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Quinot V, Höftberger R. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of paraneoplastic disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 200:33-54. [PMID: 38494287 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823912-4.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) represent a rare group of immune-mediated complications associated with an underlying tumor. Ectopic protein expression in neoplastic cells or an aberrant immune regulation in the course of hematooncologic diseases or thymomas trigger an autoimmune response that may affect any part of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. Recent advances in drug therapies as well as novel animal models and neuropathologic studies have led to further insights on the immune pathomechanisms of PNS. Although the syndromes share common paths in pathogenesis, they may differ in the disease course, prognosis, and therapy targets, depending on the localization and type of antibody epitope. Neuropathologic hallmarks of PNS associated with antibodies directed against intracellular epitopes are characterized by T cell-dominated inflammation, reactive gliosis including microglial nodules, and neuronal degeneration. By contrast, the neuropathology of cell surface antibody-mediated PNS strongly depends on the targeted antigen and varies from B cell/plasma cell-dominated inflammation and well-preserved neurons together with a reduced expression of the target antigen in anti-NMDAR encephalitis to irreversible Purkinje cell loss in anti-P/Q-type VGCC antibody-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. The understanding of different pathomechanisms in PNS is important because they strongly correspond with therapy response and prognosis, and should guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Quinot
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Amano R, Kim YJ, Yoshida T, Hara M, Nakajima H, Ohtsuka T, Yazawa M. Case report: Reversible brain atrophy with low titer anti-amphiphysin antibodies related to gastric adenocarcinoma. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1211814. [PMID: 37416304 PMCID: PMC10322512 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1211814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphysin (AMPH) autoimmunity is associated with a variety of neurological complications, including encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, and cerebellar syndrome. Its diagnosis is based on clinical neurological deficits and the presence of serum anti-AMPH antibodies. Active immunotherapy, such as intravenous immunoglobulins, steroids, and other immunosuppressive therapies, has been reported to be effective in most patients. However, the extent of recovery varies depending on the case. Herein, we report the case of a 75-year-old woman with semi-rapidly progressive systemic tremors, visual hallucinations, and irritability. Upon hospitalization, she developed a mild fever and cognitive impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed semi-rapidly progressive diffuse cerebral atrophy (DCA) over 3 months, while no clear abnormal intensities were observed. The nerve conduction study revealed sensory and motor neuropathy in the limbs. The fixed tissue-based assay (TBA) failed to detect antineuronal antibodies; however, based on commercial immunoblots, the presence of anti-AMPH antibodies was suspected. Therefore, serum immunoprecipitation was performed, which confirmed the presence of anti-AMPH antibodies. The patient also had gastric adenocarcinoma. High-dose methylprednisolone, and intravenous immunoglobulin were administered and tumor resection was performed, resulting in resolution of the cognitive impairment and improvement in the DCA on the post-treatment MRI. After immunotherapy and tumor resection, the patient's serum was analyzed using immunoprecipitation, which showed a decrease in the level of anti-AMPH antibodies. This case is noteworthy because the DCA showed improvement after immunotherapy and tumor resection. Additionally, this case demonstrates that negative TBA with positive commercial immunoblots do not necessarily indicate false positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Amano
- Department of Neurology, Fujimi-Kogen Hospital, Fujimi-Kogen Medical Center, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Fujimi-Kogen Hospital, Fujimi-Kogen Medical Center, Nagano, Japan
| | - Makoto Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yazawa
- Department of Neurology, Fujimi-Kogen Hospital, Fujimi-Kogen Medical Center, Nagano, Japan
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Elsalti A, Darkhabani M, Alrifaai MA, Mahroum N. Celebrities and Medical Awareness-The Case of Celine Dion and Stiff-Person Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1936. [PMID: 36767301 PMCID: PMC9914970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The positive role of celebrities in spreading important medical information and contributing to increasing public awareness regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various medical conditions cannot be overemphasized. Interestingly and importantly at the same time, this impact is not related to the rarity of the disease, as very rare diseases are looked up by the public due to the fact that a celebrity suffers from this disorder. Therefore, if taken seriously and used to address the public in regard to critical medical conditions, such as screening for cancer or the importance of vaccines in fighting infections, celebrities could have a huge impact in this field. As previously shown in the medical literature, the recent announcement of the famous Canadian singer Celine Dion concerning her newly diagnosed stiff-person syndrome has influenced the public interest regarding the syndrome which manifested as an increased search volume related to the disorder as seen in Google Trends. In brief, in this short communication we aimed to address the phenomenon of celebrities' impact on public apprehension, revise the syndrome for the medical community, and emphasize taking advantage of such involvement of celebrities for improving the spread of highly important medical information for the public.
