxidant defense of both species grown under salinity, drought and their combined effect. However, H2O2 priming appeared to be more beneficial in C. maritima seedlings. Indeed, oxidative injuries were significantly reduced, together with significantly higher concentrations of ascorbic acid (36%), glutathione (2-fold) and proline production (2-fold), leading to a greater redox balance that was closely associated with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, specifically under salt stress. Overall, our results indicate that it is very likely that H2O2 priming, due to its signal role, improves C. maritima tolerance to both osmotic stresses and enables the plant to memorize and to decode early signals that are rapidly activated when plants are later exposed to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Ellouzi
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunis, Tunisie.
| | - Souhir Sghayar
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunis, Tunisie
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Weerasekara NA, Choo KH, Lee CH. Biofouling control: Bacterial quorum quenching versus chlorination in membrane bioreactors. Water Res 2016; 103:293-301. [PMID: 27474939 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation (biofouling) induced via cell-to-cell communication (quorum sensing) causes problems in membrane filtration processes. Chorine is one of the most common chemicals used to interfere with biofouling; however, biofouling control is challenging because it is a natural process. This study demonstrates biofouling control for submerged hollow fiber membranes in membrane bioreactors by means of bacterial quorum quenching (QQ) using Rhodococcus sp. BH4 with chemically enhanced backwashing. This is the first trial to bring QQ alongside chlorine injection into practice. A high chlorine dose (100 mg/L as Cl2) to the system is insufficient for preventing biofouling, but addition of the QQ bacterium is effective for disrupting biofouling that cannot be achieved by chlorination alone. QQ reduces the biologically induced metal precipitate and extracellular biopolymer levels in the biofilm, and biofouling is significantly delayed when QQ is applied in addition to chlorine dosing. QQ with chlorine injection gives synergistic effects on reducing physically and chemically reversible fouling resistances while saving substantial filtration energy. Manipulating microbial community functions with chemical treatment is an attractive tool for biofilm dispersal in membrane bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan A Weerasekara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung-Hak Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Longo F, Motta S, Mauri P, Landini P, Rossi E. Interplay of the modified nucleotide phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) with global regulatory proteins in Escherichia coli: modulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent gene expression and interaction with the HupA regulatory protein. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:39-47. [PMID: 27091548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the bacterium Escherichia coli, some intermediates of the sulfate assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis pathway can act as signal molecules and modulate gene expression. In addition to sensing and utilization of sulphur sources, these signaling mechanisms also impact more global cell processes, such as resistance to antimicrobial agents and biofilm formation. In a recent work, we have shown that inactivation of the cysH gene, encoding phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase, and the consequent increase in intracellular PAPS concentration, strongly affect production of several cell surface-associated structures, enhancing surface adhesion and cell aggregation. In order to identify the molecular mechanism relaying intracellular PAPS concentration to regulation of cell surface-associated structures, we looked for mutations able to suppress the effects of cysH inactivation. We found that mutations in the adenylate cyclase-encoding cyaA gene abolished the effects of PAPS accumulation; consistent with this result, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent gene expression appears to be increased in the cysH mutant. Experiments aimed at the direct identification of proteins interacting with either CysC or CysH, i.e. the PAPS-related proteins APS kinase and PAPS reductase, allowed us to identify several regulators, namely, CspC, CspE, HNS and HupA. Protein-protein interaction between HupA and CysH was confirmed by a bacterial two hybrid system, and inactivation of the hupA gene enhanced the effects of the cysH mutation in terms of production of cell surface-associated factors. Our results indicate that PAPS can modulate different regulatory systems, providing evidence that this molecule acts as a global signal molecule in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Motta
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elio Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Dong JC, Cheng GH, Shan YX, Wu N, Shao ML, Li PW, Jin SZ. Role of PLC-PIP2 and cAMP-PKA signal pathways in radiation-induced immune-suppressing effect. Biomed Environ Sci 2014; 27:27-34. [PMID: 24553371 DOI: 10.3967/bes2014.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to observe the changes in CD4+CD25+Nrp1+Treg cells after irradiation with different doses and explore the possible molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS ICR mice and mouse lymphoma cell line (EL-4 cells) was used. The expressions of CD4, CD25, Nrp1, calcineurin and PKC-α were detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of TGF-β1, IL-10, PKA and cAMP were estimated with ELISA. RESULTS At 12 h after irradiation, the expression of Nrp1 increased significantly in 4.0 Gy group, compared with sham-irradiation group (P<0.05) in the spleen and thymus, respectively, when ICR mice received whole-body irradiation (WBI). Meanwhile the synthesis of Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) increased significantly after high dose irradiation (HDR) (> or = 1.0 Gy). In addition, the expression of cAMP and PKA protein increased, while PKC-α, calcineurin decreased at 12h in thymus cells after 4.0 Gy X-irradiation. While TGF-β1 was clearly inhibited when the PLC-PIP2 signal pathway was stimulated or the cAMP-PKA signal pathway was blocked after 4.0 Gy X-irradiation, this did not limit the up-regulation of CD4+CD25+Nrp1+Treg cells after ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION These results indicated that HDR might induce CD4+CD25+Nrp1+Treg cells production and stimulate TGF-β1 secretion by regulating signal molecules in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cong Dong
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Guang Hui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Xing Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Long Shao
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Wu Li
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Shun Zi Jin
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
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Sanju S, Thakur A, Siddappa S, Sreevathsa R, Srivastava N, Shukla P, Singh BP. Pathogen virulence of Phytophthora infestans: from gene to functional genomics. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2013; 19:165-77. [PMID: 24431484 PMCID: PMC3656195 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important plant pathogens worldwide. Much of the pathogenic success of P. infestans, the potato late blight agent, relies on its ability to generate large amounts of sporangia from mycelia, which release zoospores that encyst and form infection structures. Until recently, little was known about the molecular basis of oomycete pathogenicity by the avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. To understand the molecular mechanisms interplay in the pathogen and host interactions, knowledge of the genome structure was most important, which is available now after genome sequencing. The mechanism of biotrophic interaction between potato and P. infestans could be determined by understanding the effector biology of the pathogen, which is until now poorly understood. The recent availability of oomycete genome will help in understanding of the signal transduction pathways followed by apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors for translocation into host cell. Finally based on genomics, novel strategies could be developed for effective management of the crop losses due to the late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sanju
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | - Aditi Thakur
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- />National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology, IARI campus, Pusa, New Delhi—12, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- />Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University (Rajasthan), Tonk, India 304022
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- />Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, SHIATS, Naini, Allahabad, India 211007
| | - B. P. Singh
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
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Li CY, Li G. Biological functions of alpha-fetoprotein. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1436-1440. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i14.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a well-known biomarker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Extracellular AFP can act as a carrier to transport a variety of ligands or as a growth regulator to control the growth of tumor cells, while intracellular AFP can bind to and interact with transcription factors or some key proteins and function as a signal molecule to regulate cell proliferation or apoptosis. This paper provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the role of AFP in carcinogenesis and tumor chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is a complex and well-orchestrated process, during which hepatic cells are activated to produce large signal molecules in response to liver injury or mass reduction. These signal molecules, in turn, set up the connections and cross-talk among liver cells to promote hepatic recovery. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the network of signal molecules that mediates hepatic cell communication in the regulation of liver regeneration.
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