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Lin J, Yu T, Wang M, Wang J, Li J. Case report: Amphiphysin-IgG autoimmunity: a paraneoplastic presentation of appendiceal goblet cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1001264. [PMID: 36685551 PMCID: PMC9845691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Appendiceal goblet cell carcinoma (aGCC) is a rare neoplasm with mixed endocrine and exocrine features. No paraneoplastic neurological syndromes or autoantibodies have been identified in cases of aGCC or even appendiceal tumors. Amphiphysin-immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoimmunity was first described in stiff-person syndrome with breast cancer. We firstly described the clinical course and pathological findings of a patient with aGCC-associated amphiphysin-IgG autoimmunity. Case presentation A 54-year-old man who developed aGCC was admitted for acute disturbance of consciousness, psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, seizure and hypotension. Amphiphysin-IgG was detected in the patient's serum and CSF by immunoblotting and tissue-based indirect immunofluorescence assay confirming the diagnosis of definite paraneoplastic amphiphysin-IgG-positive encephalitis. Histopathology revealed amphiphysin protein expression and accompanying immune cell infiltration (predominantly CD20+ B cells, CD3+ and CD8+ T cells) within the tumor tissue, suggesting a possible paraneoplastic origin of amphiphysin-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) in this case. Although the patient's symptoms resolved after high-dose corticosteroid therapy, he experienced recurrence 6 months later, manifesting as paraneoplastic cerebellar dysfunction. Despite treatment with IV cyclophosphamide and oral mycophenolate mofetil, no improvement was noted. Conclusions This case suggests that aGCC may trigger amphiphysin-IgG autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Lin
- The department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianping Yu
- The department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jierui Wang
- The department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinmei Li
- The department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Hobson BD, Sulzer D. Neuronal Presentation of Antigen and Its Possible Role in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S137-S147. [PMID: 35253783 PMCID: PMC9440948 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies often exhibit autoimmune features, including CD4+ and some CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize epitopes derived from alpha-synuclein. While neurons have long been considered to not present antigens, recent data indicate that they can be induced to do so, particularly in response to interferons and other forms of stress. Here, we review literature on neuronal antigen presentation and its potential role in PD. Although direct evidence for CD8+ T cell-mediated neuronal death is lacking in PD, neuronal antigen presentation appears central to the pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis, a pediatric neurological disorder driven by cytotoxic T cell infiltration and neuroinflammation. Emerging data suggest that T cells enter the brain in PD and other synucleinopathies, where the majority of neuromelanin-containing substantia nigra and locus coeruleus neurons express MHC Class I molecules. In cell culture, CD8+ T cell recognition of antigen:MHC Class I complexes on neuronal membranes leads to cytotoxic responses and neuronal cell death. Recent animal models suggest the possibility of T cell autoreactivity to mitochondrial antigens in PD. It remains unclear if neuronal antigen presentation plays a role in PD or other neurodegenerative disorders, and efforts are underway to better elucidate the potential impact of autoimmune responses on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hobson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: David Sultzer, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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Pitsch J, Kamalizade D, Braun A, Kuehn JC, Gulakova PE, Rüber T, Lubec G, Dietrich D, von Wrede R, Helmstaedter C, Surges R, Elger CE, Hattingen E, Vatter H, Schoch S, Becker AJ. Drebrin Autoantibodies in Patients with Seizures and Suspected Encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:869-884. [PMID: 32196746 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess occurrence of the dendritic spine scaffolding protein Drebrin as a pathophysiologically relevant autoantibody target in patients with recurrent seizures and suspected encephalitis as leading symptoms. METHODS Sera of 4 patients with adult onset epilepsy and suspected encephalitis of unresolved etiology and equivalent results in autoantibody screening were subjected to epitope identification. We combined a wide array of approaches, ranging from immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, subcellular binding pattern analyses in primary neuronal cultures, and immunohistochemistry in brains of wild-type and Drebrin knockout mice to in vitro analyses of impaired synapse formation, morphology, and aberrant neuronal excitability by antibody exposure. RESULTS In the serum of a patient with adult onset epilepsy and suspected encephalitis, a strong signal at ∼70kDa was detected by immunoblotting, for which mass spectrometry revealed Drebrin as the putative antigen. Three other patients whose sera also showed strong immunoreactivity around 70kDa on Western blotting were also anti-Drebrin-positive. Seizures, memory impairment, and increased protein content in cerebrospinal fluid occurred in anti-Drebrin-seropositive patients. Alterations in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging comprised amygdalohippocampal T2-signal increase and hippocampal sclerosis. Diagnostic biopsy revealed T-lymphocytic encephalitis in an anti-Drebrin-seropositive patient. Exposure of primary hippocampal neurons to anti-Drebrin autoantibodies resulted in aberrant synapse composition and Drebrin distribution as well as increased spike rates and the emergence of burst discharges reflecting network hyperexcitability. INTERPRETATION Anti-Drebrin autoantibodies define a chronic syndrome of recurrent seizures and neuropsychiatric impairment as well as inflammation of limbic and occasionally cortical structures. Immunosuppressant therapies should be considered in this disorder. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:869-884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Pitsch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Delara Kamalizade
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Braun
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Kuehn
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Polina E Gulakova
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Randi von Wrede
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmstaedter
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Clinic of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartmut Vatter
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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El-Abassi R, Soliman MY, Villemarette-Pittman N, England JD. SPS: Understanding the complexity. J Neurol Sci 2019; 404:137-149. [PMID: 31377632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stiff-person syndrome (SPS), first described in 1956 by Moersch and Woltman, is a progressive autoimmune disorder with core features of chronic fluctuating progressive truncal and limb rigidity and painful muscle spasms leading to gait difficulties, falls and an appearance that resembles tin soldiers. The syndrome is a rare, highly disabling disorder of the central nervous and frequently results in significant disability. Understanding of the etiology, clinical spectrum, diagnostic workup and therapeutic modalities for this painful and disabling disorder has vastly evolved over the past few years with more confidence in classifying and treating the patients. The purpose of this review is to increase the awareness, early detection, and treatment of this disabling disease. METHOD PubMed was searched, all date inclusive, using the following phrases: stiff person syndrome,anti-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (Anti-GAD) antibody syndrome, Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), and Paraneoplastic Stiff Person syndrome. No filters or restrictions were used. A total of 888 articles were identified. RESULTS The results were narrowed to 190 citations after excluding non-English and duplicate reports. Clinical presentation, laboratory testing, treatment, and prognosis were categorized and summarized. DISCUSSION In this article we will discuss the epidemiology, presentation and classification. Explain the pathophysiology of SPS and the autoimmune mechanisms involved. Discuss the diagnostic approach and treatments available, as well as, the prognosis and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima El-Abassi
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of medicine, New Orleans, USA.
| | - Michael Y Soliman
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | | | - John D England
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of medicine, New Orleans, USA
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Baizabal-Carvallo JF. The neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Faissner S, Lukas C, Reinacher-Schick A, Tannapfel A, Gold R, Kleiter I. Amphiphysin-positive paraneoplastic myelitis and stiff-person syndrome. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e285. [PMID: 27734022 PMCID: PMC5042103 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Faissner
- St. Josef-Hospital (S.F., C.L., A.R.-S., R.G., I.K.) and Institute of Pathology (A.T.), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Lukas
- St. Josef-Hospital (S.F., C.L., A.R.-S., R.G., I.K.) and Institute of Pathology (A.T.), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Anke Reinacher-Schick
- St. Josef-Hospital (S.F., C.L., A.R.-S., R.G., I.K.) and Institute of Pathology (A.T.), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- St. Josef-Hospital (S.F., C.L., A.R.-S., R.G., I.K.) and Institute of Pathology (A.T.), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- St. Josef-Hospital (S.F., C.L., A.R.-S., R.G., I.K.) and Institute of Pathology (A.T.), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- St. Josef-Hospital (S.F., C.L., A.R.-S., R.G., I.K.) and Institute of Pathology (A.T.), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Jun HO, Yum MS, Kim EH, Lee YJ, Seo JJ, Ko TS. A Rare Case of Childhood Stiff Person Syndrome Associated With Pleuropulmonary Blastoma. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 53:448-51. [PMID: 26344328 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stiff person syndrome is a rare autoimmune, neurological disorder characterized by progressive rigidity and episodic painful spasms, predominantly affecting the proximal limbs and axial muscles, and leading to progressive disability. We report the case of a child who developed symptoms compatible with stiff person syndrome during treatment for pleuropulmonary blastoma. PATIENT DESCRIPTION A 3-year, 5-month-old girl was admitted for gradually worsening postural tremor, painful spasms, and generalized stiffness. Since the age of 3 years, she had been on adjuvant chemotherapy for pleuropulmonary blastoma before surgical resection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalographic findings were normal. Although serologic tests for autoimmune disease, including paraneoplastic antibodies and antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, were unremarkable, her findings were attributed to a paraneoplastic syndrome based on her clinical features and medical history. However, following the planned pulmonary lobectomy, her symptoms were paradoxically aggravated, with continuous motor unit potential at rest on electromyography, which occurs in stiff person syndrome. She gradually improved during postadjuvant chemotherapy with simultaneous immunotherapy including intravenous immunoglobulins and methylprednisolone, and she had recovered completely when evaluated at the 22-month follow-up visit after completion of her treatment for pleuropulmonary blastoma. CONCLUSION We present the first documented child with stiff person syndrome associated with pleuropulmonary blastoma. The marked clinical improvement following chemotherapy for pleuropulmonary blastoma was yet more proof of the pleuropulmonary blastoma-related stiff person syndrome. In children with a malignancy and stiff person syndrome, a paraneoplastic syndrome should be considered and the treatment for the malignancy must be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ok Jun
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yum
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Seo
- Division of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Ko
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Stiff-person syndrome: insights into a complex autoimmune disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:840-8. [PMID: 25511790 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is characterised by progressive rigidity and muscle spasms affecting the axial and limb muscles. Since its initial description in 1956, marked progress has been made in the clinical characterisation, understanding of pathogenesis and therapy of this disorder. SPS can be classified according to the clinical presentation into classic SPS and SPS variants: focal or segmental-SPS, jerking-SPS and progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus. Most patients with SPS have antibodies directed against the glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Antibodies directed against GABA(A) receptor-associated protein, and the glycine-α1 receptor can also be observed. Paraneoplastic SPS is commonly associated with antiamphiphysin antibodies and breast cancer. Treatment of SPS with drugs that increase the GABAergic tone combined with immunotherapy can improve the neurological manifestations of these patients. The prognosis, however, is unpredictable and spontaneous remissions are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fidel Baizabal-Carvallo
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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